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AP Vocabulary Flashcards

6532989576	Gründe	rationale/reasons	0
6532998634	Möglichkeit	chance/possibility	1
6533002133	Pflicht	obligation	2
6533004671	Stipendium	grant/scholarship	3
6533004672	auf dem Fall	in that case	4
6533013228	Quellenmaterial	source material	5
6533013229	Quelle	source	6
6533015782	ein Vertrag	a contract/agreement	7
6533018373	die Sicherheit	security	8
6533022565	sprachigen Region	speaking Region	9
6533030592	in Ihrer Umgebung	in your surroundings/environment/area	10
6533042664	Erfahrungen	experience	11
6533046003	Erwachsene	adult	12
6533046004	Umfrage	survey	13
6533049525	Das Ergebnis	result	14
6533052728	Die Übersicht	overview/abstract	15
6533056330	die Regierung	government	16
6533057923	ähnlich	similar	17
6533057924	gleich	equal	18
6533061421	die Gesellschaft	society	19
6533061422	tun	to do	20
6533064692	Schönheit	beauty	21
6533067767	die Gesundheit	health	22
6533067768	helfen	to help	23
6533074386	die Hilfe	help	24
6533086971	veröffentlich	published/printed	25
6533109630	das Gesetzt	law	26
6548556330	die Gelegenheit	opportunity	27
6548572277	Jugendliche	young adults/teens	28
6548599874	Bundeswehr	Federal armed services	29
6597283012	ausleihen	to borrow	30
6597283993	dieses Gespräch	this conversation	31
6597290285	Ich bin der Meinung	I am of the opinion	32
6597291597	meine Meinung nach	My opinion	33
6597292745	Ich stimme mit dir zu.	I agree with you	34
6597293834	Ich stimme mit Ihnen zu.	I agree with you (formal)	35
6597295522	sehr geehrte Frau Schmidt	Formal greeting for a woman	36
6597297187	sehr geehrter Herr Schmidt	Formal greeting for a man	37
6597300140	begründen	to justify/support	38
6597306384	die Veranstaltung	presentation/disposition	39
6635098987	der Zweck	Purpose	40
6635100798	Anzeige	Advertisement/Display	41
6635106797	die Jugendherberge	youth hostel	42
6635111183	das Vorteil	advantage	43
6635113575	das Nachteil	disadvantage	44
6635118622	Euro	Euros	45
6635193612	Erlebnis	adventure	46
6635204505	Naturforscher	naturalist	47
6635209829	der Ausschnitt	excerpt	48
6635214625	zu tun	to do	49
6635216294	die Ausbildung	training/education	50
6635220069	wählen	to choose/to vote	51
6635225076	zusammenfassen	to recap/to summarize	52
6635231660	die Sequenzen	sequences	53
6635234427	am meisten	most	54
6635238839	bedeuten	to mean	55
6635242662	Zeile 5	line 5	56
6635244776	Absatzes des Artikels	paragraph of the article	57
6635252686	erwähnt	to mention	58
6635255501	der Prozess	process	59
6635262618	Aufsatz	essay/article	60
6635264774	die Zukunft	future	61
6635267060	Aufgabe	duty/task	62
6635270694	entwickeln	to develop	63
6635276359	bestellen	to order	64
6635276360	bezahlen	to pay	65
6635278355	die Katalogbestellung	catalog subscription	66
6635286171	im Verstand	with comprehension	67
6635297410	unterscheiden	to differ	68
6635301178	Unterschiede	differences	69
6642552339	die Neuerung	innovation	70
6642554303	Gesellschaft	society	71
6642556441	die Erfindung	invention	72
6642557747	wen	who (accusative case)	73
6642561314	anzeigen	to indicate	74
6642563596	Geräte	devices/machines/hardware	75
6642576555	der Stil	style	76
6642578268	gemeinsam	together/common	77
6642584103	Grafik	chart/graphic	78
6642589999	Zukunftspläne	future plans	79
6642592818	wurde	was (simple past of werden)	80
6642596745	Umfrage	survey	81
6642599029	befragt	to consult/ask	82
6642770071	worüber	what about	83
6642773690	die Auskunft	information/advice	84
6642777520	Unternehmen	corporation/establishment	85
6642782160	feststellen	to assert/determine	86
6642787008	eine Stelle	position	87
6642788250	schließlich	finally	88
6642790511	würde	would	89
6642791704	verabschieden	to bid farewell	90
6642800591	Schauspielerin	actress	91
6642802575	hauptsächlich	mainly/mostly	92
6642807407	reagierten	reacted	93
6642809941	Karriere	career	94
6642811005	gerade	just	95
6642812463	Auszug	excerpt	96
6642816597	Gebrauch	the need	97
6642816598	Zahnbürsten	to brush teeth	98
6642820526	Auswahl 4	selection	99
6642823557	Ratschlag	advice/counsel	100
6642826193	Gebiet	area/region	101
6642829349	Vortrag	lecture/speech	102
6642832307	überfliegen	to skim/read over	103
6642838173	umgezogen	moved/relocated	104
6642842366	Nationalsozialisten	Nazis/National socialists	105
6642846358	politisch links	left leaning politics	106
6642849234	politisch rechts	right leaning politics	107
6642851124	Auffassung	notion/concept	108
6642852706	Ausdruck	expression	109
6642858501	am besten	the best	110
6642859994	passen	to fit	111
6681693231	sachlich	businesslike	112
6693737360	bewerben	to apply	113
6693737361	eine Bewerbung	an Application	114
6693739964	das Praktikum/Praktika	internship/internships	115
6703289153	gleich	same	116
6703289154	anders	different	117
6713382321	unterstützen	to support	118
6713394359	Franke Potente - deutsche Schauspielerin in Borne Identity and Lola rennt	Franke Potente - German actress in Borne Identity and Run Lola Run movies	119
6713401446	Angela Merkel - deutsche Kanzlerin	Angela Merkel - German chancelor	120

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AP Psychology Unit 2 Flashcards

Unit 2 of Myers Psychology for AP

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9480673203	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	0
9480673204	Double Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies	1
9480673205	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated--the variable whose effect is being studied	2
9480673206	Dependent Variables	The outcome factor -- the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable	3
9480673207	Mode	The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution	4
9480673208	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtaining by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores	5
9480673209	Median	The middle score in a distribution--half the scores are above it and half are below it	6
9480673210	Standard Deviations	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	7
9480673211	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance ,thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	8
9480673212	Random Sampling	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	9
9480673213	Scatter plot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation	10
9480673214	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists	11
9480673215	Case Study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	12
9480673216	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them	13
9480673217	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	14
9480673218	Correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1	15
9480673219	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variable	16
9480673220	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances	17
9480673221	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	18
9480673222	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Ex human intelligence -- what an intelligence test measures.	19
9480673223	Critical Thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	20
9480673224	Theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations	21
9480673225	Hypothesis	a testable prediction, often implied by a theory	22
9480673226	Population	all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study	23
9480673227	Sample	items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population	24
9480673228	Correlation Coefficient	a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	25
9480673229	Placebo	experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	26
9480673230	Placebo Effect	any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo	27
9480673231	Experimental Group	in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.	28
9480673232	Control Group	in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	29
9480673233	Confounding Variable	a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	30
9480673234	Range	the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution	31
9480673235	Normal Curve/distribution	a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer near the extremes	32
9480673236	Inferential Statistics	numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance	33
9480673237	Culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	34
9480673238	Informed Consent	an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate	35
9480673239	Debriefing	the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants	36
9480673240	Kenneth and Mamie Clark	Used dolls to study children's attitude towards race. Their findings were used in the Brown vs. Board trial.	37
9480673241	Daniel Kahneman	an Israeli psychologist and Nobel laureate, who is notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, behavioral economics and hedonistic psychology.	38
9480673242	James Randi	magician exemplifies skepticism. He has tested and debunked a variety of psychic phenomena	39
9480673243	Amos Tversky	A key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias	40

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Chapter 21 -- Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict Flashcards

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7145170898	Define communism.	Communism is a political ideology that (a) seeks to create a classless society, largely devoid of private property, and (b) seeks to create that society through uncompromising revolution.	0
7145175472	What were the two largest communist regimes of the 20th century?	Soviet Union and China	1
7145187725	What was the name of the alliance between the USSR and other communist E. European governments?	Warsaw Pact	2
7145190285	In what ways did the Communist revolutions resemble the French Revolution?	The idea that human action could lead to the construction of new and better world.s.	3
7145193724	What year did the Russian Revolution occur?	1917	4
7145196812	What likely caused the Russian Revolution?	WW1 caused major food shortages in Russia, and the lower classes blamed the elites for these shortages.	5
7145200198	What was the major political change caused by the food shortages?	Tsar Nicholas II was forced to give up his throne.	6
7145209916	What major social upheavals occurred after Tsar Nicholas gave up his title?	Trade unions rose, and workers seized control of the factories. Peasants seized landlords estates and claimed the land for their own.	7
7145214669	Which political group gained in popularity during the post-Tsar Nicholas era?	The Bolsheviks	8
7145215210	Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks?	Lenin	9
7145240039	Who did the Bolsheviks largely appeal to?	Workers in the cities	10
7145223260	What were the core political messages of the Bolsheviks?	Worker control of factories, end to WW1, land for the peasants	11
7145230753	How did the USSR change E. Europe post-WW2 and WHY?	The Russians imposed communism on E.. European countries from the outside, largely because they wanted friendly governments in the region.	12
7145235581	When did Communism triumph in China?	1949	13
7145236796	Who was the leader of Communism in China?	Mao Zedong	14
7145240992	Who did the Chinese Communist Party largely appeal to?	Chinese agricultural peasants.	15
7145242668	How did the CCP recruit women?	The CCP appealed to women by creating measures of near equality: no arranged marriages, easier divorce, women's voting, and property rights. HOWEVER, opposition to these measures lead them to ultimately fail.	16
7148231551	What led to an explosion in the size of the CCP?	The Japanese invasion of China --- many Chinese were impressed by the ability of the CCP to wage guerilla warfare against the invaders.	17
7148233589	How did the CCP treat peasants?	The CCP wanted to attract peasants, and so they reduced their rent, taxes, and also established literacy programs for adults.	18
7148238636	What did "building socialism" mean to China and the Soviet Union?	They wanted to modernize and industrialize their societies, but they wanted to do it in a classless way that prevented new inequalities.	19
7148241511	In what ways were the new Communist governments totalitarian?	Other political parties were forbidden; the state controlled the economy; and the government controlled media and arts in order to conform the people to a certain way of thinking.	20
7148250144	How did the Soviet Union affect women's role in society?	The Soviets gave women full political equality including marriage and divorce rights, and women were actively mobilized as workers.	21
7148252408	What was Zhenotdel?	A Soviet organization that pushed a decidedly feminist agenda onto the USSR.	22
7148254035	How did Communist China affect womens role in society?	The Marriage Law of 1950 decreed free choice in marriage, divorce rights, and equal property rights. Additionally, women became much more involved outside of the household, especially in agricultural labor.	23
7148262476	How did Communist China and the USSR deal with the problem of unequal land distribution?	In both Communist Russia and the USSR, land was taken from the landholders and distributed to the peasants in the form of private property.	24
7148265742	Was the redistribution of land always a peaceful process?	No -- in China, around 1 to 2 million landlords were killed by peasants who took the land.	25
7148268352	What was the collectivization of agriculture?	Peasants worked on communal farms and shared the harvests.	26
7148270413	How did the collectivization of agriculture differ between the USSR and China?	In China, the collectivization of agriculture was largely a peaceful process; however, in the Soviet Union, violence was extensive and many peasants were killed.	27
7148275299	What were the major features of Communist-led planned economies?	(A) State ownership of property; (B) Centralized planning (C) Priority given to heavy industries, (D) massive mobilization of human resources.	28
7148278427	What were the benefits of Communist-led planned economies?	Massive economic growth, rising literacy rates and educational opportunities, and rapid urbanization.	29
7148284830	Did the USSR remain entirely classless?	Not at all. A group of state and party leaders emerged as the rulers of the country and their power was largely unchecked.	30
7148288203	What was the Great Leap Forward of 1958-1960?	Mao Zedong's attempt to promote industrialization in rural areas as opposed to just in the cities -- it's goal was to spread knowledge to all rather than just an elite few.	31
7148296127	Who were the perceived enemies of the Communist Chinese and USSR?	Ultimately, these societies attacked themselves from within. People who were seen as corrupted by capitalist ideas were often viewed as the enemy.	32
7148299506	What were the Great Purges?	In the USSR, millions of people who were accused of corrupting connections were arrested and then sentenced to death or to the gulag.	33
7148301557	Who were the Red Guards?	The Red Guards were a group made of of millions of young Chinese people who attacked the Communist party, which they viewed as corrupted.	34
7148305176	Which country became the international enemy of the USSR?	The United States	35
7148308948	What was the name of the "war" fought between the USA and the USSR?	The Cold War	36
7148309686	Where was the initial battleground of the Cold War?	In Eastern Europe. The border became known as the "Iron Curtain." However, no shots were actually fired in this dispute.	37
7148310869	Where did the Cold War get much hotter?	Insider of Korea and Vietnam; both places had USA intervention to try and prevent them from becoming Communist.	38
7148315174	What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?	The USSR sent nuclear warheads to Cuba, which led to a very tense encounter between the nations.	39
7148319389	What "arms" were both the USSR and the USA racing to acquire?	Both were racing to acquire nuclear missiles, and the number of the weapons exploded.	40
7148324107	In what ways did the United States play a global role after WW2?	The USA sent its soldiers across the world, joined many major international organizations, and created intense alliances with nearly 100 nations.	41
7148326597	What was the most productive economy post-WW2?	USA	42
7148327490	What new type of economic organization rose in the post-WW2 years?	Huge multinational corporations such as General Motors, Ford, and General Electric sold products in many countries.	43
7148349574	What were the core major steps towards the fall of Global Communism?	1. Mao Zedong dies, and the CCP abandons its principles. 2. Popular uprisings occur in E. Europe, which eliminates Communist governments. 3. The Soviet Union politically disintegrates in 1991.	44
7148353244	What explains the rapid end of the communist era?	1. The Communist economies stagnated and never caught up with the capitalists. 2. The nearly genocidal actions of the gulag and the Cultural Revolution discredited the morality of Communist leaders.	45
7148357089	What economic reforms led to more freedom in Communist China	1. Collectivized farms were replaced with small-scale agriculture. 2. Government managers of industry were encouraged to act like private business owners. 3. China opened itself up to foreign investment.	46
7148397982	What was the name of the Chinese ruler who led the economic reforms in China?	Deng Xiaoping	47
7148364101	What was the policy of Glasnost?	A USSR policy that permitted a wide range of intellectual and culture freedoms -- led to the wide exposure of poverty in the USSR.	48
7148384333	What was the policy of perestroika?	The economic program that freed state enterprises from the heavy hand of the government.	49
7148385676	What were the external factors that led to the fall of the USSR?	Over-expenditure on weapons in the Cold War and the War in Afghanistan	50
7148389680	What internal factors led to the fall of the USSR?	Perestroika and Glasnost	51
7148392153	How did Gorbachev deal with protesters in the USSR?	He actively refused to crush them, which was a signficant difference between him and the Chiense.	52

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American Pageant Chapter 32 Flashcards

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12925441340	Warren G. Harding	Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for government or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson and his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over	0
12925441341	Charles Evans Hughes	A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.	1
12925441342	Andrew Mellon	An American financier, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. While he was in office, the government reduced the WW I debt by $9 billion and Congress cut income tax rates substantially. He is often called the greatest Secretary of the Treasury after Hamilton.	2
12925441343	Herbert Hoover	1928; Republican; approach to economy known as voluntarism (avoid destroying individuality/self-reliance by government coercion of business); of course, in 1929 the stock market crashed; tried to fix it through creating the Emergency Relief and Construction Act and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (didn't really work)	3
12925441344	Albert B. Fall	Secretary of the interior for Warren Harding, caused the Teapot Dome Scandal	4
12925441345	Harry M. Daugherty	was an American politician. He is best known as a Republican Party boss, and member of the Ohio Gang, the name given to the group of advisers surrounding president Warren G. Harding.	5
12925441346	Frank Kellogg	U.S Secretary of State in 1928 who is credited with arranging an international treaty that was designed to renounce war and promote peace	6
12925441347	Charles R. Forbes	He skimmed money as chief of the Veterans Bureau. He and his crowd pilfered about $200 million while building veterans hospitals. He spent a whopping two years in jail.	7
12925441348	Calvin Coolidge	(1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact	8
12925441349	John W. Davis	This Clarksburg native, who was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1924, represented the school systems in the historic U.S. Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education.	9
12925441350	Robert La Follette	1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.	10
12925441351	Charles Dawes	An American banker and diplomat, he negotiated an agreement between France, Britain, and Germany that American banks would make loans to Germans which would enable them to meet their reparations payments	11
12925441352	Douglas MacArthur	A General who commanded a broad offensive against the Japanese that would move north from Australia, through New Guinea, and eventually to the Philippines. Was tasked with taking down the Bonus Army.	12
12925441353	Henry Stimson	Hoover's secretary of state, who sought sanctions against Japan for its aggression in Manchuria	13
12925441354	Alfred Smith	First Catholic nominee for president, known as the "Common Man," elected to New York State Assembly in 1903, sought Democratic presidential nomination in 1924, ran as Democratic candidate in 1928. Ties with Tammany Hall.	14
12925441355	"Ohio Gang"	A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.	15
12925441356	Adkins v. Children's Hospital	Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract	16
12925441357	steel strike of 1919	A work stoppage that began when some 365,000 steelworkers in Pennsylvania walked off the job to demand recognition of their union, higher wages, and shorter hours. Post-WWI strike, the greatest in American history, led by the AFL that eventually failed under the pressure of the Red Scare.	17
12925441358	American Legion	World War I veterans' group that promoted patriotism and economic benefits for former servicemen	18
12925441359	Washington Disarmament Conference	An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets	19
12925441360	Four-Power Treaty	1921. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain.	20
12925441361	Nine-Power Treaty	1922. Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China. Signed by (9) US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.	21
12925441362	Kellogg-Briand Pact	Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another	22
12925441363	Fordney-McCumber Tariff	1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade	23
12925441364	Teapot Dome Scandal	1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Tea Pot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation government officials Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign.	24
12925441365	McNary-Haugen Bill	A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products *Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse	25
12925441366	Dawes Plan	A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.	26
12925441367	"Hoovercrats"	"Dry," Protestant southern Democrats who rebelled against their party's "wet," Catholic presidential nominee in 1928 and voted for the Republican candidate	27
12925441368	Hawley-Smoot Tariff	charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation	28
12925441369	Black Tuesday	October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.	29
12925441370	Muscle Shoals Bill	Hoover fights all schemes he regards as "socialistic". This was designed to dam the Tennessee River and was ultimately embraced by Franklin Roosevelt's Tennessee Valley Authority. (He thinks that it is suspiciously "socialistic"). Hoover vetoed this measure because he opposed the government's selling electricity in competition with its own citizens in private companies.	30
12925441371	Reconstruction Finance Corporation	Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.	31
12925441372	Norris-LaGuardia Act	(Hoover) attempt to improve the lot of the union worker. It outlawed Yellow Dog Contracts, banned federal courts from issuing injunctions against workers in non-violent strikes, and protected the right of workers to unionize	32
12925441373	Bonus Army	1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.	33
12925441374	Stimson doctrine	1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria	34
12925441375	Old Guard	One of two major factions largely within the Republican party, composed of the party regulars and professional politicians. They were preoccupied with building up the party machinery, developing party loyalty, and acquiring and dispensing patronage. They were challenged by progressives from around 1896 to the 1930s.	35
12925441376	Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920	Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads and pledged the Interstate Commerce Commission to guarantee their profitability.	36
12925441377	Merchant Marine Act of 1920	authorized the Shipping Board, which controlled about 1500 vessels, to dispose of much of the hastily built wartime fleet at bargain-basement prices	37
12925441378	Railway Labor Board	ordered a wage cut of 12% in 1922; provoked a 2 month strike; strike ended when Attorney General Daugherty clamped injunctions on strikers (unions wilted and membership dropped to 30%)	38
12925441379	Veterans Bureau	Federal bureau created in 1921 to provide hospitals and services to disabled veterans	39
12925441380	1924 Adjusted Compensation Act	Gave every veteran a paid-up insurance policy due in 20 years, adding another $3.5 billion to the war costs.	40
12925441381	Isolation	A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations	41
12925441382	Five-Power Treaty (1922)	This naval limitation treaty, signed by the U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy, set a ship ratio for the countries involved and called for the scrapping of 1,900,000 tons of warships.	42
12925441383	Capper-Volstead Act	Act driven through congress by the "farm bloc" of congressmen; it exempted farmers' marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution.	43
12925441384	WWI Debt	After the Versailles treaty, Germany was expected to pay 132 billion gold marks to France and Britain. Weimar republic paid in 1921 but declared unable to pay more in 1922. Britain and France were also in debt to America from War Loans.	44
12925441385	"Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"	mudslinging accusation onto Al Smith	45
12925441386	Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929	This act established the Federal Farm Board, a lending bureau for hard-pressed farmers. The act also aimed to help farmers help themselves through new producers' cooperatives. As the depression worsened in 1930, the Board tried to bolster falling prices by buying up surpluses, but it was unable to cope with the flood of farm produce to market.	46
12925441387	Overproduction	a situation in which the supply of manufactured goods exceeds the demand	47
12925441388	Overexpansion	extreme expansion to a uncontrollable point (as in a country) or to its breaking point (as in a rubberband)	48
12925441389	Anemia Abroad	Depression in America was further pushed downward by a chain reaction financial collapse in Europe.	49
12925441390	Hoovervilles	Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress	50
12925441391	Rugged Individualism	Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.	51
12925441392	Trickle-down basis	Hoover gave relief to big corporations thinking that they would spend money and give it to the bottom of economic pyramid relieving all nation.	52
12925441393	Pump Priming	economic theory that favored public works projects because they put money into the hands of consumers who would buy more goods, stimulating the economy	53
12925441394	Bonus Expeditionary Force	Thousands of World War I veterans, who insisted on immediate payment of their bonus certificates, marched on Washington in 1932; violence ensued when President Herbert Hoover ordered their tent villages cleared.	54
12925441395	Manchuria	Province in northeast China invaded by Japan in September 1931	55
12925441396	Good Neighbor Policy	FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region	56

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9848053313	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9848053314	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9848053315	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9848053316	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9848053317	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9848053318	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9848053319	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9848053320	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9848053321	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9848053322	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9848053323	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9848053324	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9848053325	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9848053326	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9848053327	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9848053328	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9848053329	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9848053330	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9848053331	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9848053332	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9848053333	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9848053334	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9848053335	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9848053336	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9848053337	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9848053338	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9848053339	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9848053340	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9848053341	theory	general idea being tested	28
9848053342	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9848053343	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9848053344	mode	appears the most	31
9848053345	mean	average	32
9848053346	median	middle	33
9848053347	range	highest - lowest	34
9848053348	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9848053349	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9848053350	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9848053351	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9848053352	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9848053353	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9848053354	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9848053355	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9848053548	neuron		43
9848053356	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9848053357	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9848053358	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9848053359	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9848053360	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9848053361	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9848053362	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9848053363	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9848053364	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9848053365	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9848053366	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9848053367	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9848053368	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9848053369	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9848053370	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9848053371	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9848053372	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9848053373	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9848053374	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9848053375	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9848053376	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9848053377	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9848053378	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9848053379	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9848053380	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9848053381	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9848053382	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9848053383	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9848053384	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9848053385	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9848053386	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9848053387	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9848053388	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9848053389	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9848053390	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9848053391	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9848053392	occipital lobe	vision	80
9848053393	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9848053394	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9848053395	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9848053396	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9848053397	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9848053398	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9848053399	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9848053400	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9848053401	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9848053402	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9848053403	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9848053404	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9848053405	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9848053406	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9848053407	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9848053408	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9848053409	rods	night time	97
9848053410	cones	color	98
9848053411	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9848053412	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9848053413	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9848053414	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9848053415	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9848053416	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9848053417	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9848053418	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9848053419	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9848053420	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9848053421	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9848053422	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9848053423	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9848053424	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9848053425	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9848053426	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9848053427	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9848053428	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9848053429	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9848053430	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9848053431	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9848053432	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9848053433	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9848053434	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9848053435	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9848053436	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9848053437	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9848053438	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9848053439	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9848053440	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9848053441	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9848053442	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9848053443	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9848053444	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9848053445	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9848053446	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9848053447	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9848053448	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9848053449	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9848053450	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9848053451	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9848053452	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9848053453	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9848053454	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9848053455	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9848053456	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9848053457	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9848053458	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9848053459	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9848053460	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9848053461	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9848053462	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9848053463	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9848053464	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9848053465	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9848053466	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9848053467	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9848053468	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9848053469	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9848053470	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9848053471	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9848053472	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9848053473	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9848053474	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9848053475	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9848053476	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9848053477	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9848053478	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9848053479	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9848053480	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9848053481	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9848053482	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9848053483	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9848053484	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9848053485	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9848053486	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9848053487	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9848053488	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9848053489	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9848053490	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9848053491	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9848053492	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9848053493	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9848053494	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9848053495	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9848053496	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9848053497	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9848053498	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9848053499	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9848053500	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9848053501	encoding	information going in	189
9848053502	storage	keeping information in	190
9848053503	retrieval	taking information out	191
9848053504	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9848053505	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9848053506	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9848053507	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9848053508	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9848053509	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9848053510	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9848053511	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9848053512	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9848053513	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9848053514	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9848053515	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9848053516	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9848053517	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9848053518	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9848053519	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9848053520	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9848053521	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9848053522	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9848053523	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9848053524	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9848053525	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9848053526	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9848053527	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9848053528	context	environment helps with memory	216
9848053529	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9848053530	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9848053531	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9848053532	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9848053533	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9848053534	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9848053535	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9848053536	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9848053537	prototypes	generalize	225
9848053538	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9848053539	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9848053540	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9848053541	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9848053542	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9848053543	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9848053544	grammar is _________	universal	232
9848053545	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9848053546	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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apes Flashcards

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9785140881	The Dung of the Devil	1918-1920 used to cure Spanish flu also helped for H1N1 flu (2009-2010) biodiversity has instrumental (practical) value for people	0
9785153516	ecosystem diversity	the number and types of ecosystems in a region and the complexity of the systems - number of trophic levels -number of niches measure of ecological health for a region	1
11082953322	species diversity	the variety of species in an ecosystem -> often represented with count measure of health for an ecosystem	2
11082969017	genetic diversity	variety of genes and traits present in a population -> one species measure of health for a population	3
11083014003	number of species identified	2 million	4
11083016541	number of estimated species	5-100 million	5
11083016542	best estimate of number of species	10 million	6
11083029390	why is it hard to estimate the total number of species	most species are hard to find most come out at night they are live in inaccessible locations cannot be seen with a microscope	7
11083044370	largest group of species	insects	8
11083072428	species richness	the number of species in a given area used to give an approximate sense of biodiversity in a given place	9
11083472636	species evenness	the relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a location tells us whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or whether all of its species have abundances	10
11083502765	high species evenness	species are all represented by similar numbers of individuals	11
11083507121	low species evenness	one species is represented by many individuals whereas other species are represented by only a few individuals	12
11083599548	evolution	change in genetic composition of a population over time	13
11083620639	microevolution	within one species change in gene frequency a new trait becomes "fixed" (100% of the population has the trait)	14
11083685997	macroevolution	when genetic changes give rise to new species (larger categories of organisms into which species are organized) relationships between different species phylogeny and speciation	15
11083729717	how is genetic diversity created?	through mutation and recombination	16
11083832699	mutation	an occasional mistake in the copying process produces a random change in the genetic code UV radiation may also cause mutation can be harmful or beneficial	17
11083893457	recombination	occurs as chromosomes are duplicated during reproductive cell division and a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome does not create new genes but creates new and different combinations of alleles on a chromosome	18
11083842656	can changes in genotypes produce changes in phenotypes?	yes	19
11083944546	artificial selection	when humans determine which individuals to breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind example: dogs from wolf	20
11083987583	natural selection	the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce	21
11084024847	key ideas to Darwins theory	individuals produce an excess of offspring. not all offspring can survive. individuals differ in their traits. differences in traits can be passed on from parents to offspring. differences in traits are associated with differences in the ability to survive and reproduce.	22
11084074039	fitness	ability to survive and reproduce	23
11084077463	adaptations	traits that improve an individuals fitness	24
11084170046	genetic drift	a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating	25
11084196654	bottleneck effect	drastic reduction in the size of a population that reduces genetic variation can occur from habitat loss, a natural disaster, harvesting by humans, or changes in the environment	26
11084325129	founder effect	change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals	27
11084522130	allotropic speciation	the physical separation of a group of individuals from others of the same species geographic and reproductive isolation ex: the mice	28
11084546870	sympatric speciation	evolution of one species into two species without geographic isolation polyploidy - have more chromosome sets and become reproductively isolated from original diploid ancestor	29
11084643561	evolution occurs fast when	small population short generation time high biodiversity high mutation rate high selective pressure	30
11084650291	evolution occurs slow when	large population long generation time low biodiversity low mutation rate low selective pressure	31
11084690735	GMOs	using genetic engineering techniques, scientists can now copy genes from a species with some desirable trait, such as rapid growth or disease resistance. Scientists can insert these genes into other species of plants, animals, or microbes to produce them	32
11084725323	range of tolerance	limits to the abiotic conditions they can tolerate	33
11084749074	fundamental niche	the suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce	34
11084762954	realized niche	range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives	35
11085022939	niche generalist	can live under a very wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions	36
11085022940	niche specialists	specialized to live under a very narrow range of conditions or feed on a small group of species	37
11085204208	5 mass extinctions	Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, Cretaceous	38

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AP French - Contemporary Life Flashcards

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7231389178	les rites de passage	rites of passage	0
7231389179	la naissance	birth	1
7231389180	le baptême	baptism	2
7231389181	la remise des diplômes	graduation	3
7231389182	un permis de conduire	driver's license	4
7231389183	les études	studies	5
7231389184	le baccalauréat	entrance exam for college	6
7231389185	le premier emploi	first job	7
7231389186	vieillir	to age/grow old	8
7231389187	prendre la retraite	to retire	9
7231389188	une carte de retrait	ATM card	10
7231389189	une dette	debt	11
7231389190	toucher	to cash a check	12
7231389191	féliciter	to congratulate	13
7231389192	ému	emotionally moved	14
7231389193	installé	settled (into your career)	15
7231389194	la grossesse	pregnancy	16
7231389195	accoucher	to give birth	17
7231389196	l'enseignement	education	18
7231389197	la formation	training/background	19
7231389198	redoubler	to repeat a year in school	20
7231389199	une filière	career path	21
7231389200	hebdomadaire	weekly	22
7231389201	le logement	housing	23
7231389202	les loisirs	hobbies/leisure activities	24
7231389203	déménager	to move location	25
7231389204	consommer	to consume	26
7231389205	infliger	to inflict	27
7231389206	le désespoir	distress/despair	28
7231389207	actuellement	currently	29
7231389208	le quotidien/quotidiennement	daily routine/daily	30
7231389209	les nouvelles/les actualités	personal news/current events	31
7231389210	louper/rater/échouer	to fail/miss/flunk	32
7231389211	soutenir	to support	33
7231389212	entretenir	to maintain	34
7231389213	la guerre/la paix	war/peace	35
7231389214	l'enterrement/les funérailles/les obsèques	burial/funeral/funeral services	36
7231389215	une carte de crédit	credit card	37
7231389216	des économies	economies	38
7231389217	vivre	to live	39
7231389218	tenter	to attempt	40
7231389219	les passages de vie	major life events	41
7231389220	la bar-mitsva	bar mitsva	42
7231389221	le mariage	marriage	43
7231389222	le décès	death	44
7231389223	prier	to pray	45
7231389224	to get engaged	se fiancer	46
7231389225	honeymoon	la lune de miel	47
7231389226	education/upbringing	l'éducation	48
7231389227	schedule	l'emploi du temps	49
7231389228	preschool	la maternelle	50
7231389229	elementary school	l'école primaire	51
7231389230	middle school	le collège	52
7231389231	to give up	abandonner	53
7231389232	to have the baccalauréat	avoir le bac	54
7231389233	a person who has a bachelors degree	bachelier	55
7231389234	distance between 2 points/route	le trajet	56
7231389235	to drug	droguer	57
7231389236	currency	la devise	58
7231389237	french national railway system	la SNCF	59
7231389238	misunderstanding	un malentendu	60
7231389239	to be up to date	être au courant	61
7231389240	fluently	couramment	62
7231389241	to miss someone	manquer à quelqu'un	63
7231389242	to have access to some(thing/one)	avoir l'accès à qqn/qqch	64
7231389243	to have shelter	avoir l'abri	65
7231389244	se droguer	to do drugs yourself	66

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