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10567105124Affirmative ActionA policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group.0
10567108735Bandwagon Effecta shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public opinion polls report as the front-runner1
10567110050bicameral legislaturea lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts2
10567111809CabinetA group of advisers to the president.3
10567115366CaucusA meeting of members of a political party4
10567116827citizena legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized.5
10567121297Civil LibertiesConstitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens6
10567123651Civil Rightsthe rights of full citizenship and equality under the law7
10567125796Civil Servicethe group of people whose job it is to carry out the work of the government8
10567136336coattail effectthe added votes received by congressional candidates of a winning presidential party9
10567139606confirmationproof10
10567141798Constituents of urinethe voters who elect public officials to represent them11
10567145099Defacto SegregationSegregation by unwritten customs or traditions12
10567146837Dejure Segregationsegregation by law13
10567146892divided governmentone party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress14
10567150595electormember of the electoral college15
10567153158Electoral CollegeA group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president16
10567154504political elitespeople with a disproportionate share of political power17
10567160803entitlement programsGovernment benefits that certain qualified individuals are entitled to by law, regardless of need.18
10569129856exclusionary ruleimproperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial19
10569131751Executive Agreementan agreement between the president and the leader of another country20
10569133871expressed powerspowers directly stated in the constitution21
10569134889Federalismthe federal principle or system of government.22
10569135565Free Exercise ClauseFirst Amendment requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion23
10569136333GerrymanderingProcess of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.24
10569137311government corporationa business owned and operated by the federal government25
10569137717Great Compromiseagreement providing a dual system of congressional representation26
10569138823Incrementalismthe best predictor of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a little bit more.27
10569139383Jim Crow LawsLaws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites28
10569140589lame duckA person still in office after he or she has lost a bid for reelection29
10569141337monetary policythe setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank30
10569143864Partisianfavoring one side of an issue31
10569144403Party CuacusesA meeting of the members of a political party to decide questions of policy32
10569144404Politcal ideologya consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government33
10569148514conservativeholding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion.34
10569149254moderateaverage35
10569149985liberalopen to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values.36
10569150690PluralismA state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing37
10569151818PolarizationA deep and wide conflict over some government policy38
10569152659Political PlatformA document stating the aims and principles of a political party39
10569153686political culturean overall set of values widely shared within a society40
10569154604policy cycleThe process by which problems are identified and acted upon in the public arena.41
10569156390Popular SovereigntyRule by the people42
10569157300public policythe principles, often unwritten, on which social laws are based.43
10569157964reverse discriminationDiscrimination against the majority group44
10569158581shield lawsstate laws that protect journalists from having to reveal their sources45
10569158582single-member districtAn electoral district in which voters choose one representative or official.46
10569159422soft moneyCampaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.47
10569160260splinter partya political party that has split off from a major party because of major disagreement.48
10569161912split-ticket votingvoting for candidates of different parties for different offices at the same election49
10569165454straight ticket votingpractice of voting for candidates of only one party in an election50
10569165944Franchise/Suffragethe ability or right to vote in public elections51
10569167910disenfranchisedto deprive of the right to vote52
10569170595unitary systemA government that gives all key powers to the national or central government53
10569171110whistle-blowingreporting an illegal action of one's employer54
10569171118amicus curiaea brief submitted by a "friend of the court"55
10569172199briefswritten arguments on the case56
10569173400due process of lawthe right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments57
10569173731Habeas CorpusAn order to produce an arrested person before a judge.58
10569175282judicial activismIdea stating that judges should interpret the Constitution to reflect current conditions and values.59
10569177835judicial restraintA judicial philosophy in which judges play minimal policymaking roles, leaving that duty strictly to the legislatures60
10569178365litigationthe process of taking legal action61
10569179145petionerthe party bringing a lawsuit62
10569180026Prescedentan example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action63
10569182777concurring opinionAn opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning.64
10569183261dissenting opinionAn opinion disagreeing with a majority in a Supreme Court ruling.65
10569187761majority opiniona court opinion reflecting the views of the majority of the judges66
10569189146stare decisislet the decision stand67
10569189147writ of certiorariA formal writ used to bring a case before the Supreme Court.68
10569189681writ of mandamusCourt order directing an official to perform an official duty.69
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AP Spanish essay vocab Flashcards

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5539522203para empezarto start0
5539522204primerofirst/firstly1
5539522205por lo generalgenerally2
5539522206en la actualidadpresently3
5539522207hoy en díanowadays4
5539522208con respecto awith regards/respect to5
5539522209por ejemplofor example6
5539522210por ilustrarfor example7
5539522211tambien, ademásmoreover, also8
5539522212en realidadin fact9
5539522213sin embargo, no obstantehowever10
5539522214por una parteon one hand11
5539522215por otra parteon the other hand (parte)12
5539522216en cambioon the other hand13
5539522217para resumir, para concluirin summary14
5539522218en resumenin conclusion15
5539522219Por fin, finalmentefinally16
5539522220por lo tanto, por esotherefore17
5539522221por esa razóntherefore (for this reason)18
5539522222otro aspecto en que se asemejananother aspect by which they are similar19
5539522223de la misma manerain the same way20
5539522224como pueden veras you can see21
5539522225ambas comunidadesboth communities22
5539522226Espero que mi presentación les haya ayudado a entender mejorI hope my presentation has helped you better understand23
5539522227Ojalá que hayan disfrutado escuchar mis ideasI hope you have enjoyed listening to my ideas24
5539522228similitudessimilarities25
5539522229En primer lugarIn the first place26
5539522230por un ladoon one side27
5539522231por otro ladoon the other side28
5539522232de lo contrarioon the contrary29
5539522233Se puede notar queone can note30
5539522234mientras tantomeanwhile31
5539522235Bastaría poner un ejemplo.Here is an example.32
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AP Psychology Unit 10 Flashcards

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8868713278PersonalityDef: An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Ex: Each person varies in their personality.0
8868724121Free AssociationDef: In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes, and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. Ex: Saying everything you think of.1
8868741370PsychoanalysisDef: Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders are seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. Ex: Studying the way we think and behave unconsciously and how it affects our personality.2
8868763467UnconsciousDef: According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thought, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. Ex: The state where we think and wish.3
8868798861IdDef: A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. Ex: The energy that is unconscious in driving to satisfy sexual and aggressive desire.4
8868815883EgoDef: The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. Ex: Satisfying the id's desires but in a realistic way.5
8868832350SuperegoDef: The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations. Ex: Provides standards for judgement and aspirations.6
8868850475Psychosexual StagesDef: The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking-energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. Ex: Childhood sexual development influences the id's energy.7
8868871880Oedipus ComplexDef: According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. Ex: Falling in love with your mother.8
8868886275IdentificationDef: The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. Ex: Implementing parents' values as you grow.9
8868896126FixationDef: According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. Ex: Orally overindulged.10
8868918799Defense MechanismsDef: In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. Ex: Changing your perception of reality to reduce anxiety.11
8868941660RepressionDef: In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. Ex: Pushing back unwanted thoughts.12
8873083433RegressionDef: Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. Ex: Retreating back to an earlier development stage where you felt less pressured and more safe.13
8868965512Reaction FormationDef: Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. Ex: Going to thinking of cheating to loving the person more than ever.14
8873204897ProjectionDef: Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by them to others. Ex: Feeling guilty for doing something and accusing someone else.15
8873215394RationalizationDef: Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. Ex: Drinking just to fit in.16
8873230947DisplacementDef: Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. Ex: Redirecting sexual and aggressive impulses.17
8873289436SubliminationDef: Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities. Ex: Sexual desires into sculpting nude statues.18
8873304778DenialDef: Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. Ex: Refusing the truth.19
8873313074Collective UnconsciousDef: Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. Ex: How historical spiritual practices have influenced people throughout time.20
8873246530Projective TestDef: A personality test, such as Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. Ex: Psychological X-ray.21
8873276180Rorschach Inkblot TestDef: The most widely projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. Ex:22
8873263664Thematic Apperception TestDef: A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up amount ambiguous scenes. Ex: Telling the story of a daydream.23
8881685458Terror-Management TheoryDef: A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death. Ex: Facing the inevitable death anxiety.24
8881704170Self-ActualizationDef: According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. Ex: The process of fulfilling our potential.25
8881716821Unconditional PositiveDef: According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Ex: Total acceptance and positivity to others.26
8881733984Self-ConceptDef: All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" Ex: Our role in society and discovering who we are.27
8922886948TraitDef: A characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. Ex: Friendly28
8922890579Personality InventoryDef: A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. Ex: To what level do you agree that you are socially active?29
8922904764Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)Def: The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. Ex: Test used to evaluate a personal inventory.30
8922913454Empirically Derived TestDef: A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. Ex: Masculinity vs. femininity31
8922922937Social-Cognitive PerspectiveDef: Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. Ex: How people think and act socially.32
8922926525Reciprocal DeterminismDef: The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. Ex: How the interaction of behavior, cognition, and the environment work together.33
8951953851Personal ControlDef: The extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless. Ex: How people control themselves in situations.34
8951962291External Locus Of ControlDef: The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. Ex: Spirits and prophecies determine fate.35
8951993593Internal Locus of ControlDef: The perception that you control your own fate. Ex: You determine your life.36
8952004436Positive PsychologyDef: The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. Ex: Studying positivity in human life and how we can become more positive.37
8952024585SelfDef: In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions. Ex: Center of personality and our mind processes.38
8969368615Spotlight EffectDef: Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). Ex: Thinking people are staring.39
8969394693Self-EsteemDef: One's feelings of high or low self-worth Ex: How satisfied you are with yourself.40
8969401628Self-Serving BiasDef: A readiness to perceive oneself favorably. Ex: Thinking about yourself positively.41
8969408142IndividualismDef: Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. Ex: Doing your own work than choosing to help with the work's42
8969414535CollectivismDef: Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. Ex: Being and living amongst a group.43
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Final AP Review Flashcards

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6666404291Finding a basic limit0
6666414037Finding a basic limit (piecewise function)1
6666490130Showing continuity at a point2
6666504689Finding limits at infinity3
6666592801Finding horizontal asymptotes4
6666605170Finding derivative using limit definitions5
6666609859Finding average rate of change6
6666617320Finding instantaneous rate of change7
6666623457Finding approximate derivative using a table of values8
6666637174Finding horizontal tangent lines to a curve9
6666658232Finding vertical tangent lines to a curve10
6666667495Using linear approximations to find values of a function11
6666680144Find the derivative of f(g(x))12
6666690032Showing that a piecewise function is differentiable at the break point13
6666704173Finding critical values/points14
6666721147Finding increasing/decreasing behavior of a function15
6666726158Finding relative extrema of a function16
6666750715Finding inflection points using the second derivative17
6666756049Finding inflection points using the graph of the first derivativeFind where f' changes direction (increasing to decreasing or vice versa)18
6666764185Finding the absolute max/min of f(x) on a closed interval [a,b]19
6666776543Showing that Rolle's Theorem applies to f(x) on [a,b]20
6666779733List the guarantee of Rolle's Theorem if it applies21
6666782238Showing that the Mean Value Theorem applies to f(x) on [a,b]22
6666785925List the guarantee of the Mean Value Theorem if it applies23
6666861392Finding increasing/decreasing behavior of f(x) given the graph of f'(x)24
6666865448Deciding whether a linear approximation over/underestimates the true function value25
6666882574Finding the minimum (maximum) slope of f(x) on [a,b]26
6666891932Approximate area using a LEFT Riemann sum with n rectangles27
6666904460Approximate area using a RIGHT Riemann sum with n rectangles28
6666910930Approximate area using a MIDPOINT Riemann sum29
6666917786Approximate area using trapezoids30
6666928758Calculate definite integrals from right to left31
6666939546State the basic form of the area accumulation function32
6666953026Finding the area under a curve that has been shifted up vertically k units33
6666966827Given f'(x) and f(a), find f(b)34
6666989206Find the derivative of the basic area accumulation function35
6666990645Find the derivative of the area accumulation function (chain rule situation36
6667004002Finding the area under a curve f(x) on [a,b]37
6667008912Finding the area between f(x) and g(x)38
6667016034Find the vertical line x=c that divides the area under f(x) on [a,b] into equal pieces39
6667028158Find the volume when the area under f(x) is revolved about the x-axis (area is flush up against x-axis)40
6667058175Find the volume when the area between f(x) and g(x) is revolved about the x-axis41
6667063128Find the volume when the area under f(x) on [a,b] is revolved about the y-axis42
6667104935Find cross-sectional volumes43
6667087680Given a base that lies between f(x) and g(x) on [a,b], find the volume of the solid formed by projecting squares upwards that are perpendicular to the base.44
6667141432Solving first-order separable differential equations45
6667147932Find the average value of f(x) on [a,b]46
6667164859Setting up an exponential growth situation47
6667179250Drawing a slope field48
6667183403Given a slope field, find the differential equation49
6667242866Given a position function s(t), find velocity and acceleration50
6667247663Given v(t) and s(0), find s(t)51
6667250571Given a(t), v(0)=0 and s(0), find s(t)52
6667256824Given position function s(t), find average velocity from t_1 to t_2 (precalculus idea)53
6667260768Given position function s(t), find instantaneous velocity at t=k (calculus idea)54
6667396088Given velocity, decide whether a particle is speeding up or slowing down at time t=k55
6667266878Given velocity function v(t) on [t1, t2], find the minimum (maximum) acceleration of the particle56
6667280145Find the average velocity of the particle on [t1, t2]57
6667284967Given the velocity function v(t), find the change in position of the particle (aka displacement) on [t1, t2]58
6667287871Given the velocity function v(t), find the total distance traveled by the particle on [t1, t2](You can sometimes use a calculator to do the heavy lifting after setting this up.)59
6667290865Given the velocity function v(t), find the total distance traveled by the particle on [t1, t2] (no calculator)60
6667299813Given the velocity function, find the time at which the particle is furthest from its starting point (also could be furthest to the left/right)61
6667305510State the meaning of the integral of a rate of change62
6667320013Setting up a "rate-in, rate-out" word problem (for example, a water tank has g gallons to start, the filling rate is F(t), the emptying rate is E(t), how much in tank at m-minute mark?)63
6667328768Setting up a "rate-in, rate-out" word problem (for example, a water tank has g gallons to start, the filling rate is F(t), the emptying rate is E(t), how fast is water level changing at m-minute mark?)64
6667329858Setting up a "rate-in, rate-out" word problem (for example, a water tank has g gallons to start, the filling rate is F(t), the emptying rate is E(t), when is tank level at a minimum/maximum?)65
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