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Ap human Flashcards

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13448254031Culturea group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people0
13448254032Folk Culturecultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, customs, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities, Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.1
13448254033Popular CultureCultural traits such as dress, diet and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies, Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.2
13448254034Local Culturea group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits3
13448254035Material Culturethe art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people4
13448254036Nonmaterial Culturethe beliefs practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people5
13448254037Hierarchical DiffusionThe spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places6
13448254038HearthThe area where an idea or cultural trait originates7
13448254039Assimilatewhen people lose originally differentiating traits when they come into contact with another society or culture8
13448254040CustomPractice routinely followed by a group of people.9
13448254041Cultural Appropriationthe process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit.10
13448254042NeolocalismThe seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world.11
13448254043Ethnic Neighborhoodan area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background12
13448254044CommodificationThe process through which something is given monetary value; occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy.13
13448254045AuthenticityThe accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs.14
13448254046Distance Decaythe effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction15
13448254047Time-Space Compressionexplains how quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two places are found by David Harvey16
13448254048Reterritorializationwhen people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, making it suit their needs17
13448254049Cultural Landscapethe visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape18
13448254050PlacelessnessThe loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next19
13448254051Global-Local Continuumnotion that what happens at the global scale directly effects what happens at the global scale directly effects what happens at a local scale, and vice versa20
13448254052GlocalizationThe process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes21
13448254053Folk-Housing Regionsregion win which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area22
13448254054Diffusion Routesthe spatial trajectory through which the cultural traits or other phenomena spread23
13448254055RemittancesMoney migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.24
13448254056Cyclic MovementsMovement - for example, nomadic migration - that has closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally.25
13448254057Periodic MovementFor example, college attendance or military service - that involves temporary, recurrent relocation.26
13448254058MigrationA change in residence intended to be permanent.27
13448254059Activity SpacesThe space within which daily activity occurs.28
13448254060NomadismMovement among a definite set of places29
13448254061Migrant LaborA common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the United States and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances.30
13448254062TranshumanceA seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.31
13448254063Military ServiceAnother common form of periodic movement involving as many as 10 million United States citizens in a given year, including military personnel and their families, who are moved to new locations where they will spend tours of duty lasting up to several years32
13448254064International MigrationHuman movement involving movement across international boundaries.33
13448254065ImmigrationThe act of a person migrating into a particular country or era.34
13448254066Internal MigrationHuman movement within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the United States.35
13448254067Forced MigrationHuman migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate36
13448254068Voluntary MigrationMovement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move.37
13448254069Laws of MigrationDeveloped by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predict the flow of migrants.38
13448254070Gravity ModelA mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them.39
13448254071Push FactorsNegative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their adobe and migrate to a new location40
13448254072Pull FactorsPositive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas.41
13448254073Distance DecayThe effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction.42
13448254074Step MigrationMigration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city43
13448254075Intervening OpportunityThe presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.44
13448254076DeportationThe act of the government sending a migrant out of its country and back to the migrants home country.45
13448254077Kinship LinksTypes of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success.46
13448254078Chain MigrationA pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (i.e. one migrant settles in a place and then writes, calls, or communicates through others to describe this place to family and friends who in turn then migrate there)47
13448254079Immigration WavePhenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination.48
13448254080Global Scale MigratiomMigration that takes place across international boundaries and between world regions.49
13448254081ExplorersA person examining a region that is unknown to them.50
13448254082ColonizationA physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land.51
13448254083Regional ScaleInteractions occurring within a region, in a regional setting.52
13448254084Islands of DevelopmentPlace built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure..53
13448254085RussificationThe Soviet policy to promote the diffusion of Russian culture throughout the republics of the former Soviet Union.54
13448254086Guest WorkersLegal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term.55
13448254087RefugeesPeople who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country.56
13448254088Internally Displaced PersonsPeople who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee.57
13448254089AsylumShelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state.58
13448254090RepatriationA refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization.59
13448254091GenocideActs committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethical, racial, or religious group.60
13448254092Immigration LawsLaws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state.61
13448254093QuotasEstablished limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year.62
13448254094Selective ImmigrationProcess to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds (i.e. criminal records, poor health, or subversive activities) are barred from immigrating.63
13448254095ApartheidLaws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.64
13448254096BalkanizationA process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.65
13448254097BarrioA Spanish-speaking neighborhood.66
13448254098BlockbustingA process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood.67
13448254099Centripetal forceAn attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.68
13448254100Centrifugal forceA strong, divisive force, such as religious differences or a weak communication systems, at work in a country.69
13448254101Ethnic cleansingA purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.70
13448254102Ethnic enclaveA place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area.71
13448254103EthnicityIdentity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.72
13448254104GenocideThe mass killing of a group of people in attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence.73
13448254105NationalismA strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.74
13448254106NationalityIdentity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place.75
13448254107RaceIdentity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color.76
13448254108RacismBelief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.77
13448254109Self-determinationThe ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will.78
13448254110EthnocentrismBelief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.79
13448254111BalkanizedA small geographic area that cannot successfully be organized into stable countries because it is inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other.80
13448254112RacistA person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.81
13448254113SharecropperA person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.82
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AP Euro: The "Isms" Flashcards

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9926812970HumanismThe philosophy that human nature and achievement are worth contemplation. The ideas of humanism were found in classic Roman texts and it was studied by young men through analyzing these texts. Era: Renaissance (Period 1)0
9926817743Civic HumanismThe idea that educated men should be involved in the political affairs of their cities. Ex. Machiavelli's The Prince Era: Renaissance (Period 1)1
9926821261Christian HumanismThe idea that the concepts of humanism and Christianity can be combined. Mainly found in Northern Europe. It took the attitudes and ideas of Italian culture and applied it to the religion. Era: Renaissance (Period 1)2
9926836417ProtestantismA religious movement of the 16th century that was essentially a spinoff of Catholicism. It only involved two of the sacraments and was created by Martin Luther (sometimes referred to as Lutheranism). This spread rapidly throughout Europe following the Diet of Worms, leading to the creation of Calvinism, Presbyterianism, and Anglicanism Era: Reformation (Period 1)3
9926839284AnticlericalismOpposition to the clergy. This was displayed through the support of protestantism. Era: Reformation (Period 1)4
9926842826Clerical PluralismMembers of the church holding multiple positions. This was one of the major problems with the Catholic Church that inspired Luther to write his 95 theses Era: Reformation (Period 1)5
9926847243AnglicanismThe new church of England followed this religion, which was essentially just Catholicism with a few minor changes. The retention of traditional practices was due to the conservative nature of Henry and he even went as far as to dissolve old monasteries to get more cash. Era: Reformation (Period 1)6
9926850513CalvinismA form of protestantism that was created by John Calvin. It involves the idea of predestination in which God preselects those that will go to heaven and who will go to hell. Good deeds were viewed as signifiers of an elect. Era: Reformation (period 1)7
9926859327Religious FanaticismThanks to all the religious squabbles that occurred during the reformation, this ideology was created, in which Catholics and Protestants began to doubt that any one religion was the absolute truth. Era: Exploration (Period 1)8
9926864178SkepticismThe doubt that total certainty is ever attainable. Those that followed this idea were cautious, critical, and would suspend their judgement. Era: Exploration (Period 1)9
9926869335Cultural RelativismThis idea that no one culture is superior to any other, just that all cultures are different to each other. Era: Exploration (Period 1)10
9926874047AbsolutismA method of political rule in which all power is invested in a singular person or persons. Many monarchs across Europe utilized this method of rule to control religion and economics. Era: Absolutism (Periods 1 and 2)11
9926877612HeliocentrismA theory developed by Nicolaus Copernicus that began the scientific revolution. This stated that the Earth circled around the sun, which challenged the long accepted theory of geocentrism (earth centered) Era: Scientific Revolution (Period 1)12
9926884511Cartesian DualismDescartes' view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter. Era: Scientific Revolution (Period 1)13
9926888793RationalismA major aspect of the enlightenment that stated that nothing should be submitted to faith alone, reason must be used to prove something. Era: Enlightenment (Period 2)14
9926894386SensationalismAn idea created by John Locke that all thoughts and feelings are the result of sensory impressions Era: Enlightenment (Period 2)15
9926899598CapitalismThe economic ideology involving competitiveness, Laissez Faire, and free market. "The Invisible Hand". Developed by Adam Smith and also known as economic liberalism. Era: Enlightenment (Period 2, developed, and utilized onwards)16
9926904713Enlightened AbsolutismAlso known as enlightened despot, this involves absolutist monarchs applying enlightenment principles to their ruling styles. Common actions included improving the lots of serfs, education, and expansion. Era: Agricultural Revolution (Period 2)17
9926913231CameralismThe philosophy that stated that everything in a society should serve the state in some way. It was utilized by Frederick the Great as an enlightenment based decision due to its emphasis on rationality, progress, and utilitarianism. Era: Agricultural Revolution (Period 2)18
9926919360ProletarianismThe transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners. Things were made even worse by unemployment caused by advances in technology. Era: Agricultural Revolution (Period 2)19
9926922633MercantilismAn economic system developed by Jean Baptiste Colbert that involves decreasing a country's input and increasing it's output to create economic success. Era: Absolutism (Period 1)20
9926932646ConsumerismLarge use and purchasing of consumer goods that arose during the agricultural revolution. Early examples included fairs, blood sports, alcohol, etc. Era: Agricultural Revolution (Period 2)21
9926938846LiberalismThe principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, speech, worship, and from arbitrary arrest. This was prevalent in 1815 France in Louis XVIII's Constitution Charter and in Britain with it's parliament. Era: Absolutism (Period 1)22
9926943100NationalismThe combination of common language and tradition and popular sovereignty that created loyalty and a sense that a country is worth defending. Very common in the French Revolution and the Age of _____ (duh). Eventually, a distaste for this grew after WWII, thanks to its role in the war. Era: French Revolution (Period 2)23
9937817288UtilitarianismThe idea of Jeremy Bentham that social policies should promote the "greatest good for the greatest number." This lead Chadwick to believe that disease was the cause of poverty and that the government should do something about disease. Era: Agricultural Rev (Period 2)24
9937823162FeminismAn idea that promoted equal rights for women that had origins as early as the Renaissance's Great Debate About Women. Suffrage and equal pay movements have been experienced mainly past the industrial revolution. Era: Renaissance (Period 1)25
9937829512DarwinismThe belief developed by Charles Darwin that states that organisms slowly evolve through time through the process of natural selection.26
9937831957Social DarwinismThe oftentimes racist application of the theories of Darwin that stated that "survival of the fittest" applied to race and economics.27
9937834697SocialismA backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property. Heavy emphasis on the cruelties of capitalism.28
9937837929Utopian SocialismThe use of socialism to create schemes for social improvement. Examples included Blanc, Simon, and Fourier, each of whom's ideas ultimately ended up failing.29
9937842278MarxismAn influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.30
9937844496RomanticismAn artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.31
9937847259Scientific RacismThis describes the utilization of genetics and heredity to justify cruelty towards another race. The idea that race was a product of heredity was common during the late 19th century, and many people of many races had pride in their racial genetics. However this often led to the degradation of others.32
9937849391RevisionismAn effort by modern socialists to update Marxist doctrine to reflect the realities of the modern day. Ex. Bernstein33
9937852582NativismAn effort by modern socialists to update Marxist doctrine to reflect the realities of the modern day. Ex. Bernstein34
9937856128OrientalismA term coined by scholar Edward Said to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures. It's significance came upon its impact on European culture. The non-western races were looked upon as exotic and oftentimes inferior, and stereotypes of them were prevalent. It helped contribute to a European feeling of superiority.35
9937858261Popular NationalismThe notion that one's nation is superior to all others. This ideology had a hand in beginning World War I as it caused more competition between nations and established that attempted peacemaking only caused more disputes.36
9937861963NihilismThe idea that human life lacks meaning, truth, or purpose. A concept created through the works of Nietzsche that stated that various systems like liberalism and socialism were corrupt and designed to promote the weak instead of the strong. He warned that this was taking grip of modern Western society in his various works.37
9937865585Logical PositivismA philosophy that sees meaning in things that can be proven through experimentation and science. Thus, ideas of religion, philosophy, etc. are considered nonsense. This idea was especially prevalent in English speaking countries and the most famous proponent of this concept was Wittgenstein.38
9937871177ExistentialismThe philosophy that was popular in other non-English speaking countries that portrayed that life was meaningless and that it was important to find morality in an uncertain world. It was an atheist ideology that focussed on the loneliness of the world and coming to terms with the fear that comes from it.39
9937874123Christian ExistentialismAn Age of Anxiety philosophy that combined existentialism with Christianity. While it does contain existentialism, there was a larger focus on the forgiveness of God rather than meaninglessnes40
9937878112ModernismA term used to describe artistic movements during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in which elder methods and ideas were ousted in favor of experimentation.41
9937881497FunctionalismA popular architectural belief that took root during The Age of Anxiety that stated that buildings should serve mainly for their primary purpose: for people to use and live in. This lead to the rejection of mass ornamentation in favor of simpler designs. Ex. (Daisy's favorite school of architecture)42
9937885790Conservative AuthoritarianismThe traditional form form of anti democratic government that was exercised by CTG and Metternich. This relied upon obedient bureaucracies in order to control society. The people were often granted personal independence when they didn't challenge the system as a result of it's lack of control over the lives of the populace.43
9937888262TotalitarianismThe idea of governing that involved total claims over the lives of citizens and taking control of many aspects of society. This began to develop following WWI in several countries like USSR, Germany, and Italy. Violence and propaganda are well known aspects.44
9937891823FascismA movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, antisocialism, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military. Ex. Hitler and Mussolini45
9937893542NazismEssentially racist fascism. It combines the nationalistic ideals of fascism with extreme racism toward Jewish people, Slaves, homosexuals, and so called "crips". This movement swept over Germany in the 1930's and was the major reason for World War II.46
9937895792TerrorismThe utilization of acts of violence or attacks to scare people into conceding or joining a movement. This was unfortunately a common method of protest during the Demonstrations of 1968. Examples included the Red Brigade and the American Weather Underground.47
9937898562NeoliberalismPhilosophy of 1980's conservatives who argued for privatization of state-run industries and decreased government spending on social services. Ex. Margaret Thatcher48
9937901592EnvironmentalismThe idea that mother nature is sacred and must be protected at all costs. This movement sprung during the 1960's and 70's, inspired by the poem Silent Spring. Protests such as the storming of Copenhagen and parties such as the Green Party were examples of this.49
9937906634Developed SocialismA term used by communist leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry, collective agriculture, extensive social welfare programs, and class leveling (to an extent).50
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AP 5 La geografía Flashcards

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10831854267la regiónregion0
10831856617la zonazone, area1
10831858344el nortenorth2
10831858345el sursouth3
10831859624el esteeast4
10831859625el oestewest5
10831861326quedarto be located6
10831862763estar ubicadoto be located7
10831862764estar situadoto be situated8
10831863709poseerto possess9
10831864645limitar conto border on10
10831864646el paíscountry, nation11
10831865777el continentecontinent12
10831867240la penínsulapeninsula13
10831867241la islaisland14
10831868102la fronteraborder15
10831869792la sierramountain range16
10831869793la montañamountain17
10831871600el desiertodesert18
10831872447la llanura / el llano / la planicieplain, prairie19
10831872448la cordillera / la cadena de montañasmountain range20
10831873437el pico/ el cumbrepeak, summit21
10831874417la altitudaltitude, height22
10831875284el volcánvolcano23
10831876364el vallevalley24
10831877599el bosqueforest25
10831878379el océanoocean26
10831879071el marsea27
10831880280el ríoriver28
10831881809la costacoast29
10831881810el litoralcoastline30
10831883942la orillashore, riverbank31
10831885302el puertoport, harbor32
10831886515el estrechostrait33
10831886516la mesa / la mesetaplateau34
10831888594el climaclimate, weather35
10831891038secodry36
10831891039húmedohumid37
10831891876áridoarid, dry38
10831894387la geografíageography39
14811142880el acantiladocliff40
16188419785la diversidaddiversity41
16188423458el ecosistemaecosystem42
16188423459la selvajungle43
16188430229el eje volcánicovolcanic axis44
16188446467la temperaturatemperature45
16188450164la flora y faunaplants and wildlife46
16188458562la vegetaciónvegetation47
16188463054el agua / las aguaswater, waters48
16188468710la plataforma continentalcontinental shelf49
16188472511la fallafault50
16188472512el golfogulf, bay51
16188475963el arrecifecoral reef52
16188490160costerocoastal53
16188495905nevadosnow-covered54
16188495906vastovast, huge55
16188507474calientehot56
16188507476albergarto shelter, to house57
16188511578atravesarto cross58
16188560263orientaleastern59
16188560264occidentalwestern60
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Soil and Feeding the World (APES) Flashcards

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13206776616chemical weatheringthe breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both0
13206779363acid precipitationConversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog1
13206780781physical weatheringAny process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock; typically wind and water.2
13206782788ErosionThe process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another3
13206786775parent materialthe rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived4
13206790091soil degradationThe loss of some or all of a soil's ability to support plant growth5
13206793131soil horizona layer of soil that has identifiable characteristics produced by chemical weathering and other soil-forming processes6
13206796024O horizonThe organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition7
13206798305A Horizonthe top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together - also known as topsoil8
13206804984E horizonThe zone of leaching that forms under the O horizon or, less often, the A horizon.9
13206806884B horizonA soil horizon composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter10
13206809385C horizonThe least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material.11
13206813197cation exchange capacitythe ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations12
13206815537base saturationthe proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage13
13206825548UndernutritionThe condition in which not enough calories are ingested to maintain health14
13206828313malnourishedHaving a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.15
13206828314food securityA condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life.16
13206832385Food insecuritya condition in which people do not have adequate access to food17
13206836985famineThe condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period.18
13206838945anemiaa deficiency of red blood cells19
13206841604OvernutritionIngestion of too many calories and improper foods.20
13206844904industrial agricultureAgriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization21
13206846428energy subsidythe fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced22
13206848845Green RevolutionA shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and resulted in increased food output23
13206851374economies of scaleThe observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.24
13206854625WaterloggingA form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods.25
13206858210organic fertilizerfertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals26
13206860106synthetic fertilizerFertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels27
13206866253MonocroppingAn agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety28
13206866254pesticidea substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.29
13206868645insecticidea pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops30
13206872187herbicideA pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops.31
13206873792broad-spectrum pesticidea pesticide that kills a variety of organisms, including beneficial organisms, in addition to the target pest32
13206875658Selective pesticidea pesticide that targets a narrow range of organisms33
13206877541Persistent pesticideA pesticide that remains in the environment for a long time.34
13206888911pesticide resistancea trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive35
13206890450pesticide treadmillA cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development36
13206893199CAFOsConcentrated animal feeding operations- large structures where animals are being raised in high density numbers37
13206893200fisherya commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region38
13206895556fishery collapsethe decline of a fish population by 90% or more39
13206897010BycatchThe unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing40
13206899881shifting agricultureAn agricultural method in which land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients.41
13206899882Desertificationthe transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use42
13206902014nomadic grazingFeeding herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances43
13206904312sustainable agricultureAgriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of the soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability for the farmer.44
13206906558IntercroppingAn agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction.45
13206908371crop rotationAn agricultural technique in which crop species in a field are alternated from season to season.46
13206910937AgroforestryAn agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are intercropped47
13206912928contour plowingAn agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land48
13206918161Perennial plantsLive for multiple years so there is no need to plow fields each year for replanting49
13206918162Annual plantsPlants that live for only one year50
13206920196no-till agricultureAn agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons, used as a means of reducing erosion51
13206922049Integrated Pest Management (IPM)An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs52
13206925441organic agricultureApproach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.53
13206928112individual transferable quotasA fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can either catch or sell.54
13206930071AquacultureFarming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds.55
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AP Flashcards

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13971594519Longitudethe distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian, vertical lines0
13971597047Latitudedistance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees, horizontal lines1
13971599859Robinson MapCompromises polar areas, shows little distortion, hard to see poles2
13971603155Mercator MapArea larger near poles, shows direction3
13971609238Azimuthal MapLatitude lines, used for planes4
13971614586DemographyStudy of population characteristics5
13971616892Crude Birth RateThe number of live births per year per 1,000 people.6
13971618853Crude Death Rate (CDR)The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.7
13971621354Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)The percentage of annual growth in a population excluding migration.8
13971622851infant mortality ratethe death rate during the first year of life9
13971624524total fertility rateThe average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.10
13971627447Arithmetic Density# of people/square miles11
13971629441Physiological Density# of people/miles of farm land12
139716347445 Main Population ConcentrationsEast Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, Northeast US, Southeast Canada13
13971641439MalthusFood will increase 1 by 1 but population will multiply, population growth will outpace food.14
13971656093Eugenic PolicyPolicy that favors one group15
13971660506TranshumanceThe seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.16
13971669152Hierarchichal DiffusionThe spread of a feature or trend from one key person or note of authority or power to other persons or places17
13971671213Stimulus DiffusionThe spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.18
13971679261Time-Space Compressionthe rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time19
13971684784IsoglossA boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.20
13971690041Creole Languagea language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue21
13971715772Heartland Theory (Mackinder)Central Europe is the pivot area that leads to dominating the world22
13971718141Rimland Theory (Spykman)Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.23
13971723368World Systems TheoryTheory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, separates countries depending on social standings, political power, and economic development.24
13971729139BalkanizationProcess by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities25
13971733830Antecedent BoundariesA boundary line established before an area is populated26
13971735879Subsequent Boundarya boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area27
13971738633Superimposed BoundariesA boundary chosen by an outside power.28
13971744472Boundary 3 D'sDefined (written on a legal document), delimit (put on maps), demarcate (physically marked)29
13971749649Law of the Sea12 nm territorial, 12 nm high seas, 200 nm eez30
13971757706Agricultural HeathsCentral America/Northwestern South America, Western Africa, Southeast Asia31
13971763549Neolithic (1st) Agricultural RevolutionTransition from hunting and gathering to agriculture32
13971769460Second Agricultural Revolutionimproved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce, subsistence to commercial33
13971776618Green RevolutionRapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.34
13971778149environmental determinismA doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.35
13971780158PossibilismThe theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.36
13971789930ImperialismA policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.37
13971793350tertiary economic activityservices, nurses, lawyers, etc.38
13971796277quaternary economic activitycollection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital39
13971798306quinary economic activityService sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.40
13971800024Least Cost TheoryModel developed by Alfred Weber, factors are transportation cost, available labor, and agglomeration41
139718141084 Asian TigersHong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan42
139718155544 little tigersMalaysia, Vietnam, Phillipines, Indonesia43
13971820785Industrial Revolution MovementHearth in England, then to West Europe, North America, Japan, & world44
13971831292Rust BeltAuto plants surrounding Great Lakes45
13971837479Transnational CorporationCompanies with divisions across the globe to reduce transportation costs of products and people46
13971848765multinational corporationSimilar to a transnational corporation, but provides services adapted to local surroundings47
13971864124Traditional Society (Rostows)Primary and subsistence48
13971867367Preconditions for takeoff (Rostows)Advancements in tech, changes to environment for agricultural purposes.49
13971872488Takeoff (Rostow)Secondary sectors expand, textile industries are usually first.50
13971878698Drive to maturity (Rostows)new and expanded industries, manufacturing shifts from labor to capitol driven51
13971884511Age of high mass consumption (Rostows)High tech, focus on economy52
13971889885Human Development Index (HDI)Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy53
13971936018primate cityThe largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.54
13971936019rank-size ruleA pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.55
13971938215hinterlandThe market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.56
13971938235Concentric Zone Modelstates that lower class lives closer to CBD57
13971943563sector modelstates that locations of the zones depends on transportation routes, Hoyt58
13971949753multiple-nucei modelcounters that large cities develop by spreading nodes of growth, not just one59
13971953538decentralizationthe process of taking power from state or regionsal government and giving it to local ones (deconcentration, delegation, devolution)60
13971959630Neolocalismseeking out the regional culture and reinvigorating it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world61
13971965411Gravity ModelMeasures based on mass and distance62
13983253052World RegionsNorth America, Central America, South America, Europe, Russian Federation, Asia, Europe, Oceania63
13983314958Ester BoserupThe population growth forces an increased use of technology in farming and requires a conservation from extensive to intensive subsistence agriculture. POPULATION CHANGES DRIVES THE INTENSITY FOR AGRICULTURAL POPULATION64
13983394169Walter ChristallerCentral Place Theory65
13983440216Chauncey Harris and E.L. UlmanModern cities develop by peripheral spread of many nodes not one CBD, multiple nuclei model66
13983467464E.G. RavensteinLaws of migration: most migrants only go a short distance, long distance migrants favor big city destination, most migration proceeds step-by-step, most migration is rural to urban, migration produces counterflow, most migrants are young adult males67
13983658975Carl SauerHe helped us find agricultural hearths68
13983697824Organic TheoryBiological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth maturity, and old age.69
14001472505Concentric Zone ModelBurgess, city grows outwards like the growth rings of a tree70
14001488510Sector ModelHoyt, as a city grows in wedges out, certain areas are more attractive of different activities.71
14001501641Multiple NucleiC.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman, a city includes multiple structures in which activity revolves72
14001522331Galactic City ModelHarris, made of an inner city, with large suburban residential and business areas surrounding it.73
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AP PSYCH Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
13461858378NeuroscienceStudies how the brain creates emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.0
13461873523Applied ResearchThe type of scientific research that aims to solve practical problems1
13461889548Basic ResearchThe type of research that is "pure science". It is only aimed at increasing the scientific knowledge base2
13461909669StructuralismThe early school of psychology that used "introspection" to study the elemental components of the human mind. Wundt and Titchner were proponents of this school; elements of the conscious mind3
13461917163FunctionalismThe early school of psychology that focused on the purpose or function of mental and behavioral processes. William James headed this group4
13461949711Behavior GeneticsThe psychological perspective that focuses on how our genes, and our environment influence individual differences5
13462194619Naturalistic ObservationObserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and/or control the situation6
13462210282Operational DefinitionA statement of the procedures used to define variables in research. This tells us exactly how variables are measured7
13462231013Illusory CorrelationThe perception (or belief) that a relationship exists between two variables where none actually exists8
13462251697Case StudyA technique in which a single individual is studied in depth9
13462396440Institutional Review BoardApproves research done by psychologists at most universities10
13715290759Reticular Formationnerve network that controls arousal11
13715364639Action Potentiala brief electrical charge that travels down an axon12
13715407987Peripheral Nervous Systemnervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles13
13715429567CAT Scanx-ray of the brain14
13715455141Broca's Areaspeech production15
13819313100Pituitary glandmaster gland16
13819421864Thalamusthe brain's sensory control center17
13819433712SynapseGap between neurons18
13819469082Synaptic Vesiclesac containing neurotransmitters19
13819496317PET Scandetects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task20
13819715452ClosureThe tendency to fill in gaps in order to create a complete object21
13819730765Convergencea binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent of which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object22
13819791189perceptual Adaptationthe ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field23
13820227187Parallel Processingbrains ability to process many things at once24
13820258973Cochleaa coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses25
13820439412Feature Detectorsnerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement26
13820470432Place Theorythe theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated27
13820590463Kinethesisthe system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts28
13821781799Sleep SpindlesStage 229
13821810751Alpha Wavesthe relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state30
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AP Deutsch - Klimawandel Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8965045194die Geothermie (1)geothermal energy (1)0
8965045195die Erdwärme (2)geothermal energy (2)1
8965045196die Biomassebio-energy2
8965045197die Wasserkraftwater energy3
8965102340die Atomkraftnuclear power4
8965140767das Atomkraftwerknuclear power plant5
8965128499die Kohlethe coal6
8965045198die Windenergiewind energy7
8965045199die Solarenergiesolar energy8
8965045200die Ressourcenknappheita shortage of resources9
8965045201der Klimawandelclimate change10
8965045202der Energiebedarfenergy requirement11
8965045203die Solarkollektorensolar panels12
8965045204die Solarzellensolar cells13
8965045205umstrittencontroversial14
8965045206der Energieverlustenergy loss15
8965045208tatsächlichreally16
8965045209die Stromspeicherungelectricity storage17
8965045210speichernto store (save)18
8965045211verbrauchento consume19
8965045212der Verbrauchconsumption20
8965063183der Verbraucherthe consumer21
8965045213das Kraftwerka power plant22
8965045214die Leistungperformance23
8965045215sprengento blow up24
8965045216die Anlagea plant25
8965045217der fossile Brennstofffossil fuel26
8965045218verbrennento burn27
8965045219der Treibhauseffektthe greenhouse effect28
8965045220heizento heat29
8965045221einleitento initiate30
8965045222erzeugento generate31
8965045223das Öloil32
8965045224die Gewinnungthe extraction33
8965045225die Abkehrthe renunciation34
8965045226der Rohstoffraw material35
8965045227sich erschöpfento exhaust oneself36
8965045228die Bewegungsenergiekinetic energy37
8965045229das Wellenkraftwerka wave power plant38
8965045230das Gezeitenkraftwerka tidal power plant39
8965045231photovoltaikphotovoltaic40
8965045232die Heizungheating41
8965045233die feste Biomassesolid biomass42
8965045234der Energieträgerthe energy source43
8965045235die Umwandlungthe conversion44
8965045236der Verlustloss45
8965045237die Steigerungthe increase46
8965045238die Senkungthe decrease (lowering)47
8965045239die Herausforderunga challenge48
8965045240den Regenwald rodento clear the rainforest49
8965045242nachhaltigsustainable50
8965045241die Subventiona subsidy51
8965045243erfordernto require52
8965045244die Umstrukturierungthe restructuring53
8965045245zuverlässigreliable54
8965045246die Quellea source55
8965045247wetterabhängigweather-dependable56
8965045248unumgänglichessential/inevitable57
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