APES Biome Climatographs Flashcards
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| 11320541265 | Tundra |  | 0 | |
| 11320541266 | Boreal Forest (Taiga) |  | 1 | |
| 11320541267 | Temperate rainforest |  | 2 | |
| 11320541268 | Temperate deciduous forest |  | 3 | |
| 11320541269 | Temperate grassland |  | 4 | |
| 11320541270 | Chaparral |  | 5 | |
| 11320541272 | Savanna |  | 6 | |
| 11320541273 | Tropical rain forest |  | 7 | |
| 11320541274 | Tropical Dry Rainforest |  | 8 | |
| 11359314502 | temperate deciduous forest climatograph | 9 |
UHS APES Chapter 12 Flashcards
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| 12395138063 | Case Study: BP Deepwater Horizon | Who: British Petroleum What: An explosion caused the oil rig to fail and over 87 days 780 million L of oil was released When: 2010 Where: The Gulf of Mexico | 0 | |
| 12395179340 | Case Study: Exxon Valdez | Who: Exxon What: Oil super tanker crashed and spilled 200 million L of oil - Even more deadly than Deep Water Horizon because of proximity to the coast and the more confined location of the sound - Approximately 500,000 birds died and thousands of marine mammals - Even 25 years later, the pod of orcas there hadn't had a single calf When: 1989 Where: Off the southern coast of Alaska | 1 | |
| 12395217976 | Effects of oil spills | Oil is persistent and usually less than 10% of a spill is recovered Deadly to life: - Below the surface of the water - On the surface of the water - Washed up on the coast - Soaked into the sediment | 2 | |
| 12395254979 | Case Study: Fukushima Nuclear Plant | Who: Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) What: Massive earthquake and tsunami caused 3 nuclear reactors to fail - Radioactive material released into the pacific ocean When: 2011 Where: Fukushima Nuclear Plant | 3 | |
| 12741621081 | Worldwide patterns in energy use | 81% fossil fuel - 34% oil - 26% coal - 21% natural gas 13% renewable 6% nuclear 75 GJ per year per capita | 4 | |
| 12741636036 | Highest energy consumption comes from ______ | MDCs | 5 | |
| 12741641092 | Commercial energy source | An energy source that is bought and sold - Example: natural gas, oil | 6 | |
| 12741650649 | Subsistence energy source | An energy source gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs - Example: wood, manure | 7 | |
| 12741663375 | Energy use patterns in the US | 83% fossil fuel - 36% petroleum - 27% natural gas - 18% coal 9% renewable 8% nuclear 325 GJ per year per capita 85% domestic production | 8 | |
| 12741728313 | Regional variation in energy use | Midwestern source = coal Western and northeaster sources = nuclear, natural gas, and hydroelectric Densely populated areas use less coal because of its air pollution | 9 | |
| 12741728314 | Seasonal variation in energy use | More oil and natural gas in the winter (heating) More electricity in the summer (AC) | 10 | |
| 12741785431 | Characteristics of energy sources | Energy density Speed of activation and deactivation Amount of processing | 11 | |
| 12741789833 | Energy to mass ratio | Higher value means more energy density - More energy per unit mass | 12 | |
| 12741805858 | EROEI | Energy returned/energy invested A larger number means more efficient | 13 | |
| 12742335173 | Trends in transportation energy use | 30% of US energy use is transportation Carpooling can boost the efficiency of automobile transportation | 14 | |
| 12742434930 | Primary source | The fuels that generate energy through direct consumption Exmp: Fossil fuels | 15 | |
| 12742442630 | Secondary source | Fuels that are obtained through the consumption of primary sources Exmp: Electricity | 16 | |
| 12742449171 | Energy carrier | A form of energy that is used to move and deliver energy in a convenient way | 17 | |
| 12742492683 | US resources dedicated to electricity generation | 40% of energy use 50% of water use | 18 | |
| 12742504653 | Coal power plant | A thermal power plant that uses coal as fuel | 19 | |
| 12742507243 | Thermal power plant | Fuel releases heat to boil water into steam which turns a turbine to produce electricity | 20 | |
| 12742519852 | Electrical grid | A network of interconnected transmission lines that joins power plants together and links them with end users of electricity | 21 | |
| 12742524654 | Efficiency of electricity generation | Typical coal plant = 35% efficient Combined cycle natural gas plant = 60% efficient | 22 | |
| 12742537931 | Combined cycle natural gas power plant | Uses both exhaust gasses and steam to turn turbines | 23 | |
| 12742541363 | Power plant capacity | Maximum electrical output (a rate) Example: 500 MW | 24 | |
| 12742545197 | Capacity factor | The fraction of time that the plant is operating Most thermal power plants are 0.9 or greater | 25 | |
| 12742550485 | Cogeneration | Using fuel to generate both electricity and heat 90% efficient combined as compared to 75% for heat and 35% for electricity | 26 | |
| 12742558304 | Coal | Solid, stable fuel Formed from dead plant material hundreds of millions of years ago Creates the worst air pollution of any energy source U.S. has largest reserves in world | 27 | |
| 12742563542 | Coal advantages | Plentiful and energy dense Easy to handle/transport Needs no refining CHEAP | 28 | |
| 12742568734 | Coal disadvantages | Mining is dangerous Environmental damage from tailings left behind after mining Contains lots of impurities - Acid rain Air pollution -Releases more CO2 than oil or natural gas | 29 | |
| 12742591775 | Petroleum | Liquid energy source Formed from ancient dead phytoplankton Less dense than rock so it rises through porous rock to a nonpermeable barrier Can be refined into: Tar Asphalt Kerosene Diesel Plastic | 30 | |
| 12742603723 | Petroleum advantages | Easily transported Fewer pollutants than coal Has a high net energy yield | 31 | |
| 12742610164 | Petroleum disadvantages | Oil spills are a huge environmental risk Has to be refined before it can be useful Still a lot of emissions released There is a limited supply Contains traces of mercury, lead, and arsenic | 32 | |
| 12742616255 | Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) | The largest wildlife refuge in US, located on Alaska's North Slope - Some people want to develop it for oil - Environmentalists want to protect fragile tundra ecosystem - Having increased human activity could greatly damage ecosystem | 33 | |
| 12756714106 | Natural gas | Found above petroleum due to lower density 95% methane Mostly for electricity and home use Can be condensed into a liquid and used for vehicles | 34 | |
| 12756731518 | Natural gas advantages | Cleanest fossil fuel available - Only emits 60% of CO2 compared to coal Can be used efficiently to heat homes Can be used in combined cycle power plants which are extremely efficient | 35 | |
| 12756737054 | Natural gas disadvantages | CH4 is a potent greenhouse gas - 25 times more efficient at trapping heat than CO2 Fracking can cause environmental problems It is hard to transport as it is in gas form - Leaks and explosions are very likely | 36 | |
| 12756744299 | Oil sands | Slow-flowing, viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay Mining it is more energy-intensive than drilling for crude oil - Creates open pits | 37 | |
| 12756747212 | Bitumen | A degraded type of petroleum that forms when the deposit is not capped with nonporous rock | 38 | |
| 12756755101 | Liquid coal | Relatively expensive, less EROEI Greenhouse gas emission is TWICE that of conventionally produced oil CTL - coal to liquid | 39 | |
| 12756763707 | Energy intensity | Energy use per unit of GDP - Decreasing as we become more efficient BUT because population continues to increase, overall energy use has not decreased | 40 | |
| 12756771341 | Hubbert curve | Represents oil use and projects when oil will reach its maximum production | 41 | |
| 12756771342 | Peak oil | When half of the supply is used up The beginning of a steep decline in supply | 42 | |
| 12756777337 | Future of fossil fuels | If fossil fuel use continues at its current rate, - Oil and natural gas will be gone in 50 years - Coal will be gone in 200 years | 43 | |
| 12756787708 | Nuclear fission | A nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus which splits and releases energy (heat) | 44 | |
| 12756805151 | Energy density of uranium compared to coal | 1 g of Uranium -235 has 2-3 million times as much energy as 1 g of coal | 45 | |
| 12756843233 | Fuel rod | Cylindrical tubes that hold nuclear fuel Most uranium ore is 99% 238U, which must be enriched to at least 3% 235U to support fission | 46 | |
| 12756846039 | Control rod | A cylindrical device that is inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons - Slows or stops the reaction | 47 | |
| 12757031102 | Nuclear advantages | Does not produce air pollution Can allow independence from fossil fuels | 48 | |
| 12757035332 | Nuclear disadvantages | Accidents are extremely damaging Dangerous radioactive waste - No real solutions for disposal Potential target for terrorist attacks Require large amounts of land for reactors, exclusion zones, enrichment facilities, etc Not enough uranium to supply world demand Too slow to scale up for demand - Require 6-12 years to build, 20 years to decommission, and must be replaced every 40-60 years | 49 | |
| 12757053318 | High-level radioactive waste | Spent fuel Doesn't produce enough heat for electricity, but still VERY radioactive | 50 | |
| 12757061515 | Low-level radioactive waste | Contaminated protective equipment, tools, etc | 51 | |
| 12757066308 | Radioactive waste types | High-level waste Low-level waste Uranium mine tailings | 52 | |
| 12757084719 | Radioactivity | Spent fuel is dangerous for 10 or more half-lives - Uranium-235 has a half-life of 704,000,000 years 1 Becquerel (Bq) = a rate of decay of one atom per second 1 curie = 37 billion decays per second | 53 | |
| 12788992325 | Radioactive waste disposal | Can't be burned, chemically disarmed, launched in space, or sunk to the bottom of the ocean - Must be stored indefinitely - Unsustainable by definition Mostly stored on site at the nuclear plant Must be submerged in water and/or concrete to prevent the escape of radioactivity | 54 | |
| 12788998860 | Nuclear fusion | Powers stars Abundant hydrogen is fused into helium To do so on earth requires temperatures 10 times hotter than the sun "Only 50 years away" - said scientists since forever | 55 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Bio Ch. 20 Flashcards
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| 12616348317 | Phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species or group of species. | 0 | |
| 12616348318 | Systematics | A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. | 1 | |
| 12616348319 | Phylogenetic tree | A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms | 2 | |
| 12616348320 | Taxonomy | The scientific study of how living things are classified and ordered | 3 | |
| 12616399697 | Binomial | The two-part latinized name of a species, consisting of the genus and specific epithet. | 4 | |
| 12616403406 | Genus | A classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species. First part of a binomial name. | 5 | |
| 12616513460 | family | Group of genera that share many characteristics | 6 | |
| 12616514398 | Orders | Group of similar families | 7 | |
| 12616516735 | Classes | Group of similar orders | 8 | |
| 12616521415 | Phyla | Group of similar classes | 9 | |
| 12616522506 | Kingdoms | Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia | 10 | |
| 12616523494 | Domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya | 11 | |
| 12616526354 | DKPCOFGS | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species; levels of classification | 12 | |
| 12616577937 | Taxon | named group of organisms, such as a phylum, genus, or species | 13 | |
| 12616714042 | Branch points | the representation on a phylogenetic tree of the divergence of two or more taxa from a common ancestor | 14 | |
| 12616719991 | Sister taxa | Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other's closest relatives. | 15 | |
| 12616727596 | Rooted | a branch point within the tree represents the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree; shown at the far left of the tree. | 16 | |
| 12616765155 | basal taxon | diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group; far related to the rest of the organizations on a tree | 17 | |
| 12616769495 | Polytomy | a branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge | 18 | |
| 12616826519 | What three points can a phylogenetic tree make? | Patterns of descent, over phenotypic similarity. The branches of the tree don't show age unless it says it does. Taxons next to each other (sister taxons) did not necessarily evolve from each other. | 19 | |
| 12617046770 | Analogy | Two things that are similar due to convergent evolution, not a common ancestor | 20 | |
| 12617078434 | Homoplasies | Analogous structures that have evolved independently. | 21 | |
| 12617116276 | Molecular systematics | A scientific discipline that uses nucleic acids or other molecules in different species to infer evolutionary relationships. | 22 | |
| 12617131122 | Cladistics | A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa. | 23 | |
| 12617134846 | Clade | A group of species that includes an ancester species and a l l of its descendants. | 24 | |
| 12617144961 | Monophyletic | Pertaining to a taxon derived from a single ancestral species that gave rise to no species in any other taxa. (A clade0 | 25 | |
| 12617154068 | Paraphyletic | Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. | 26 | |
| 12617167156 | Polyphyletic | pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors | 27 | |
| 12617186194 | shared ancestral character | A character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade. | 28 | |
| 12617187068 | shared derived character | An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade, not seen in ancestors outside of the clade. | 29 | |
| 12617209742 | outgroup | A species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied, but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other; don't have the traits they are looking at. | 30 | |
| 12617212105 | ingroup | A species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships we seek to determine. | 31 | |
| 12617254003 | Maximum Parsimony | A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts. | 32 | |
| 12617461534 | Molecular Clock | Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently | 33 | |
| 12617572930 | Horizontal Gene Transfer | The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms. | 34 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
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| 13911614338 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 13911614339 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 13911614340 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 13911614341 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 13911614342 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 13911614343 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 13911614344 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 13911614345 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 13911614346 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 13911614347 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 13911614348 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 13911614349 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 13911614350 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 13911614351 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 13911614352 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 13911614353 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 13911614354 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 13911614355 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 13911614356 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 13911614357 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 13911614358 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 13911614359 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 13911614360 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 13911614361 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 13911614362 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 13911614363 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 13911614364 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 13911614365 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 13911614366 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 13911614367 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 13911614368 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 13911614369 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 13911614370 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 13911614371 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 13911614372 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 13911614373 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 13911614374 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 13911614375 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 13911614376 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 13911614377 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 13911614378 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 13911614379 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 13911614380 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 13911614575 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 13911614381 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 13911614382 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 13911614383 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 13911614384 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 13911614385 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 13911614386 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 13911614387 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 13911614388 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 13911614389 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 13911614390 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 13911614391 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 13911614392 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 13911614393 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 13911614394 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 13911614395 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 13911614396 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 13911614397 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 13911614398 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 13911614399 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 13911614400 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 13911614401 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 13911614402 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 13911614403 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 13911614404 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 13911614405 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 13911614406 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 13911614407 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 13911614408 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 13911614409 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 13911614410 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 13911614411 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 13911614412 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 13911614413 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 13911614414 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 13911614415 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 13911614416 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 13911614417 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 13911614418 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 13911614419 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 13911614420 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 13911614421 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 13911614422 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 13911614423 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 13911614424 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 13911614425 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 13911614426 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 13911614427 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 13911614428 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 13911614429 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 13911614430 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 13911614431 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 13911614432 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 13911614433 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 13911614434 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 13911614435 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 13911614436 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 13911614437 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 13911614438 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 13911614439 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 13911614440 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 13911614441 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 13911614442 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 13911614443 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 13911614444 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 13911614445 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 13911614446 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 13911614447 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 13911614448 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 13911614449 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 13911614450 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 13911614451 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 13911614452 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 13911614453 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 13911614454 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 13911614455 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 13911614456 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 13911614457 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 13911614458 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 13911614459 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 13911614460 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 13911614461 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 13911614462 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 13911614463 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 13911614464 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 13911614465 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 13911614466 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 13911614467 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 13911614468 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 13911614469 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 13911614470 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 13911614471 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 13911614472 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 13911614473 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 13911614474 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 13911614475 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 13911614476 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 13911614477 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 13911614478 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 13911614479 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 13911614480 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 13911614481 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 13911614482 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 13911614483 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 13911614484 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 13911614485 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 13911614486 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 13911614487 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 13911614488 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 13911614489 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 13911614490 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 13911614491 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 13911614492 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 13911614493 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 13911614494 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 13911614495 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 13911614496 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 13911614497 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 13911614498 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 13911614499 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 13911614500 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 13911614501 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 13911614502 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 13911614503 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 13911614504 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 13911614505 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 13911614506 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 13911614507 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 13911614508 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 13911614509 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 13911614510 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 13911614511 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 13911614512 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 13911614513 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 13911614514 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 13911614515 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 13911614516 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 13911614517 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 13911614518 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 13911614519 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 13911614520 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 13911614521 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 13911614522 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 13911614523 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 13911614524 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 13911614525 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 13911614526 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 13911614527 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 13911614528 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 13911614529 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 13911614530 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 13911614531 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 13911614532 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 13911614533 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 13911614534 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 13911614535 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 13911614536 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 13911614537 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 13911614538 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 13911614539 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 13911614540 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 13911614541 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 13911614542 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 13911614543 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 13911614544 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 13911614545 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 13911614546 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 13911614547 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 13911614548 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 13911614549 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 13911614550 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 13911614551 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 13911614552 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 13911614553 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 13911614554 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 13911614555 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 13911614556 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 13911614557 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 13911614558 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 13911614559 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 13911614560 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 13911614561 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 13911614562 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 13911614563 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 13911614564 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 13911614565 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 13911614566 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 13911614567 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 13911614568 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 13911614569 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 13911614570 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 13911614571 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
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