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ap final Flashcards

13763507782	functions of blood	transportation, regulation, protection	0
13763518309	Blood transports	oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and hormones	1
13763522183	blood regulates	homeostasis of all body fluids, pH, body temperature and water content of cells	2
13763530723	blood protects	against excessive loss by clotting and against infections through the use of white blood cells.	3
13763558171	Hemoglobin	The oxygen-carrying pigment found in red blood cells, a globular protein.	4
13763579699	how hemoglobin carries oxygen	each molecule is rich with iron, binds to oxygen in lungs and is carried throughout body	5
13763722979	antigens on red blood cells	An individuals blood type (A,B,AB,O) is determined by the presence or absence of	6
13763735839	antigens and white blood cells	The basis for most immune responses is the encounter between	7
13763742780	antibodies and white blood cells	These are the two parts of the body's immune system that fight foreign invaders.	8
13763831673	IgD antibodies	Monomer 0.2% of serum antibodies In blood, in lymph, and on B cells On B cells, initiate immune response Half-life = 3 days	9
13763841371	IgE antibodies	Monomer 0.002% of serum antibodies On mast cells, on basophils, and in blood Allergic reactions; lysis of parasitic worms Half-life = 2 days	10
13763855744	IgG antibodies	Monomer 80% of serum antibodies Fix complement In blood, lymph, and intestine Cross placenta Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn Half-life = 23 days	11
13763864459	IgM antibodies	Pentamer 5-10% of serum antibodies Fix complement In blood, in lymph, and on B cells Agglutinate microbes; first Ab produced in response to infection Half-life = 5 days	12
13763869609	IgA antibodies	Dimer 10-15% of serum antibodies In secretions Mucosal protection Half-life = 6 days	13
13763894390	myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells	all formed elements of blood	14
13763905134	hemoragic anemia	Loss through bleeding	15
13763908958	hemolitic anemia	breaking down red blood cells too fast	16
13763916755	aplastic anemia	failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow	17
13763922125	pericious anemia	lack of B12	18
13763935532	thalassemia anemia	hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin	19
13763940010	sickle cell anemia	a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape	20
13764025874	homeostatic mechanisms	body temperature, body fluid composition, blood sugar, gas concentrations, and blood pressure.	21
13764092420	Layers of the heart-from outside to the inside	-Parietal Pericardium -Epicardium -Myocardium -Endocardium	22
13764184658	chambers in heart contract first	left and right atrium	23
13764249552	chambers in heart contract second	left and right ventricles	24
13764288597	lub and dup sound of heart	valve closures	25
13764307691	heart valves		26
13764356132	Heart Blood Flow Pathway		27
13764378206	heart depolarization		28
13764412970	germinal center	bcells	29
13764434523	t cell boot camp	thymus	30
13764473051	Body's first line of defense	skin and mucous membranes	31
13764480955	Body's second line of defense	Operates when pathogens penetrate the skin or mucous membranes Composed of cells, antimicrobial chemicals, and processes Many of these components are contained or originate in the blood	32
13764494427	Body's third line of defense	Lymphocites, antibodies	33
13764507897	symptoms of inflammation	redness, heat, swelling, pain	34
13764522703	specific defenses	Immune functions directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other infectious agents.	35
13764527362	non-specific defenses	attack any antigen not recognized as 'self'	36
13764550115	membranes of the lungs	Visceral pleura (inner), parietal pleura (outer) region between membranes = interpleural space, contains thin layer of fluid pressure differential between interpleural space and lungs keeps the lung inflated and prevents collapse	37
13764592002	layers of respiratory membrane	-Thin layer of fluid lining the alveolus -Alveolar epithelium (simple squamous epithelium -Basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium -Thin interstitial space -Basement membrane of the capillary endothelium -Capillary endothelium composed of simple squamous epithelium	38
13764603414	atelectasis	collapsed lung	39
13764669146	pnuemothorax	air in the pleural cavity	40
13764720763	acini	structure in pancreas that secrete digestive juices into the duodenum	41
13764793039	islets	in the pancreas, produce glucagon	42
13764878300	small intestine	Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place	43
13764887393	Kupffer cells	macrophages in the liver	44
13764897949	Path of the digestion of the food	mouth teeth tongue pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus	45
13764966359	organic sources of energy	proteins, fats, and carbs	46
13764978392	most important in post absorptive state	maintaining blood glucose when not eating	47
13765040244	good lipids	HDL	48
13765066719	co2	glucose metabolism waste	49
13765204771	urea	waste product of protein metabolism	50
13765294292	ketone bodies	waste product of lipid metabolism	51
13765338958	Urine formation steps	glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion	52
13765357980	mascula densa	Modified cells in DCT that function as chemoreceptors or osmoreceptors. They are sensitive to the ionic content and water volume passing through the DCT, and would accordingly signal the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete rennin.	53
13765372424	juxtaglomerular cells	The cells of the afferent artery at the juxtaglomerular apparatus. They are baroreceptors that secrete renin upon sensing a decrease in blood pressure.	54
13765381827	Aldosterone function	Increases resorption of sodium from DCT, leading to increased water retention and plasma volume	55
13765388363	Alkolosis	pH above 7.45	56
13765397950	Acidosis	pH below 7.35	57
13765446622	Gonadotropins	secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland	58
13765464641	Hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.	59

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AP Biology: Speciation Flashcards

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12069975840	Speciation	The process of splitting one biological lineage into two biological lineages that evolve independently from one another.	0
12069983370	Extinction	The termination of an organism or of a group of organisms, normally a species.	1
12070008277	Reproductive isolation	Condition in which two divergent populations are no longer exchanging genes. Can lead to speciation.	2
12070022372	Adaptive radiation	The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.	3
12070063677	Species	The base unit of taxonomic classification, consisting of an ancestor-descendant group of populations of evolutionarily closely related, similar organisms. The more narrowly defined "biological species" consists of individuals capable of interbreeding with each other but not with members of other species.	4
12070071747	Pre-zygotic barrier	Barriers to the reproductive process that occur before the union of the nuclei of two gametes.	5
12070082497	Geographic isolation	A population of animals, plants, or other organisms are separated from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species.	6
12070107982	Post-zygotic barrier	Barriers to the reproductive process that occur after the union of the nuclei of two gametes.	7
12070116060	Polyploidy	The possession of more than two entire sets of chromosomes.	8
12070124670	Gene flow	Exchange of genes between populations through migration of individuals or movements of gametes.	9
12070132596	Allopatric speciation	The formation of two species from one when reproductive isolation occurs because of the interposition of (or crossing of) a physical geographic barrier such as a river. Also called geographic speciation.	10
12070142154	Sympatric speciation	Speciation due to reproductive isolation without any physical separation of the subpopulation.	11
12070146782	Temporal isolation	Occurs when mating between two closely related species, with overlapping range, is prevented due to the difference in the time of sexual maturity―flowering in the case of plants.	12
12070170834	Behavioral isolation	Reproductive isolation based on the behavior of species in the context of mating rituals and signals. Also known as ethological isolation, it occurs when two populations are capable of interbreeding, but don't breed because of differences in their courtship rituals.	13
12070204009	Mechanical isolation	When differences in the reproductive organs of two species prevent interbreeding and thus, prevent the birth of a sterile hybrid. Even if the members of two different but closely related species attempt to copulate after successful courting, mating will not be successful.	14
12070236338	Hybrid	The offspring of two plants or animals of different species, such as a mule (a hybrid of a donkey and a horse).	15
12070255558	Gradualism	The hypothesis that evolution proceeds chiefly by the accumulation of gradual, or slow, changes (in contrast to the punctuationist model).	16
12070307399	"evo-devo"	Also known as evolutionary developmental biology. It is the study of the interplay between evolutionary and developmental processes, with a focus on the genetic changes that give rise to novel morphology. Key concepts of include modularity, genetic toolkits, genetic switches, and heterochrony.	17
12070325333	Punctuated equilibrium	The hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change.	18
12070347749	Hybrid sterility	The inhibition or suppression of the reproductive. capacity of F1 or later generation hybrids between genetically different strains or populations, usually belonging to different species.	19

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AP Psychology Sensation and Perception Flashcards

Sensation and Perception-Myers Psychology for AP 2e

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11666849231	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 152)	0
11666849232	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 152)	1
11666849233	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 152)	2
11666849234	top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 152)	3
11666849235	selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 152)	4
11666849236	inattentional blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 154)	5
11666849237	change blindness	failing to notice changes in the environment. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 154)	6
11666849238	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.(Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 155)	7
11666849239	psychophysics	the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 155)	8
11666849240	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 156)	9
11666849241	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 156)	10
11666849242	subliminal	below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 157)	11
11666849243	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 157, 336)	12
11666849244	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (or jnd). (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 158)	13
11666849245	Weber's law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount). (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 158)	14
11666849246	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 159)	15
11666849247	perceptual set	a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 163)	16
11666849248	parapsychology	the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 167)	17
11666849249	wavelength	the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 171)	18
11666849250	hue	the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 172)	19
11666849251	intensity	the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 172)	20
11666849252	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 172)	21
11666849253	iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 172)	22
11666849254	lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 172)	23
11666849255	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 172)	24
11666849256	accommodation	(1) in sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 172)	25
11666849257	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 173)	26
11666849258	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 173)	27
11666849259	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 173)	28
11666849260	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 173)	29
11666849261	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 173)	30
11666849262	feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 175)	31
11666849263	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 176, 319)	32
11666849264	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color)	theory the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 178)	33
11666849265	opponent-process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 179)	34
11666849266	gestalt	an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 182)	35
11666849267	figure-ground	the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 183)	36
11666849268	grouping	the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 183)	37
11666849269	depth perception	the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 184)	38
11666849270	visual cliff	a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 184) Indicates some depth perception is innate.	39
11666849271	binocular cues	depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 184)	40
11666849272	retinal disparity	a binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 184)	41
11666849273	monocular cues	depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 185)	42
11666849274	phi phenomenon	an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 185)	43
11666849275	perceptual constancy	perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 186)	44
11666849276	color constancy	perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 187)	45
11666849277	perceptual adaptation	in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 191)	46
11666849278	audition	the sense or act of hearing. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 194)	47
11666849279	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second). (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 195)	48
11666849280	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 195)	49
11666849281	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 195)	50
11666849282	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 195) Has 16,000 hair cells.	51
11666849283	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 195)	52
11666849284	sensorineural hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. (Also called nerve deafness.) (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 197)	53
11666849285	conduction hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 197)	54
11666849286	cochlear implant	a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 198)	55
11666849287	place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 199)	56
11666849288	frequency theory	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.	57
11666849289	gate-control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.	58
11666849290	kinesthesia	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.	59
11666849291	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.	60
11666849292	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.	61
11666849293	cornea	Anatomy of the eye: outermost transparent layer protecting the eye; assists in light refraction	62
11666849294	bipolar cells	A type of retinal cells that accepts electric (nerve) impulses from the photoreceptors and passes them to the ganglion cells	63
11666849295	ganglion cells of the eye	In the retina, the specialized neurons that connect to the bipolar cells; the bundled axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve.	64
11666849296	auditory canal	channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum	65
11666849297	basilar membrane	A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.	66
11666849298	papillae	Bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds, the receptors for taste.	67
11666849299	umani	a fifth taste sensation added to the list, a savory flavor	68
11666849300	semicircular canal	Passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium	69
11666849301	cocktail party effect	The ability to focus on one auditory message and ignore others; also refers to the tendency to notice when your name suddenly appears in a message that you've been actively ignoring	70
11666849302	law of similarity	The Gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects together in our perceptions.	71
11666849303	law of proximity	Elements located close to one another are perceived as belonging to the same figure	72
11666849304	law of closure	the tendency to fill in the gaps in an incomplete image.	73
11666849305	"visual cliff"	Babies between 6.5 and 12 month of age were reluctant to crawl over the "cliff" edge, even when called by their mothers, suggesting that they perceived the drop created by the check pattern.	74
11666849306	monocular depth cues	Features of the visual stimulus that indicate distance even if the stimulus is viewed with only one eye.	75
11666849307	linear perspective	A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.	76
11666849308	aerial perspective	Monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that more distant objects are likely to appear hazy and blurred.	77
11666849309	relative size	The monocular cue that states that if an object seems larger, it is probably closer, and if an object is smaller, it is probably distant.	78
11666849310	motion parallax	A depth cue whereby a difference in the apparent rate of movement of different objects provides information about the relative distance of those objects	79
11666849311	binocular depth cues	Clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes	80
11666849313	amplitude	Height of a wave Loudness The maximum distance the wave moves up or down from its rest position.	81
11666849314	accommodation	The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.	82
11666849315	subliminal perception	Perception below the threshold of awareness.	83
11666849317	location detection	if a sound occurs right in front of you it hits both your ears at the same time. Otherwise it hits one before the other. Using that time difference the body can determine the location of the sound. Called Coincidence Detection. Neurons can also detect difference in volume. These both work for LEFT RIGHT locating. Cells in the superior olive.	84
11666849318	olfaction	sense of smell	85
11666849319	phantom limb	sensations that appear to originate in a limb that has been amputated after an amputation, the person continues to experience the felt presence of the amputated limb. what happens is the region of the parietal lobe that normally receives signals from the amputated limb is no longer getting that input so neurons form connections with neurons in adjacent regions of the body map and because of this neuroplastic reorganization, the phantom limb is born.	86
11666849320	Ponzo illusion	An illusion of size in which two objects of equal size that are positioned between two converging lines appear to be different in size. Also called the railroad track illusion.	87
11666849321	stroboscopic movement	the brain's perception of continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images; this is how we perceive motion in film and animation	88
11666849322	interposition	monocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one patially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away	89
11666849323	perceptual set	The interpretation of ambiguous sensory information in terms of how our past experiences have set us to perceive it.	90

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AP Biology Chapter 46 Flashcards

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11694098736	sexual reproduction	the creation of an offspring by fusions of sperm and egg to form a zygote	0
11694098737	sperm	male gamete	1
11694098738	egg	female gamete	2
11694098739	asexual reproduction	creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm	3
11694098740	fission	separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size	4
11694098741	fragmentation	breaking of the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults	5
11694098742	regeneration	regrowth of lost body parts	6
11694098743	parthenogenesis	the development of a new individual from a unfertilized egg	7
11694098744	ovulation	the release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle	8
11694098745	hermaphroditism	each individual has male and female reproductive systems	9
11694098746	fertilization	the union of egg and sperm	10
11694098747	gonads	organs that produce gametes	11
11694098748	spermatheca	where sperm is stored during copulation	12
11694098749	accessory glands	secrete products needed for sperm movement	13
11694098750	ducts	carry sperm and glandular secretions	14
11694098751	testes	highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue	15
11694098752	seminiferous tubules	where sperm form	16
11694098753	testes location	outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum, where the temperature is lower than in the abdominal cavity	17
11694098754	epididymis	coiled duct that sperm pass through after the seminiferous tubules	18
11694098755	ejaculation	sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct, and then exit the penis through the urethra	19
11694098756	semen	sperm plus secretions from three sets of accessory glands	20
11694098757	two seminal vessicles	contribute 60% of the total volume of semen	21
11694098758	prostate gland	secretes its products directly into the urethra	22
11694098759	penis	male sex organ composed of three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue	23
11694098760	female external reproductive structures	the clitoris, vulva and two sets of labia	24
11694098761	female internal reproductive structures	a pair of gonads and a system of ducts and chambers that carry gametes and house the embryo and fetus	25
11694098762	ovaries	the female gonads	26
11694098763	follicles	each ovary contains these	27
11694098764	oocyte	partially developed egg surrounded by support cells	28
11694098765	oviduct or fallopian tube	location where the egg travels from the ovary to the uterus	29
11694098766	uterus	Location where the cilia in the oviduct convey the egg. Also called the womb	30
11694098767	endometrium	uterus lining, many blood vessels	31
11694098768	vagina	a muscular but elastic chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation and serves as the birth canal	32
11694098769	vulva	location where the vagina opens to the outside	33
11694098770	labia majora, labia minora, hymen, and clitoris	vulva structures	34
11694098771	mammary glands	Not part of the reproductive system but are important to mammalian reproduction	35
11694098772	gametogenesis	production of gametes	36
11694098773	spermatogenesis	formation of sperm, is continuous and prolific	37
11694098774	human gametogenesis	spermatogenesis	38
11694098775	anatomy of sperm	head, acrosome, tail, etc	39
11694098776	oogenesis defintion	development of mature egg, is a prolonged process	40
11694098810	oogenesis diagram		41
11694098777	Spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis in three ways.	1) All four products of meiosis develop into a sperm while only one of the four becomes an egg 2) Sprematogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood 3) Sperm are produced continuously without the prolonged interruptions in oogenesis	42
11694098778	testosterone	the main androgen	43
11694098779	progesterone and estradiol	The main estrogens	44
11694098780	Sertoli cells	nourish developing sperm	45
11694098781	leydig cells regulated by	LH	46
11694098811	hormonal control of the testes		47
11694098782	menstruation	process that occurs if an embryo does not implant in the endometrium, the endometrium is shed	48
11694098783	hormones closely link the two cycles of female reporduction	changes in the uterus and changes in the ovaries. uterine cycle and ovarian cycle	49
11694098784	ovulation	stage where the follicular phase ends, and the secondary oocyte is released	50
11694098812	reproductive cycles of the human female		51
11694098813	uterine cycle		52
11694098785	ectopoic	abnormal location that cells of the uterine lining can sometimes migrate to	53
11694098786	endometriosis	Swelling of cells in response to hormone stimulation results in a disorder called	54
11694098787	menopause	the cessation of ovulation and menstruation	55
11694098788	estrous cycles	cycles that are characteristic of most mammals	56
11694098789	estrous cycles characteristics	endometrium reabsorbed by the uterus, sexual receptivity is limited to a heat period caleld estrus, the length and freuency of estrous cycles vary from species to species	57
11694098790	conception	fertilization of an egg by a sperm, occurs in the oviduct	58
11694098791	blastocyst	a ball of cells with central cavity	59
11694098814	formation of a human zygote		60
11694098792	pregnancy or gestation	the condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus	61
11694098793	trophoblast	the outer layer of the blastocyst	62
11694098794	placenta	What forms after the endometrium and trophoblast mingle	63
11694098815	placental circulation		64
11694098795	organogenesis	development of the body organs	65
11694098796	fetus	what the embryo is called after 8 weeks	66
11694098797	labor	a series of strong rhythmic uterine contractions that push the fetus and placenta out of the body	67
11694098798	three stages of labor	dilation, explusion, and delivery of the placenta	68
11694098799	dilation	thinning and opening of the cervix	69
11694098800	expulsion	delivery of the baby	70
11694098801	lactation	production of mother's milk	71
11694098816	three stages of labor picture		72
11694098802	contraception	deliberate prevention of pregnancy	73
11694098803	3 categories of contraception	preventing release of egg and sperm, keeping sperm and egg apart, and preventing implantation of an embryo	74
11694098817	mechanisms of contraception		75
11694098804	birth control pills	hormonal contraceptives with a pregnancy rate of less than 1%	76
11694098805	tubal ligation	ties off the oviducts	77
11694098806	vasectomy	ties off the vas deferens	78
11694098807	abortion	termination of a pregnancy	79
11694098808	spontaneous abortion	miscarriage	80
11694098809	in vitro fertilization (IVF)	mixes eggs with sperm in culture dishes and return the embryo to the uterus at the eight-cell stage	81
11694098818			82