| CourseNotes

AP Blood/Immune Flashcards

9210405259	Yes	Is blood connective tissue?	0
9210411624	Mesenchyme	Where does blood rise from embryologically?	1
9210423634	~55% Plasma ~45% cells	What percentage of blood is plasma? Cells?	2
9210442144	Fibrinogen	What is the soluble matrix?	3
9210446491	Turns into fibrin.	What happens to fibrin when it clots?	4
9210451604	9-% H2O, 10% H2O Soluble components	What are the plasma components?	5
9210459263	Electrolytes 7% proteins (of this 60% is albumin) Fats (cholesterol) Glucose	What are the H2O Soluble Components?	6
9210471743	A chemistry panel	How do you analyze the components?	7
9210479538	The percentage of white blood cells and platelets (1%)	What is the buffy coat?	8
9210487961	~45%	What percentage of the hematopoietic system should be RBCs?	9
9210492502	Distribution/carrying of oxygen, carbon dioxide, metabolic waste, hormones Protection with WBCs, antibodies, clotting factors and platelets Regulation/homeostasis of body temperature, pH balance, blood volume	What are the functions of blood?	10
9210515154	Small, reddish donut shape	What shape are RBCs?	11
9210521890	280 million	How much hemoglobin per one RBC?	12
9210527186	They don't have a nucleus, and use anaerobic metabolism	What is special about RBCs?	13
9210537535	4 O2 per Hb	How much can one hemeglobin particle can carry O2?	14
9210547464	lungs ---> O2 + Hb <--------------------> HbO2 <--- Tissues	What is the Hb/O2 binding reaction?	15
9210562651	Dark red	What colour is Hb (deoxyhemoglobin)?	16
9210565989	Bright red	What colour is HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)?	17
9210573689	Carbaminohemoglobin	What amino acid is CO2 carried on?	18
9210580085	Low RBC: hemorrhage, blood donation, pathogen that causes hemolysis, aaplastic anemia (destruction of bone marrow), sudden exposure to high altitude	What are the one cause of anemia?	19
9210598870	Low hemoglobin: Iron deficient (small and pale RBC called "microcytes) Pernicious anemia (low vitamin B12, causes large pale "macrocytes")	What is another cause of anemia?	20
9210617734	Altered hemoglobin from genetics: Thalassemias, sickle cell anemia	What is one final cause of anemia?	21
9210629234	Polycythemia - viscous blood	What would happen if a person had too many RBCs?	22
9210649696	Neutrophils (Never) Lymphocytes (Let) Monocytes (Monkeys) Eosinophils (Eat) Basophils (Bananas)	What is the mnemonic for WBCs?	23
9210761475	How WBC move through the venule side of a capillary bed to get to the site of damage.	What is diapedesis?	24
9210767963	They follow chemical signals.	How do WBCs know where to exit?	25
9210780482	Neutrohpils, Eosinophils, Basophils	What are the granulocytes?	26
9210783182	Monocytes, lymphocytes	What are the agranulocytes?	27
9210817231	T Cells and B cells Lymph tissues (spleen, lymph nodes)	Lymphocytes are composed of what type of WBC? Where do they originate?	28
9210809502	An infection	Lymphocytes are indicative of what type of pathology?	29
9210838580	Parasites	Eosinophils are indicative of what type of pathology?	30
9210840544	The inflammatory process (histamine)	Basophils are indicative of what type of pathology?	31
9210844452	Bacterial infection (phagocytosis)	Neutrophils are indicative of what type of pathology?	32
9210850072	Viral infection, TB, parasites	Macrophages are indicative of what type of pathology?	33
9237485399	The production of blood cells from a hematopietic stem cell.	What is hematopoiesis?	34
9237487820	An immature RBC	What is a hematocytoblast?	35
9237493211	Lymphocyte	What does a lymphoid stem cell turn into?	36
9237494220	Red blood cell	What does a proerythroblast turn into?	37
9237495444	Platelets	What does megakaryocyte turn into?	38
9237496854	Interluekins and colony-stimulating factors	What are the two families of cytokines?	39
9237498103	Cytokines between leukoctyes	What doe interleukins do?	40
9237504004	Support	What do colony-stimulating factors do?	41
9237505598	Too little or few	What does the term "penia" mean?	42
9237506148	Low WBC	What is leukopenia?	43
9237507075	Cancer that causes too many WBCs	What is leukemia?	44
9237508158	Acute and chronic	What are the subtypes of leukemias?	45
9237508629	Children; more severe	Where is acute leukemia found most commonly?	46
9237509075	Adults; less severe	Where is chronic leukemia found most commonly?	47
9237510625	Formation of RBCs	What is erythropoiesis?	48
9237511363	About one week	How long does erythropoiesis take?	49
9237512247	Erythropoietin	What is the hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis?	50
9237513607	The kidneys	Where does erythropoietin hormone come from?	51
9237515520	In cases of hypoxia	When does erythropoietin get released?	52
9237518104	Spleen	Where are RBCs destroyed?	53
9237519904	Transferrin	What protein reuses iron?	54
9237520628	Bilirubin	What is heme degraded into?	55
9237523300	Vascular spasms - contraction of the vessel smooth muscle, which is triggered by damage.	What is the first step of hemostasis?	56
9237525622	Platelet plug - temporary seal of area, occurs in ~1 min Adhesion - damaged endothelial cells contract and expose collagen, where platelets stick Degranulation - sticking causes shape changes and release of granules Aggregation - chemicals (ADP) are released to attract more platelets and make them more sticky	What is the second step of hemostasis?	57
9237532700	Clotting	What is the third step of hemostasis?	58
9237713821	1. Formation of prothrombin activator 2. Prothrombin activator converts to thrombin 3. Thrombin converts soluble fiberinogen to insoluble fribrin	What is the clotting cascade?	59

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Pre-AP Thermodynamics Flashcards

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13869731675	Thermodynamics	The study of heat.	0
13869731676	Kinetic-molecular Theory	In a hot body the particles move faster and thus have greater kinetic energy than particles in a cooler body.	1
13869731677	Thermal Energy	The overall energy of motion of the particles that make up an object.	2
13869731678	Temperature	The hotness of an object. It represents the average kinetic energy of particles in a object.	3
13869731679	Heat	The energy that flows between two objects as a result of a temperature difference.	4
13869731680	Thermal equilibrium	When the rate of transfer of thermal energy between two objects is equal.	5
13869731681	Thermometer	A device that measures temperature. It relies on thermal expansion of a fluid in a sealed tube.	6
13869731682	Absolute zero	The temperature at which particles have zero kinetic energy. That is, particles stop moving. Its equal to -273 degrees Celsius.	7
13869731683	Convection	The transfer of thermal energy in a fluid.	8
13869731684	Radiation	The transfer of thermal energy through empty space.	9
13869731685	Specific Heat	The amount of energy that must be added to raise the temperature of a unit of mass one temperature unit.	10
13869731686	Calorimeter	A device used to measure changes in thermal energy.	11
13869731687	Q	Variable for heat energy	12
13869731689	T	Variable for temperature	13
13869731692	Fahrenheit	The temperature scale on which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees	14
13869731693	Celsius	Metric unit for measuring temperature; On this scale water freezes at zero and boils at 100.	15
13869731694	Kelvin	A unit of absolute temperature and symbolized as K. Formerly known as degree Kelvin.	16
13869731695	linear expansion	when an object stretches due to heat	17
13869731697	area expansion	The change in the area of a solid as a result of temperature change	18
13869731699	Joule (J)	SI unit of heat and energy	19
13869731700	phase change	A reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another.	20
13869731701	fusion	the change of state when a liquid becomes a solid	21
13869731702	heat of vaporization / heat of condensation	the energy required to change a substance from a liquid to a gas (or a gas to a liquid) at its boiling point / condensing point.	22
13869731703	vaporization	The change of state from a liquid to a gas	23
13869731704	calorimeter	an insulated device used to measure the absorption or release of heat in chemical or physical processes	24
13869731705	heat transfer / heat flow	the movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object	25
13869731706	thermal conduction	the transfer of heat by the direct contact of particles of matter.	26
13869731707	thermal conductor	a material that conducts thermal energy well	27
13869731708	thermal insulator	a material that conducts thermal energy poorly	28
13870058093	heat of fusion	the energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid (or a liquid to a solid) at its melting point / solidifying point	29
13870112676	melt	change from a solid to a liquid	30
13870117119	condense	The change from a gas to a liquid	31
13870164811	latent heat	heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure	32

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13923742835	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13923742836	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13923742837	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13923742838	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13923742839	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13923742840	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13923742841	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13923742842	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13923742843	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13923742844	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13923742845	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13923742846	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13923742847	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13923742848	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13923742849	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13923742850	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13923742851	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13923742852	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13923742853	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13923742854	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13923742855	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13923742856	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13923742857	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13923742858	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13923742859	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13923742860	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13923742861	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13923742862	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13923742863	theory	general idea being tested	28
13923742864	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13923742865	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13923742866	mode	appears the most	31
13923742867	mean	average	32
13923742868	median	middle	33
13923742869	range	highest - lowest	34
13923742870	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13923742871	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13923742872	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13923742873	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13923742874	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13923742875	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13923742876	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13923742877	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13923743070	neuron		43
13923742878	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13923742879	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13923742880	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13923742881	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13923742882	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13923742883	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13923742884	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13923742885	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13923742886	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13923742887	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13923742888	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13923742889	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13923742890	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13923742891	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13923742892	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13923742893	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13923742894	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13923742895	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13923742896	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13923742897	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13923742898	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13923742899	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13923742900	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13923742901	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13923742902	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13923742903	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13923742904	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13923742905	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13923742906	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13923742907	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13923742908	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13923742909	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13923742910	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13923742911	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13923742912	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13923742913	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13923742914	occipital lobe	vision	80
13923742915	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13923742916	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13923742917	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13923742918	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13923742919	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13923742920	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13923742921	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13923742922	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13923742923	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13923742924	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13923742925	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13923742926	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13923742927	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13923742928	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13923742929	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13923742930	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13923742931	rods	night time	97
13923742932	cones	color	98
13923742933	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13923742934	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13923742935	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13923742936	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13923742937	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13923742938	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13923742939	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13923742940	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13923742941	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13923742942	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13923742943	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13923742944	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13923742945	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13923742946	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13923742947	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13923742948	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13923742949	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13923742950	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13923742951	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13923742952	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13923742953	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13923742954	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13923742955	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13923742956	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13923742957	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13923742958	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13923742959	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13923742960	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13923742961	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13923742962	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13923742963	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13923742964	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13923742965	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13923742966	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13923742967	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13923742968	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13923742969	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13923742970	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13923742971	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13923742972	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13923742973	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13923742974	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13923742975	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13923742976	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13923742977	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13923742978	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13923742979	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13923742980	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13923742981	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13923742982	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13923742983	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13923742984	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13923742985	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13923742986	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13923742987	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13923742988	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13923742989	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13923742990	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13923742991	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13923742992	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13923742993	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13923742994	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13923742995	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13923742996	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13923742997	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13923742998	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13923742999	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13923743000	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13923743001	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13923743002	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13923743003	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13923743004	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13923743005	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13923743006	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13923743007	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13923743008	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13923743009	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13923743010	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13923743011	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13923743012	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13923743013	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13923743014	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13923743015	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13923743016	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13923743017	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13923743018	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13923743019	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13923743020	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13923743021	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13923743022	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13923743023	encoding	information going in	189
13923743024	storage	keeping information in	190
13923743025	retrieval	taking information out	191
13923743026	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13923743027	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13923743028	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13923743029	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13923743030	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13923743031	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13923743032	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13923743033	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13923743034	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13923743035	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13923743036	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13923743037	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13923743038	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13923743039	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13923743040	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13923743041	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13923743042	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13923743043	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13923743044	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13923743045	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13923743046	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13923743047	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13923743048	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13923743049	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13923743050	context	environment helps with memory	216
13923743051	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13923743052	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13923743053	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13923743054	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13923743055	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13923743056	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13923743057	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13923743058	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13923743059	prototypes	generalize	225
13923743060	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13923743061	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13923743062	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13923743063	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13923743064	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13923743065	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13923743066	grammar is _________	universal	232
13923743067	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13923743068	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Biology- Photosynthesis Flashcards

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8210464079	Photosynthesis	6CO2 + 12H20 (light) - > C6H12O6 + 6O2 Process by which plants convert solar energy into energy stored in chemical bonds (light dependent and light independent reactions)	0
8210464080	Light dependent reactions	Use light directly to produce ATP in the grana (1) Light is absorbed by PS II (2) Photolysis (release O2 and provide electron) (3) Photophosphorylation: Electrons flow through ETC and produce ATP (4) Light is absorbed by PS I (5) NADP+ reduced to NADPH using 2nd ETC Reactants: Light and H2O Products: NADPH, ATP, O2 (released)	1
8210464082	Noncyclic Photophosphorylation	Primary form of light-dependent reaction - ATP and NADPH are formed Process begins at PS II and continues to PS I	2
8210464083	Cyclic Photophosphorylation	Form of light-dependent reaction used to replenish ATP - no NADPH is formed Electrons travel from PS II to PS I and back to PS II again in cyclic fashion	3
8210464084	Light independent reactions	(Dark reactions, Calvin Cycle) Produce sugar using the Calvin cycle	4
8210464085	Calvin Cycle	Uses ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide into G3P (sugar building block) (1) Fixation: CO2 combines with RuBP to produce carbon chain molecules (2) Reduction: carbon chain molecule reduced into G3P using ATP and NADPH (3) Regeneration: regeneration of RuBP for future carbon fixation Occurs in the stroma	5
8210464086	Pigments	Absorb light energy to provide energy for photosynthesis Absorb colors that it does not reflect; reflects color that it shows (e.g., chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids)	6
8210464087	Chloroplast	Organelle site of photosynthesis	7
8210464088	Stroma	Site of light-independent reactions	8
8210464089	Grana	(Granum) Consists of thylakoid membranes that are the site of light-dependent reations	9
8210464090	Photosystems	Harvest light for light-dependent reactions; Consists of a reaction center containing pigments Located in the grana in the thylakoid membranes	10
8210464091	Photorespiration	Dead-end process where O2 binds to rubisco instead of CO2 in Calvin cycles; does not create sugar or ATP Vestige from ancient Earth, when the atmosphere contained no oxygen to compete with CO2	11

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AP Government: Polls Flashcards

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8414272075	census	a valuable tool for understanding demographic changes. The US Constitution requires that the Gov conduct an "actual enumeration" (a count) of the population every 10 years via one of these	0
8414272076	civil disobedience	a form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences	1
8414272077	demography	the science of population changes	2
8414272078	exit poll	public opinion surveys used by major media pollsters to predict electoral winners with speed and precision	3
8414272079	gender gap	a terms that refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates	4
8414272080	melting pot	the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation	5
8414272081	minority majority	the emergence of a non-Caucasian majority, as compared with a White generally Anglo-Saxon majority	6
8414272082	political culture	an overall set of values widely shared within a society	7
8414272083	political ideology	a coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose. It helps give meaning to political events, personalities, and policies	8
8414272084	political participation	all the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders and/or the policies the pursue	9
8414272085	political socialization	the process through which a young person acquires political orientations as they grow up--based on inputs from (#1) PARENTS, teachers, the media, and friend	10
8414272086	public opinion	the distribution of the populations beliefs about politics and policy issues	11
8414272087	protest	a form of political participation designed to achieve policy change through dramatic and unconventional tactics	12
8414272088	random sampling	the key technique employed by sophisticated survey researchers, which operates on the principle that everyone should have an equal probability of being selected for the sample	13
8414272089	random-digit dialing	a technique used by pollsters to place telephone calls randomly to both listed and unlisted numbers when conducting a survey	14
8414272090	reapportionment	the process of reallocating seats in the House of Reps every 10 years on the basis of the results of the census-----states gain or lose Congressional representation as their populations change = population change = power shift	15
8414272091	sample	a relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole population	16
8414272092	sampling error	the level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll. The more people interviewed, the more confident one can be of the results	17
8414272093	socio-economic status demographic	wealthier = show up more to vote, more conservative not as wealthy = more liberal, don't show up as much to vote	18
8414272094	Voting	more turn out for Presidential elections than other community based elections	19
8414272095	Types of Polls	Traditional Telephone Polls, Exit Polls, Tracking Polls, Internet Polls, Push Polls	20
8414272096	Straw Polls	unscientific surveys used to gauge public opinion on a variety of issues and policies	21
8414272097	Tracking Polls	Continuous surveys that enable a campaign or news organization to chart a candidate's daily rise or fall in support	22
8414272098	American dream	the widespread belief that the United States is a land of opportunity and that individual initiative and hard work can bring economic success	23
8414272099	conservatism	a set of beliefs that includes a limited role for the national government in helping individuals, support for traditional values and lifestyles, and a cautious response to change	24
8414272100	libertarian	a political ideology based on skepticism or opposition toward most government activities	25
8414272101	malapportionment	any system where one group has significantly more influence than another, such as when voting districts are unevenly spread out across a population	26
8414272102	political efficacy	the sense that citizens have the capacity to understand and influence political events	27
8414272103	populists	an adherent of a political ideology that is liberal on economic matters and conservative on social ones; believes the government should reduce economic inequality but regulate personal conduct	28
8414272104	push poll	polls taken to provide information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate	29
8414272105	Liberal	believing that government should be active in supporting social and political change : relating to or supporting political liberalism	30
8414272106	Political Attitudes	The way in which you view the world politically which is based on your family, gender, religion, race and ethnicity, and your region	31
8414272107	Third Parties	a major political party operating over a limited period of time in addition to two other major parties in a nation or state normally characterized by a two-party system	32

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AP ART HISTORY: ASIA Flashcards

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8232453901	Jowo Rinpoche identifiers	Lhasa, Tibet West and Central Asia Yarlung dynasty	0
8232453902	Jowo Rinpoche	-highly decorated because we must see it as lavish to understand it's importance -focal point for prayer -lost and put back together in the 1960's -mudrha- for meditation & call to prayer -sculpted by an artist that knew Buddha(it is Buddha approved: he wanted it would be left behind and people would remember his teachings) -India-> Tibet, China(Buddhist surrounded by atheist)	1
8232453903	Lakshmana temple identifiers	Sandstone Chandella dynasty Khajuraho, India	2
8232453904	Lakshmana temple	-spiers on corners to represent directions and totality because Brahman is all -spiers-pointed domes (beehive domes) that symbolize mountains -small interior -axis Munda-cosmic access connecting earth to heaven -Brahman is believed to live in statue in the womb chamber (idol) -mandala- geometric design of universe(shape of temple and universe) >womb chamber represents creation -mithuna- people having sex on sides of building because it is a spiritual moment -highly decorated like gothic churches	3
8232453905	Temple of Angkor Wat identifiers	Hindu Stone masonry and sandstone Angkor dynasty	4
8232453906	Temple of Angkor Wat	-largest religious monument in the world -for Vishnu-principal G-d known as protector -king's mausoleum in death -temples were homes for G-ds not people - relief shows Hindu stories "churning of ocean milk" which was the beginning of time -G-ds and demons playing of tug of war to show good vs evil (king is rope) -5 towers symbolize 5 mountain ranges and mt. Meru >makes milk > connects heaven to earth >home for G-ds -built to legitimize claim to throne (Khmer kings)	5
8232453907	Shiva as Lord of Dance identifiers	Hindu Cast bronze Chola dynasty	6
8232453908	Shiva as Lord of Dance	-G-d of destruction (one of 3 principal G-ds) -episcene- qualities of male and female -inhabited by g-d in womb chamber -art is not static is decorated and taken out of womb room -shiva-spinning, dance of destruction (leg, multiple hands, hair) -dynamic- illusion of movement -circle-hands & Fire (creation and destruction) -arm down= don't worry destruction is good -drum=creation -dwarf of ignorance-stepped on by shiva	7
8232453909	Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings identifiers	Bichitr 1620 ce Watercolor,gold, and ink on paper	8
8232453910	Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings	-part of folio -inspired by Christianity:halo & Angels dancing around him -lots of circles show totality -King James- based off European painting, stands out -artist paints himself into painting-yet tries to remain humble -jahangir- he is everything and ignores other kings; lots of jewelry on	9
8232453911	Great Stupa at Sanchi identifiers	Stone masonry, sandstone on dome Buddhist Late sunga dynasty	10
8232453912	Great Stupa at Sanchi	-round dome symbolizes totality and all and nothing - reliquary- w/ part of buddha's body -circumambulation clockwise like sun in meditation-> replicates path to nirvana(nirvana is symbolized by axis Mundi (3 parts to symbolize Buddha, his law, his followers) -symbolized mt. Meru(same story as hindu's) -toranas-totality and 4 cardinal points on gate -yakshi- sexy men and women relief > Buddha disagrees shows leaving that out of reliquary -Ashoka builds it (great Indian conquerer)	11
8232453913	Borobudur Temple identifiers	Sailendra dynasty Volcanic stone masonry Central Java,Indonesia	12
8232453914	Borobudur Temple	-resembles pyramid; stupa -shows philosophical and spiritual aspects of religion >axis mundi(totality) -open passageways- circumambulation from womb to human rhelm to center(nirvana) -dark to light -> concept of the path (individual to spiritual journey) - Mandala plan- totality -pilgrimage site	13
8232453915	Buddha	-stylized -urna-3rd eye -hair has axis Mundi -wheel on feet show full path of life -mudrha is gesture of peace -story of sidartha	14
8232453916	Buddha Bamiyan identifiers	-Bamiyan, Afghanistan -gandharan (land where Afghanistan is) Cut rock with plaster and polychrome paint	15
8232453917	Buddha Bamiyan	-paint of meditation -on pilgrimage route -caves around Buddha so you can be detached but pray near him -Mandorla around Buddha (sacred space) -destroyed by taliban in 2001	16
8232453918	Terra Cotta Warriors from Mausoleum of the first Qin Emperor of China identifiers	Qin dynasty Painted Terra cotta South, east, and Southeast Asia	17
8232453919	Terra Cotta Warriors from Mausoleum of the first Qin Emperor of China	-made in large kiln -individualized but not portrait -Qin Shihuang-United empire, surrounded himself w/ Mercury, constructed Great Wall; wanted to conquer death; ruthless;set precedent for future leaders -horses,chariots,weapons, and treasure in tomb (8-9 thousand) -made by 7,000 people, tomb not yet discovered	18
8232453920	Funeral banner of Lady Dai (xin zhui)identifiers	Han dynasty China Painted silk	19
8232453921	Funeral Banner of Lady Dai	-naturalistic -not abstracted (shows depth) -red to show wealth (made for wealthy for afterlife) -continuous narrative -over innermost coffin (they had multiple sarcofagi) - 3 registers- heavenly realm, lady Dai and her attendants, underground world -dragons- zoomorphic, frame scene, represent sky, links earth to heaven -earliest known Chinese portrait -silk is very important	20
8232453922	Longmen Caves identifiers	Tang Dynasty Limestone Luoyang, China	21
8232453923	Longmen Caves	-Vairocana Buddha- depicted in cave (rules over all other Buddhas) -caves where people would meditate, pilgrimage site -bodhisattvas- attendants that reached nirvana and help others get to enlightenment -payed for by empress and she later became a ruling widow -guards of Buddha: animated ,detail, contraposto	22
8232453924	Forbidden city identifiers	Beijing, China Ming dynasty 15th century	23
8232453925	Forbidden city front gate	-Shows exclusivity -Only men	24
8232453926	Forbidden City hall of supreme harmony	- tallest and center building -throne room -heaven and emperor -3 level base -emperor carried in	25
8232453927	Forbidden city courtyard houses	-Room around courtyard -rooms assigned by confusion ideals	26
8232453928	Pagoda	Chinese version of stupa -axis Mundi -red, yellow,&blue -> water,heaven,sun,earth -3 levels represent ying,yang, and both	27
8232453929	Forbidden City	-painted wood -curved roofs by beams and truss(connects building to sky) -surrounded by moat (sacred and exclusive) -order in chaos -mandate of heaven -dragon -grand court -Beijing was new capital -forbidden city legitimizes rule	28
8232453930	Forbidden city symbols	-emperor and heaven -interlocking geometry: earth and universe -hierarchy and place :confusionism -axial symmetry :order in chaos -compression and expansion: show emperor's importance	29
8232453931	Travelers among Mountains and Streams identifiers	Fan Kuan Ink on silk 1000ce	30
8232453932	Travelers among Mountains and Streams	-hanging scroll -texture provide duality -people are shown small -makes you think about relationships (confusionism) -meditative (Buddhist) -man	31
8232453933	The David Vases identifiers	Yuan dynasty China White porcelain w/ cobalt-blue underglaze	32
8232453934	The David Vases	-porcelain made in very hot kiln (new technology) -made for altar at daoist temple -colophon -dragon,floral, inscription -inspired by Islamic world -Iran provided cobalt that tuned blue in kiln (can withstand the heat)	33
8232453935	Gold and jade crown identifiers	Korea 5th to 6th century Metalwork	34
8232453936	Gold and jade crown	-zoomorphic and shamanic -crown for burial and ceremonies -represents trees or antlers -showed status -axis Mundi	35
8232453937	Portrait of sin Sukju identifiers	Hanging scroll (ink and color on silk) Imperial bureau of painting South, east, and Southeast Asia	36
8232453938	Portrait of Sin Sukju	-realism in face -verisim -no depth -> physical isn't as important -hanging scroll -for honoring his death in his shrine -Sukju- wearing official robe with rank badge (2 peacocks), 3/4 view w/ folded hands -he was very important and worked for multiple kings shows Confucious ideals	37
8232453939	Todai-ji identifiers	Nara,Japan 743ce	38
8232453940	Todai-ji	-large Buddha(bronze) surrounded by Mandorla -grand gate but very Japanese bc it's unpainted, outside to inside -sculptures behind screens (guardian figures with lots of movement to protect Buddha) -emperor wanted Buddhism to unify people -inspired by grand Chinese architecture -rebuilt bc it was burned in civil war	39
8232453941	Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace identifiers	Japan Hand scroll (ink and color on paper)	40
8232453942	Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace	-hand scroll -some parts are unpainted which makes it abstract -daimyo was successful in kidnapping emperor -personal bc you look at it closely -people running for their lives (mistresses) -begins and ends with one figure -lots of energy -for rich men -attack was during period of instability (warring clans)	41
8232453943	Ryoan-ji identifiers	Kyoto, Japan Rock garden	42
8232453944	Ryoan-ji	-complexity in simplicity -don't take nature for granted -cannot see all rocks at once -movement,texture, rhythmic effect -meditation brings you to enlightenment and increases awareness - trees are mobile and immobile bc they change while everything else stays the same -water gardens create contrast and were very carefully planned -could symbolize mountains in fog, nothing, matter carrying out antimatter, rock and water -zen=raking rocks-.>physical labor	43
8232453945	White and red plum blossoms identifiers	Ink, watercolor, and gold leaf on paper ogata korin	44
8232453946	White and Red Plum Blossoms	-metallic -tarashikomi- technique dripping wet into wet into create the moss which is splotchy and unexpected -painted on two screens to make outside connect to inside -red tree- youthful, energetic, foolish, -white tree- old,wise, contorted by weather -stream represents how life moves us forward and back -trees leave page to leave it to imagination -connected to modern art	45
8232453947	Under the wave off Kanagawa identifiers	Katsushika Hokusai Polychrome woodblock print;ink and color on paper	46
8232453948	Under the wave off Kanagawa	-influenced by European art (Prussian blue) -duality- nature vs man and terrifying but playful -ukiyo-e prints- affordable and mass produced that show city life (souvenirs)(trendy) -landscape is brought back -mt. Fuji in distance framed in circle of waves -boat matches waves shows relationship of man and nature (fisherman boat) -woodcut prints- negative space is carved so outline stamp is produced -part of a series -mt. Fuji- volcanic,permanent and dangerous, religious importance in Shintoism-> pilgrimage site - dynamic and vivid	47

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AP Vocabulary Flashcards

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13798838791	Allegory	A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	0
13798838792	Anachronism	something out of place in time	1
13798838793	Anthropomorphism	the attribution of human characteristics to animals or inanimate objects	2
13798838794	Bathos	when writing strains for grandeur it can't support and tries to elicit tears from every little hiccup	3
13798838795	black humor	this is the use of disturbing themes in comedy. e.g. two tramps comically debating over which should commit suicide first, and whether the branches of a tree will support their weight	4
13798838796	cacophony	A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds	5
13798838797	coinage	the invention of new words	6
13798838798	dirge	a song for the dead	7
13798838799	Hubris	excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy	8
13798838800	lament	a poem of sadness or grief over the death of a loved one or over some other intense loss	9
13798838801	Parable	like a fable or an allegory, it's a story that instructs; a story consisting of events from which a moral or spiritual truth may be derived	10
13798838802	pastoral	A poem set in tranquil nature or even more specifically, one about shepherds.	11
13798838803	rhapsody	an intensely passionate verse or section of verse, usually of love or praise	12
13798838804	syncope	contracting or shortening a word by removing internal sounds, syllables, or letters and inserting an apostrophe	13
13798838805	truism	a way-too-obvious truth	14
13798838806	Utopia	an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect	15
13798838807	verisimilitude	the appearance of being true or real	16
13798838808	Zeugma	the use of a word to modify two or more words, but used for different meanings	17
13798838809	plaint	a poem or speech expressing sorrow	18
13798838810	elegy	A type of poem that meditates on death or mortality in a serious, thoughtful manner.	19

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