Unit 5 AP Euro Flashcards
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| 8966079299 | Agriculture Revolution | 0 | ||
| 8966079300 | Industrial Revolution | 1 | ||
| 8966082371 | Monet | 2 | ||
| 8966098470 | Railroads | 3 | ||
| 8966098471 | Traditional Economy | Limits on Agricultural development were historically dependent on nature. | 4 | |
| 8966105488 | Open Field Farming | The co-operation among the inhabitants of a manor house and their individually housed village of farmers. | 5 | |
| 8966108150 | Communal Agriculture | Agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise. | 6 | |
| 8966114052 | Population | From 1700 to 1800 the population had doubled due to the increase in food (and decrease of death) | 7 | |
| 8966140797 | Capitalism | Economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. | 8 | |
| 8966143166 | Subsistence Farming | Self-sufficiency farming system in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their entire families. The output is mostly for local requirements with little or no surplus trade. | 9 | |
| 8966148419 | Commercial Farming | farming for a profit, where food is produced by advanced technological means for sale in the market. | 10 | |
| 8966148420 | Enclosure | Refers to the consolidation of land, usually for the stated purpose of making it more productive. Initial step towards the agricultural revolution. | 11 | |
| 9059341181 | Common Land | Owned collectively by a number of persons, or by one person, but over which other people have certain traditional rights, such as to allow their livestock to graze upon it, to collect firewood, or to cut turf for fuel. | 12 | |
| 8966153682 | Enclosure Act | Creation of legal property rights to land that was previously common in the open fields and common land of Great Britain. | 13 | |
| 9059292361 | Fallow | A plowed and harrowed field left unsown for a period in order to restore its fertility as part of a crop rotation. | 14 | |
| 8966153683 | Fodder Crops | Valuable intercrop between crops for human consumption. It returns nutrients to the soil, shortening the time the field needs to be fallow. Act as grazing for animals, who then fertilize the soil. | 15 | |
| 9059302705 | Four Crop Rotation | A system used to maximize the food output of a field. Used both crops for human consumption, and fodder crops. Typically wheat, turnips, barley and clover. | 16 | |
| 8966162053 | Agricultural Surplus | Being able to produce more food than a population needs to survive. Means that there are more people and that there is more time for workers to produce things other that food. | 17 | |
| 8966169990 | Textiles | Type of cloth or woven fabric. The first major industry. | 18 | |
| 8966174997 | Cottage Industry | Rural Manufacturing. The rural population with an agricultural surplus began turning raw materials into fabric (textiles.) Phase one of the Industrial Revolution. Also known as the "Putting-Out System." | 19 | |
| 9059228869 | Capital | Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing. | 20 | |
| 9059233380 | Economic Surplus | Meeting the supplying demand of consumers while simultaneously selling the product for above market price, hence making profit. |  | 21 |
| 9059513222 | Industrial Revolution Phase 2 | The replacement of animal muscle by hydraulic and mineral energy. Britain First. | 22 | |
| 9059521549 | Hydraulic Energy | Water/steam power. | 23 | |
| 9059523418 | Mineral Energy | Power from coal. | 24 | |
| 9059548397 | Shallow Coal Reserves | Gave Britain a significant edge in their industrial development. Made for easy access to minerals, and provided jobs for people who didn't need to farm. | 25 | |
| 9059587935 | Britain's Aquatic Advantage | Water proved to be a blessing for the isolated development of Great Britain. It provided protection from invasion, allowed for their naval advancement, supplied hydraulic power for their mills, and there was an abundance of wide rivers (natural and man made) for transport. | 26 | |
| 9059692744 | Bank of England | A reliable system that provided the necessary capital (loans for projects) in order to make industrialization possible. | 27 | |
| 9059951843 | Mining | Extremely dangerous. Constant threat of groundwater and natural gas explosions. Provided work for men, woman, and children alike for varying wages. Lowered life expectancy. 12+ hour work days. | 28 | |
| 9059964622 | Black Lung | Poor ventilation in mines created long-term health problems. The air underground contained high levels of coal dust. | 29 | |
| 9059983292 | Laissez-Faire Capitalism | Economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies. | 30 | |
| 9244850073 | James Watt | Inventor of the steam engine. | 31 | |
| 9244853893 | The Spinning Jenny | Changed the way cotton was spun and could mass produce fabric. | 32 | |
| 9244877774 | Choo Choo Trains | Designed for moving coal, but there was value in transporting people as well. Connected European cities and sped up travel exponentially. Built by wealthy private investors. Leading employer, even over factories. | 33 | |
| 9244908221 | Phase 1 of the Industrial Revolution | Driven by consumer goods. | 34 | |
| 9244911991 | Phase 2 of the Industrial Revolution | Driven by the transportation of raw materials and finished goods. | 35 | |
| 9244920168 | George Stevenson | Father of the modern railroad. His "rocket" could pull 3x it's weight and go 30 miles per hour. | 36 | |
| 9244932715 | First Modern Railroad | Opened in 1830 from Liverpool to Manchester. | 37 | |
| 9244993326 | Josiah Wedgwood | Studied the structure of business. Wanted to improve the manufacturing of ceramics. Advertised his pottery as "Queen's Ware" to make it appealing to women. It was cheap, but looked pretty. | 38 | |
| 9244996841 | Human Labor | Seen as living machinery. Employing families was preferred for cheaper wages, and so parents could act as supervisors over their children. Workers also married younger due to their ability to hold a job and get income from younger ages. | 39 | |
| 9245048440 | Robert Owen | Mill manager at age 19. Believed that in order to improve work quality, work place quality had to be improved as well. He was struck that machines were cared for better than people. Inventor of Mill Towns. | 40 | |
| 9245059839 | Mill Towns | Invented by Robert Owen, theses are settlements that developed around one or more mills or factories, usually cotton mills or factories producing textiles. | 41 | |
| 9245084875 | Factory Act of 1833 | Prohibited factory labor for children under the age of 9. Children under the age of 13 were required to attend 2 hours of daily education. 12 hour maximum work days. Put into motion to insure that children could still reproduce effectively and make more factory workers. | 42 | |
| 9245112250 | Ten Hours Act 1847 | 10 hour maximum work day. | 43 | |
| 9245117561 | Mines Act 1842 | Prohibited labor of women and children in underground mines, so that they could effectively make more workers. | 44 | |
| 9245126707 | Public Health Act 1848 | Implemented health boards and examinations for the poor. | 45 | |
| 9245134952 | Vaccination Acts | Series of legislative acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom regarding the vaccination policy of the country. | 46 | |
| 9248857686 | Expansion of Wealth | 47 | ||
| 9248884773 | British Miracle | Phrase referring to Britain while it was industrializing. This was important because Britain was the first nation to industrialize. | 48 | |
| 9248910937 | Entrepreneur | A person that organizes and manages a company/enterprise with a considerable amount of readiness and risk. | 49 | |
| 9248935461 | Impressionism | A method of painting by using small brush strokes and bright colors. | 50 | |
| 9248940399 | Claude Monet | He is the father of impressionism. His works include "Impression, Sunrise", "Still Life", "Water Lilies" and more. | 51 | |
| 9248943884 | Modernism | Adherence to what is modern (art-wise); Catholic movement where the Church's teachings were interpreted with a more philosophic or scientific point of view. | 52 | |
| 9248958061 | Realism | Type of art or philosophy is based on what is real, or what you know for sure and like what you see; Not abstract. | 53 | |
| 9249054344 | French Railroads | Funded by the government due to the lack of capital found in France. | 54 | |
| 9249125978 | Zollverien | Customs Union. Coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. Designed to eliminate the sense of division between the Holy Roman States that were separated by law differences, currencies, and customs. | 55 | |
| 9249191753 | Lands that Time Forgot | States that didn't industrialize. Lacked natural resources. Poor roads and waterways. Geographical obstacles. | 56 | |
| 9249223330 | Tariff | A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports. | 57 | |
| 9249278711 | Neoclassicism | "New Classics." Revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music. Valued order, solemnity, calmness and rationalism. Subjects often included greek and roman mythology. Morally uplifting and inspirational. | 58 | |
| 9249346466 | Jaques-Louis David | Neoclassicist. Imitated Greek and Roman art to inspire the new French Republic. Friend of Robespierre. Head of Napoleon's art program. Painted the "Death of Marat" and "Coronation of Napoleon and Josephine." | 59 | |
| 9249398717 | Quadruple Alliance | Comprised of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Created in November 1815 to protect the continent against France. | 60 | |
| 9249431554 | Quintuple Alliance | France was added in 1818 to avoid war amongst the great powers of the European continent. | 61 | |
| 9249434604 | Holy Alliance | Began by Tsar Alexander I to protect Christianity from Muslims. Comprised of Prussia, Russia, and Austria. | 62 | |
| 9249626632 | Photography | Invented 1830. Had actual evidence of what things and people looked like. | 63 | |
| 9249637746 | Urban Miseries | Massive urban population. Lots of immigrants gathered together (china town etc). Workers were poorly paid. People migrated to cities to find work. Many women turned to prostitution to make money (increase in STDs). Exponential crime growth. Modern police introduced. | 64 | |
| 9257384844 | Deserving Poor | Term used in the 1830s to describe the sick, the old, and children who couldn't physically generate their own income. | 65 | |
| 9257393974 | Undeserving Poor | In good condition, but out of work. | 66 | |
| 9257403048 | Revolutions of 1830 | The "Forgotten Revolutions."Included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland. | 67 | |
| 9257411005 | Thomas Malthus | Social Darwinist. Argued that natural forces would keep the population from outgrowing it's resources. | 68 | |
| 9257424319 | Social Darwinism | Theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. | 69 | |
| 9257433600 | Revolutions of 1848 | Series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals. | 70 | |
| 9257450095 | Blue Books | Reported the abusive treatment of workers in mines and factories. | 71 | |
| 9257527489 | Consumerism | Social and economic order and ideology that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. | 72 | |
| 9257531710 | Victorian Age | The British Empire at its height. 20 June 1837 until the Queen's death on 22 January 1901. | 73 | |
| 9257534764 | Queen Victoria I | Became Queen of Britain at age 18. Model of domestic bliss. Wife to Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and mother to five surviving children. After the death of her husband, she went into mourning for the rest of her life. Parliament will gain strength during her mental absence. | 74 | |
| 9257593889 | The Congress of Vienna | Meeting of ambassadors of European states. Held from November 1814 to June 1815. The objective was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace. | 75 | |
| 9258112202 | Louis XVIII | Given the throne after the exile of Napoleon (again). "The Desired", was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days. | 76 | |
| 9258131552 | First Peace of Paris | Ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, following an armistice signed on 23 April between Charles, Count of Artois, and the allies. | 77 | |
| 9258137594 | Second Peace of Paris | 1815, was signed on 20 November 1815 following the defeat and second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte. Post 100 days. Called for France to pay indemnity of 700 million. Coalition of 150,000 troops set to defend from French revolts until word of Napoleon's death. Required France to return stolen treasures. | 78 | |
| 9258829494 | Prince Klemens Von Metternich | Austrian minister of foreign affairs. Attended the Congress of Vienna. Hated Talleyrand. Believed stability would come with the return of the way it was before the French Revolution. | 79 | |
| 9258839350 | Viscount Castlereagh | British foreign secretary. Attended the Congress of Vienna. | 80 | |
| 9258843597 | Charles Maurice de Talleyrand | French minister of foreign affairs. Hated Metternich. Attended the Congress of Vienna. Went from a Catholic Bishop, to a French Revolution supporter, to living in America (during the reign of terror), to working with Napoleon, to working with Louis XVIII. | 81 | |
| 9258846125 | Alexander I | Russian Tsar. Attended the Congress of Vienna. | 82 | |
| 9258859557 | Fredrick William III | Prussian King. Attended the Congress of Vienna. | 83 | |
| 9258870138 | 3 Guiding Principals of the Congress of Vienna | Compensation for Napoleon's crap; Restoration of the legitimate royal families to the overtaken thrones; Balance of Power. Europe will go nearly 100 years without a major continental war between multiple great powers. | 84 | |
| 9258888714 | Buffer States | Low countries set up to prevent expansion of powers. The Netherlands (William I), Switzerland, and Sardinia&Corsica united with the piedmont to buffer France. | 85 | |
| 9258911041 | Liberalism | Political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Embraced by the bourgeoisie/middle class. Believed in the freedom of the individual. Built on enlightened rationalism. Embraced right to vote, legal equality, constitutional government and free market economy. Preferred small, weak governments. Heavy in Britain and USA. | 86 | |
| 9259009240 | Jeremy Bentham | Founder of utilitarianism. Believed that the greatest happiness lied in the greatest numbers. The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few. | 87 | |
| 9259018564 | John Stewart Mill | Greatest liberal thinker. Believed in equality for women, and supported the idea of birth control. Espoused reforms for the poor. Questioned the sacredness of private property. Believed in wealth distribution and living wages. | 88 | |
| 9259029204 | Nationalism | Political doctrine that glorified the people. Against absolute monarchy. Often made up of liberals. Pride in ones nation. National identity. | 89 | |
| 9259085821 | Romanticism | Literary and artistic movement. Encompasses human emotions. Valued feeling over reasoning. Emotion over logic. Gardens became less geometrical to find the beauty in free nature. | 90 | |
| 9259089677 | William Wordsworth | First Romantic poet. | 91 | |
| 9259100894 | Victor Hugo | French writer. Les Miserables (1848 Revolutions). | 92 | |
| 9259108004 | Goethe, Faust | Book about a man who sells his soul to the devil | 93 | |
| 9259111064 | Romantic Composors | Works evoke human emotion instead of focussing on mathematical perfection. (Chopin) | 94 | |
| 9259124531 | Eugene Delacroix; JMW Turner | Rebellious experimentation with color. Rejected classical conventions and forms. Shaped a new way of looking at the world and defined new political consciousness. | 95 | |
| 9259135427 | Conservatism | Stressed the corporate nature of European society. Preferred the old ways. Wealthy nobility that agreed with the old regime. | 96 | |
| 9259146287 | Socialism | Economic theory that society or the government as a whole should control the means of production, such as factories and land (government controls the money). The opposite of capitalism. Wanted to eliminate private ownership. Powerful government and smaller wage gap. Embraced by the working class. | 97 | |
| 9262385503 | Henri de Saint-Simon | Father of French socialism. Rejected liberalism and capitalism. Valued workers. Believed society should be organized by productivity. Work is a social duty. Narrow the wage gap. Women's equality. | 98 | |
| 9262406072 | Joseph Proudhon | French politician and the founder of mutualist philosophy. Believed in wealth distribution and profit sharing. Limited possession (anti-capitalist). Anti-government. | 99 | |
| 9262425201 | Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, political theorist, and revolutionary socialist. Believed poverty would lead to class warfare and socialist revolution. Author of the Communist Manifesto. | 100 | |
| 9262427341 | Friedrich Engels | German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman. Author of the Communist Manifesto. Friend of Karl Marx. | 101 | |
| 9262458794 | Proletariat | Workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism). | 102 | |
| 9262473065 | Workers of the World Unite | Political slogan. One of the most famous rallying cries from the Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A variation of this phrase is also inscribed on Marx's tombstone. | 103 | |
| 9262489315 | Hammer and Sickle | Symbols of the industrial worker and the peasant used as the emblem of the former Soviet Union and of international communism. | 104 | |
| 9262505265 | Progression According to Marx | Feudalism, Mercantilism, Capitalism, Socialism, Socialist Revolution, (ultimate goal) Communism. | 105 | |
| 9262546719 | Communism | Society without class distinctions or private property. Goods should be owned in common and available to all. Ultimate goal for Karl Marx. An unrealistic expectation of human kind. | 106 | |
| 9262563243 | Marxism-Leninism | Totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production with the professed aim of establishing a stateless and perfect society. | 107 | |
| 9262590170 | 1830 France | Governmental failure to respond to grievances following poor harvests and 1829 winter led to revolutions. All people demanded a voice in governmental affairs. Food prices rose 75% in Paris. | 108 | |
| 9262598968 | Charles X | Brother of Louis XVIII. King after Louis death. Ignored the constitution, and attempted to re establish absolutism in France. | 109 | |
| 9262619897 | May 1830 | Charles X dissolved the chamber of deputies and ordered new elections, which resulted in the election of more liberals (who were unfavorable to the king). | 110 | |
| 9262646480 | Four Ordinances | Charles X's retaliation. Censored the press; changed electoral laws to favor his candidates; dissolved newly elected chamber; ordered new elections for the chamber. | 111 | |
| 9262683847 | Three Glorious Days | The people pulled down the Bourbon Regime, and Charles X fled to England. People demanded a republic, but lacked the organization and political skills. Louis-Philippe was placed on the French throne as a constitutional monarch. | 112 | |
| 9262711446 | Louis-Philippe | Cousin of Charles X. Placed on the French throne as a constitutional monarch by the bourgeoisie during the three glorious days in 1830. Fled to Britain during the 1848 revolutions. | 113 | |
| 9262730631 | 1830 Britan | Riots over grain prices and distribution. No revolution followed. | 114 | |
| 9262733632 | 1830 Germany | Workers began breaking machines in protest of low wages. Polish revolts were crushed by Russia. Italy revolted against Austria. | 115 | |
| 9262749016 | Phil-Hellinics | "Lovers of Greece." Numbers grew as Turks and Ottomans committed atrocities against the Greeks. Britain, France, and Russia signed a treaty to help the Greeks, and the three powers declared Greek independence. Decision supported by the Congress of Vienna and territorial stability. | 116 | |
| 9263578428 | Belgium Revolts | Ended int the 5 powers granting Belgium their independence. | 117 | |
| 9263590401 | Forgotten Revolutions | The Revolutions of 1830. Demonstrated how closely the European states were tied together. Tested the agreements made at the Congress of Vienna. Proved the Great Powers could compromise. Demonstrated the vulnerability of international politics to domestic instability. Demonstrated growing awareness of politics at all levels of European society. | 118 | |
| 9263791002 | People's Charter | 1838 Britain. All men have the right to vote. Favored direct democracy. | 119 | |
| 9263807648 | Chartism | UK parliamentary reform movement of 1837-48, the principles of which were set out in a manifesto called The People's Charter. | 120 | |
| 9263846356 | 1846 | Last major food famine in continental Europe (excluding Russia). Changed the political atmosphere. Food crisis and political activism provided initiative for a revolution. A.k.a the 1848 Revolutions. | 121 | |
| 9263971817 | French Revolution of 1848 | Began with the cancellation of a political banquet which ended in violence. Hungry troops joined with the hungry citizens. Resulted in Louis Philippe fleeing to Britain, and the development of the Second French Republic. | 122 | |
| 9264219101 | Second French Republic | Short-lived republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire. | 123 | |
| 9270388846 | General Louis Cavaignac | French general who put down a massive rebellion (without mass slaughter) in Paris in 1848, known as the June Days Uprising. Ruled France as a military during the construction of the constitution and elections for the Second Republic. He's a good person who doesn't try to hold onto power. | 124 | |
| 9270470659 | Frankfurt Assembly | May 1848. 38 German states attempted to unify, and tried to create a constitutional monarchy. But the attempt to unify crumbled when Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia refused to accept the crown, as he preferred to "earn" it. | 125 | |
| 9270503945 | Friedrich Wilhelm IV | King of Prussia in 1848. Refused to accept the crown over a unified Germany. He wanted to conquer, and earn the territory. The states' attempt to unify crumbled. | 126 | |
| 9270529172 | 1848 Austria | Nationalist revolts in Prague, Vienna, and Budapest. Habsburgs faced resistance in Italy. | 127 | |
| 9270548204 | Humiliation of Olmutz | Derived by the powers, this was a document signed by Prussian ministers in order to maintain the balance of power that German unification threatened. | 128 | |
| 9270562950 | Louis Napoleon | Pre-name change. Nephew of Napoleon. Voted president of the Second French Republic. He siezed absolute power over France in 1851. Declared himself emperor of the Second French Empire. | 129 | |
| 9270603800 | Personification of Nations | Language and symbols given to the mother land. They embody the nation. Such as the bald eagle or the statue of liberty. | 130 | |
| 9270638662 | Autocracy | System of government by one person with absolute power. | 131 | |
| 9270632060 | French Model of Political Reform | Technocratic one that emphasized specialized knowledge and progress. Autocratic direction and liberal participation. | 132 | |
| 9270658221 | British Model of Political Reform | Reform fostered through liberal parliamentary democracy. Expanding electorate. | 133 | |
| 9270702061 | Russian Model of Political Reform | Embarked on radical restructuring of society by autocratic means. | 134 | |
| 9270746800 | Duke of Reichstadt | Napoleon's son who died fairly young. Given the title of Napoleon II by his cousin, Louis Napoleon after his death in 1832. | 135 | |
| 9270709560 | Napoleon III | Was old enough to remember the shameful failures of his uncle. Saw it as his duty to re-accomplish everything that was taken away. Gains favor of the people to win the elections of the Second Republic as a dark horse candidate. Seized absolute power with a coup de'eat. Rebuilt Paris. Began work on the Panama Canal. | 136 | |
| 9270852838 | Baron Georges Haussmann | German architect of modern Paris. | 137 | |
| 9270880188 | Second Empire and Mexico | Mexico was unable to repay the money they owed France. Napoleon III decides to try to take over Mexico and reestablish footholds in the Americas. He puts a loyal idiot on the throne that hates mexico/ans. He lost Mexico after removing his French troops for the Franco-Prussian War. | 138 | |
| 9270917034 | Archduke Maximilian | Austrian placed on the Mexican throne by Napoleon III. He hated Mexico and the feeling was mutual. When Napoleon III pulled troops from Mexico, he and his wife were executed by firing squad in 1867. | 139 | |
| 9270933355 | Second Empire | Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. Defeat by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War marked the end of the system. | 140 | |
| 9270953443 | Fall of the Second Empire | September 2, 1870 marked the defeat of France by Prussian in the Franco-Prussian War. Napoleon III and 100,000 troops were taken prisoner. | 141 | |
| 9270966606 | Siege of Paris | Paris refused to believe that their Emperor had been taken prisoner by Germans. They refused to surrender after the end of the Franco-Prussian War. 2 German armies went ham on Paris for 4 months, losing as few germans as possible. They tried to starve them out, but they ate all of the remaining food, and dogs, cats, rats, horses, birds, and the zoo. Germans bombarded them for 3 weeks steady, then left. | 142 | |
| 9271012664 | Third French Republic | Made in Versailles during the Siege of Paris. | 143 | |
| 9271380763 | March 1871 | French soldiers attempted to disarm Parisians. They freaked out and lock themselves inside the city. Civil Siege. | 144 | |
| 9271388858 | Paris Commune | Government established by the Parisians after the Franco-Prussian war. The system demonstrated the power of nationalism, and made clear the power of the state in the event of a revolution. | 145 | |
| 9271401114 | Mazzini | Italian politician, journalist, activist for the unification of Italy and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. Leader of "young italy." | 146 | |
| 9271410313 | Count Cavour | Opportunistic politician and real politique. Understood that for Italy to be powerful, the states had to unite. Understood that unification could be achieved with diplomatic manipulation. Premier for the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia under Carlo Alberto. Instrumental in the forming of Italy. Died before he could see the boot unite. | 147 | |
| 9271471818 | Carlo Alberto | King of Piedmont-Sardinia. Failed to take Lombardy from Austria. Father of Victor Emmanuel II. | 148 | |
| 9271514500 | Victor Emmanuel II | Son of Carlo Alberto. King of Piedmont-Sardinia. Unified Italy from the North. | 149 | |
| 9271528227 | Treaty of Plomieres | Agreement between Piedmont and France. France took Nice and Savoy, Piedmont took Lombardy. | 150 | |
| 9271604994 | Italian Unification | Took place under the influences of Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi, and Victor Emmanuel II. Many territories joined willingly. Ended with a bow, and the boot was unified. | 151 | |
| 9271639956 | Garibaldi | "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in Brazil, Uruguay and Europe. He personally commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the Italian unification. Bowed to Victor Emmanuel II to peacefully unify Italy without spilling the blood of any Italians. Unified Italy from the South. | 152 | |
| 9271658928 | Francois II | King of Naples. Hated by his people. Taken over and exiled by Garibaldi. | 153 | |
| 9271658929 | The Thousand | Also known as the Red Shirts. Corps of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. | 154 | |
| 9271677168 | The Victorian Compromise | The Victorian period was a time of contradiction, On the one hand there was the progress brought about by the Industrial Revolution, the rising wealth of the upper and middle classes and the expanding power of Britain and its empire; on the other hand there was the poverty, disease, deprivation and injustice faced by the working classes. | 155 | |
| 9271708884 | Universal Male Suffrage | Implemented in Britain in 1832. | 156 | |
| 9271714161 | William Gladstone | British Prime Minister. Classic liberal who believed in free markets with little government intervention. Made education and military reforms. Liberal government sought to protect democracy through education. | 157 | |
| 9271725738 | Benjamin Disareli | Conservative British leader. Supported state intervention. Son of a Jewish immigrant. Insisted on traditions like the House of Commons. Queen Victoria named him first Earl of Beaconsfield. | 158 | |
| 9271744073 | Great Exhibition | International exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from 1 May to 15 October 1851. Took place in the Crystal Palace. | 159 | |
| 9271755324 | Realism | Arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic, and supernatural elements. | 160 | |
| 9271760329 | Charles Darwin | Synthesizer. Had great finds in South America, especially in the Galapagos Islands. Observed the natural world. Survival of the fittest and natural selection. On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection. | 161 | |
| 9277569509 | The Crimean War | Military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia. | 162 | |
| 9277587797 | 1800's Russia | Greatest military numbers. Policemen of Europe. Wanted to expand into the Balkins for that warm water port, and so that they couldn't be locked into the bay in the event of a war. Wanted the Dardanelles. | 163 | |
| 9277606423 | Sick Man of Europe | Nickname for the declining Ottoman Empire | 164 | |
| 9277611629 | Dardanelles | Narrow, natural strait and internationally-significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia. | 165 | |
| 9277781188 | DO NOT FORGET | to finish this before you start studying for the bigass final in may | 166 |
AP Lit Literary Terms Flashcards
2010-2011 senior
Terms : Hide Images
| 9683756120 | Accent | A way of pronouncing words that indicates the place of origin or social background of the speaker. | 0 | |
| 9683756121 | Allegory | a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor.Main purpose is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have literal and figurative meanings, an extended narrative in prose or verse in which characters, events, and settings represent abstract qualities and in which the writer intends a second meaning to be read beneath the surface of the story; the underlying meaning may be moral, religious, political, social, or satiric. Examples: John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress (Temptations of Christians) , Orwell's Animal Farm (Russian Revolution), and Arthur Miller's Crucible ("Red Scare") | 1 | |
| 9683756122 | alliteration | the repetition of the same consonant, or beginning several words with the same vowel sound | 2 | |
| 9683756123 | allusion | a reference in a literary work to a person, place, or thing in history or another work of literature. | 3 | |
| 9683756124 | ambiguity | a technique by which a writer deliberately suggests two or more different, and sometimes conflicting, meanings in a work. | 4 | |
| 9683756125 | ambivalence | the simultaneous existence of conflicting feelings or thoughts, such as love and hate, about a person, an object, or an idea; uncertainty or indecisiveness as to what course to follow; fluctuation | 5 | |
| 9683756126 | anachronism | something out of its proper historical time; error of putting something in the wrong historical time | 6 | |
| 9683756127 | anadiplosis | repeating last word of clause at beginning of next clause. Example: Jennifer had a problem, and her problem was getting bigger by the minute. | 7 | |
| 9683756128 | anaphora | the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences | 8 | |
| 9683756129 | angst | strong anxiety and unhappiness; a feeling of dread | 9 | |
| 9683756130 | annotation | a critical or explanatory note or comment, especially for a literary work | 10 | |
| 9683756131 | antagonist | The thing that opposes the protagonist in a narrative or drama. The antagonist may be another character, society itself, a force of nature, or even a conflicting impulse within the protagonist. | 11 | |
| 9683756132 | anticlimax | An unsatisfying and trivial turn of events in a literary work that occurs in place of a genuine climax. An anticlimax often involves a surprising shift in tone from the lofty or serious to the petty or ridiculous. | 12 | |
| 9683756133 | antithesis | A statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced. Words, phrases, clauses, or sentences set in deliberate contrast to one another. A species of parallelism, antithesis balances opposing ideas, feelings, tones, or structures, giving crisp expression to their pairing and heightening its effect. | 13 | |
| 9683756134 | aphorism | a short, often witty statement of a principle or a truth about life. Examples: "Early bird gets the worm." "What goes around, comes around.." "People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones." | 14 | |
| 9683756135 | apostrophe | Addressing something nonhuman as if it were human | 15 | |
| 9683756136 | archaism | the use of deliberately old-fashioned language | 16 | |
| 9683756137 | archetype | An original model or type after which other similar things are patterned; a prototype | 17 | |
| 9683756138 | aside | a short speech, delivered to the audience or to another character, that others onstage are not supposed to hear. | 18 | |
| 9683756139 | assonance | Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity Example: "I must confess that in my quest I felt depressed and restless." — With Love, by Thin Lizzy | 19 | |
| 9683756140 | asyndeton | When the conjunctions (such as "and" or "but") that would normally connect a string of words, phrases, or clauses are omitted from a sentence | 20 | |
| 9683756141 | atmosphere | The emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene | 21 | |
| 9683756142 | ballad | Any popular narrative poem, often with epic subject and usually in lyric form. | 22 | |
| 9683756143 | baroque | extravagantly ornate; flamboyant in style | 23 | |
| 9683756144 | bathos | n. excessive or trivial sentimentality; and abrupt transition in style from the elevated to the commonplace, producing a laughable effect | 24 | |
| 9683756145 | blank verse | unrhymed poetry that has a regular rhythm and line length, especially iambic pentameter | 25 | |
| 9683756146 | cacophony | harsh, awkward, or dissonant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose; the opposite of euphony. | 26 | |
| 9683756147 | caesura | a pause, usually near the middle of a line of verse, usually indicated by the sense of the line, and often greater than the normal pause. | 27 | |
| 9683756148 | catharsis | an emotional release which brings about renewal of the self or welcome relief from anxiety, tension, etc. | 28 | |
| 9683756149 | characterization | the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character | 29 | |
| 9683756150 | chiasmus | A figure of speech that reverses the order of words in phrases that would otherwise be structured the same. (e.g. Heaven is too great of humanity; humanity is too great for heaven) | 30 | |
| 9683756152 | climax | Most exciting moment of the story; turning point | 31 | |
| 9683756153 | colloquial | conversational; informal in language | 32 | |
| 9683756154 | comic relief | A humorous scene or speech intended to lighten the mood. | 33 | |
| 9683756155 | conceit | a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects | 34 | |
| 9683756156 | connotation | what a word suggests beyond its surface definition | 35 | |
| 9683756157 | consonance | repetition of consonant sounds within words | 36 | |
| 9683756158 | couplet | two lines of verse that form a unit alone or as part of a poem, especially two that rhyme and have the same meter | 37 | |
| 9683756159 | denotation | the exact/literal meaning of a word, as found in the dictionary | 38 | |
| 9683756160 | denouement | an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot | 39 | |
| 9683756161 | dialect | a form of language spoken by people in a particular region or group | 40 | |
| 9683756162 | diction | A writer's or speaker's choice of words | 41 | |
| 9683756163 | didactic | intended to teach; inclined to teach excessively | 42 | |
| 9683756164 | digression | straying from the main point | 43 | |
| 9683756165 | dramatic irony | This occurs when the audience or reader knows more than the characters know. | 44 | |
| 9683756166 | elegy | poem or song expressing lamentation | 45 | |
| 9683756167 | ellipsis | the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced for the context ("Some people prefer cats; others, dogs.") | 46 | |
| 9683756168 | enjambment | describes a line of poetry in which the sense and grammatical construction continues on to the next line | 47 | |
| 9683756169 | ennui | a feeling of utter weariness and discontent resulting from satiety or lack of interest; boredom | 48 | |
| 9683756170 | epic | a long narrative poem written in elevated style which present the adventures of characters of high position and episodes that are important to the history of a race or nation | 49 | |
| 9683756171 | epigraph | The use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. | 50 | |
| 9683756172 | epiphany | a moment of sudden revelation or insight | 51 | |
| 9683756173 | euphemism | a mild, indirect, or vague term substituting for a harsh, blunt, or offensive term | 52 | |
| 9683756174 | euphony | a succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony | 53 | |
| 9683756175 | exposition | the immediate revelation to the audience of the setting and other background information necessary for understanding the plot; also, explanation; one of the four modes of discourse | 54 | |
| 9683756176 | extended metaphor | A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. | 55 | |
| 9683756177 | farce | ridiculous, light comedy; slapstick comedy; absurd thing; mockery | 56 | |
| 9683756178 | flashback | the insertion of an earlier event into the normal chronological order of a narrative | 57 | |
| 9683756179 | flat character | a character who is not very well developed; has few identifiable characteristics | 58 | |
| 9683756180 | foil | a character whose personality and attitude contrast sharply with those of another | 59 | |
| 9683756181 | foot | two or more syllables that together make up the smallest unit of rhythm in a poem | 60 | |
| 9683756182 | foreshadowing | the use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot | 61 | |
| 9683756183 | free verse | Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme | 62 | |
| 9683756184 | genre | type or category of literary work (e.g., poetry, essay, short story, novel, drama) | 63 | |
| 9683756185 | grotesque | fantastic; comically hideous; strange and unnatural (causing fear or amusement) | 64 | |
| 9683756186 | hamartia | In tragedy, the event or act that leads to the hero's or heroine's downfall | 65 | |
| 9683756187 | heroic couplet | two lines of rhyming iambic pentameter | 66 | |
| 9683756188 | hubris | excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy | 67 | |
| 9683756189 | hyperbole | extreme exaggeration | 68 | |
| 9683756190 | ideology | a set of basic beliefs about life, culture, government, and society | 69 | |
| 9683756191 | iamb | a poetic foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable | 70 | |
| 9683756192 | iambic pentameter | a line of poetry that contains five iambs (units which consist of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one, as in the word, arise). (Shakespeare) | 71 | |
| 9683756193 | internal rhyme | A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line | 72 | |
| 9683756194 | imagery | description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) | 73 | |
| 9683756195 | irony | the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or, incongruity between what is expected and what actually happens | 74 | |
| 9683756196 | literal | based upon the actual meaning, as it meets the eye | 75 | |
| 9683756197 | lyric verse | a shorter poem expressing an emotional state in a single, unified impression | 76 | |
| 9683756198 | malapropism | the mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar | 77 | |
| 9683756199 | metaphysical | a term describing poetry that uses elaborate conceits, expresses the complexities of love and life, and is highly intellectual | 78 | |
| 9683756200 | metaphor | a comparison without using like or as | 79 | |
| 9683756201 | meter | a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry | 80 | |
| 9683756202 | metonymy | A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it | 81 | |
| 9683756203 | monologue | a speech given by one character | 82 | |
| 9683756204 | mood | the feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage | 83 | |
| 9683756205 | moral | a lesson taught by a literary work | 84 | |
| 9683756206 | motif | a principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design | 85 | |
| 9683756207 | octave | An eight-line stanza. Most commonly, octave refers to the first division of an Italian sonnet. | 86 | |
| 9683756208 | ode | a long, lyrical poem, usually serious or meditative in nature | 87 | |
| 9683756209 | onomatopoeia | the formation of a word, as cuckoo or boom, by imitation of a sound made by or associated with its referent. | 88 | |
| 9683756210 | oxymoron | a figure of speech by which a locution produces an incongruous, seemingly self-contradictory effect, as in "cruel kindness" or "to make haste slowly." | 89 | |
| 9683756211 | paradox | a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. | 90 | |
| 9683756212 | parallelism | the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structure | 91 | |
| 9683756213 | parody | a humorous imitation of a serious work | 92 | |
| 9683756214 | pathos | quality in drama, speech, literature, music, or events that arouses a feeling of pity or sadness | 93 | |
| 9683756215 | pentameter | a metrical line containing five feet | 94 | |
| 9683756216 | persona | The role or facade that a character assumes or depicts to a reader or other audience | 95 | |
| 9683756217 | personification | giving human qualities to animals or objects | 96 | |
| 9683756218 | petrarchan sonnet | Italian 14 line poem comprised of an octave and sestet; a, b, b, a, a, b, b, a, c, d, e, c, d, e | 97 | |
| 9683756219 | point of view | the perspective from which a story is told | 98 | |
| 9683756220 | polysyndeton | using many conjunctions to achieve an overwhelming effect | 99 | |
| 9683756221 | protagonist | the main character | 100 | |
| 9683756222 | pun | play on words | 101 | |
| 9683756223 | quatrain | a stanza or poem of four lines, usually with alternate rhymes. | 102 | |
| 9683756224 | realism | literature that attempts to represent life as it really is | 103 | |
| 9683756225 | refrain | a regularly repeated line or group of lines in a poem or song | 104 | |
| 9683756226 | rhetoric | the art of presenting ideas in a clear, effective, and persuasive manner | 105 | |
| 9683756227 | rhetorical question | a question asked for an effect, not actually requiring an answer | 106 | |
| 9683756228 | romanticism | a literary movement with an emphasis on the imagination and emotions | 107 | |
| 9683756229 | round character | A character who demonstrates some complexity and who develops or changes in the course of a work | 108 | |
| 9683756230 | sarcasm | sneering and often ironic language intended to hurt a person's feelings | 109 | |
| 9683756231 | satire | language or writing that exposes follies or abuses by holding them up to ridicule | 110 | |
| 9683756232 | sestet | a six-line stanza. Most commonly, sestet refers to the second division of an Italian sonnet. | 111 | |
| 9683756233 | setting | The time and place of a story | 112 | |
| 9683756234 | simile | comparison using like or as | 113 | |
| 9683756235 | situational irony | a type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected. | 114 | |
| 9683756236 | soliloquy | a speech given by a character alone on stage | 115 | |
| 9683756237 | sonnet | a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter | 116 | |
| 9683756238 | stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people | 117 | |
| 9683756239 | stream of consciousness | A literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur. | 118 | |
| 9683756240 | style | the arrangement of words in a way that best expresses the author's individuality, idea, intent | 119 | |
| 9683756241 | syllogism | a three-part deductive argument in which a conclusion is based on a major premise and a minor premise ("All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal.") | 120 | |
| 9683756242 | symbol | something that stands for something else | 121 | |
| 9683756243 | syntax | sentence structure | 122 | |
| 9683756244 | theme | the main idea of the story | 123 | |
| 9683756245 | thesis | the primary position taken by a writer or speaker | 124 | |
| 9683756246 | third person limited | told using third person language, but author may know only what the main character is thinking or feeling | 125 | |
| 9683756247 | third person omniscient | the narrator knows everything about the characters and various situations | 126 | |
| 9683756248 | tone | The attitude of the author toward the audience and characters (e.g., serious or humorous). | 127 | |
| 9683756249 | tragedy | A work in which the protagonist, a person of high degree, is engaged in a significant struggle and which ends in ruin or destruction | 128 | |
| 9683756250 | tragic flaw | The character defect that causes the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy | 129 | |
| 9683756251 | verbal irony | A figure of speech that occurs when a person says one thing but means another. | 130 | |
| 9683801765 | verisimilitude | the extent to which the literary text is believable, or the extent to which it imitates life. Even when stories are far-fetched, such as with science fiction, readers must be willing to "suspend disbelief" and think that the story could actually occur. | 131 |
Biochemistry - Genetics Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10161987813 | -Sons of heterozygous mothers have a 50% chance of being affected. -No male-to-male transmission. -*Skips generations*. | X-linked recessive | 0 | |
| 10161989280 | X-linked recessive - Examples | *O*blivious *F*emale *W*ill *O*ften *G*ive *H*er *B*oys *H*er x-*L*inked *D*isorders: -*O*rnithine transcarbamylase deficiency -*F*abry disease -*W*iskott-Aldrich syndrome -*O*cular albinism -*G*6PD deficiency -*H*unter syndrome -*B*ruton agammaglobulinemia -*H*emophilia A and B -*L*esch-Nyhan syndrome -*D*uchenne (and Becker) muscular dystrophy | 1 | |
| 10162023445 | Females with ......... are more likely to have an X-linked recessive disorder. | Turner syndrome (45,XO) | 2 | |
| 12785180802 | X-inactivation (lyonization) | -One copy of female X chromosome forms a transcriptionally inactive Barr body. -Female carriers variably affected depending on the pattern of inactivation of the X chromosome carrying the mutant vs normal gene. | 3 | |
| 10162037002 | -Transmitted only through the *mother.* -*All offspring* of affected females may show signs of disease. -Variable expression in a population or even within a family due to *heteroplasmy.* | Mitochondrial inheritance |  | 4 |
| 10162042082 | Mitochondrial myopathies - Muscle biopsy | *"ragged red fibers"* (due to accumulation of diseased mitochondria in the subsarcolemma of the muscle fiber) |  | 5 |
| 10162054309 | Mitochondrial inheritance - Examples | 1) Mitochondrial myopathies -*MELAS* syndrome (*m*itochondrial *e*ncephalomyopathy, *l*actic *a*cidosis, and *s*troke-like episode -*MERRF* syndrome (*m*yoclonic *e*pilepsy with *r*agged *r*ed *f*ibers) 2) Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: bilateral vision loss | 6 | |
| 10162080750 | Autosomal dominant diseases - Examples | -*Familial adenomatous polyposis* -*Huntington* disease -Multiple endocrine neoplasias (*MEN*) -*Achondroplasia* -Most neurocutaneous disorders > *Neurofibromatosis* type 1 and type 2 > Tuberous sclerosis > von Hippel-Lindau disease | 7 | |
| 10162120977 | Autosomal recessive diseases - Examples | -Often due to *enzyme deficiencies* > *phenylketonuria* > *galactokinase deficiency* > *classic galactosemia* > glycogen storage diseases -*Cystic fibrosis* -*Sickle cell* anemia -Thalassemias | 8 | |
| 10162561933 | Most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasian population | Cystic fibrosis | 9 | |
| 10162570651 | Cystic fibrosis - Genetics | -*Autosomal recessive* -Defect in *CFTR* gene on chromosome 7 (commonly a deletion of ΔF508) | 10 | |
| 10162581517 | CFTR gene encodes ........... | *ATP*-gated Cl− channel that -*secretes* Cl− in lungs and GI tract -*reabsorbs* Cl− in sweat glands |  | 11 |
| 10162566635 | Cystic fibrosis - Pathophysiology | 1) Most common mutation (deletion of ΔF508) 2) *Misfolded protein* --- protein retained in RER and *not transported* to cell membrane 3) Decreased Cl− (and H2O) secretion 4) Compensatory *increased Na+ reabsorption* via ENaC (causes *more negative transepithelial potential difference*) 5) Increased H2O reabsorption 6) *Abnormally thick mucus* secreted into lungs and GI tract |  | 12 |
| 10162712234 | Cystic fibrosis - Diagnosis | 1) *High Cl− concentration* in pilocarpine-induced *sweat test* is diagnostic 2) *More negative transepithelial potential difference* 3) Contraction alkalosis and hypokalemia (because of ECF H2O/Na+ losses via sweating and concomitant renal K+/H+ wasting) 4) High immunoreactive trypsinogen (newborn screening) | 13 | |
| 10162794761 | Cystic fibrosis - Complications | 1) *Recurrent pulmonary* infections (eg, S aureus [infancy and early childhood], *P aeruginosa* [adulthood]), chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis --- reticulonodular pattern on CXR, opacification of sinuses. 2) Nasal polyps 3) *Clubbing* of nails 4) *Chronic pancreatitis*, *pancreatic insufficiency*, malabsorption with steatorrhea, *fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies (A, D, E, K)* 5) Biliary cirrhosis, liver disease. 6) Meconium ileus in newborns. 7) *Infertility* in men (*absence of vas deferens*, spermatogenesis may be unaffected) and subfertility in women (amenorrhea, abnormally thick cervical mucus). 8) *Hyponatremia* (due to excessive salt wasting from sweat) | 14 | |
| 10162837869 | In cystic fibrosis, thick, viscous secretions in the lumen of the pancreas --- ............ | *obstruction*, inflammation --- *chronic pancreatitis*, fibrosis | 15 | |
| 10162851103 | Cystic fibrosis treatment in patients with ΔF508 deletion | combination of -lumacaftor (corrects misfolded proteins and improves their transport to cell surface) -ivacaftor (opens Cl- channels --- improved chloride transport) | 16 | |
| 10162859536 | ......... slows disease progression in cystic fibrosis. | Ibuprofen | 17 | |
| 10162943052 | Duchenne muscular dystrophy - Pathophysiology | *X-linked* disorder *Frameshift* deletions or *nonsense* mutations --- truncated or absent *dystrophin* protein --- progressive myofiber damage | 18 | |
| 10162964641 | Duchenne muscular dystrophy - Presentation/Findings | Onset before 5 years of age. 1) Weakness begins in *pelvic girdle* muscles and progresses superiorly. 2) *Pseudohypertrophy* of calf muscles due to *fibrofatty replacement* of muscle 3) Waddling gait 4) *Gowers sign:* patient uses upper extremities to help stand up 5) Asymmetric weakening of the paraspinal muscles --- *Kyphoscoliosis* 6) High *CK* and aldolase | 19 | |
| 10162983443 | Dystrophin - Functions | -Helps anchor muscle fibers, primarily in skeletal and cardiac muscle. -It connects the *intracellular cytoskeleton (actin)* to the *transmembrane proteins* α- and β-dystroglycan, which are connected to the extracellular matrix (ECM). | 20 | |
| 10163009162 | Gowers sign seen in .......... | Classically seen in *Duchenne* muscular dystrophy, but also seen in other muscular dystrophies and inflammatory myopathies (eg, polymyositis) | 21 | |
| 10163005670 | Becker muscular dystrophy - Pathophysiology | *X-linked* disorder *Nonframeshift* deletions in *dystrophin* gene (partially functional instead of truncated). | 22 | |
| 10163030451 | Becker muscular dystrophy - Presentation/Findings | -*Less severe* than Duchenne. -Onset in adolescence or early adulthood. -*Gower sign:* patient uses upper extremities to help stand up | 23 | |
| 10163045142 | -Autosomal dominant. -*CTG* trinucleotide repeat expansion in the DMPK gene --- abnormal expression of myotonin protein kinase --- myotonia (eg, difficulty releasing hand from handshake), muscle wasting -*CTG:* *C*ataracts, *T*oupee (early *balding* in men), *G*onadal atrophy | *Myotonic dystrophy type 1* | 24 | |
| 10163083386 | -Sporadic disorder seen almost exclusively in *girls* (affected males die in utero or shortly after birth). -Most cases are caused by de novo mutation of MECP2 on X chromosome. -Symptoms usually appear between ages *1-4*. -Characterized by > *regression* (*Rett*urn) in motor, verbal, and cognitive abilities > ataxia; seizures > *deceleration of head growth* > *stereotyped hand-wringing* | *Rett* syndrome | 25 | |
| 10177162527 | Fragile X syndrome - Pathophysiology/Genetics | > X-linked dominant inheritance. > Trinucleotide repeat (*CGG*) in FMR1 (Fragile X mental retardation 1) gene on the long arm of the X chromosome --- *hypermethylation* --- decreased expression > When the cells of the affected individuals are cultered in a medium, the area of increased repeats does not stain and appears "broken". --- Chromosomal studies typically show a *small gap* near the tip of the *long arm of the X* chromosome. | 26 | |
| 10177162528 | Fragile X syndrome - Presentation | *CGG:* *C*hin (long face with a *large jaw*, *large everted ears*) *G*iant *G*onads (post-pubertal *macroorchidism*) | 27 | |
| 10177209893 | Trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases | 1) Huntington disease: *CAG* (*C*audate has low *A*Ch and *G*ABA) 2) Myotonic dystrophy: *CTG* (*C*ataracts, *T*oupee [early balding in men], *G*onadal atrophy) 3) Fragile X syndrome: *CGG* (*C*hin [protruding], *G*iant *G*onads) 4) Friedreich ataxia: *GAA* (Ataxic *GAA*it) | 28 | |
| 10177248663 | Autosomal trisomies | 1) *D*own syndrome (trisomy *21*): *D*rinking age (21) 2) *E*dwards syndrome (trisomy *18*): *E*lection age (18). 3) *P*atau syndrome (trisomy *13*): *P*uberty (13) | 29 | |
| 10177264401 | Down syndrome - Presentation | 1) Intellectual disability 2) *Flat facies* 3) Prominent *epicanthal folds* 4) *Upward-slanting palpebral fissures* 5) Brushfield spots 6) *Protruding tongue* 7) *Short neck* and *generous nuchal skin* 8) *Single palmar crease* 9) Gap between 1st 2 toes 10) Incurved 5th finger 11) *Duodenal atresia* 12) Hirschsprung disease 13) Congenital heart disease (eg, *atrioventricular septal defect*) 14) Associated with early-onset *Alzheimer* disease (chromosome 21 codes for *amyloid precursor protein*) 15) Increased risk of *ALL* and AML | 30 | |
| 10177264402 | Down syndrome - Pathophysiology | 1) *95%* of cases due to *meiotic nondisjunction* (increases with advanced maternal age; from 1:1500 in women < 20 to 1:25 in women > 45 years old). 2) 4% of cases due to unbalanced *Robertsonian translocation*, most typically between chromosomes *14* and *21*. 3) Only 1% of cases are due to postfertilization mitotic error. | 31 | |
| 10177307733 | The 5 A's of Down syndrome: | 1) *A*dvanced maternal age 2) *A*tresia (duodenal) 3) *A*trioventricular septal defect 4) *A*lzheimer disease (early onset) 5) *A*ML/*A*LL | 32 | |
| 10177264403 | Down syndrome - Diagnosis | 1) First-trimester ultrasound: *Increased nuchal translucency* and hypoplastic nasal bone 2) 2nd trimester serum markers: *HI* up -β *h*CG: *high* -*I*nhibin A: *high* -AFP: *low* -Estriol: *low* | 33 | |
| 10177266154 | Edwards syndrome - Presentation | *PRINCE* Edward: -*P*rominent occiput -*R*ocker-bottom feet -*I*ntellectual disability -*N*ondisjunction -*C*lenched fists (with overlapping fingers) -low-set *E*ars -*micrognathia* (small jaw) -*congenital heart disease* -omphalocele | 34 | |
| 10177346321 | Edwards syndrome- Diagnosis | 2nd trimester serum markers: -β hCG: *low* -AFP: *low* -Estriol: low | 35 | |
| 10177346322 | Patau syndrome - Presentation | 1) micro*P*hthalmia 2) microce*P*haly 3) holo*P*rosencephaly 4) cleft li*P*/*P*alate 5) *P*olydactyly 6) cutis a*P*lasia 7) *P*olycystic kidney disease 8) Om*P*halocele 9) congenital heart disease (*P*ump) 10) severe intellectual disability 11) rockerbottom feet | 36 | |
| 10177381896 | Patau syndrome - Diagnosis | 1st trimester serum markers: -β hCG: *low* -PAPP-A: *low* | 37 | |
| 10181675519 | -Chromosomal translocation that commonly involves chromosome pairs 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22. -One of the most common types of translocation. -Occurs when the long arms of 2 acrocentric chromosomes (chromosomes with centromeres near their ends) fuse at the centromere and the 2 short arms are lost. | Robertsonian translocation | 38 | |
| 10181680431 | Congenital deletion on short arm of chromosome 5 (46,XX or XY, 5p−). Findings: -microcephaly -moderate to severe intellectual disability -high-pitched crying/meowing -epicanthal folds -cardiac abnormalities (VSD). | Cri-du-chat syndrome | 39 | |
| 10181682602 | Congenital microdeletion of long arm of chromosome 7 (deleted region includes elastin gene). Findings: -distinctive "elfin" facies -well-developed verbal skills -extreme friendliness with strangers -intellectual disability -hypercalcemia -cardiovascular problems (eg, supravalvular aortic stenosis, renal artery stenosis) | Williams syndrome |  | 40 |
| 10181689000 | 22q11 *microdeletion* syndromes | 1) *DiGeorge* syndrome: thymic, parathyroid, and cardiac defects. 2) *Velocardiofacial* syndrome: *palate*, cardiac and facial defects. | 41 | |
| 10181692497 | 22q11 *microdeletion* syndromes due to ........... | aberrant development of *3rd* and *4th* branchial (pharyngeal) *pouches* | 42 | |
| 10181696759 | DiGeorge syndrome - Presentation/Findings | 1) Thymic aplasia --- *T-cell deficiency* 2) Failure of parathyroid development --- hypocalcemia. 3) Cardiac defects (*Truncus arteriosus*, *tetralogy of Fallot*) | 43 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13873404730 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 13873404731 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 13873404732 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 13873404733 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 13873404734 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 13873404735 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 13873404736 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 13873404737 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 13873404738 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 13873404739 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 13873404740 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 13873404741 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 13873404742 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 13873404743 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 13873404744 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 13873404745 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 13873404746 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 13873404747 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 13873404748 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 13873404749 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 13873404750 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 13873404751 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 13873404752 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 13873404753 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 13873404754 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 13873404755 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 13873404756 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 13873404757 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 13873404758 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 13873404759 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 13873404760 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 13873404761 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 13873404762 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 13873404763 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 13873404764 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 13873404765 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 13873404766 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 13873404767 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 13873404768 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 13873404769 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 13873404770 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 13873404771 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 13873404772 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 13873404964 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 13873404773 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 13873404774 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 13873404775 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 13873404776 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 13873404777 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 13873404778 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 13873404779 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 13873404780 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 13873404781 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 13873404782 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 13873404783 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 13873404784 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 13873404785 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 13873404786 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 13873404787 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 13873404788 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 13873404789 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 13873404790 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 13873404791 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 13873404792 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 13873404793 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 13873404794 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 13873404795 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 13873404796 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 13873404797 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 13873404798 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 13873404799 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 13873404800 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 13873404801 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 13873404802 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 13873404803 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 13873404804 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 13873404805 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 13873404806 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 13873404807 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 13873404808 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 13873404809 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 13873404810 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 13873404811 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 13873404812 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 13873404813 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 13873404814 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 13873404815 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 13873404816 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 13873404817 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 13873404818 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 13873404819 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 13873404820 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 13873404821 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 13873404822 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 13873404823 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 13873404824 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 13873404825 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 13873404826 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 13873404827 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 13873404828 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 13873404829 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 13873404830 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 13873404831 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 13873404832 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 13873404833 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 13873404834 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 13873404835 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 13873404836 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 13873404837 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 13873404838 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 13873404839 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 13873404840 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 13873404841 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 13873404842 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 13873404843 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 13873404844 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 13873404845 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 13873404846 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 13873404847 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 13873404848 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 13873404849 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 13873404850 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 13873404851 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 13873404852 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 13873404853 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 13873404854 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 13873404855 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 13873404856 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 13873404857 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 13873404858 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 13873404859 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 13873404860 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 13873404861 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 13873404862 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 13873404863 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 13873404864 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 13873404865 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 13873404866 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 13873404867 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 13873404868 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 13873404869 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 13873404870 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 13873404871 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 13873404872 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 13873404873 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 13873404874 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 13873404875 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 13873404876 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 13873404877 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 13873404878 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 13873404879 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 13873404880 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 13873404881 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 13873404882 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 13873404883 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 13873404884 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 13873404885 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 13873404886 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 13873404887 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 13873404888 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 13873404889 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 13873404890 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 13873404891 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 13873404892 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 13873404893 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 13873404894 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 13873404895 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 13873404896 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 13873404897 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 13873404898 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 13873404899 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 13873404900 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 13873404901 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 13873404902 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 13873404903 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 13873404904 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 13873404905 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 13873404906 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 13873404907 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 13873404908 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 13873404909 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 13873404910 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 13873404911 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 13873404912 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 13873404913 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 13873404914 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 13873404915 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 13873404916 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 13873404917 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 13873404918 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 13873404919 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 13873404920 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 13873404921 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 13873404922 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 13873404923 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 13873404924 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 13873404925 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 13873404926 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 13873404927 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 13873404928 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 13873404929 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 13873404930 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 13873404931 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 13873404932 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 13873404933 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 13873404934 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 13873404935 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 13873404936 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 13873404937 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 13873404938 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 13873404939 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 13873404940 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 13873404941 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 13873404942 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 13873404943 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 13873404944 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 13873404945 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 13873404946 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 13873404947 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 13873404948 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 13873404949 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 13873404950 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 13873404951 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 13873404952 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 13873404953 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 13873404954 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 13873404955 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 13873404956 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 13873404957 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 13873404958 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 13873404959 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 13873404960 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 13873404961 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 13873404962 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 13873404963 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
Flashcards
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13743487953 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 13743487954 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 13743487955 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 13743487956 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 13743487957 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 13743487958 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 13743487959 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 13743487960 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 13743487961 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 13743487962 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 13743487963 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 13743487964 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 13743487965 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 13743487966 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 13743487967 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 13743487968 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 13743487969 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 13743487970 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 13743487971 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 13743487972 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 13743487973 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 13743487974 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 13743487975 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 13743487976 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 13743487977 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 13743487978 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 13743487979 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 13743487980 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 13743487981 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 13743487982 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 13743487983 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 13743487984 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 13743487985 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 13743487986 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 13743487987 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 13743487988 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 13743487989 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 13743487990 | bell curve | (natural curve) | | 37 |
| 13743487991 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 13743487992 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 13743487993 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 13743487994 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 13743487995 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 13743488187 | neuron | | 43 | |
| 13743487996 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 13743487997 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 13743487998 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 13743487999 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 13743488000 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 13743488001 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 13743488002 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 13743488003 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 13743488004 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 13743488005 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 13743488006 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 13743488007 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 13743488008 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 13743488009 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 13743488010 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 13743488011 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 13743488012 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 13743488013 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 13743488014 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 13743488015 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 13743488016 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 13743488017 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 13743488018 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 13743488019 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 13743488020 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 13743488021 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 13743488022 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 13743488023 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 13743488024 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 13743488025 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 13743488026 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 13743488027 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 13743488028 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 13743488029 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 13743488030 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 13743488031 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 13743488032 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 13743488033 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 13743488034 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 13743488035 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 13743488036 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 13743488037 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 13743488038 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 13743488039 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 13743488040 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 13743488041 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 13743488042 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 13743488043 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 13743488044 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 13743488045 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 13743488046 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 13743488047 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 13743488048 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 13743488049 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 13743488050 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 13743488051 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 13743488052 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 13743488053 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 13743488054 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 13743488055 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 13743488056 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 13743488057 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 13743488058 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 13743488059 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 13743488060 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 13743488061 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 13743488062 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 13743488063 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 13743488064 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 13743488065 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 13743488066 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 13743488067 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 13743488068 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 13743488069 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 13743488070 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 13743488071 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 13743488072 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 13743488073 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 13743488074 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 13743488075 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 13743488076 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 13743488077 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 13743488078 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 13743488079 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 13743488080 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 13743488081 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 13743488082 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 13743488083 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 13743488084 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 13743488085 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 13743488086 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 13743488087 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 13743488088 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 13743488089 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 13743488090 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 13743488091 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 13743488092 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 13743488093 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 13743488094 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 13743488095 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 13743488096 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 13743488097 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 13743488098 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 13743488099 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 13743488100 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 13743488101 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 13743488102 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 13743488103 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 13743488104 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 13743488105 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 13743488106 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 13743488107 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 13743488108 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 13743488109 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 13743488110 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 13743488111 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 13743488112 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 13743488113 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 13743488114 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 13743488115 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 13743488116 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 13743488117 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 13743488118 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 13743488119 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 13743488120 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 13743488121 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 13743488122 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 13743488123 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 13743488124 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 13743488125 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 13743488126 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 13743488127 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 13743488128 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 13743488129 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 13743488130 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 13743488131 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 13743488132 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 13743488133 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 13743488134 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 13743488135 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 13743488136 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 13743488137 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 13743488138 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 13743488139 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 13743488140 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 13743488141 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 13743488142 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 13743488143 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 13743488144 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 13743488145 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 13743488146 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 13743488147 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 13743488148 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 13743488149 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 13743488150 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 13743488151 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 13743488152 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 13743488153 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 13743488154 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 13743488155 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 13743488156 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 13743488157 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 13743488158 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 13743488159 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 13743488160 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 13743488161 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 13743488162 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 13743488163 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 13743488164 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 13743488165 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 13743488166 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 13743488167 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 13743488168 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 13743488169 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 13743488170 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 13743488171 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 13743488172 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 13743488173 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 13743488174 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 13743488175 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 13743488176 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 13743488177 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 13743488178 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 13743488179 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 13743488180 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 13743488181 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 13743488182 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 13743488183 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 13743488184 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 13743488185 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 13743488186 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13749232266 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 13749232267 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 13749232268 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 13749232269 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 13749232270 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 13749232271 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 13749232272 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 13749232273 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 13749232274 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 13749232275 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 13749232276 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 13749232277 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 13749232278 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 13749232279 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 13749232280 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 13749232281 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 13749232282 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 13749232283 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 13749232284 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 13749232285 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 13749232286 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 13749232287 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 13749232288 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 13749232289 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 13749232290 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 13749232291 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 13749232292 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 13749232293 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 13749232294 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 13749232295 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 13749232296 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 13749232297 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 13749232298 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 13749232299 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 13749232300 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 13749232301 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 13749232302 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 13749232303 | bell curve | (natural curve) | | 37 |
| 13749232304 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 13749232305 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 13749232306 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 13749232307 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 13749232308 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 13749232502 | neuron | | 43 | |
| 13749232309 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 13749232310 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 13749232311 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 13749232312 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 13749232313 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 13749232314 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 13749232315 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 13749232316 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 13749232317 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 13749232318 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 13749232319 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 13749232320 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 13749232321 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 13749232322 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 13749232323 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 13749232324 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 13749232325 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 13749232326 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 13749232327 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 13749232328 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 13749232329 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 13749232330 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 13749232331 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 13749232332 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 13749232333 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 13749232334 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 13749232335 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 13749232336 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 13749232337 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 13749232338 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 13749232339 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 13749232340 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 13749232341 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 13749232342 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 13749232343 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 13749232344 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 13749232345 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 13749232346 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 13749232347 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 13749232348 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 13749232349 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 13749232350 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 13749232351 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 13749232352 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 13749232353 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 13749232354 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 13749232355 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 13749232356 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 13749232357 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 13749232358 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 13749232359 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 13749232360 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 13749232361 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 13749232362 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 13749232363 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 13749232364 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 13749232365 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 13749232366 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 13749232367 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 13749232368 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 13749232369 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 13749232370 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 13749232371 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 13749232372 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 13749232373 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 13749232374 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 13749232375 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 13749232376 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 13749232377 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 13749232378 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 13749232379 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 13749232380 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 13749232381 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 13749232382 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 13749232383 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 13749232384 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 13749232385 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 13749232386 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 13749232387 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 13749232388 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 13749232389 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 13749232390 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 13749232391 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 13749232392 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 13749232393 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 13749232394 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 13749232395 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 13749232396 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 13749232397 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 13749232398 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 13749232399 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 13749232400 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 13749232401 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 13749232402 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 13749232403 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 13749232404 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 13749232405 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 13749232406 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 13749232407 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 13749232408 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 13749232409 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 13749232410 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 13749232411 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 13749232412 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 13749232413 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 13749232414 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 13749232415 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 13749232416 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 13749232417 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 13749232418 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 13749232419 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 13749232420 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 13749232421 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 13749232422 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 13749232423 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 13749232424 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 13749232425 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 13749232426 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 13749232427 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 13749232428 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 13749232429 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 13749232430 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 13749232431 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 13749232432 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 13749232433 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 13749232434 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 13749232435 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 13749232436 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 13749232437 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 13749232438 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 13749232439 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 13749232440 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 13749232441 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 13749232442 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 13749232443 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 13749232444 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 13749232445 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 13749232446 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 13749232447 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 13749232448 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 13749232449 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 13749232450 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 13749232451 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 13749232452 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 13749232453 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 13749232454 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 13749232455 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 13749232456 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 13749232457 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 13749232458 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 13749232459 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 13749232460 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 13749232461 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 13749232462 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 13749232463 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 13749232464 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 13749232465 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 13749232466 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 13749232467 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 13749232468 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 13749232469 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 13749232470 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 13749232471 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 13749232472 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 13749232473 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 13749232474 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 13749232475 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 13749232476 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 13749232477 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 13749232478 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 13749232479 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 13749232480 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 13749232481 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 13749232482 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 13749232483 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 13749232484 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 13749232485 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 13749232486 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 13749232487 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 13749232488 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 13749232489 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 13749232490 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 13749232491 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 13749232492 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 13749232493 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 13749232494 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 13749232495 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 13749232496 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 13749232497 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 13749232498 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 13749232499 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
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