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AP Biology - Cellular Energetics Flashcards

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8209094191BioenergeticsIt is the study of how cells release and store energy in chemical bonds to carry out the necessary life processes. It is the study of how energy from the sun is transformed into energy in living things.0
8209094192Chemical Reaction vs EnergyEvery chemical reaction involves a change in energy. Energy is used to create bonds and is released to create bonds. Energy must be first inputed to break chemical bonds to release energy. Enzymes help in this process.1
8209094193EnzymesThey are organic catalysts that speed up the rate of a reaction without changing the reaction itself. They lower the activation energy required and enable the reaction to happen a lot faster.2
8209094194Exergonic ReactionsThey are reactions where the products have less energy than the reactants meaning that energy was lost during the reaction.3
8209094195Endergonic ReactionThey are reactions where the products have more energy than the reactants meaning that they have gained energy during the reaction.4
8209094196Activation EnergyIt is the energy needed to start a reaction. Even in exergonic reactions where energy is released, there is an activation energy required.5
8209094197Enzyme SpecificityEach enzyme only catalyzes one reaction. The enzyme would only bind to one molecule or substrate and usually the enzyme is named after it. The enzyme for maltose is called maltase. Usually the name ends with the suffix -ase.6
8209094198Enzyme-Substrate ComplexDuring a reaction, the enzyme must bring molecules together. It does this at it's active site and when the substrate and enzyme is bound together, it is called an enzyme-substrate complex. After the product is made, the enzyme is free to bind with other substrates.7
8209094199Functions of EnzymesThey... - increase the rate of reaction by lowering the reactions' activation energy - form temporary enzyme-substrate complexes - remain unaffected by the reaction They don't... - change the reaction - make reactions occur that wouldn't otherwise occur8
8209094200Induced FitSometimes, the substrate doesn't fit perfectly with the enzyme and thus the enzyme must change shape to fit the substrate.9
8209094201CoenzymesThey are there to help the enzyme with catalyzing reactions. Organic coenzymes include vitamins, and they are used to accept electrons and pass them along. NAD+ and NADP+ are examples. Inorganic helpers are called cofactors and they are usually metal ions such as Fe+2.10
8209094202Factors in Reaction RatesThere are 3 factors in the reaction rates: temperature, pH and the concentration of substrate and enzyme.11
8209094203TemperatureThe rate of reaction increases with temperature to a point where the enzyme becomes denatured because of heat (usually above 42 C). The increased temperature increases the chance of molecules colliding and thus increases the rate of reaction. Human enzymes usually work best at 37 C12
8209094204pHMost enzymes work best at a pH of 7. Other enzymes work at a very low pH such as pepsin, the digestive enzyme which works best in a pH of 2. All enzymes are active over a narrow range of pH.13
8209094205Enzyme RegulationEnzymes are regulated by changing the shape of the enzyme.14
8209094206Allosteric SitesThey are binding sites other than the active site in which an allosteric regulator can bind to change the shape of the enzyme to either activate it or deactivate it.15
8209094207Allosteric RegulatorThey are molecules that bind to the allosteric site on an enzyme to change it's shape. There are two types of regulators, allosteric inhibitors that makes the enzyme inactive and allosteric activator binds to an enzyme and changes its shape to its active form.16
8209094208Feedback InhibitionIt is when the enzyme catalyzes a reaction whose end product that inhibits a previous reaction that involves that enzyme.17
8209094209Competitive InhibitionIt is when a substance that is similar in shape to the substrate is able to bind to the active site of an enzyme and thus prevent it from further binding to substrates.18
8209094210Noncompetitive InhibitionIt is when an inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site and thus changes the shape of the enzyme so that it can no longer bind to substrates.19
8209094211First Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy cannot be created or destroyed, the sum of energy in the world is constant.20
8209094212Second Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy transfer leads to less organization and the universe tends towards disorder or entropy.21
8209094213Adenosine TriphosphateIt is the "currency" in cells that help make everything run. ATP is ADP + P + energy and thus when the third phosphate is broken off, energy can be released. Cells also store energy in ATP in the phosphate bonds.22
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AP Human Geography: Development Flashcards

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13246430327Consumer goodscommodities bought and used by consumers, not manufacturers for producing other goods.0
13246430328Core-periphery modelModel of the distribution of wealth and development. MDC = core, LDC = periphery.1
13246430329Crude birth ratenumber of live births per 1000 people per year per year. Crude = does not take into account age/sex of said 1000 people.2
13246430330Dependency TheoryNotion that resources flow from periphery to wealthy core, enriching latter at expense of the former. $ = power = int' influence = dependent places3
13246430331Developed countrywealthier core country4
13246430332Developmentprocess of improvement in the material conditions of people thru diffusion of knowledge and technology. Involves full realization and application of resources. can be measured by literacy, education, women's rights, life expectancy, GNP per capita, caloric intake, infant mortality rate, economic status...5
13246430333Energy consumptionuse of energy for light/heat/power/raw material input to manufacturing process. Can be measured. Ex: China consumes 1/2 of the worlds coal produced each year.6
13246430334Essential goods and servicesitems and services required to sustain health/life. Goods - food, water, fuel.. Services - hospital, electricity, police/firefighting/emergency responders services... They are not allowed to go on strike or anything because they are essential personnel to the public.7
13246430335Export Processing ZonesEPZ. Zones established in which favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements are made to attract foreign trade and investment8
13246430336Foreign Direct Investmentinvestment by foreign companies in another country's economy9
13246430337Formal Economy'legal' economy taxed and monitored by gov't, is included in GNP.10
13246430338GenderA socially and culturally constructed set of distinctions between masculine and feminine sets of behaviors that is promoted and expected by society. Male vs Female. vary greatly over time and space.11
13246430339Gender Empowerment MeasureGEM. Compares ability of men/women to participate in economic/political decisions12
13246430340Gender Inequality IndexGII. measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality. UN created. Takes into account labor, empowerment, and reproductive health.13
13246430341Gender Related Development IndexGDI. Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.14
13246430342GISgeographic information system. layers on computer to analyze data. acquired thru remote sensing.15
13246430343GDPGross Domestic Product. total value of all goods/services produced in a country in a year. Doesn't include moving/overseas $.16
13246430344GNPGross National Product, total value of all goods/services with some adjustments, include income received from abroad.17
13246430345HDIHuman Development Index. statistic to rank countries into high, middle, or low development based on economic factor (GDP per capita), social factors (literacy rate + amount of education), and demographic factor (life expectancy).18
13246430346Globalizationincreasing uniformity of the world because of diffusion19
13246430347Infant mortality ratenumber of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1000 live births. High # = LDC.20
13246430348Informal sectoruntaxed, unregulated, unmonitored. not included in GNP or GDP.21
13246430349International Monetary Fund188-country organization working to foster int'l money cooperation, financial stability, int'l trade, higher employment, lower poverty, sustainable growth22
13246430350Less developed countryperiphery. "emerging."23
13246430351Literacyability to read and write by age 1524
13246430352measures of developmentbenchmark process to achieving optimal health and wellbeing. physicla, biological, social, educational, mental, emotional, economic, cultural components25
13246430353Microcredit programprogram that provides small loans to the poor, especially women, to encourage small business development26
13246430354More developed countryseriously do i even have to make this one. wealthier core country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development27
13246430355NeocolonialismDomination by a powerful usually Western nation of another nation that's politically independent but has a weak economy dependent on trade with the Western nation.28
13246430356NGONon governmental organization: int'l organization operating outside political arena but are still influential upon social/environmental/economic issues. Ex: Greenpeace, Red Cross29
13246430357Primary sectordirect extraction of resources - agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry30
13246430358Quaternary sector jobshighly skilled, information based acitivities- management, lawyers, scientific companies31
13246430359Quinary sector jobsleadership in quaternary sector jobs. think like ceo kinda.32
13246430360Rostow's development modelThe five stage system that explains how nations move through development33
13246430361Stage one (rdw)Traditional society- subsistant agriculture, acitivities not helping w/ development like military and religion34
13246430362stage two (rdw)Investment: pre takeoff- limited investment in technology, infrastructure, water, irrigation35
13246430363stage 3 (rdw)Take off/success- limited # of industries are successful to compete globally. Ex: textiles, agriculture. Remainder of economy is still traditional36
13246430364Stage 4 (rdw)Maturity- tech. diffuses, rapid growth, skilled educated labor force37
13246430365stage 5 (rdw)Mass production - shift form heavy industry like steel, energy to consumer goods38
13246430366Scalegraduated range of values for grading size. just a refresher, small scale maps show large land area w/ less detail, large scale maps show small land area w/ much detail39
13246430367secondary sectorportion of economy concerned with manufacturing, processing, assembling raw materials40
13246430368Structural adjustment programprogram to reform economic structure, imposed by int' agencies on ldcs to encourage int'l trade by increasing taxes, lowering gov't spending, charging more, controlling inflation, more private corporations.41
13246430369structural adjustment loansloans granted by international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to countries in the periphery and the semi-periphery in exchange for certain economic and governmental reforms in that country (e.g. privatization of certain government entities and opening the country to foreign trade and investment)42
13246430370technology transferThe diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or retention of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society.43
13246430371technology gapcontrast of tech available in core vs periphery44
13246430372tertiary sectorThe portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.45
13246430373third worldThe developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. includees capitalist venezuela, communist n. korea, rich saudi arabia, poor mali, etc46
13246430374transition economiesplanned economy moving to market-oriented system. Ex: post USSR Russia + satellite states47
13246430375trickle down/spread effectdiffusion of benefits of economic growth and prosperity from core to periphery. opposite is bottom up effect when periphery is made developed first48
13246430376value addedthe gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.49
13246430377world bankA development assistance organization, composed of 185 member countries which are its joint owners, that extends long-term credit to developing country governments for the purpose of promoting economic development and structural changes. It consists of two organizations: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association.50
13246430378world systems theoryWallerstein's theory of the core, semi-periphery, periphery, and external areas. The core benefited the most from the development of a capitalist world economy. THe semi-perihpery was the buffer between the core and periphery. The periphery are states that lack strong central governments or are controlled by other states. External areas are states that maintained their own economic system and for the most part, remained outside of the capitalist world economy51
13246430379world trade organizationWTO. Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly52
13246430380Brandt LineThe Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the North-South divide between their economies, based on GDP per capita, proposed by Willy Brandt in the 1980s53
13246430381BRICSBRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.54
13246430382Comparative Advantagethe ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity.55
13246430383economic indicatorsmeasure economic performance56
13246430384economic developmentThe improvement of living standards by economic growth.57
13246430385Import Substitutiongovernment policy of encouraging local manufacturers to produce goods that would replace imports58
13246430386International Division of Laborthe spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries59
13246430387subsistance economya type of economy in which human groups live off the land with little or no surplus60
13246430388sustainable developmenteconomic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources61
13246430389uneven developmentthe unequal distribution of people, resources, and wealth that is a fundamental characteristic of human geography. Uneven development is evident at the global, regional, national, and urban scales.62
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AP Insect Groups Flashcards

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13536781365BlattodeaFlat body fast runners0
13536781366ColeopteraTwo pairs of wings one adapted as tough shell.1
13536781367DermapteraTwo pair of wings pinchers at back2
13536781368DipteraScavengers and parasites have one pair of wings3
13536781369HemipteraShield Shape two pairs of wings.4
13536781370HymenopteraHave two sets of wings some have stinging organs5
13536781371IsopteraEat wood, live in really big colonies pairs of wings6
13536781372LepidopteraLong abdomen long proboscis for feeding from flowers.7
13536781373OdonataBegin life in streams and metamorphose into dragonflies.8
13536781374OrthopteraBack legs adapted for jumping generally eat grass.9
13536781375PhasmatodeaLook like walking sticks10
13536781376PhthirapteraEctoparasite live in hair or feathers11
13536781377SiphonapteraSucking mouthparts, really well modified legs for jumping.12
13536781378ThysanuraSoft flat bodied insects live in damp areas detritivores.13
13536781379TrichopteraLive in streams making houses from debris. Mature into flies14
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APES Review Flashcards

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13222954208largest producers of solid waste in USagriculture, industry, mining0
13222958218municipal solid wastesolid materials discarded by homes, office buildings, retail stores, schools etc1
13222974597most common method of solid waste disposalsanitary landfills2
13222978567problems associated with landfillsmethane gas produced by microorganisms, contamination of surface water and groundwater by leachate (water tainted with pollutants), not a long term remedy, few new facilities being opened, closing a full landfill is very expensive3
13222992125disposal of tiresmade from non recyclable materials; tire fires that start are extremely difficult to put out and release toxins into the air4
13223002086problems with incinerationproduction of hazardous air pollutants (carbon monoxide, particulates, heavy metals); bottom ash (slag) and fly ash are byproducts5
13223026289source reductionthe reduction for he amount/toxicity of waste at or before the point of generation; products designed and manufactured to decrease the volume of solid waste; reuse and recycle wastes at the plant where they are generated6
13223045966refillable glass bottlescan be used to make "glasphalt"; isn't used because its expensive7
13223055462aluminum cansMost successful recycling program8
13223058057plastic recyclingmost plastics are mixed and difficult to recycle; chemically stable so they do not readily break down and decompose9
13223066855fungicidekills fungi10
13223069179herbicidekill or inhibit the growth of unwanted vegetation11
13223074821insecticidekills insects12
13223077046rodenticidekills rodents13
13223077047genetic resistancePest populations are evolving resistance to pesticides14
13223110824problems with pesticidescost increasing; have to start applying more and stronger pesticides and effectiveness continues to decrease; imbalances the ecosystem; they don't stay where they are applied15
13223128969Bioaccumulationthe buildup of a persistent pesticide or other toxic substance in an organism's body16
13223133451Biomagnificationincrease concentration of toxic chemicals in tissues of organisms at high trophic levels17
13223145464broad spectrum pesticidea pesticide that kills a variety of organisms not just the targeted organisms18
13223155496narrow spectrum pesticidea pesticide that is species specific to kill only the targeted organisms19
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APES Forestry and Rangelands Flashcards

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11884568559land managementLand management is involved when humans think about and choose certain ways to use land that have less negative effects on the environment and more positive effects on production, transportation, and general use.0
11884574324RangelandsGrasslands and open woodlands suitable for livestock grazing1
11884578495Forestsland dominated by trees and other woody vegetation and sometimes used for commercial logging2
11884583386National Forestarea of federally-owned land where logging and grazing are permitted under more heavily-managed conditions3
11884587563Federal Rangelandsrangelands managed by the United States Government of about 770 million total acres4
11884592197Primary forestnatural forest uncut by people5
11884598418Secondary ForestA forest that has regrown after harvesting. Usually cut over and over in the same spot (no big trees)6
11884602350US Forest ServiceA federal agency that manages public lands in national forests and grassland7
11884614617National Forest Serviceestablished to oversee areas of forest and grassland that were in danger (1905)8
11884628544OvergrazingDestruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover9
11884634149DeforestationThe removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.10
11884638689Forest FiresSurface, Crown, Ground (in order) usually burn only under growth and leaf litter on forest floor; hot fires, may start on ground but eventually leap from treetop to treetop; go underground, may smolder for days or weeks, difficult to detect and extinguish, i.e. peat bogs.11
11884642272Clear CuttingThe process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once12
11884654161selective cuttingthe removal of select trees in an area; this leaves the majority of the habitat in place and has less of an impact on the ecosystem.13
11884661164Economic values of foreststimber for lumber and fuel source of food raw material for many medicines14
11884671558seed-tree cuttingRemoval of nearly all trees on a site in one cutting, with a few seed-producing trees left uniformly distributed to regenerate the forest15
11884676884shelterwood cuttingthe practice of cutting dead and less desirable trees first and later cutting mature trees16
11884690089multiple use policynational forests are to be managed for recreation, habitat, minerals, and other uses17
11884694184National Forest Management ActLegislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 1976, mandating that plans for renewable resource management be drawn up for every national forest.18
11884699406prescribed burnA fire deliberately set under controlled conditions in order to reduce the accumulation of dead biomass on a forest floor19
11884702843healthy forest restoration actact passed in 2003 that allows timber companies to cut down economically valuable medium size and large trees in 71% of the country's national forests in return for clearing away smaller, more fire prone trees and underbrush20
11884707348salvage loggingthe removal of dead trees following a natural disturbance21
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