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AP Government - Foundational Documents Flashcards

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13447395105Declaration of IndependenceTo declare the 13 colonies independent from Britain.0
13447395106Declaration of IndependenceProvides Justification for the break from Great Britain / Declaration of natural rights / A foundation for popular sovereignty - "consent of the governed" / A list of 27 grievances against King George III1
13447395107Declaration of Independence"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."2
13447395108Declaration of Independence"these united Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States, that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown"3
13447395109Articles of ConfederationTo unify the 13 colonies under a new national government.*Note - This new government will fail because of a lack of military and taxing powers.4
13447395110Articles of ConfederationContains 13 articles outlining the new national government. Emphasized state sovereignty (power remained with the states) / Unicameral Congress (one chamber legislature)5
13447395111Articles of ConfederationWeaknesses - Limited power to tax / No national judiciary / Congress could not raise or maintain an army / Required consent of all 13 states to make changes / No regulation of commerce (business) between the states6
13447395112ConstitutionTo replace the Articles of Confederation with a new national government that gives more power to the central government while maintaining some powers to the states (federalism).7
13447395113Constitution7 Articles / 3 branches:congress, president, judiciary / Bicameral Congress (two chamber legislature) / 27 Amendments added after the original articles / Supreme law of the land.8
13447395114Constitution"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect union..... establish Justice, promote the general Welfare, and secure the blessings of Liberty"9
13447395115Federalist Papers #10To discuss the issue of factions (interest groups and political parties) within the government.10
13447395116Federalist Papers #10Although factions are not desired, they are inevitable - to take away factions would be to take away freedom "Liberty is to faction what air is to fire". If you can't eliminate factions, you must control their effects.11
13447395117Federalist Papers #10Control Their Effects - Large republic - In a large republic, a variety of groups are competing for power and thus no one group will overtake the rest (Pluralism).12
13447395118Federalist Papers #10Control Their Effects - Elected representatives - Electing "fit characters" who place the public good ahead of selfish interests will limit faction control.13
13447395119Federalist Papers #10Control Their Effects - Dispersing power - Dispersing power across the states and a national government helps prevent majority interest from gaining control.14
13447395120Federalist Papers #51To make an argument in favor of separation of powers and checks and balances in government. These two principles will control abuses by the majority. Also, each branch should stand independent from the other in order to function to its full extent.15
13447395121Federalist Papers #51"In framing a Government which is to be administered by men over men... you must first enable the Government to control the govern; and in the next place, force it to control itself...Ambition must be made to counteract ambition".16
13447395122Federalist Papers #70To make an argument in favor of a single executive (president).17
13447395123Federalist Papers #70Energy - "the most necessary qualification" - an energetic president will respond to a crisis quickly.18
13447395124Federalist Papers #70Unity - "Wherever two or more persons are engaged in any common enterprise, there is always danger of difference of opinion." If the executive consists of two people, they may form two different opinions and split the people.19
13447395125Federalist Papers #70Accountability - "if it be lodged in the hands of one man...the very circumstance of his being alone, will be more narrowly watched and more readily suspected". One person can be watched and held accountable more easily than two.20
13447395126Federalist Papers #78To make an argument in favor of an independent judicial branch.21
13447395127Federalist Papers #78Least Dangerous Branch - "The Executive holds the sword... The legislature commands the purse, The judiciary, on the contrary, has no influence over either the sword or the purse".As a result the judiciary would be the least dangerous.22
13447395128Federalist Papers #78Life Tenure - "adherence to the Constitution cannot be expected from judges who hold their offices by temporary commission." Life terms ensure independence.23
13447395129Federalist Papers #78Judicial Review - "A constitution is and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to the judges to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any act proceeding from the legislative body."24
13447395130Brutus #1Written by the Anti-federalists to oppose ratification of the Constitution and maintain a state centered government. *Important in influencing the addition of the Bill of Rights. Also, encouraged a broad, participatory democracy.25
13447395131Brutus #1To argue against a strong central government. The country would be too large for one central government and the government would have too much power.26
13447395132Brutus #1Country is too large: (1) Too many opinions - "the interests of the people should be similar. If not...there would be a constant clashing of opinions".27
13447395133Brutus #1People wouldn't know their leaders - In such a large area, leaders would be detached from the people and are more likely to promote self-interests.28
13447395134Brutus #1Too much power - The "necessary and proper clause" and "supremacy clause" gives too much power to the central government.29
13447395135Letter from Birmingham JailThe fight for social justice in the United States (Dr. King)30
13447395136Letter from Birmingham JailDuring a nonviolent march in Alabama, Dr. King was arrested. While in jail he argues against the idea of "wait".31
13447395137Letter from Birmingham JailTo argue that all people should be equal under the law, as embodied in the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.32
13447395138Letter from Birmingham JailThe steps of civil disobedience and nonviolent campaigns (1) collection of the facts to determine injustices (2) negotiation (3) self-purification (4) direct action.33
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Spanish Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

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10561088652la fechadate0
10561096093hoytoday1
10561099393mañanatomorrow2
10561103404el díaday of the week3
10561110795la semenaweek4
10561116519el lunesMonday5
10561119474el martesTuesday6
10561123825el miércolesWednesday7
10561130160el juevesThursday8
10561133258el viernesFriday9
10561627136el sábadoSaturday10
10570535816el domingoSunday11
10570540289el fin de semanaweekend12
10570542895el mesmonth13
10570544814eneroJanuary14
10570859386febreroFebruary15
10570861158marzoMarch16
10570863029abrilApril17
10570864784mayoMay18
10570867092junioJune19
10570869300julioJuly20
10570872257agostoAugust21
10570877168septiembreSeptember22
10570877169octubreOctober23
10570882989noviembreNovember24
10570888772diciembreDecember25
10570893300el relojclock26
10570897580la horahour27
10570901214de la mañanain the morning28
10570904429de la tardein the afternoon29
10570905850de la nochein the evening, at night30
10570911237el mediodianoon31
10570914704el medionochemidnight32
10570916694en puntoo'clock33
10570920234y cuartoquarter past34
10570928793y mediahalf past35
10570931547menosless36
10570935746menos cuartoquarter till37
10685281093inviernowinter38
10685296221primaveraspring39
10685313944veranosummer40
10685323187otoñoautumn41
10685330855Hace solIt's sunny42
10685340030hay muchas nubesthere are many clouds43
10685349007Está nubladoIt's cloudy44
10685362511hace calorIt's hot45
10685374234hay tormentasIt's stormy46
10685383189nievaIt's snowing47
10685398732llueveIt's raining48
10685410312hace frioIt's cold49
10781170253el muchachoboy50
10781175404la muchachagirl51
10781180352el jovenyoung man52
10781186191la jovenyoung woman53
10781190883el amigomale friend54
10781195754la amigafemale friend55
10781202783el alumnostudent (boy)56
10781208254la alumnastudent (girl)57
10781218311la escuelaschool58
10781229622la claseclass59
10781235095el cursocourse, class60
10781240433el profesormale teacher61
10781246003la profesorafemale teacher62
10781252158serto be63
10781291790guapo(a)good-looking64
10781301070bonito(a)pretty65
10781308477feo(a)ugly66
10781321469moreno(a)brunette, dark-haired67
10781329230rubio(a)blonde68
10781344308pelirrojo(a)red-haired69
10781355262alto(a)tall70
10781360447bajo(a)short71
10781365217bueno(a)good72
10781370003malo(a)bad73
10781380838comico(a)funny74
10781389019gracioso(a)funny, pleasant75
10781397468serio(a)serious76
10781409284ambicioso(a)ambitious77
10781418874perezoso(a)lazy78
10781425687simplatico(a)nice79
10781434433antipatico(a)mean80
10781440345inteligenteintelligent81
10781446819jovenyoung82
10783670736quienwho83
10783678527quieneswho (plural)84
10783704050comohow85
10783716726de donde?from where86
10783724786de que nacionalidadwhat nationality?87
10783746611argentinoArgentinian88
10783757795chilenoChilean89
10783803104colombianoColombian90
10783813439dominicanoDominican91
10783835732ecuatorianoEcuadorian92
10783853050guatemaltecoGuatemalan93
10783858240mexicanoMexican94
10783865446peruanoPeruvian95
10783872117puertorriqueñoPuerto Rican96
10783878843venezolanoVenezuelan97
10798359515grandebig98
10798371090pequeno(a)small99
10798380275interesanteinteresting100
10798386012aburrido(a)boring101
10798398632dificildifficult102
10798403666facileasy103
10798412997el espanolSpanish class104
10798419812el francesFrench class105
10798427323el inglesEnglish106
10798431411la cienciascience class107
10798439264los estudios socialessocial studies108
10798444337la historiahistory109
10798448974las matematicasmath110
10798448975la musicamusic class111
10798466965el arteart class112
10798478488la educacion fisicaphysical education113
10798486449secundario(a)secondary, high school114
10798494413nuevo(a)new115
10798500157mismo(a)same116
10798505339tambienalso117
10798511393bastanteenough118
10798515924muyvery119
10798523755perobut120
10798527415Mucho gustoNice to meet you121
10798531003oyeHey!122
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AP - The American Revolution and Constitution Flashcards

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7845963981John LockeEnlightenment thinker that promoted natural rights and the social contract0
7845963982Natural RightsLife, liberty, and property1
7845963983Social ContractAgreement between the people and their government; government makes laws to protect rights and people follow those laws2
7845963987Guerilla WarfareStyle of warfare where you ambush and quick attack (Native Style)3
7845963988Gentleman's WarfareFighting in organized, straight lines (British style)4
7845964014George WashingtonChosen as the commander of the Continental Army5
7845964016Olive Branch PetitionSent to King George III by the Second Continental Congress as a last plea for peace; king refuses6
7845964018Articles of ConfederationEstablished as the first constitution of the U.S.; loose association of the 13 states7
7845964019LexingtonSite of the "Shot Heard 'Round the World"8
7845964020Thomas PaineAuthor of the pamphlet "Common Sense," encouraging American independence9
7845964022Trenton and PrincetonSite of Washington's first two decisive victories in the American Revolution; boosted Patriot morale10
7845964023SaratogaTurning point battle of the American Revolution; French begin openly assisting America11
7845964024Valley ForgeSite of Washington's Army's winter campsite; Continental Army received training12
7845964026YorktownSite where the British general Cornwallis surrendered to the Patriots13
7845964027Treaty of Paris of 1783Officially ended the American Revolution and granted American independence14
7845964028PatriotColonist from American who wants to fight for independence15
7845964029Thomas JeffersonAuthor of the majority of the Declaration of Independence16
7845964030July 4, 1776Date of the signing of the Declaration of Independence17
7845964036King George IIIKing who America claims independence from18
7845964037Loyalist or ToryAmerican who stays loyal to king George III19
11535395537Second Continental CongressPolitical authority that directed the struggle for independence beginning in 1775.20
11535404535Bunker HillBattle that implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies; bloodiest battle of the Revolution21
11535432838Flaws of the Articles of ConfederationNo executive; no judicial; 9/13 states to pass; 13 to amend; power rested in the states; no ability to tax22
11535439274Continental Currencyfinanced the American Revolution but caused high inflation23
11535491433Strengths of the Continental ArmyUsed guerrilla warfare; fighting for their rights, liberty, home and family; French and Spanish assistance.24
11535507963Weaknesses of the Continental ArmyLacked training, experience and supplies, and men25
11535527401Frederich von SteubenPrussian Captain who helped Washington train his troops during the winter of 177826
11535540354Marquis de LafayetteFrench soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.27
11535544969Battle of Guilford CourthouseBattle near present day Greensboro, North Carolina which ended with a British victory but at a huge cost to the British army; led to Yorktown28
11535562970Effects of the American Revolutionpolitical and legal equality for white men of property, American independence, gradual emancipation begins, increased education for women, sparked other revolutions29
11535576047Republican MotherhoodThe idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children; led to increased education for women30
11535590869Land Ordinance of 1785A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers; allowed for public schools31
11535597376Northwest Ordinance of 1787a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union; banned slavery in the territory32
11535601288Shay's RebellionRebellion led by farmers in western Massachusetts, protesting high taxes. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.33
11535613892Constitutional ConventionMeeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.34
11535617563Virginia Plan"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress.35
11535620719New Jersey PlanA constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress36
11535624446Great CompromiseResolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate.37
11535634614Electoral CollegeA group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president38
115356381363/5 Compromisethe decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress39
11535642102Slave Trade CompromiseCongress could not regulate or outlaw slavery or slave trade until 180840
11535648555Fugitive Slave ClausePart of the Constitution that sanctioned the capture and return of runaway slaves.41
11535652921FederalistsA term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.42
11535656562AntifederalistsOpponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government43
11535664405Bill of RightsThe first ten amendments to the Constitution; added to gain support for the Constitution44
11535673591FederalismA system in which power is divided between the national and state governments45
11535673592Necessary and Proper ClauseClause of the Constitution setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws needed to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government46
1153568104110th AmendmentPowers not given to federal government go to people and States47
11535683835Strict Interpretation of the ConstitutionBelieve people should follow exactly what was stated and allowed in the document48
11535695580Loose Interpretation of the ConstitutionBelieved that the document permitted everything that it did not expressly forbid49
11535699122original intentA view that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the original intent of the framers.50
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AP Psychology - Social Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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8428137391Social Psychologythe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.0
8428137392Attribution Theorythe theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.1
8428137393Fundamental Attribution Errorthe tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.2
8428137394Attitudefeelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.3
8428137395Central Route Persuasionattitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.4
8428137396Peripheral Route Persuasionattitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.5
8428137397Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenonthe tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.6
8428137398Rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.7
8428137399Cognitive Dissonance Theorythe theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes.8
8428137400Conformityadjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.9
8428137401Normative Social Influenceinfluence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.10
8428137402Informational Social Influenceinfluence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.11
8428137403Social Facilitationstronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.12
8428137404Social Loafingthe tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.13
8428137405Deindividuationthe loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.14
8428137406Group Polarizationthe enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.15
8428137407Groupthinkthe mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.16
8428137408Culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next17
8428137409Social Norman understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior.18
8428137411Prejudicean unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.19
8428137412Stereotypea generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.20
8428137413Discrimination(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.21
8428137414Ingroup"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.22
8428137415Outgroup"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.23
8428137416Ingroup Biasthe tendency to favor our own group.24
8428137417Scapegoat Theorythe theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.25
8428137418Other-Race Effectthe tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias26
8428137419Just-World Phenomenonthe tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.27
8428137420Aggressionphysical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.28
8428137421Frustration-Aggression Principlethe principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.29
8428137422Mere Exposure Effectthe phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.30
8428137423Passionate Lovean aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.31
8428137424Companionate Lovethe deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.32
8428137425Equitya condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.33
8428137426Self-Disclosurerevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.34
8428137427Altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others.35
8428137428Bystander Effectthe tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.36
8428137429Social Exchange Theorythe theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.37
8428137430Reciprocity Norman expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.38
8428137431Social-Responsibility Norman expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.39
8428137432Conflicta perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.40
8428137433Social Trapa situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.41
8428137434Mirror-Image Perceptionsmutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.42
8428137435Self Fulfilling Prophecya belief that leads to its own fulfillment43
8428137436Superordinate Goalsshared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.44
8428137437Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT)Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.45
8428137438Diffusion of Responsibilityreduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others46
8428137439Ethnocentricismevaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one's own culture47
8428137440ComplianceConforming to a request or demand48
8428152022Stanley MilgramKnown for doing the "shock" experiment; obedience to authority49
8428153797Philip ZimbardoKnown for the Stanford Prison Experiment; importance of roles and expectations on human actions50
8428159008Solomon AschFamous for conformity on simplistic matching of information; shows humans will conform on "easy" tasks51
8428165085Kitty GenoveseCase that explained the role of large groups of people; people help less without individual responsibility52
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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13860201599psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
13860201600psychology's biggest questionWhich is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?1
13860201601psychology's three levels of analysisbiopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)2
13860201602biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions3
13860201603evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)4
13860201604psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes5
13860201605behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed6
13860201606cognitive approachthinking affects behavior7
13860201607humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)8
13860201608social-cultural approachcultural, family, environment9
13860201609two reasons of why experiments are importanthindsight bias + overconfidence10
13860201610types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental11
13860201611descriptive methodscase study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)12
13860201612case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population13
13860201613surveystudies lots of people not in depth14
13860201614naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference15
13860201615correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research16
13860201616correlation coefficient+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)17
13860201617experimental methoddoes show cause and effect18
13860201618populationtype of people who are going to be used in experiment19
13860201619sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)20
13860201620random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups21
13860201621control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo22
13860201622experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug23
13860201623independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment24
13860201624dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment25
13860201625confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control26
13860201626scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision27
13860201627theorygeneral idea being tested28
13860201628hypothesismeasurable/specific29
13860201629operational definitionprocedures that explain components30
13860201630modeappears the most31
13860201631meanaverage32
13860201632medianmiddle33
13860201633rangehighest - lowest34
13860201634standard deviationhow scores vary around the mean35
13860201635central tendencysingle score that represents the whole36
13860201636bell curve(natural curve)37
13860201637ethics of testing on animalsneed to be treated humanly basically similar to humans38
13860201638ethics of testing on humansconsent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality39
13860201639sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain40
13860201640motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings41
13860201641interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons42
13860201837neuron43
13860201642dendritesreceive messages from other neurons44
13860201643myelin sheathprotects the axon45
13860201644axonwhere charges travel from cell body to axon terminal46
13860201645neurotransmitterschemical messengers47
13860201646reuptakeextra neurotransmitters are taken back48
13860201647excitatory charge"Let's do it!"49
13860201648inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"50
13860201649central nervous systembrain and spinal cord51
13860201650peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system52
13860201651somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements53
13860201652autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)54
13860201653sympathetic nervous systemarousing55
13860201654parasympathetic nervous systemcalming56
13860201655neural networksmore connections form with greater use others fall away if not used57
13860201656spinal cordexpressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved58
13860201657endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system59
13860201658master glandpituitary gland60
13860201659brainstemextension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival61
13860201660reticular formation (if stimulated)sleeping subject wakes up62
13860201661reticular formation (if damaged)coma63
13860201662brainstem (if severed)still move (without purpose)64
13860201663thalamussensory switchboard (does not process smell)65
13860201664hypothalamusbasic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)66
13860201665cerebellumnonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements67
13860201666cerebellum (if damaged)difficulty walking and coordinating68
13860201667amygdalaaggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions69
13860201668amygdala (if lesioned)subject is mellow70
13860201669amygdala (if stimulated)aggressive71
13860201670hippocampusprocess new memory72
13860201671cerebrumtwo large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing73
13860201672cerebral cortexonly in higher life forms74
13860201673association areasintegrate and interpret information75
13860201674glial cellsprovide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons76
13860201675frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)77
13860201676parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning78
13860201677temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces79
13860201678occipital lobevision80
13860201679corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)81
13860201680Wernicke's areainterprets auditory and hearing82
13860201681Broca's areaspeaking words83
13860201682plasticityability to adapt if damaged84
13860201683sensationwhat our senses tell us85
13860201684bottom-up processingsenses to brain86
13860201685perceptionwhat our brain tells us to do with that information87
13860201686top-down processingbrain to senses88
13860201687inattentional blindnessfail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere89
13860201688cocktail party effecteven with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.90
13860201689change blindnessgiving directions and person is changed and we don't notice91
13860201690choice blindnesswhen defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed92
13860201691absolute thresholdminimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time93
13860201692signal detection theorywe notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)94
13860201693JND (just noticeable difference)(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion95
13860201694sensory adaptationtired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"96
13860201695rodsnight time97
13860201696conescolor98
13860201697parallel processingnotice color, form, depth, movement, etc.99
13860201698Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)100
13860201699Hering's opponent-process theoryafter image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)101
13860201700trichromatic + opponent-processYoung-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex102
13860201701frequency we hear mosthuman voice103
13860201702Helmoltz (hearing)we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)104
13860201703frequency theoryimpulse frequency (low pitches)105
13860201704Helmholtz + frequency theorymiddle pitches106
13860201705Skin feels what?warmth, cold, pressure, pain107
13860201706gate-control theorysmall fibers - pain large fibers - other senses108
13860201707memory of painpeaks and ends109
13860201708smellclose to memory section (not in thalamus)110
13860201709groupingGestalt make sense of pieces create a whole111
13860201710grouping groupsproximity similarity continuity connectedness closure112
13860201711make assumptions of placementhigher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front113
13860201712perception =mood + motivation114
13860201713consciousnessawareness of ourselves and the environment115
13860201714circadian rhythmdaily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)116
13860201715circadian rhythm pattern- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin117
13860201716What messes with circadian rhythm?artificial light118
13860201717The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?90 minutes119
13860201718sleep stagesrelaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)120
13860201719purpose of sleep1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)121
13860201720insomniacan't sleep122
13860201721narcolepsyfall asleep anywhere at anytime123
13860201722sleep apneastop breathing in sleep124
13860201723night terrorsprevalent in children125
13860201724sleepwalking/sleeptalkinghereditary - prevalent in children126
13860201725dreaming (3)1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries127
13860201726purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence128
138602017271. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))129
13860201728depressantsslows neural pathways130
13860201729alcohol((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect131
13860201730barbituates (tranquilizers)((depressant)) reduce anxiety132
13860201731opiates((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain133
13860201732stimulantshypes neural processing134
13860201733methamphetamine((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine135
13860201734caffeine((stimulant))136
13860201735nicotine((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine137
13860201736cocaine((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine138
13860201737hallucinogenexcites neural activity139
13860201738ecstasy((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin140
13860201739LSD((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin141
13860201740marijuana((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation142
13860201741learningorganism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)143
13860201742types of learningclassical operant observational144
13860201743famous classical psychologistsPavlov and Watson145
13860201744famous operant psychologistSkinner146
13860201745famous observational psychologistsBandura147
13860201746classical conditioningoutside stimulus148
13860201747Pavlov's experimentStep 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)149
13860201748Watson's experimentwhite rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)150
13860201749generalizationany small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now151
13860201750discriminateany large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry152
13860201751extinctionstop "treating" with conditioned response153
13860201752spontaneous recoverybring stimulus back after a while154
13860201753operant conditioningcontrol by organism155
13860201754Skinner's experimentoperant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)156
13860201755shapingget animal closer to doing what you want them to do157
13860201756reinforcerswant to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)158
13860201757punishmentswant to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)159
13860201758fixed ratiohappens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)160
13860201759variable ratiohappens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)161
13860201760organism must do these (2 times)fixed ratio and variable ratio162
13860201761fixed intervalhappens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)163
13860201762variable intervalhappens at any time (receive texts from friends)164
13860201763these things happen regardless (2 times)fixed interval and variable interval165
13860201764Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?variable166
13860201765criticisms of Skinnerdoesn't take into account intrinsic motivation167
13860201766intrinsic motivationdoing something for yourself, not the reward168
13860201767extrinsic motivationdoing something for reward169
13860201768Skinner's legacyuse it personally, at school, and at work170
13860201769famous observational experimentBandura's Bobo doll171
13860201770famous observational psychologistBandura172
13860201771mirror neurons"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals173
13860201772Bobo doll experiment legacyviolent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil174
13860201773observational learningbiological behaviors work best175
13860201774habituationget used to it -> stop reacting176
13860201775examples for observational learninglectures and reading177
13860201776serotonin involved with memoryspeeds the connection between neurons178
13860201777LTP((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)179
13860201778CREBprotein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories180
13860201779glutamate involved with memoryneurotransmitter that enhances LTP181
13860201780glucose involved with memoryreleased during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))182
13860201781flashbulb memorytype of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment183
13860201782amygdala (memory)boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight184
13860201783cerebellum (memory)forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))185
13860201784hippocampus (memory)active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))186
13860201785memorylearning over time contains information that can be retrieved187
13860201786processing stagesencoding -> storage -> retrieval188
13860201787encodinginformation going in189
13860201788storagekeeping information in190
13860201789retrievaltaking information out191
13860201790How long is sensory memory stored?seconds192
13860201791How long is short-term memory stored?less than a minute193
13860201792How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?7194
13860201793How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?4195
13860201794How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?2196
13860201795short term memory goes to ______________working memory197
13860201796working memorymake a connection and process information to mean something198
13860201797working memory goes to _________________long-term memory199
13860201798How much is stored in long-term memory?LIMITLESS200
13860201799implicit memorynaturally do201
13860201800explicit memoryneed to explain202
13860201801automatic processingspace, time, frequency, well-learned information203
13860201802effortful processingprocessing that requires effort204
13860201803spacing effectspread out learning over time205
13860201804serial position effectprimary/recency effect206
13860201805primary effectremember the first things in a list207
13860201806recency effectremember the last things in a list208
13860201807effortful processing (4 things)1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect209
13860201808semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how tomake meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you210
13860201809if we can't remember a memory...1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story211
13860201810misinformation effectnot correct information212
13860201811imagination inflationimagine or visualize something that isn't real213
13860201812source amnesiawhat is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)214
13860201813primingassociation (setting you up)215
13860201814contextenvironment helps with memory216
13860201815state-dependencyyou may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)217
13860201816mood-congruencyemotion will bring back similar emotional memories218
13860201817forgetting curveforget after 5 days forget after 5 years219
13860201818the forgetting curve was created byEbbinghaus220
13860201819proactive interferenceold information interferes with the new221
13860201820retroactive interferencenew information interferes with the old222
13860201821children can't remember before age __3223
13860201822Loftusconnected to abuse cases/childhood224
13860201823prototypesgeneralize225
13860201824problem-solving (4)trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"226
13860201825against problem-solvingfixation227
13860201826mental setwhat has worked in the past228
13860201827functional fixednessonly way to do this is with this229
13860201828Chomsky (nature or nurture?)"born with language" (nature)230
13860201829Skinner (nature or nurture?)language is learned (nurture)231
13860201830grammar is _________universal232
13860201831phonemessmallest sound unit233
13860201832morphemessmallest meaning unit234
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AP theories Flashcards

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13541463487Tobler's First Law of Geographyeverything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things0
13541466592Boserup thesispopulation growth acts as a stimulus, not a deterrent, to development1
13541494503Concentric Zone Model(syn zonal model) a model describing urban land uses as a series of circular belts or rings around a core CBD, each ring housing a distinct type of land use2
13541506139Gravity ModelA model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.3
13541521904Demographic Transition ModelA sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.4
13541530364Malthussaid human population cannot continue to increase exponentially; Where as Resources increase arithmetically5
13541545728von thunenA model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market6
13541556442Epedimiologic Transitiondistinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition7
13541569227Heartland TheoryA geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder during the first two decades of the twentieth century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. Mackinder further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast "heartland" to the east8
13541581834Ravenstien's Migration LawsSet of 11 "laws" that can be organized into 3 groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically travel, and their characteristics9
13541590396Zelinskya cultural geographer (1921) who studied American popular culture, including the patterns of migration in accordance to social and economical changes and the motives and distance for migration (also studying the spatial patterning of classical space-names, personally given names, and religious denominations, or values/amounts)10
13541599875Rostow's Modernization ModelModel created by W.W. Rostow in the 1950's that gives an idea of where a country is in their stage of development. There are five stages in this model, including: 1. "The traditional society," 2. "The preconditions for takeoff," 3. "The takeoff," 4. "The drive to maturity," 5. "The age of mass consumption"11
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AP - le logement Flashcards

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7458578194housingle logement0
7458578195at homechez soi1
7458578196repairsles réparations (f.)2
7458580938DIYle bricolage3
7458580939hardware storela quincaillerie4
7458583967hammerle marteau5
7458583968naille clou6
7458587001screwdriverle tournevis7
7458587002roofle toit8
7458590076kitchenla cuisine9
7458590077bathroomla salle de bains10
7458592457toiletles toilettes (f.)11
7458592458sinkle lavabo12
7458595103living roomle salon13
7458595104dining roomla salle à manger14
7458597059bedroomla chambre (à coucher)15
7458599708patio/balconyla terrasse16
7458602502yardle jardin17
7458602503gardenle potager18
7458602505yard workle jardinage19
7458604854real estate agencyl'agence immobilière20
7458607149neighborhoodle quartier21
7458607150zip codele code postal22
7458609021buildingle bâtiment23
7458609022billsles factures (f.)24
7458611546mortgagele prêt immobilier25
7458613829rentle loyer26
7458613830to rentlouer27
7458613831heatle chauffage28
7458616531electricityl'électricité (f.)29
7458616532gasle gaz30
7458618697floor (level)l'étage (m.)31
7458622527ground floorle rez-de-chaussée32
7458625183furnishedmeublé33
7458627490furnitureles meubles (m.)34
7458627491leasele bail35
7458630139loft bedla mezzanine36
7458630140loft apartmentle loft37
7458632071studio apartmentle studio38
7458632072efficiency apartmentun T1/F139
74586348731-bedroom apartmentun T2/F240
74586369552-bedroom apartmentun T3/F341
7458639678roommatele/la colocataire42
7458641783Social welfare office for housing/familiesla CAF43
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