| CourseNotes

11187036879	globale Herausforderungen	global challenges	0
11187036880	Globalisierung	globalization	1
11187036881	Kommunikation	communication	2
11187036882	wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen	economic challenges	3
11187036883	die Wirtschaft	the economy	4
11187036884	Umweltschutz	environmental protection	5
11187036885	die Umwelt	the environment	6
11187036886	die Geographie	geography	7
11187036887	die Erdkunde	geography	8
11187036888	die Philosophie	philosophy	9
11187036889	die Religion	religion	10
11187036890	politische Herausforderungen	political challenges	11
11187036891	die Politik	politics	12
11187036892	die Naturwissenschaft	science	13
11187036893	die Wissenschaft (-en)	the knowledge, science	14
11187036894	die Technologie (-n)	technology	15
11187036895	ethische Herausforderungen	ethical challenges	16
11187036896	Gesundheitswesen	health care	17
11187036897	der Erfinder, die Erfinderin	inventor	18
11187036898	die Erfindung (-en)	the invention	19
11187036899	der Entdecker, die Entdeckerin	the discoverer	20
11187036900	die Entdeckung	the discovery	21
11187036901	die Innovation	the innovation	22
11187036902	der Innovator, die Innovatorin	the innovator	23
11187036903	der Durchbruch	the breakthrough	24
11187036904	die soziale Folgen	the social consequences	25
11187036905	der Transport	transportation	26
11187036906	die Schönheit	beauty	27
11187036907	die Ästhetik	aesthetics	28
11187036908	die Architektur	architecture	29
11187036909	die kulturelle Perspektiven	the cultural perspectives	30
11187036910	die Kultur	the culture	31
11187036911	die Mode	fashion	32
11187036912	das Design	design	33
11187036913	die Sprache (-n)	the language	34
11187036914	die Literatur	literature	35
11187036915	die Musik	music	36
11187036916	das Theater	the theater; theater	37
11187036917	der Film	film, movie	38
11187036918	die Kunst	art	39
11187036919	die Familie (-n)	family	40
11187036920	die Gemeinschaft (-en)	community	41
11187036921	die Gesellschaft (-en)	society	42
11187036922	das Bürgerrecht	citizenship	43
11187036923	der Bürger, die Bürgerin	citizen	44
11187036924	die gemeinnützige Arbeit	community service	45
11187036925	die Vielseitigkeit	diversity	46
11187036926	die Familienstruktur	family structure	47
11187036927	die Beziehung (-en)	relationship	48
11187036928	das Stadtleben	city life	49
11187036929	das Vorstadtleben	suburban life	50
11187036930	die Vorstadt	suburb	51
11187036931	das Landleben	rural life	52
11187036932	auf dem Land leben	to live in rural area	53
11187036933	in der Stadt leben	to live in the city	54
11187036934	in der Vorstadt leben	to live in a suburb	55
11187036935	die persönliche Identität	personal identity	56
11187036936	die öffentliche Identität	public identity	57
11187036937	die Identität (-en)	identity	58
11187036938	die Distanzierung (-en)	alienation	59
11187036939	die Integrierung (-en)	integration	60
11187036940	die geschlechtliche Identität	gender identity	61
11187036941	das Geschlecht (-er)	gender	62
11187036942	die Generationsunterschiede	generational differences	63
11187036943	die Generation (-en)	generation	64
11187036944	die Unterschiede	difference	65
11187036945	die nationale Identität	national identity	66
11187036946	die Nation (-en)	the nation	67
11187036947	das Selbstverständnis (-se)	the self-perception, self-identification	68
11187036948	die Stereotype (-n)	the stereotype	69
11187036949	der Alltag (-e)	everyday life	70
11187036950	aktuell	contemporary, current	71
11187036951	die aktuelle Ereignisse/Aktuelles	contemporary/current events	72
11187036952	das Ereignis (-e)	event	73
11187036953	die Ausbildung (-en)	education, training	74
11187036954	die Karriere (-n)	career	75
11187036955	die Unterhaltung (-en)	entertainment	76
11187036956	das Reisen	travel	77
11187036957	die Freizeit	free time, leisure time	78
11187036958	die Gesundheit	health	79
11187036959	das Wohlbefinden	well-being, wellness	80
11187036960	die Gebräuche	customs, practices	81
11187036961	die Werte	values	82
11187036962	die Jugendkulture	youth culture	83
11187036963	die Jugend, Jugendliche	youth	84

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11561915631	metabolism	the totality of an organism's chemical reactions manages material and energy resources of a cell	0
11561924113	catabolic pathways	leads to the release of energy by the breakdown of complex molecules to simplify compounds. ex. digestive enzymes break down food and release energy	1
11562487226	anabolic pathways	consumes energy to build up complex molecules from simple ones ex: your body links together amino acids to form muscle protein in response to physical exercise	2
11562508180	energy	the capacity to do work	3
11562511338	kinetic energy	anything thats moving	4
11562514008	potential energy	stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object - resting	5
11562598545	chemical energy	a form of potential energy that is stored in molecules, amount of energy depends on chemical bonds	6
11562638721	themodynamics	energy transformations that occur in matter	7
11562673205	first law of thermodynamics	energy is constant, energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed	8
11562685621	second law of thermodynamics	every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe	9
11562689393	entropy	the amount of disorder or randomness	10
11562707636	free energy change in a reaction tells us whether or not	the reaction occurs spontaneously	11
11562746357	free energy	the part of a systems energy that is able to preform work when the temperature of the system is uniform	12
11562792646	symbol for free energy	ΔG ; delta g	13
11562838372	exergonic reaction	energy is released, occur spontaneously (not necessarily quickly) and release free energy to the system ^G<0	14
11562859796	endergonic reaction	requires energy, absorbs free energy, require free energy from a system	15
11562899705	atp powers cellular work by	coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions	16
11562903820	energy coupling	The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.	17
11562908513	primary source for cells energy in energy coupling	atp (adenosine triphosphate)	18
11563009180	when a phosphate group is hydrolyzed	energy is released in a exergonic reaction	19
11563062978	work in the cell is done by the release	of a phosphate group from atp	20
11563089183	the exergonic release of the phosphate group is used to	do the endergonic work of the cell	21
11563098472	When ATP transfers one phosphate group through hydrolysis, it becomes	adp	22
11563153772	catalyst	substances that speed up a chemical process without actually changing the products of reactions	23
11563156321	enzymes	macromolecules that are biological catalysts	24
11563161867	activation energy	amount of energy needed to start a reaction - amount of energy it takes to break the bonds of the reactant molecules	25
11563181048	How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?	by lowering the activation energy - without changing the free energy change of the reaction	26
11563193540	the reactant that the enzyme works on is the	substrate	27
11563272810	effect of enzyme on reaction rate		28
11563318826	active site	the part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate	29
11563322716	enzyme-substrate complex	When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms: held by weak interactions (ex. hydrogen and ionic bonds)	30
11563335786	substrates, after binding to enzymes	is converted into products , and released from the enzyme	31
11563378744	after the product is released	active site is available for new substrates, enzymes can be reused	32
11563391674	protein enzymes 3 dimensional shape is drastically affected by	changes in ph and tempreture	33
11563430390	changes in precise shape of an enzyme	means that the enzyme will not be as effective	34
11563442173	when the temperature and ph are not optimal	reaction rate is altered	35
11563465054	Many enzymes require	nonprotein helpers called cofactors	36
11563471438	cofactors include	metal ions like zinc, iron, and copper	37
11563478427	cofactors function	to allow catalysts so occur	38
11563485632	If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a?	coenzyme	39
11563489190	Coenzymes	organic cofactors (vitamins)	40
11563494852	competitive inhibitors	are reversible inhibitors that compete with the substrate for the active site of an enzyme	41
11563508056	competitive inhibitors are chemically	similar to the normal substrate molecule	42
11563516894	competitive inhibitors often	reduce the efficiency of the enzyme as it competes for the active site	43
11563532088	noncompetitive inhibitor	do not directly compete with the substrate molecules instead they impede (prevent) enzyme activity by binding to another part of the enzyme	44
11563549087	noncompetitive inhibitor cause the enzyme to	change its shape, rendering the active site nonfunctional	45
11563573286	many enzyme regulators bind to	an allosteric site on the enzymes	46
11563576521	allosteric site	specific binding site, but not the active site	47
11563590533	one bound to the allosteric site	shape of a enzyme is changed , that can either stimulate or inhibit enzyme activity	48
11563642968	the end product of a enzymatic pathway can switch off its pathway by	binding to a allosteric site of an enzyme in the pathway termed feedback inhibitation	49
11563653320	feedback inhibition	increases the efficiency of the pathway by turning it off when the end product accumulates in the cell	50
11563904548	thermal energy	is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules	51
11563913407	closed system	matter is not allowed to enter or leave - isolated (liquid in a thermos)	52
11563918966	open system	A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings. (organisms)	53
11563928167	energy that is unusable is lost as	heat	54
11563935594	change in total energy (enthalpy)	^ H	55
11563942495	Entropy shown as	^S	56
11563946504	processes with a negative delta g are	spontanous	57
11563963072	Most enzymes are	proteins exception ribozymes (rna)	58
11563976291	enzymes lower activation energy by	Orienting substrates correctly Straining substrate bonds Providing a favorable microenvironment	59
11563988369	gene regulation	the turning on and off of genes that code for specific enzymes	60
11563996734	negative feedback	An accumulation of an end product slows the process that produces that product (sugar breakdown generates ATP; excess ATP inhibits an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway)	61
11564004707	positive feedback	The end product speeds up production (Chemicals released by platelets that accumulate at injury site, attract MORE platelets to the site.)	62
11564016553	Coopertivity	a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity Binding of one substrate to active site of one subunit locks all subunits in active conformation	63