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French AP - La Sante Flashcards

7707774594	la piqûre	shot	0
7707774595	l'alimentation	nutrition/diet	1
7707774597	le pansement	bandage	2
7707774598	surpoids	overweight	3
7707774599	la grippe	flu	4
7707774601	la crise cardiaque/ l'infarctus	heart attack	5
7707774605	le (la) généraliste	general practitioner	6
7707774606	le (la) spécialiste	specialist	7
7707774607	le (la) gynécologue	gynecologist	8
7707774608	le (la) dermatologue	dermatologist	9
7707774609	le (la) cardiologue	cardiologist	10
7707774610	le (la) psychologue	psychologist	11
7707774611	le (la) psychiatre	psychiatrist	12
7707774612	le (la) chirurgien (ne)	surgeon	13
7707774613	perdre du poids/ maigrir	to lose weight	14
7707774614	prendre du poids/grossir	to gain weight	15
7707774615	transpirer	to sweat	16
7707774616	souffrir(de)/ avoir mal à	to have a pain	17
7707774617	tousser	to cough	18
7707774618	être en bonne santé	to be in good health	19
7707774619	être enmauvaise santé	to be in bad health	20
7707774620	se faire vacciner	to be vaccinated	21
7707774621	se faire soigner	to see a doctor	22
7707774622	se faire faire des radios	to get x-rays done	23
7707774623	éturnuer	to sneeze	24
7707774624	attraper un rhume	to catch a cold	25
7707774625	suivre un régime	to be on a diet	26
7707774626	se faire opérer	to be operated on	27
7707774627	se faire examiner	to be examined	28
7707774628	se faire faire une prise du sang	to do a bloodtest	29
7707792422	le cancer	cancer	30
7707795436	l' obesité	obesity	31
7707799549	le paludisme	malaria	32
7707801226	EBOLA	Ebola	33
7707804583	le SIDA	AIDS	34
7707804584	la famine	famine	35
7707818516	la diabète	diabetes	36
7707821094	Alzheimer	Alzheimer	37

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13777971515	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13777971516	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13777971517	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13777971518	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13777971519	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13777971520	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13777971521	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13777971522	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13777971523	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13777971524	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13777971525	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13777971526	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13777971527	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13777971528	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13777971529	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13777971530	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13777971531	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13777971532	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13777971533	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13777971534	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13777971535	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13777971536	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13777971537	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13777971538	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13777971539	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13777971540	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13777971541	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13777971542	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13777971543	theory	general idea being tested	28
13777971544	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13777971545	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13777971546	mode	appears the most	31
13777971547	mean	average	32
13777971548	median	middle	33
13777971549	range	highest - lowest	34
13777971550	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13777971551	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13777971552	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13777971553	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13777971554	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13777971555	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13777971556	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13777971557	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13777971750	neuron		43
13777971558	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13777971559	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13777971560	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13777971561	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13777971562	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13777971563	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13777971564	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13777971565	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13777971566	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13777971567	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13777971568	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13777971569	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13777971570	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13777971571	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13777971572	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13777971573	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13777971574	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13777971575	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13777971576	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13777971577	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13777971578	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13777971579	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13777971580	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13777971581	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13777971582	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13777971583	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13777971584	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13777971585	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13777971586	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13777971587	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13777971588	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13777971589	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13777971590	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13777971591	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13777971592	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13777971593	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13777971594	occipital lobe	vision	80
13777971595	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13777971596	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13777971597	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13777971598	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13777971599	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13777971600	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13777971601	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13777971602	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13777971603	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13777971604	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13777971605	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13777971606	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13777971607	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13777971608	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13777971609	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13777971610	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13777971611	rods	night time	97
13777971612	cones	color	98
13777971613	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13777971614	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13777971615	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13777971616	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13777971617	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13777971618	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13777971619	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13777971620	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13777971621	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13777971622	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13777971623	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13777971624	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13777971625	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13777971626	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13777971627	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13777971628	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13777971629	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13777971630	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13777971631	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13777971632	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13777971633	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13777971634	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13777971635	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13777971636	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13777971637	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13777971638	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13777971639	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13777971640	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13777971641	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13777971642	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13777971643	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13777971644	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13777971645	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13777971646	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13777971647	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13777971648	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13777971649	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13777971650	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13777971651	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13777971652	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13777971653	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13777971654	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13777971655	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13777971656	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13777971657	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13777971658	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13777971659	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13777971660	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13777971661	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13777971662	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13777971663	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13777971664	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13777971665	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13777971666	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13777971667	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13777971668	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13777971669	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13777971670	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13777971671	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13777971672	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13777971673	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13777971674	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13777971675	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13777971676	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13777971677	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13777971678	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13777971679	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13777971680	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13777971681	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13777971682	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13777971683	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13777971684	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13777971685	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13777971686	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13777971687	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13777971688	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13777971689	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13777971690	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13777971691	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13777971692	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13777971693	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13777971694	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13777971695	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13777971696	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13777971697	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13777971698	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13777971699	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13777971700	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13777971701	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13777971702	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13777971703	encoding	information going in	189
13777971704	storage	keeping information in	190
13777971705	retrieval	taking information out	191
13777971706	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13777971707	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13777971708	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13777971709	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13777971710	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13777971711	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13777971712	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13777971713	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13777971714	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13777971715	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13777971716	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13777971717	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13777971718	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13777971719	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13777971720	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13777971721	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13777971722	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13777971723	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13777971724	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13777971725	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13777971726	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13777971727	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13777971728	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13777971729	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13777971730	context	environment helps with memory	216
13777971731	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13777971732	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13777971733	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13777971734	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13777971735	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13777971736	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13777971737	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13777971738	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13777971739	prototypes	generalize	225
13777971740	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13777971741	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13777971742	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13777971743	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13777971744	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13777971745	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13777971746	grammar is _________	universal	232
13777971747	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13777971748	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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APES Energy Flashcards

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13756809865	Geothermal energy	thermal energy from beneaths earth's surface	0
13756886130	enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)	deep holes are drilled into dry rock and the rock is fractured	1
13756917300	ground source heat pump	A central heating and/or cooling system that transfers heat to or from the ground.	2
13756952537	wave energy	the motion of waves is harnessed and converted from mechanical energy into electricity	3
13776502841	nuclear energy	the energy that holds together protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom	4
13776506828	Nuclear reactors	facilities within nuclear power plants that convert nuclear to thermal energy	5
13776511246	Nuclear fission	the splitting of an atom's nucleus into two smaller nuclei and neutrons	6
13776585418	Drawbacks of Nuclear power	-Nuclear waste is radioactive -If an accident or sabotage occurs, the consequences can be catastrophic	7
13776642922	Nuclear fusion	process that forces together small nuclei of lightweight elements under extremely high temp. and pressure	8
13776717167	Case Study: Fukushima Daiichi	- 9.0 earthquake struck Japan, creating a massive tsunami - power plant shut down due to the storm and flooded emergency generators -3 reactors experienced full meltdowns -A lot of radiation in the Pacific	9
13795698998	Air pollutants	gases and particulate material added to the atmosphere	10
13795701442	Air pollution	the release of air pollutants	11
13795743670	primary pollutants	pollutants that are directly harmful and can react to form harmful substances (soot and carbon monoxide)	12
13795749992	secondary pollutants	pollutants that form when primary pollutants interact or react with components of the atmosphere (acid rain)	13
13795757042	point source pollution	pollution that comes from a specific site that you can physically point at. Power plants and factories	14
13795844582	Residence time	the time a pollutant stays in the atmosphere	15
13795889192	Clean Air Act of 1970	Sets standards for air quality, limits on emissions Provides funds for pollution-control research Allows citizens to sue parties violating the standards	16
13795896490	clean air act of 1990	strengthened regulations for auto emissions, toxins, acid deposition, ozone depletion, while introducing market incentives, emissions trading	17
13796082670	smog	air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog usually in urban areas	18
13796127767	photochemical smog	An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.	19

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AP Government Flashcards

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13832767167	McCulloh v Maryland	Taxes on National Bank Supremacy Clause	0
13832767168	United States v. Lopez	US cannot use commerce clause to make possession of gun in school zone a federal crime 2nd Amendment Commerce Clause - Article 1	1
13832767169	Engel v Vitale	public school sponsorship of religious activities Establishment Clause	2
13832767170	Wisconsin v. Yoder	Amish students and required years of schooling Free Exercise Clause	3
13832767171	Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District	Right to wear black armbands protesting Vietnam War Freedom of Expression	4
13832767172	New York Times Co. v. United States	"heavy presumption against prior restraint" even in cases involving national security Freedom of Press	5
13832767173	Schenck v. United States	speech creating "clear and present danger" NOT protected; "Fire!" Freedom of Speech	6
13832767174	Gideon v. Wainwright	right to an attorney for pair 4 Amendment	7
13832767175	Roe v. Wade	abortion right to privacy	8
13832767176	McDonald v. Chicago	right to bear arms, apply to states 2nd Amendment	9
13832767177	Brown v. Board of Education	ban school segregation equal protection clause (14th Amendment)	10
13832767178	Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission	spending by corporations = protected speech 1st Amendment	11
13832767179	Baker v. Carr	redistricting & development of 1 person, 1 vote equal protection (14th amendment)	12
13832767180	Shaw v. Reno	legislative redistricting must be conscious of race Voting Rights Act of 1965	13
13832767181	Marbury v. Madison	midnight appointments judicial review	14

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AP Vocab Flashcards

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13931678713	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	0
13931683039	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	1
13931695149	colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	2
13931697411	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	3
13931703151	Irony	the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning	4

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Flashcards

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Flashcards

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AP Psychology Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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13823928537	Sensation	The process of taking in information from the environment.	0
13823948359	Perception	How we recognize, interpret, and organize our sensations.	1
13823959185	Psychophysics	Branch of psychology that deals with the effects of physical stimuli on sensory response.	2
13823987570	Absolute Threshold	The minimal amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus and cause the neuron for fire 50% of the time, at the absolute threshold, we cannot detect lower levels of stimuli, but we can detect higher.	3
13824035365	Signal Detection Theory (SDT)	Theory of perception that takes into consideration that there are four possible outcomes on each trial in a detection experiment: The signal (stimulus) is either present or not, and the participants respond when they can detect a signal or when they cannot. Therefore the four possibilities are Hit, Miss, False Alarm, Correct Rejection. SDT takes into account response bias, moods, feelings, and decision-making strategies that affect our likelihood to make a given response.	4
13824073971	Hit	In SDT when the signal was present, and the participant reported sensing it.	5
13824080113	Miss	In SDT when the signal was present, and the participant did not sense it.	6
13824102324	False Alarm	In SDT when the signal was absent, but the participant reported sensing it.	7
13824108995	Correct Rejection	In SDT when the signal was absent and the participant did not report sensing it.	8
13824142026	Discrimination Threshold	The ability to distinguish the difference between two stimuli.	9
13824195803	Just Noticeable Difference (JND) / Difference Threshold	The minimum amount of distance between two stimuli that can be detected.	10
13824224678	Ernst Weber	Created Webers law when he noticed that at low weights, say one ounce, it was easy to notice one-half ounce increases or decreases in weight; however at high weights, 32 ounces it was harder to judge the half ounce differences.	11
13824249982	Webers Law	States that the greater the magnitude of the stimulus, the larger the differences must be to be noticed.	12
13824265759	Subliminal Perception	Form of preconscious processing that occurs when we are presented with stimuli so rapidly that we are not consciously aware of them. When later presented with the same stimuli for a longer period of time, we recognize them more quickly than stimuli that we were not subliminally exposed to.	13
13824296348	Priming	The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response	14
13824312158	Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon	In which we try to recall something that we already know is available but is not easily available for conscious awareness.	15
13824325495	Receptor Cells	Specialized cells in sensory organs which are designed to detect specific types of energy. For example, the visual system has specialized cells for detecting light waves.	16
13824350121	Receptive Field	The area from which our receptor cells receive input.	17
13844510246	Transduction	Receptors convert one input/stimulus in to neural impulses which are sent to the brain.	18
13844533125	Contralateral Shift	Neural impulse goes to the thalamus, which sends it to the appropriate brain area.	19
13844546585	Olfaction	Sense of smell	20
13844551458	Sensory Coding	Process by which receptors convey a range of information to the brain.	21
13844559564	Qualitative dimension of stimulus	Coded and expressed by which neurons are firing, for example neurons firing in the occipital lobe would indicate the sensory information is light .	22
13844578191	Quantitative dimension of stimulus	Coded by the number of neurons firing, bright lights/loud noises involve the excitement of more neurons.	23
13844591726	Single cell recording	Technique by which the firing rate and pattern of a single receptor cell can be measured in response to varying sensory input.	24
13844699909	Visual Sensation	Occurs when the eye receives light input from the outside world.	25
13844704287	Distal Stimulus	Object as it exists in the environment	26
13844710506	Proximal Stimulus	The image of an object on a Retina	27
13844714275	Cornea	Protective Layer on the outside of the eye	28
13844717173	Lens	The curvature of the lens changes to accommodate for the distance	29
13844727679	Retina	Serves as the screen onto which the proximal stimulus is projected	30
13844737298	Rods	Sensitive in low light	31
13844741642	Cones	Sensitive to bright light and color vision.	32
13844771971	Bipolar Cells	Eye neurons that receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells.	33
13844773784	Amacrine cells	Contact bipolar and ganglion cells.	34
13844778451	Ganglion Cells	In the retina, the specialized neurons that connect to the bipolar cells; the bundled axons of the ganglion cells from the optic nerve.	35
13844781638	Optic Nerves	The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.	36
13844781639	Optic Chasm	The place nerves from both eyes join and cross over within the brain.	37
13844785887	Serial Processing	Occurs when the brain computes information step-by-step in a methodical and linear matter.	38
13844789316	Parallel processing	Occurs when the brain computes multiple pieces of information simultaneously.	39
13844797727	Feature Detectors	Nerves cells in the brain that respond to specific features.	40
13844804724	Convergence	A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object.	41
13844809369	Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory	According to this theory, the cones in the retina of the eyes are activated by light waves associated with blue, red, and green and we see colors by mixing the three.	42
13844818586	Opponent-Process theory	Other theory on how we see light, Contends that the cells within the thalamus respond to opponent pairs of receptor sets, namely black/white, red/green, and blue/yellow. If one color of the set is activated, the other is essentially turned off.	43
13844836214	Afterimage	A visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed.	44
13844839772	Color Blindness	Occurs mostly in males and is usually genetic -Dichromats are people who cannon distinguish along the red/green or blue/yellow continuums -Monochromats see only in shades of black and white (very rare).	45
13844857632	Auditory Input	In the form of sound waves, enters the ear by passing the outer ear, into the ear canal.	46
13844885096	Tympanic Membrane	The eardrum. A structure that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound waves.	47
13844887994	Ossicles	The three tiny bones that comprise the middle ear	48
13844956393	Stapes	"Stirrup"; inner of the 3 ossicles that vibrate the oval window.	49
13844961383	Cochlea	A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.	50
13844965381	Auditory Cortex	The area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information.	51
13844967505	Vestibular sacs	Organs in the inner ear that connect the semicircular canals and the cochlea and contribute to the body's sense of balance.	52
13844996116	Place theory	Asserts that sound waves generate activity in different places along the basilar membrane.	53
13845000783	Frequency theory	States that we sense pitch because the rate of neural impulses is equal to the frequency of a particular sound.	54
13845008219	Deafness	Can occur from damage to the ear structure or the neural pathway.	55
13845009869	Conductive deafness	Refers to injury to outer or middle ear structures, such as the eardrum.	56
13845016523	Sensorineural deafness	Refers to impairment of a structure or structures from the cochlea to the auditory cortex.	57
13854804746	Gustation	Sense of taste	58
13855092060	Cutaneous and Tactile receptors	Sense pressure, warmth, cold, and pain (fast-conducting myelinated neurons).	59
13855109559	Cold Fibers	Fire in response to cold stimuli	60
13855113482	Warm Fibers	Sensitive to warm stimuli	61
13855115955	Vestibular sense	Involves sensation of balance, this sense is located in the semicircular canals of the inner ear.	62
13855126748	Kinesthesis	Found in joins and ligaments, transmits information about the location and position of the limbs and body parts.	63
13855140281	Sensory adaptation	Unconscious, temporary change in response to environmental stimuli.	64
13855154071	Sensory Habituation	The process by which we become accustomed to a stimulus, and notice it less and less over time.	65
13855161993	Sensory Dishabituation	Occurs after sensor habituation when a change in the stimulus causes us to notice it again.	66
13855182297	Attention	Refers to the processing through the cognition of a select portion of the massive amount of information incoming from the senses and contained in the memory. Attention is what allows up to focus on one small aspect of our perceptual world.	67
13855200417	Selectie Attention	When we try to attend to one thing while ignoring the other.	68
13855207400	Cocktail party phenomenon	Refers to our ability to carry on and follow a single conversation in a room full of conversations, at the same time our attention can quickly be drawn to another conversation by key stimuli, such as someone saying our name.	69
13855226283	Shadowing	A technique where a participant is asked to repeat a word or phrase immediately after its hearing.	70
13855229581	Filter theories	Propose that stimuli must pass through some form of screen or filter to enter into attention.	71
13855249985	Attentional resource theories	The theory that we have only a fixed amount of attention and this resource can be divided up as is required in a given situation	72
13855267433	Divided attention	Trying to focus on more that one task at a time, is most difficult when attending to two or more stimuli that activate the same sense, as in watching TV and Reading	73
13855295203	Perceptual processes	How our mind interprets environmental stimuli	74
13855302556	Bottom-Up processing	Achieves recognition of an object by breaking it down into its component parts. Relies heavily on the sensory receptors and is the brain's analysis and acknowledgment of the raw data.	75
13855315358	Top-down processing	When a brain labels a particular stimulus or experience	76
13855339792	Visual perception	The ability to interpret the surrounding environment by processing information that is contained in visible light, because of the limited ability of the brain to process the information it takes shortcuts, allowing it to fall victim to illusions	77
13855355581	Monocular depth cues	Depth clues we only need one eye to see	78
13855362470	Relative size	Refers to the fact that images that are farther from us project a smaller image on the retina.	79
13855379619	Texture gradient	Textures or patterns appear to grow denser as distance increases.	80
13855391622	Interposition (Occlusion)	Occurs when a near object partially blocks the view of an object behind it.	81
13855407794	Linear Perspective	Monocular cue for perceiving depth based on the perception that parallel lines seem to draw closer together as the lines recede into the distance.	82
13855421817	Vanishing point	A vanishing point is a point in space, usually located on the horizon, where parallel edges of an object appear to converge.	83
13855425719	Aerial perspective	Another perceptual cue based on the observation at atmospheric moisture and dust tends to obscure objects in the distance more than they do nearby objects.	84
13855439340	Relative clarity	The perceptual clue that explains why less distinct fuzzy images appear to be more distant	85
13855446091	Motion parallax	The difference in the apparent movement of objects at different distances	86
13855468790	Binocular depth cues	Rely on both eyes viewing an image	87
13855476508	Stereopsis	Refers to the three-dimensional image of the world resulting from binocular vision	88
13855484302	Retinal Convergence	Depth cue that results from the fact that your eyes must turn inward slightly to focus on near objects, closer the object the more your eyes must turn inward.	89
13855501360	Binocular disparity	Results from the fact that the closer and object is, the less similar the information at each eye will be	90
13855619985	Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk: The Visual Cliff	Lifespan: 1910 - 2002 The visual cliff: Plexiglas and cloth apparatus to investigate depth perception in infants (allowed them to experimentally adjust the optical and tactical stimuli associated with a simulated cliff while protecting the subjects from injury) - Gibson and Walk hypothesized that depth perception is inherent as opposed to a learned process - Concluded that when healthy infants are able to crawl, they are able to perceive depth (they didn't crawl over the Plexiglas because they were able to perceive the cliff-likeness of it)	91
13855649980	Gestalt Approach	Based on the Top-Down theory, view holds that most perceptual stimuli can be broken down into figure-ground relationships. Figures are the things that stand out, whereas the ground is the field against which the figures stand out.	92
13855700035	Proximity	The tendency to see objects that are near to each other as forming groups	93
13855705167	Similarity	The tendency to prefer to group like objects together	94
13855715089	Symmetry	The tendency to perceive preferentially forms that makeup mirror images	95
13855749376	Continiuty	The tendency to perceive preferentially fluid of continuous forms, rather than jagged or irregular ones	96
13855762340	Closure	The tendency to see closed objects rather than those that are not complete	97
13855785257	Law of Prägnanz	The minimum tendency, we tend to see objects in their simplest forms.	98
13855803352	Feature detector approach	The theory that organisms respond to specific aspects of a particular stimulus.	99
13855826349	Constancy	Means that we know that a stimulus remains the same size, shape, brightness, weight, and/or volume, even though it does not appear to.	100
13855843547	Motion detection	One of the most complex abilities we have, we perceive motion through 2 processes. One records the changing position of the object as it moves and the other tracks how we move our head to follow the stimuli.	101
13855866065	Apparent motion	Examples of include blinking lights on a roadside arrow, which give the illusion of movement	102
13855880086	Phi Phenomenon	An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession	103
13855884320	Stroboscopic effect	Where still pictures move at a fast enough pace to imply movement	104
13855899601	Autokinetic effect	Still light that appears to twinkle in darkness.	105

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AP Psychology Unit 13 Flashcards

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13523375746	eclectic approach	an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.	0
13523375747	psychotherapy	treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.	1
13523375748	psychoanalysis	Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.	2
13523375749	resistance	in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.	3
13523375750	interpretation	in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.	4
13523375751	transference	in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).	5
13523375752	psychodynamic therapy	therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.	6
13523375753	insight therapy	a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.	7
13523375754	client-centered therapy	a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (humanistic approach)	8
13523375755	active listening	empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. (humanistic approach)	9
13523375756	unconditional positive regard	a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance (humanistic approach)	10
13523375757	behavior therapy	therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.	11
13523375758	counterconditioning	a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.	12
13523375759	exposure therapy	behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.	13
13523375760	systematic desensitization	a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.	14
13523375761	virtual reality exposure therapy	An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.	15
13523375762	aversive conditioning	a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).	16
13523375764	cognitive therapy	therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.	17
13523375765	cognitive-behavioral therapy	a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).	18
13523375766	family therapy	therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.	19
13523375767	biomedical treatment	prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.	20
13523375768	psychopharmacology	the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior	21
13523375769	antipsychotic drugs	drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder	22
13523375771	antianxiety drugs	drugs used to control anxiety and agitation	23
13523375772	antidepressant drugs	drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters	24
13523375773	eletroconvulsive therapy (ECT)	a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient	25
13523375774	repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)	the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity	26
13523375775	psychosurgery	surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior	27
13523375776	lobotomy	a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain	28
13523397196	cognitive therapy	therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions	29

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AP Biology: Biological Communication Flashcards

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12700269589	Reception	The target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell; involves the binding of the signaling molecule to a receptor protein	0
12700269590	Transduction	A step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response - amplifies signal	1
12700269591	Signal Transduction Pathway	A sequence of changes in a series of different molecules during transduction	2
12700269592	Response	The change or cellular activity triggered by a transduced signal	3
12700269593	Ligand	A molecule that specifically binds to a receptor based on complementary shape and causes a change in shape of the receptor	4
12700269597	Transcription Factor	Special proteins that control which genes are turned on (transcribed into mRNA) in a particular cell at a particular time	5
12700269598	Phosphorylation Cascade	occurs when phosphate groups from ATP are transferred to other proteins during some transduction pathways; addition of phosphates activates the proteins	6
12700269599	secondary messengers	Small, nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions involved in a the transduction part of a signaling pathway; examples include cAMP and calcium ions	7
12700269608	neurotransmitter	Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.	8
12700269612	amplification	The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.	9
12700269613	myelin sheath	a fatty covering around the axon of neurons that speeds the neural impulse	10
12700269614	resting potential	when the outside of the neuron has a net positive charge and the inside of the neuron has a next negative charge (-70mv)	11
12700269615	action potential	A momentary reversal in electrical potential across a neural membrane that occurs when a cell has been activated by a stimulus.	12
12700269616	sodium potassium pump	Process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron.	13
12700269617	sodium channel protein	structure in the membrane of a neuron that opens to allow Na+ to enter the neuron during depolarization	14
12700363504	water soluble ligands	Are polar and cannot pass through membrane without assistance. Binds to a receptor protein in the membrane. Includes peptides and proteins	15
12700365468	lipid (fat) soluble ligands	Can pass through the membrane and bind to receptor proteins within the cell. Example: Hormones	16
12700405640	Neuron	a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.	17
12700409537	Dendrite	the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body	18
12700409538	Axon	the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands	19
12700450208	Depolarization	The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.	20
12700452947	Repolarization	Period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron	21
12700455332	threshold potential	The minimum membrane potential that must be reached in order for an action potential to be generated.	22
12700462163	excitatory neurotransmitters	Cause depolarization of postsynaptic membranes/Promote action potentials	23
12700464831	inhibitory neurotransmitters	chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that inhibit the next neuron from firing	24

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