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AP Psychology (Abnormal Psychology) Flashcards

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13063965426	Narcissistic personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance	0
13063965427	Dissociative Disorders	disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings	1
13063965428	Anxiety	a vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some (usually ill-defined) misfortune	2
13063965429	Abnormal Psychology	The field of psychology concerned with the assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior.	3
13063965432	Neurotic disorders	mental disorders in which a person does not have signs of brain abnormalities and does not display grossly irrational thinking or violate basic norms but does eperience subjective distress; a category dropped from DSM-III	4
13063965434	Psychotic Disorders	psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions.	5
13063965438	phobia	an anxiety disorder characterized by extreme and irrational fear of simple things or social situations	6
13063965439	generalized anxiety disorder	an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling of light-headedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months	7
13063965440	panic disorder	an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations	8
13063965441	obsessive-compulsive disorder	An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).	9
13063965442	posttraumatic stress disorder	an anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events and characterized by such symptoms as survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in dreams, numbness and lack of involvement with reality, or recurrent thoughts and images	10
13063965443	agoraphobia	a morbid fear of open spaces (as fear of being caught alone in some public place)	11
13063965444	compulsions	repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce or prevent stress	12
13063965445	obsessions	repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable irrational thoughts or mental images that cause extreme anxiety and distress	13
13063965446	Somatoform Disorders	class of psychological disorders involving physical ailments or complaints that cannot be explained by organic causes	14
13063965447	hypochondriasis	A somatoform disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about developing physical illnesses.	15
13063965448	conversion disorders	Somatoform disorders in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause but instead seems related to psychological problems	16
13063965450	fugue	dissociative disorder in which a person forgets who who they are and leaves home to creates a new life	17
13063965451	dissociative identity disorder	a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.(DID)	18
13063965454	Major depression	disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest	19
13063965455	dysthymic disorder	a mood disorder involving a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least two years	20
13063965456	seasonal affective disorder	Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions.	21
13063965457	Affective Disorders	Conditions is which feelings of sadness or elation are excessive, and not realistic, given the person's life conditions.	22
13063965458	mania	An intense or extreme enthusiasm or excitement.	23
13063965459	Personality Disorders	psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning	24
13063965460	Antisocial personality	personality who lacks a conscience, is emotionally shallow, impulsive, and selfish, and tends to manipulate others	25
13063965461	Histrionic personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior	26
13063965462	Dependent personality disorder	personality disorder in which the person is unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone	27
13063965463	Paranoid personality disorder	A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of the motives of others without sufficient basis	28
13063965464	Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder	personality disorder defined by a pervasive pattern of orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control. workaholics, intolerant of emotional behavior of other people.	29
13063965465	Schizophrenia	group of disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions	30
13063965466	Positive Symptom	A symptom of schizophrenia, including thought disorder, delusions, and hallucinations. ADD	31
13063965467	Delusions	false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders	32
13063965468	delusions of grandeur	A false belief that one is a famous person or a powerful or important person who has some great knowledge, ability, or authority. Schizophrenia.	33
13063965469	delusions of prosecution	belief that somebody is out to get you	34
13063965470	Hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus	35
13063965471	Inappropriate effect	Display of emotions that are unsuited to the situation; a symptom of schizophrenia.	36
13063965472	Negative Symptom	symptom that reflects insufficient functioning, functions that have been lost (ex: social withdrawal, slowness of thought/speech)	37
13063965473	Flat effect	Abnormality of mood and affect., lack of emotional response; no expression of feeling; voice monotonous and face immobile	38
13063965476	Paranoid Schizophrenia	type of schizophrenia characterized by hallucinations and delusions of persecution or grandeur (or both), and sometimes irrational jealousy.	39
13063965477	Disorganized Schizophrenia	type of schizophrenia characterized by severely disturbed thought processes, frequent incoherence, disorganized behavior, and inappropriate affect. Usually found in Homeless people.	40
13063965479	Catatonic Schizophrenia:	a condition marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity(stupor) to random motor activity, also parrot behavior	41
13063965480	Undifferentiated Schizophrenia	diagnosis made when a person experiences schizophrenic symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, but does not meet criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic schizophrenia	42
13063965487	Anorexia Nervosa	an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.	43
13063965488	Bulimia Nervosa	an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise	44
13063965489	Substance Abuses	misuse of drugs that damages an individual's health and ability to function	45
13063965490	Purging	The use of vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise, restrictive dieting, enemas, diuretics, or diet pills to compensate for food that has been eaten and that the person fears will produce weight gain	46
13063965491	Binging	a period or bout, usually brief, of excessive indulgence, as in eating, drinking alcoholic beverages;bender, blast, jag, tear, bust, toot; orgy	47
13063965492	ADHD	Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity	48
13063965493	autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind	49
13063965494	Impulsiveness	difficulty waiting turn, organizing, following throught, not due to clear cognitive impairment	50
13063965495	Hyperactivity	a condition characterized by excessive restlessness and movement	51
13063965496	Inattention	non-responsiveness to task demands	52

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AP Exam Review Words Flashcards

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13814099356	political socialization	the process by which people gain their political attitudes and opinions (lifelong)	0
13814106017	Slander	the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation.	1
13814107040	Libel	A written defamation of a person's character, reputation, business, or property rights.	2
13814109209	Amendment 21 (1933)	Repealed prohibition and the 18th Amendment Only amendment to be proposed by 2/3 of the states.	3
13814115465	precedent	an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances.	4
13814120335	Keynesian economics	Economic theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.	5
13814122033	enumerated powers	The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution.	6
13814123686	concurrent powers	Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.	7
13814125483	pork barrel	the use of government funds for projects designed to please voters or legislators and win votes.	8
13814127383	Casework	Activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals; cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get	9
13814130095	Retrospective Model	a decision-making model that focuses on how decision makers attempt to rationalize their choices after they are made	10
13814131691	Formal Powers of the President	Veto power, command armed forces, pardoning power, appointment powers, make treaties, convene Congress	11
13814133070	Informal Powers of the President	The power to go public, power of persuasion, make executive agreements, issue executive orders, issue signing statements, create & use bureaucracy, personality and leadership, and make legislative proposals.	12
13814134352	trustee model	a model of representation in which a member of the House or Senate follows his or her own conscience when deciding issue positions	13
13814137876	Elastic Clause	Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.	14
13814139803	Necessary and Proper Clause	Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government	15
13814141007	Supremacy Clause	Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.	16
13814142473	Free Exercise Clause	A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.	17
13814144129	Establishment Clause	Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.	18
13814147064	mandatory spending	Federal spending required by law that continues without the need for annual approvals by Congress.	19
13814149203	discretionary spending	Federal spending on programs that are controlled through the regular budget process	20
13814151847	14th Amendment	Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws	21
13814153860	Amending the Constitution	Needs approval of two-thirds of Congress and three-fourths of the states	22
13814155126	Americans with Disabilities Act	Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.	23
13814156941	amicus curiae brief	Literally, a "friend of the court" brief, filed by an individual or organization to present arguments in addition to those presented by the immediate parties to a case.	24
13814157651	Articles of Confederation	A weak constitution that governed America during/after the Revolutionary War.	25
13814159854	Constitution	A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society	26
13814160999	Best budget predictor	the budget for last year plus or minus a small increment representing the rate of growth or shrinkage of revenues	27
13814162518	block grants	Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services	28
13814163615	Brown v. Board of Education	1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.	29
13814165547	Bureaucratic advantage over president	bureaucrats usually have continuity of service in the executive branch that the president lacks	30
13814166654	Candidate Centered Campaigns	Election campaigns and other political processes in which candidates, not political parties, have most of the initiative and influence.	31
13814168003	categorical grants-in-aid	Funds given by Congress to states and localities and that are earmarked by law for specific categories, such as education or crime prevention	32
13814169797	categorical grants	Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport	33
13814171812	Changes in presidential election processes (since 1960)	Popular vote does not equal electoral vote	34
13814182797	Checks and Balances	A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power	35
13814184461	Civil Rights Act of 1964	outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin	36
13814186632	Civil Rights Act of 1950	first civil rights legislation- equal rights in public places	37
13814188552	Clear and Present Danger	Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.	38
13814189914	closed rule	A procedural rule in the House of Representatives that prohibits any amendments to bills or provides that only members of the committee reporting the bill may offer amendments.	39
13814191208	Cloture Motion	Can end a filibuster - bring a bill to a vote	40
13814194706	Commerce Clause	The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.	41
13814198008	committee chairs	The most important influencers of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house.	42
13814199692	conference committee	Committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form.	43
13819636149	Conneticut Compromise	Bicameral Congress; House is based on state population, Senate with equal representation	44
13819640550	Virginia Plan	"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.	45
13819642961	New Jersey Plan	A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress	46
13819647674	3/5 Compromise	the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress	47
13819655174	enumerated powers	Powers given to the national government alone (listed in Constitutions)	48
13819675098	delegated powers	Powers specifically given to the federal government by the US Constitution, for example, the authority to print money.	49
13819677873	concurrent powers	Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.	50
13819683682	reserved powers	Powers given to the state government alone	51
13819695222	executive privilege	The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.	52
13819700329	Affirmative Action	A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities	53
13819707406	selective incorporation	The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and local governments.	54
13819717235	Recession	A slowdown in a nation's economy	55
13819725343	discount rate	The interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks	56
13819733110	reserve requirement	the percentage of deposits that banking institutions must hold in reserve	57
13819733111	free enterprise	Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference	58
13819736825	equality of opportunity	giving people an equal chance to succeed	59
13819741209	Congressional Incumbency Advantage	Congressmen have an advantage as incumbents because the people are already familiar with them and so are more likely to vote for them	60
13819784776	Congressional Oversight	Power used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations and budgets of executive departments and independent regulatory agencies, conduct investigations through committee hearings, and bring to the public's attention the need for public policy	61
13819789656	Congressional Powers	Article 2 Section 8 of constitution gives the legislature or congress 27 expressed powers. A few are: Declare War Raise and fund army Regulate trade and commerce Levy taxes Borrow Money Investigate activities Impeach President Make laws for execution of expressed powers Many implied powers as well	62
13819800483	standing committee	A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area	63
13819813227	Constituent Services	Services a congressperson provides for his/her constituents (ex., helping with government claims like social security & veterans benefits)	64
13819816993	Cooperative Federalism	A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly.	65
13819825422	Core Values	the primary or dominant values that are accepted throughout the organization	66
13819832794	political culture	an overall set of values widely shared within a society	67
13819836711	corporate lobbyists	Corporations often hire consulting firms to do their lobbying. Since a business' first priority is running its business, it often doesn't have the internal expertise or connections needed to find the right government official and fully examine all the issues and concerns that need to be addressed.	68
13819841413	critical election	An election when significant groups of voters change their traditional patterns of party loyalty.	69
13819846826	Delegates	representatives	70
13819854629	Devolution	the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states	71
13819863901	convention system	open meeting of political parties to select candidate, takes over caucus system	72
13819869568	district courts	the lowest federal courts; federal trials can be held only here	73
13819874025	appellate court	A court having jurisdiction to review cases and issues that were originally tried in lower courts.	74
13819878577	divided government	one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress	75
13819886062	Gerrymandering	Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.	76
13819886063	Griswold v. Connecticut	Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution	77
13819892203	Gitlow v. New York	established selective incorporation of the Bill of rights; states cannot deny freedom of speech; protected through the 14th amendment	78
13819892246	Roe v. Wade	(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy	79
13819895497	NYT v. Sullivan	Libel and slander are not protected, and you need to prove malicious intent.	80
13819899179	Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)	1966 law that allows citizens to obtain copies of most public records	81
13819902782	Group voting tendencies	Certain racial, economical, and gender groups are more likely to vote for a certain political party. In general, Jewish, Women, and Non-white people are more likely to vote Democrat while Wealthy men are more likely to vote Republican.	82
13819908917	horse race journalism	news coverage that focuses on who is ahead rather than on the issues	83
13819916589	Impeachment Process	Constitutional process for removing executive officers & judges for "treason, high crimes & misdemeanors" (whatever Congress thinks is impeachable). Two stages: (1) House decides to impeach (accuse) target (simple majority); (2) Senate holds trial to convict (2/3 majority). Andy Johnson and Bill Clinton were impeached but not convicted. Nixon resigned as Articles of Impeachment were being drafted!	84
13819922747	imprisonment without trial	Against Civil rights, being held without being charges (Due Process)	85
13819926869	incorportation doctrine	The legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.	86
13819930384	Incumbency reelection rate	Incumbency reelection rate is generally much higher than rookie politicians. Allows politicians to say they have made progress.	87
13819936651	independent regulatory commission	A government agency or commission with regulatory power whose independence is protected by Congress.	88
13819943823	Independent Regulatory Agencies	Federal regulatory agencies that are independent, thus not fully under the power of the president. Ex. Federal Trade Commission, Securities and Exchange Commission.	89
13819953838	independent regulatory commission	A government agency or commission with regulatory power whose independence is protected by Congress.	90
13819956958	Bias	A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.	91
13819956959	interest group	An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy	92
13819968394	political party	A group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy	93
13819968395	Iron Triangle	A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group	94
13819972742	judicial activism	An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)	95
13819977165	judicial activism	An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)	96
13819977167	judicial restraint	A judicial philosophy in which judges play minimal policymaking roles, leaving that duty strictly to the legislatures	97
13819979912	Judicial Review	Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws	98
13819983914	Marbury v. Madison	This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review	99

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Government in America Chapter 12 Flashcards

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9324481718	22nd Amendment	Limited presidents to two terms of office.	0
9324481719	25th Amendment	Permits the vice president to become acting president if the vice president ad the president's cabinet determine that the president is disabled, and it outlines how a recuperated president can reclaim the job.	1
9324481720	Impeachment	The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution.	2
9324481721	Watergate	The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the resignation of President Nixon under threat of impeachment.	3
9324481722	National Security Powers	Serve as Commander in Chief, make treaties to be approved by 2/3 of Senate, nominate ambassadors to be approved by majority of Senate, diplomatic head.	4
9324481723	Legislative Powers	Must give State of the Union, recommend legislation, convene Congress on extraordinary occasions, adjourn Congress if they cannot agree to adjourn, veto legislation.	5
9324481724	Administrative Powers	Ensure laws to be faithfully executed, nominate officials, request written opinions of administration, fill administration vacancies.	6
9324481725	Judicial Powers	Grange reprises and pardons for federal offenses and nominate judges to be approved by majority of Senate.	7
9324481726	Budgeting and Accounting Act of 1921	Established a national budget system and an independent audit of government accounts	8
9324481727	Executive Orders	Regulations originating with the executive branch, presidents can use them to control the bureaucracy. Carry the force of law.	9
9324481728	Vice President	President of Senate, sometimes selected to "Balance the Ticket"	10
9324481729	Cabinet	A group of presidential advisers not mentioned in the Constitution.	11
9324481730	National Security Council	The committee that links that president's foreign and military policy advisers.	12
9324481731	Council of Economic Advisers	A three member body appointed by the president to advise the president on economic policy.	13
9324481732	Office of Management and Budget	An office that prepares the president's budget and also advises the president on proposals from departments and agencies and helps review their proposed regulations.	14
9324481733	Chief of Staff	The senior staff officer of a service or command.	15
9324481734	Hierarchical	Key person at the top, makes sure underlings are doing their jobs.	16
9324481735	Wheel and Spokes	Surround president with many aids and talk through issues as a group.	17
9324481736	First Lady	Wife of the President, often becomes spokesperson on National Scene.	18
9324481737	Chief Legislator	The president has power to influence Congress in its lawmaking.	19
9324481738	Veto	The Constitutional power of the president to send a bill back to Congress with reasons for rejecting it.	20
9324481739	Pocket Veto	A type of veto occurring when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president and the president lets the bill die by neither signing nor vetoing it.	21
9324481740	Line-item Veto	Bill is taken all or nothing.	22
9324481741	Presidential Coattails	Voters cast votes for congressional candidates based on support of the president.	23
9324481742	Approval Rating	Presidential influence tied to public support.	24
9324481743	Electoral Mandate	An election win pushes Congress to follow the lead of the president.	25
9324481744	Honeymoon	Time following an election win where a president can hopefully push for legislation quickly.	26
9324481745	Chief Diplomat	President acts as the face of the country in foreign affairs.	27
9324481746	Executive Agreement	Normally noncontroversial agreements between countries.	28
9324481747	Commander in Chief	President is in charge of 1.4 million people in the armed forces.	29
9324481748	War Powers Resolution	A law passed in 1973, in reaction to American fighting in Vietnam and Cambodia, that requires presidents to consult with Congress whenever possible prior to using military force and no withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants an extension.	30
9324481749	Legislative Veto	A vote in Congress to override a presidential decision. It is believed that the Supreme Court would find this unconstitutional.	31
9324481750	Crisis	A sudden, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous event requiring the president to play the role of crisis manager.	32
9324481751	Bully Pulpit	Presidents can push public to support a bill which then influence policymakers.	33
9324481752	Bias	Favoring of or against one thing.	34

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AP Psychology: THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

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13031993536	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
13031993537	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
13031993538	Prototype	a standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)	2
13031993539	algorithm	a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem	3
13031993540	Heuristic	a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem	4
13031993541	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions	5
13031993542	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	6
13031993543	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	7
13031993544	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	8
13031993545	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
13031993546	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)	10
13031993547	Representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	11
13031993548	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	12
13031993549	Overconfidence	total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant	13
13031993550	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	14
13031993551	Intuition	instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)	15
13031993552	Framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	16
13031993553	Language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	17
13031993554	Phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	18
13031993555	Morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)	19
13031993556	Grammar	studies of the formation of basic linguistic units	20
13031993557	Semantics	the study of language meaning	21
13031993558	Syntax	the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	22
13031993559	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.	23
13031993560	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	24
13031993561	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	25
13031993562	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	26
13031993563	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	27
13031993564	Noam Chomsky	United States linguist whose theory of generative grammar redefined the field of linguistics (born 1928)	28
13031993565	B.F Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments	29
13031993566	Benjamin Whorf	Concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought	30