Academic english // medium difficulty Flashcards
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| 8880713512 | Amuse (v) | to make someone laugh or smile |  | 0 |
| 8880713513 | Inspire (v) | to make someone want to do something |  | 1 |
| 8880713514 | Affection (n) | a feeling of caring for someone |  | 2 |
| 8880713515 | ancient (adj) | very old |  | 3 |
| 8880713516 | fascinating ( adj) | of great interest |  | 4 |
| 8880713517 | an occupation (n) | the work that someone does |  | 5 |
| 8880713518 | diverse (adj) | different from each other |  | 6 |
| 8880713519 | occur ( v) | to happen; take place |  | 7 |
| 8880713520 | energetic (adj) | having lots of energy |  | 8 |
| 8880713521 | enthusiastic ( adj) | showing excitement about something |  | 9 |
| 8880713522 | a landmark (n) | something that is easy to see or recognize |  | 10 |
| 8880713523 | gorgeous (adj) | extremely beautiful |  | 11 |
| 8880713524 | distribute ( v) | give out in share |  | 12 |
| 8880713525 | the pros and cons | the advantages and disadvantages of something |  | 13 |
| 8880713526 | appreciate (v) | to show thankfulness |  | 14 |
| 8880713527 | a commitment (n) | a promise to do or give something |  | 15 |
| 8880713528 | a refund (n) | a sum of money that is paid back to you, especially because you paid too much or because you returned goods to a shop/store | 16 | |
| 8880713529 | a guarantee (n) | a firm promise that you will do something or that something will happen | 17 | |
| 8880713530 | a warranty (n) | a written agreement in which a company selling something promises to repair or replace it if there is a problem within a particular period of time | 18 | |
| 8880713531 | inquiry (enquiry) (n) | an official process to find out the cause of something or to find out information about something | 19 | |
| 8880713532 | a media mogul | a person who is a leading figure in the world of entertainment or news. Media moguls work with television, radio, newspapers and even the Internet. They control what the rest of us see and hear. An important characteristic of the media mogul is size. To be a mogul, you can't own just one TV station or newspaper. You must own a whole broadcasting network or newspaper chain. | 20 | |
| 8880713533 | a road toll | a road that drivers must pay to use. In the US such roads are now mostly motorways/freeways. The money may be collected from drivers as they join or leave them. | 21 | |
| 8880713534 | a media tycoon | someone with a lot of power and influence in the world of journalism, politics, entertainment or news and displays that influence through mass media such as television, radio, newspapers and the Internet. | 22 | |
| 8880713535 | a road fatality | 23 | ||
| 8880713536 | an allegation (nc) | a public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing somebody of doing something that is wrong or illegal | 24 | |
| 8880713537 | an empire (n) | a group of countries or states that are controlled by one ruler or government | 25 | |
| 8880713538 | corruption (n) | dishonest or illegal behaviour, especially of people in authority | 26 | |
| 8880713539 | misconduct (n) | unacceptable behaviour, especially by a professional person | 27 | |
| 8880713540 | dig up dirt | to look for and find unpleasant or embarrassing information about someone | 28 | |
| 8880713541 | a tabloid (adj) | Newspapers have small pages and short articles with a lot of pictures and stories about famous people, and are often thought of as less serious than other newspaper | 29 | |
| 8880713542 | expose (vt) | to show something that is usually hidden | 30 | |
| 8880713543 | grill (n) (British English) | the part of a cooker that directs heat downwards to cook food that is placed underneath it | 31 | |
| 8880713544 | circulation (n) | the movement of blood around the body | 32 | |
| 8880713545 | legitimate (adj) | or which there is a fair and acceptable reason | 33 | |
| 8880713546 | CPI consumer price index | 34 | ||
| 8880713547 | Plagiarism | an act of plagiarizing something; something that has been plagiarized | 35 | |
| 8880713548 | GDP | the abbreviation for 'gross domestic product' (the total value of all the goods and services produced by a country in one year) | 36 | |
| 8880713549 | Inflation (n) | a general rise in the prices of services and goods in a particular country, resulting in a fall in the value of money; the rate at which this happens | 37 | |
| 8880713550 | Biodiversity (n) | the existence of a large number of different kinds of animals and plants which make a balanced environment | 38 | |
| 8880713551 | a headline dimension | a measurement in space, for example the height, width or length of something | 39 | |
| 8880713552 | sustainability | the use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the environment | 40 | |
| 8880713553 | exploitation (n) | (disapproving) a situation in which somebody treats somebody else in an unfair way, especially in order to make money from their work | 41 | |
| 8880713554 | a tariff (n) | 1a tax that is paid on goods coming into or going out of a country | 42 | |
| 8880713555 | effluent (n) | liquid waste, especially chemicals produced by factories, or sewage | 43 | |
| 8880713556 | a concern (v) | concern somebody/something to affect somebody/something; to involve somebody/something | 44 | |
| 8880713557 | reallocate (v) | to set apart for a particular purpose; assign or allot: to fix the place of; locate. | 45 | |
| 8880713558 | glacier (nc) | a large mass of ice, formed by snow on mountains, that moves very slowly down a valley | 46 | |
| 8880713559 | interrelated (adj) | closely connected and affecting each other | 47 | |
| 8880713560 | erosion (n) | the process by which the surface of something is gradually destroyed through the action of wind, rain, etc. | 48 | |
| 8880713561 | irrigation (n) | the practice of supplying water to an area of land through pipes or channels so that crops will grow | 49 | |
| 8880713562 | a shortage (n) | a situation when there is not enough of the people or things that are needed | 50 | |
| 8880713563 | potentially (adv) | used to say that something may develop into something | 51 | |
| 8880713564 | profound (adj) | very great; felt or experienced very strongly | 52 | |
| 8880713565 | extinction (n) | a situation in which a plant, an animal, a way of life, etc. stops existing | 53 | |
| 8880713566 | genetic (adj) | connected with genes (= the units in the cells of a living thing that control its physical characteristics) or genetics (= the study of genes ) | 54 | |
| 8880713567 | temporarily (adv) | in a way that lasts or is intended to last or be used only for a short time; in a way that is not permanent | 55 | |
| 8880713568 | unprecedented (adj) | that has never happened, been done or been known before | 56 | |
| 8880713569 | ingenious (adj) | (of an object, a plan, an idea, etc.) very suitable for a particular purpose and resulting from clever new ideas | 57 | |
| 8880713570 | an aquifer (n) | a layer of rock or soil that can absorb and hold water | 58 | |
| 8880713571 | condensation (n) | drops of water that form on a cold surface when warm water vapour becomes cool | 59 | |
| 8880713572 | low-tech (adj) | not involving the most modern technology or methods | 60 | |
| 8880713573 | desalination (n) | the process of removing salt from sea water | 61 | |
| 8880713574 | evaporation (nu) | the process of a liquid changing or being changed into a gas | 62 | |
| 8880713575 | moisture (n) | very small drops of water that are present in the air, on a surface or in a substance | 63 | |
| 8880713576 | precipitation (n) | rain, snow, etc. that falls; the amount of this that falls | 64 | |
| 8880713577 | vapour / vapor US (nu) | a mass of very small drops of liquid in the air, for example steam | 65 | |
| 8880713578 | preserve (v) | something to keep a particular quality, feature, etc.; to make sure that something is kept | 66 | |
| 8880713579 | (empty) rhetoric | speech or writing that is intended to influence people, but that is not completely honest or sincere | 67 | |
| 8880713580 | an amateur (n) | a person who takes part in a sport or other activity for enjoyment, not as a job | 68 | |
| 8880713581 | a conglomerate (n) | a large company formed by joining together different firms | 69 | |
| 8880713582 | go down the drain | (go) down the ˈdrain(British English also (go) down the ˈplughole) (informal) (to be) wasted; (to get) very much worse | 70 | |
| 8880713583 | deplete (v) | something (formal) to reduce something by a large amount so that there is not enough left | 71 | |
| 8880713584 | guilty (adj) | (about something) feeling ashamed because you have done something that you know is wrong or have not done something that you should have done | 72 | |
| 8880713585 | outwit (v) | somebody/something to defeat somebody/something or gain an advantage over them by doing something clever | 73 | |
| 8880713586 | an ecological footprint (n) | a measure of the amount of the earth's resources used by a person or a population that lives in a particular way | 74 | |
| 8880713587 | match-fixing (n) | a measure of the amount of the earth's resources used by a person or a population that lives in a particular way | 75 | |
| 8880713588 | riot police (n) | police who are trained to deal with people rioting | 76 | |
| 8880713589 | a referee (n) | the official who controls the game in some sports | 77 | |
| 8880713590 | a boycott (v) | something to refuse to buy, use or take part in something as a way of protesting | 78 | |
| 8880713591 | foremost (adj) | the most important or famous; in a position at the front | 79 | |
| 8880713592 | a facility (n) | buildings, services, equipment, etc. that are provided for a particular purpose | 80 | |
| 8880713593 | cram (for s'thing) | to push or force somebody/something into a small space; to move into a small space with the result that it is full | 81 | |
| 8880713594 | wing (it) (n) | one of the parts of the body of a bird, insect or bat that it uses for flying | 82 | |
| 8880713595 | anonymously (adv) | by somebody who does not want their name to be known or made public | 83 | |
| 8880713596 | outrage (n ) | a strong feeling of shock and anger | 84 | |
| 8880713597 | a stakeholder (n) | a person or company that is involved in a particular organization, project, system, etc., especially because they have invested money in it | 85 | |
| 8880713598 | tension n (between A and B) | a situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly towards each other, and which may cause them to attack each other | 86 | |
| 8880713599 | a trade-off ˌtrade ˈoff something ˌtrade ˈoff something against something ˌtrade ˈoff something for something trade something ˈoff trade something ˈoff against something ˌtrade something ˈoff for something | to balance two things or situations that are opposed to each other intended | 87 | |
| 8880713600 | apparent (adj) | easy to see or understand | 88 | |
| 8880713601 | revealing (adj) | giving you interesting information that you did not know before | 89 | |
| 8880713602 | futile (adj) | having no purpose because there is no chance of success | 90 | |
| 8880713603 | constant (adj) | happening all the time or repeatedly | 91 | |
| 8880713604 | disregard (v) | disregard v something (formal) to not consider something; to treat something as unimportant | 92 | |
| 8880713605 | a commodity (n) | a commodity n a product or a raw material that can be bought and sold | 93 | |
| 8880713606 | invariably (adv ) | invariably adv alwa ys | 94 | |
| 8880713607 | consent (n) | (to something) permission to do something, especially given by somebody in authority | 95 | |
| 8880713608 | a quest (nc) | for something (formal or literary) a long search for something, especially for some quality such as happiness | 96 | |
| 8880713609 | self-imposed (adj) | task, duty, etc. is one that you force yourself to do rather than one that somebody else forces you to do | 97 | |
| 8880713610 | criticise / criticize US | to say that you disapprove of somebody/something; to say what you do not like or think is wrong about somebody/something | 98 | |
| 8880713611 | frustration (n) | the feeling of being frustrated- feeling annoyed and impatient because you cannot do or achieve what you want | 99 | |
| 8880713612 | implicit (adj) | (in something) suggested without being directly expressed | 100 | |
| 8880713613 | inherent (adj) | (in somebody/something) that is a basic or permanent part of somebody/something and that cannot be removed | 101 | |
| 8880713614 | a distinction (n) | ( between A and B) a clear difference or contrast especially between people or things that are similar or related | 102 | |
| 8880713615 | opt-out ˌopt ˈout (of something) | 1to choose not to take part in something | 103 | |
| 8880713616 | affiliated with | affiliate somebody/something (with/to somebody/something) to link a group, a company or an organization very closely with another, larger one | 104 | |
| 8880713617 | criteria (n) | a standard or principle by which something is judged, or with the help of which a decision is made | 105 | |
| 8880713618 | exclusively | exclusively | 106 | |
| 8880713619 | a domain (n) | an area of knowledge or activity; especially one that somebody is responsible for | 107 | |
| 8880713620 | an external link | 108 | ||
| 8880713621 | academic rigour / rigorUS | strictness, severity, or harshness, as in dealing with people. | 109 | |
| 8880713622 | an agenda (n) | a list of items to be discussed at a meeting | 110 | |
| 8880713623 | autonomy (n) | the freedom for a country, a region or an organization to govern itself independently | 111 | |
| 8880713624 | derive (v) | to receive or obtain from a source or origin (usually followed by from) | 112 | |
| 8880713625 | enhance (vt) | something to increase or further improve the good quality, value or status of somebody/something | 113 | |
| 8880713626 | a forum (n) | (for something) a place where people can exchange opinions and ideas on a particular issue; a meeting organized for this purpose | 114 | |
| 8880713627 | authentic (adj) | known to be real and genuine and not a copy | 115 | |
| 8880713628 | conceptual (adj) | related to or based on ideas | 116 | |
| 8880713629 | unbiased (adj) | fair and not influenced by your own or somebody else's opinions, desires, etc. | 117 | |
| 8880713630 | accelerate (v) | with notes added giving explanations or comments | 118 | |
| 8880713631 | retrieve (v) | to bring or get something back, especially from a place where it should not be | 119 | |
| 8880713632 | toxic (adj) | containing poison; poisonous | 120 | |
| 8880713633 | an authority (n ) | the power to give orders to people | 121 | |
| 8880713634 | a component (adj) | used to describe one of several parts of which something is made | 122 | |
| 8880713635 | depletion (nu) | the reduction of something by a large amount so that there is not enough left | 123 | |
| 8880713636 | disposal (adj) | the act of getting rid of something | 124 | |
| 8880713637 | prioritise / prioritize US (v) | (something) to put tasks, problems, etc. in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important first | 125 | |
| 8880713638 | relevance (n) | a close connection with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinking about | 126 | |
| 8880713639 | hazardous (adj) | involving risk or danger, especially to somebody's health or safety | 127 | |
| 8880713640 | inherent (adj) | (in somebody/something) that is a basic or permanent part of somebody/something and that cannot be removed | 128 | |
| 8880713641 | a dimension (n) | a measurement in space, for example the height, width or length of something | 129 | |
| 8880713642 | committed (adj) | Willing to work hard and give your time and energy to something; believing strongly in something | 130 | |
| 8880713643 | implementation (n) | the act of making something that has been officially decided start to happen or be used | 131 | |
| 8880713644 | potential (adj) | that can develop into something or be developed in the future | 132 | |
| 8880713645 | a consultant (n) | a person who knows a lot about a particular subject and is employed to give advice about it to other people | 133 | |
| 8880713646 | ultimately | last; furthest or farthest; ending a process or series: maximum; decisive; conclusive: | 134 | |
| 8880713647 | an estimate (n) | a judgement that you make without having the exact details or figures about the size, amount, cost, etc. of something | 135 | |
| 8880713648 | assertive (adj) | expressing opinions or desires strongly and with confidence, so that people take notice | 136 | |
| 8880713649 | conflict (nu/nc) | a situation in which people, groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument | 137 | |
| 8880713650 | conversely (adv) | in a way that is the opposite or reverse of something | 138 | |
| 8880713651 | decentralization (n) | the act or process of giving some of the power of a central government, organization, etc. to smaller parts or organizations around the country | 139 | |
| 8880713652 | foreseeable | that you can predict will happen; that can be foreseen | 140 | |
| 8880713653 | neglected (adj) | not receiving enough care or attention | 141 | |
| 8880713654 | eviction (n) | the act of forcing somebody to leave a house or land, especially when you have the legal right to do so | 142 | |
| 8880713655 | a shanty town (nc) | an area in or near a town where poor people live in shantiesa squatter settlement | 143 | |
| 8880713656 | a squatter settlement | In urban areas, where there tends to be a population of poor individuals and families, immigrants and otherwise, the question of adequate housing for all is frequently addressed. Across the world, many people find themselves unable to secure or afford housing because of financial, political,and sometimes ethnic reasons. Because of all these factors, squatter settlements, sometimes known as shanty towns or referred to more broadly as slums, are founded. | 144 | |
| 8880713657 | accumulate (v) | something to gradually get more and more of something over a period of time | 145 | |
| 8880713658 | spatial (adj) | relating to space and the position, size, shape, etc. of things in it | 146 | |
| 8880713659 | integrated (adj) | in which many different parts are closely connected and work successfully together | 147 | |
| 8880713660 | contamination (nu) | The process or fact of making a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease | 148 | |
| 8880713661 | controversial (adj) | causing a lot of angry public discussion and disagreement | 149 | |
| 8880713662 | scarce (adj) | if something is scarce, there is not enough of it and it is only available in small quantities | 150 | |
| 8880713663 | compile (v) | something to produce a book, list, report, etc. by bringing together different items, articles, songs, etc. | 151 | |
| 8880713664 | a conservationist (nc) | nc a person who takes an active part in the protection of the environment | 152 | |
| 8880713665 | vulnerability (nu) | 153 | ||
| 8880713666 | vulnerable (adj) | (to somebody/something) weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally | 154 | |
| 8880713667 | valid (adj) | that is legally or officially acceptable | 155 | |
| 8880713668 | identify (v) | to recognize somebody/something and be able to say who or what they are | 156 | |
| 8880713669 | dense (adj) | containing a lot of people, things, plants, etc. with little space between them | 157 | |
| 8880713670 | density (n) | the quality of being dense; the degree to which something is dense | 158 | |
| 8880713671 | explicitly (adv) | clearly or directly, so that the meaning is easy to understand | 159 | |
| 8880713672 | cope (vi) | to deal successfully with something difficult | 160 | |
| 8880713673 | drastically (adv) | in an extreme way that has a sudden, serious or violent effect on something | 161 | |
| 8880713674 | optimistic (adj) | expecting good things to happen or something to be successful; showing this feeling | 162 | |
| 8880713675 | resilience (n) | the ability of people or things to feel better quickly after something unpleasant, such as shock, injury, etc. | 163 | |
| 8880713676 | scope (nu) | a British charity which helps disabled people, especially those with cerebral palsy (= a condition caused by brain damage before or at birth, which makes people lose control of their movements). It was formed in 1952 as the Spastics Society and renamed Scope in 1994. It has several schools and other centres in Britain | 164 | |
| 8880713677 | urban sprawl (nu) | the uncontrolled spread of urban development into neighboring regions | 165 | |
| 8880713678 | priority (n) | something that you think is more important than other things and should be dealt with | 166 | |
| 8880713679 | exacerbate (v) | something (formal) to make something worse, especially a disease or problem | 167 | |
| 8880713680 | a boundary (n) | a real or imagined line that marks the limits or edges of something and separates it from other things or places; a dividing line | 168 | |
| 8880713681 | permeable (adj) | to something) (specialist) allowing a liquid or gas to pass through | 169 | |
| 8880713682 | salination/ saline (adj) | of, containing, or resembling common table salt; salty or saltlike: | 170 | |
| 8880713683 | tailor (n) | a person whose job is to make men's clothes, especially somebody who makes suits, etc. for individual customers | 171 | |
| 8880713684 | tangible (adj) | that can be clearly seen to exist | 172 | |
| 8880713685 | aspiration (n) | a strong desire to have or do something | 173 | |
| 8880713686 | a crisis (nc) | a British charity for homeless people that began in 1972, and that offers education, employment, housing and other services. Each year it also uses empty buildings in large cities to give homeless people shelter, food and clothing in the time around Christmas. This service is run by Crisis at Christmas. | 174 | |
| 8880713687 | a denier (nc) | a unit for measuring how fine threads of nylon, silk, etc. are | 175 | |
| 8880713688 | a disincentive (n) | a thing that makes somebody less willing to do something | 176 | |
| 8880713689 | enormity (nu) | the enormity of something (of a problem, etc.) the very great size, effect, etc. of something; the fact of something being very serious | 177 | |
| 8880713690 | fatalism (n) | the belief that events are decided by fate and that you cannot control them; the fact of accepting that you cannot prevent something from happening | 178 | |
| 8880713691 | a correspondent (n) | a person who reports news from a particular country or on a particular subject for a newspaper or a television or radio station | 179 | |
| 8880713692 | a sacrifice (n) | the fact of giving up something important or valuable to you in order to get or do something that seems more important; something that you give up in this way | 180 | |
| 8880713693 | resemble (v) | somebody/something to look like or be similar to another person or thing | 181 | |
| 8880713694 | dispose (of s'thing) (v) | something/somebody + adv./prep. to arrange things or people in a particular way or position | 182 | |
| 8880713695 | staple (adj) | forming a basic, large or important part of something | 183 | |
| 8880713696 | take for granted (phr v) | take it for ˈgranted (that...) to believe something is true without first making sure that it is | 184 | |
| 8880713697 | detrimental (adj) | to somebody/something) (formal) harmful | 185 | |
| 8880713698 | coordination | the act or state of coordinating or of being coordinated proper order or relationship harmonious combination or interaction, as of functions or parts. | 186 | |
| 8880713699 | bureaucracy (n) | the system of official rules and ways of doing things that a government or an organization has, especially when these seem to be too complicated | 187 | |
| 8880713700 | a hierarchy (n) | a system, especially in a society or an organization, in which people are organized into different levels of importance from highest to lowest | 188 | |
| 8880713701 | absenteeism (n) | the fact of being frequently away from work or school, especially without good reasons | 189 | |
| 8880713702 | extrinsic (adj) | not belonging naturally to somebody/something; coming from or existing outside somebody/something rather than within them | 190 | |
| 8880713703 | instrumental (adj) | (in something/in doing something) important in making something happen | 191 | |
| 8880713704 | reprimand (n) | the act of telling somebody officially that you do not approve of them or their actions | 192 | |
| 8880713705 | a methodology (n) | a set of methods and principles used to perform a particular activity | 193 | |
| 8880713706 | adverse (adj) | negative and unpleasant; not likely to produce a good result | 194 | |
| 8880713707 | critical (adj) | expressing disapproval of somebody/something and saying what you think is bad about them | 195 | |
| 8880713708 | crucial (adj) | extremely important, because it will affect other things | 196 | |
| 8880713709 | a lobby group | Lobbying is an inherent part of modern politics; it promotes the desires of special interest groups. Lobbyist groups come in many different forms, and can be found supporting various kinds of issues. Although lobbyists are a commonly accepted component of the political process, there are also negative consequences associated with them that make their function highly debatable. | 197 | |
| 8880713710 | hybrid (adj) | (of an animal or plant) having parents of different species or varieties | 198 | |
| 8880713711 | advocate (vt) | to support something publicly | 199 | |
| 8880713712 | a campaign (n) | (against/for something) a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social, commercial or political aim | 200 | |
| 8880713713 | intermittent (adj) | stopping and starting often over a period of time, but not regularly | 201 | |
| 8880713714 | hedging (n) | a row of bushes or small trees planted close together, usually along the edge of a field, garden/yard or road | 202 | |
| 8880713715 | undoubtedly (adv) | used to emphasize that something exists or is definitely true | 203 | |
| 8880713716 | a stark difference | 204 | ||
| 8880713717 | advocacy (nu) | (of something) (formal) the giving of public support to an idea, a course of action or a belief | 205 | |
| 8880713718 | degradation (n) | a situation in which somebody has lost all self-respect and the respect of other people | 206 | |
| 8880713719 | appealing (adj) | attractive or interesting | 207 | |
| 8880713720 | attain (vt) | something to succeed in getting something, usually after a lot of effort | 208 | |
| 8880713721 | a dilemma (n)) | a situation which makes problems, often one in which you have to make a very difficult choice between things of equal importance | 209 | |
| 8880713722 | bribery (n) | the giving or taking of bribes -n a sum of money or something valuable that you give or offer to somebody to persuade them to help you, especially by doing something dishonest | 210 | |
| 8880713723 | cogently (adv) | in a way that is strongly and clearly expressed and that influences what people believe | 211 | |
| 8880713724 | concede (v) | to admit that something is true, logical, etc. | 212 | |
| 8880713725 | concur (vi) | (with somebody) (in something) concur (with something) concur (that...) (+ speech) (formal) to agree | 213 | |
| 8880713726 | desirability (n) | 1the extent to which you would like to have or do something; the quality of being wanted a lot | 214 | |
| 8880713727 | elite (adj) | small in number but powerful and with a lot of influence, because they are rich, intelligent, etc. | 215 | |
| 8880713728 | heed (v) | somebody/something (formal) to pay careful attention to somebody's advice or warning | 216 | |
| 8880713729 | premium (n) | premium n an amount of money that you pay once or regularly for an insurance policy | 217 | |
| 8880713730 | illogical (adj) | illogical adj not sensible or thought out in a logical way | 218 | |
| 8880713731 | precise (adj) | clear and accurate | 219 | |
| 8880713732 | assert (v) | to state clearly and firmly that something is true | 220 | |
| 8880713733 | rectify (v) | something (formal) to put right something that is wrong | 221 | |
| 8880713734 | attribute (v) | something to something to say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing | 222 | |
| 8880713735 | deliberate (adj) | done on purpose rather than by accident | 223 | |
| 8880713736 | disastrous (adj) | very bad, harmful or unsuccessful | 224 | |
| 8880713737 | prejudice (n) | an unreasonable dislike of or preference for a person, group, custom, etc., especially when it is based on their race, religion, sex, etc. | 225 | |
| 8880713738 | inevitably (adv) | as is certain to happen | 226 | |
| 8880713739 | inextricably (linked ) (adv) | if two things are inextricably linked, etc., it is impossible to separate them | 227 | |
| 8880713740 | a dispute (n) | a dispute n an argument or a disagreement between two people, groups or countries; discussion about a subject where there is disagreement | 228 | |
| 8880713741 | a mediator (nc) | a mediator nc a person or an organization that tries to get agreement between people or groups who disagree with each other | 229 | |
| 8880713742 | prestige (nu) | the respect and admiration that somebody/something has because of their social position, or what they have done | 230 | |
| 8880713743 | precision (n) | the quality of being exact, accurate and careful | 231 | |
| 8880713744 | an implication (n) | implication (of something) (for something) a possible effect or result of an action or a decision | 232 | |
| 8880713745 | a rationale (n) | rationale (behind/for/of something) (formal) the principles or reasons which explain a particular decision, course of action, belief, etc. | 233 | |
| 8880713746 | concise (adj) | giving only the information that is necessary and important, using few words | 234 | |
| 8880713747 | dense (adj) | containing a lot of people, things, plants, etc. with little space between them a dense crowd/forest | 235 | |
| 8880713748 | praise (n) | (less frequent praises [plural]) words that show approval of or admiration for somebody/something | 236 | |
| 8880713749 | hover (v) | intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) (of birds, helicopters, etc.) to stay in the air in one place | 237 | |
| 8880713750 | anarchy (n) | a situation in a country, an organization, etc. in which there is no government, order or control | 238 | |
| 8880713751 | touchy-feely (adj) | expressing emotions too openly | 239 | |
| 8880713752 | chaos (n) | a state of complete confusion and lack of order | 240 | |
| 8880713753 | conscious (adj) | aware of something; noticing something | 241 | |
| 8880713754 | criticism (nu/nc) | the act of expressing disapproval of somebody/something and opinions about their faults or bad qualities; a statement showing disapproval | 242 | |
| 8880713755 | dignity (nu) | a calm and serious manner that deserves respect | 243 | |
| 8880713756 | an elite squad | 244 | ||
| 8880713757 | an entitlement (n) | (to something) the official right to have or do something | 245 | |
| 8880713758 | exploit (vt) | something (disapproving) to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself | 246 | |
| 8880713759 | exploitation | 247 | ||
| 8880713760 | a flaw (nc) | a mistake in something that means that it is not correct or does not work correctly | 248 | |
| 8880713761 | (gain) momentum (n) | the ability to keep increasing or developing | 249 | |
| 8880713762 | a genre (n) | a particular type or style of literature, art, film or music that you can recognize because of its special features | 250 | |
| 8880713763 | dynamic (n) [plural] | the way in which people or things behave and react to each other in a particular situation | 251 | |
| 8880713764 | fragmented (adj) | broken into small pieces or parts without money, food and the other things necessary for life | 252 | |
| 8880713765 | duty-bound (adj) | having to do something because it is your duty | 253 | |
| 8880713766 | a proponent (n) | (of something) (formal) a person who supports an idea or course of action | 254 | |
| 8880713767 | decode (v) | something to find the meaning of something, especially something that has been written in code | 255 | |
| 8880713768 | forewarn (v) | forewarn somebody (of something) forewarn somebody that... (formal) to warn somebody about something bad or unpleasant before it happens | 256 | |
| 8880713769 | prominent (adj) | important or well known | 257 | |
| 8880713770 | prosperity (n) | the state of being successful, especially in making money stark adj looking severe and without any colour or decoration | 258 | |
| 8880713771 | empirical (adj) | based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories | 259 | |
| 8880713772 | discrete (adj) | independent of other things of the same type expatriate nc, adj living in a country that is not your own | 260 | |
| 8880713773 | expertise (n) | expert knowledge or skill in a particular subject, activity or job | 261 | |
| 8880713774 | overlap (vi) | overlap (something) if one thing overlaps another, or the two things overlap, part of one thing covers part of the other | 262 | |
| 8880713775 | acculturation (n) | the process of learning to live successfully in a different culture; the process of helping somebody to do this | 263 | |
| 8880713776 | cosmopolitan (n) | a magazine for young women, published each month in the US and Britain. It first appeared in 1972 and was one of the first women's magazines to discuss sex. | 264 | |
| 8880713777 | differentiate (vt ) | to recognize or show that two things are not the same | 265 | |
| 8880713778 | encounter (v) | encounter something to experience something, especially something unpleasant or difficult, while you are trying to do something else | 266 | |
| 8880713779 | cross-cultural (adj) | involving or containing ideas from two or more different countries or cultures | 267 | |
| 8880713780 | cultural sensitivity | being aware that cultural differences similarities exist and have an effect on the values, learning and behavior | 268 | |
| 8880713781 | innate (adj) | (of a quality, feeling, etc.) that you have when you are born | 269 | |
| 8880713782 | prone (to sth) (adj) | likely to suffer from something or to do something bad | 270 | |
| 8880713783 | comprise (vt) | (also be comprised of) comprise something to have somebody/something as parts or members | 271 | |
| 8880713784 | excessive (adj) | greater than what seems reasonable or appropriate | 272 | |
| 8880713785 | a disparity (nc) | a difference, especially one connected with unfair treatment | 273 | |
| 8880713786 | equity (n) | the trade/labor union for actors in the UK, the US and some other countries | 274 | |
| 8880713787 | fuzzy (adj) | covered with short soft fine hair or fur | 275 | |
| 8880713788 | an insight (n) | the ability to see and understand the truth about people or situations | 276 | |
| 8880713789 | mileage (n) | uncountable, countable, usually singular] the distance that a vehicle has travelled, measured in miles | 277 | |
| 8880713790 | profound (adj) | very great; felt or experienced very strongly | 278 | |
| 8880731015 | mortarboard | 279 | ||
| 8880731275 | degree | 280 |
Flashcards
AP Language 14 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12398586066 | gullible | easily persuaded to believe something; credulous: | 0 | |
| 12398586067 | reprimand | a rebuke, especially an official one: | 1 | |
| 12398586068 | cursory | hasty and therefore not thorough or detailed: | 2 | |
| 12398586069 | querulous | complaining in a petulant or whining manner: | 3 | |
| 12398586070 | pernicious | having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way: | 4 | |
| 12398586071 | elated | in high spirits; exultant or proud: | 5 | |
| 12398586072 | distinction | excellence that sets someone or something apart from others: | 6 | |
| 12398586073 | composure | the state or feeling of being calm and in control of oneself: | 7 | |
| 12398586074 | depravity | moral corruption; wickedness: | 8 | |
| 12398586075 | profane | marked by contempt or irreverence for what is sacred: | 9 | |
| 12398586076 | innocuous | not harmful or offensive: | 10 | |
| 12398586077 | ornate | using unusual words and complex constructions: | 11 | |
| 12398586078 | incite | to encourage or stir up (violent or unlawful behavior): | 12 | |
| 12398586079 | prodigal | spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant: | 13 | |
| 12398586080 | devious | showing a skillful use of underhanded tactics to achieve goals: | 14 |
Flashcards
AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9688231754 | Allegory | A work that functions on a symbollic level. | 0 | |
| 9688234954 | Alliteration | The repetition of initial consonant sounds. | 1 | |
| 9848127437 | Allusion | A reference contained in a work. | 2 | |
| 9848129067 | Apostrophe | Direct address in poetry. | 3 | |
| 9848131134 | Aside | Words spoken by an actor intended to be heard by the audience. | 4 | |
| 9848133498 | Aubade | A love poem set at dawn that says goodbye to a beloved. | 5 | |
| 9848135612 | Ballad | A simple narrative poem, incorporating dialogue that is written in quatrains. | 6 | |
| 9848139024 | Blank verse | Unrhymed iambic pentameter. The form of most Shakespeare's plays. | 7 | |
| 9848162057 | Catharsis | According to Aristotle, the release of emotion that the audience of a tragedy experiences. | 8 | |
| 9848164062 | Caesura | A break or pause within a line of poetry indicated by punctuation and used to emphasize meaning. | 9 | |
| 9848170192 | Cacophony | Harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage of a literary work. | 10 | |
| 9848172787 | Connotation | The interpretive level of a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning. | 11 | |
| 9848177738 | Convention | A traditional aspect of literary work such as a soliloquy or a tragic hero. | 12 | |
| 9848180845 | Couplet | Two lines of rhyming poetry used to stress an important idea or to conclude a scene. | 13 | |
| 9848185045 | Dactyl | A foot of poetry consisting of a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. | 14 | |
| 9848194458 | Denotation | The literal or dictionary meaning of a word. | 15 | |
| 9848198099 | Diction | The author's choice of words. | 16 | |
| 9848199496 | Dramatic Monologue | A type of poem that presents a conversation between a speaker and an implied listener. | 17 | |
| 9848202978 | Elegy | A poem that laments the dead or a loss. | 18 | |
| 9848204312 | Enjambment | A technique in poetry that involves the running on of a line or stanza. Helps develop coherence and move the poem along. | 19 | |
| 9848209203 | Epigram | A brief witty Poem. | 20 | |
| 9848215660 | Euphony | The pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work. | 21 | |
| 9848220971 | Fable | A simple, symbolic story usually employing animals as characters. | 22 | |
| 9848222758 | Foot | A metrical unit in poetry; a syllabic measure of a line: iamb, trochee, anapest, dactyl, and spondee. | 23 | |
| 9848227076 | Free verse | Poetry without a defined form, meter, or rhyme scheme. | 24 | |
| 9848229501 | Iamb | A metrical foot consisting of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one. | 25 | |
| 9848234745 | Idyll | Atype of lyric poetry which extols the virtues of an ideal place or time. | 26 | |
| 9848238955 | Lyric poetry | A type of poetry characterized by emotion, personal feelings, and brevity. | 27 | |
| 9848242143 | Magical realism | A type of poetry that explores narratives by and about characters who inhabit and experience their reality differently from what we term the objective world. | 28 | |
| 9848248272 | Metaphysical Poetry | Poems that explore highly complex philosophical ideas through extended metaphors and paradox. | 29 | |
| 9848255275 | Metonymy | A figure of speech in which a representative term is used for a larger idea. | 30 | |
| 9848256837 | Motif | The repetition of variations of an image or idea in a work which is used to develop theme or characters. | 31 | |
| 9848262341 | Octave | An eight-line stanza, usually combined with a sestet in a Petrarchan sonnet. | 32 | |
| 9848267193 | Ode | A formal, lengthy poem that celebrates a particular subject. | 33 | |
| 9848273765 | Parable | A story that operates on more than one level, usually to teach a moral lesson. | 34 | |
| 9848277463 | Parallel plot | A second story that mimics and reinforces the main plot. | 35 | |
| 9848279804 | Pathos | The aspects of a literary work that elicit pity from an audience. | 36 | |
| 9848285738 | Romanticism | A style or movement of literature that has its foundation an interest in freedom, adventure, idealism, and escape. | 37 | |
| 9848289809 | Sestet | A sex-line stanza, usually paired with an octave to form a Petrarchan Sonnet. | 38 | |
| 9848292956 | Sestina | A highly stuctured poetic form of 39 lines, written in iambic pentameter. Depends on the repetition of six words from the first stanza in each of the six stanzas. | 39 | |
| 9848300460 | Soliloquy | A speech in a play which is used to reveal the character's inner thoughts to the audience. | 40 | |
| 9848302872 | Spondee | A poetic foot consisting of two accented syllables. | 41 | |
| 9848313229 | Synecdoche | A figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. | 42 | |
| 9848317584 | Villanelle | A highly structured poetic form that comprises six stanzas: five tercets and a quatrain. The poem repeats the first and third lines throughout. | 43 |
AP World History: Chapter 11 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 11552363491 | The Homeland of Islam: Tribal feuds and trading centers of the Arabian Peninsula | Prior to the Islamic revelations, the Arab world was characterized by the tribal organization of Bedouin groups. They fought a series of bitter feuds amongst themselves, clashing over access to trade centers and oases. As the peninsula was home to some of the trade routes between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, the region saw economic growth thanks to the increase in long-distance trade. | 0 | |
| 11552363492 | The Homeland of Islam: Mecca | home of the Kaaba and the Quraysh: One of the cities was Mecca. While somewhat removed from the trade routes, it served as an important pilgrimage site as the Kaaba, a shrine, housed idols of hundreds of tribal gods from the region. The Quraysh dominated the city and grew wealthy from taxing the pilgrims that came to worship at the Kaaba. | 1 | |
| 11552363493 | The Homeland of Islam: Contact with Byzantine and Sassanid Empires | As the peninsula was adjacent to two powerful empires, there was knowledge of the wider world. A variety of people from the Christian and Persian worlds lived in the cities of the peninsula. | 2 | |
| 11552363494 | The Homeland of Islam: Gods, idols, and "children of Abraham" | While the Arab tribes were polytheistic, contact with Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians living among them spread the idea of monotheism. Thus, some Arabs came to view the god Allah as the preeminent god of the pantheon, and some linked Allah to the Jewish Yaweh, exploring the idea that Allah was the one true god and the rest of the gods were merely idols. These Arabs came to see themselves as, like the Jews, descendants of Abraham. Thus, in 600 it seemed as if the Arabs were moving towards Judaism or Christianity. | 3 | |
| 11552363495 | The Messenger and the Message: Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (570-632) | This historical figure was orphaned as a child and raised by an uncle. He was a shepherd as a boy and became a merchant as a young man. He would marry a widow, also a wealthy merchant, and have six children with her. Deeply spiritual and greatly troubled by the social injustices in Mecca, he frequently retreated to the hills around Mecca to meditate. | 4 | |
| 11552363496 | The Messenger and the Message: Series of revelations (610-632) become the Quran | Starting in 610, he had a series of revelations for over two decades. He reluctantly accepted that he was a messenger of God. He recited these revelations, and they were later recorded as the Quran, Islam's sacred text. They are believed to be the direct word of God and are extremely beautiful verses in the original Arabic. | 5 | |
| 11552363497 | The Messenger and the Message: Revolutionary message of monotheism | In one sense, the revelations were a revolution against the polytheism and idol worship of the Arabian Peninsula. | 6 | |
| 11552363498 | The Messenger and the Message: A return to the religion of Abraham | In another sense, the revelations were actually a call to return to the pure faith of Abraham. They were a call to purge the faith of corruptions and errors: Jews wrongly saw themselves as a chosen people, Christians had wrongly turned their prophet into a god, and Arabs had fallen into idol worship and polytheism. Thus, the message was a universal call for all to engage in a purer faith. | 7 | |
| 11552363499 | The Messenger and the Message: "Seal of the prophets" | Islam sees Muhammad as the final prophet in a series of Judeo-Christian prophets. As his message is the final and most complete revelation, he is the seal of the line of prophecy. This is important because it stresses the lineage of prophets, the errors of previous revelations, and the finality of Muhammad's message. | 8 | |
| 11552363500 | The Messenger and the Message: Revolutionary message of social justice | The Umma. The message was not only spiritual. Muhammad, deeply troubled by the social injustices, violence, and feuds of tribal Arabia, wanted to created a new community of the faithful where the poor and vulnerable would be protected. This new community of the faithful and the just would be known as the Umma | 9 | |
| 11552363501 | The Messenger and the Message: Five Pillars of Islam | The revelations required five actions from pious Muslims: Acceptance of Allah as the one true god and Muhammad as his prophet, daily prayer five times a day, giving to charity, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca. These requirements show the linkage of the spiritual and the social. | 10 | |
| 11552363502 | The Messenger and the Message: "Greater" and "Lesser" Jihad | Muhammad spoke of the need to struggle. The greater struggle of Jihad is within one's self, overcoming greed or sinful desires. The lesser struggle, the struggle of the sword, is the fight to protect the community from external threats. | 11 | |
| 11552363503 | The Transformation of Arabia: Tension in Mecca and the Hijra, 622 | While a community of believers formed around Muhammad, the prophet's revelations angered the status quo in Mecca, and he was accused of betraying his tribe. They were soon forced out of Mecca and emigrated to nearby Yathrib, a city that would become known as Medina or "city of the prophet." This departure from Mecca and the founding of the Umma in Medina is known as the Hijra and marks the starting year of the Islamic calendar. | 12 | |
| 11552363504 | The Transformation of Arabia: Building the Umma in Medina | In the new city, Muhammad revealed new laws to create a more just and peaceful society. Importantly, membership was not based on family lineage but upon acceptance of the faith. In Medina, the Muslims began to pray towards Mecca. | 13 | |
| 11552363505 | The Transformation of Arabia: War, alliances, and entry into Mecca, 630 | The Umma found itself in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. When one Jewish group allied against the Umma, Muhammad made a clearer break between Islam and Judaism. Importantly, this was a conflict with one specific tribe in the context of a war, and he did not condemn all Jews. Muhammad won a series of wars and encouraged marriage alliances. In 630, he triumphantly entered Mecca and purged the Kaaba of the tribal idols. | 14 | |
| 11552363506 | The Transformation of Arabia: Most of the Peninsula under a unified Islamic state | By the time of his death, Muhammad had united the once chaotic peninsula under his leadership. | 15 | |
| 11552363507 | The Transformation of Arabia: Fusion of religious and political authority | Unlike other world religions, the prophet fused spiritual and political authority. There was no church outside the state and thus no church/state conflict as in Europe. | 16 | |
| 11552363508 | The Transformation of Arabia: Sharia | The law system that developed saw no distinction between religious and civil law; they were one and the same. | 17 | |
| 11552363509 | War, Conquest, and Tolerance: From the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus River | Muslim armies spread rapidly out of the Arabian Peninsula, conquering Spain and invading France in the west and reaching the Indus River in the east. Arabs invaded and conquered wealthy Egypt. The Persian Sassanid Empire quickly fell and the Arabs picked off much Byzantine territory. | 18 | |
| 11552363510 | War, Conquest, and Tolerance: Battle of Talas, 751 | In 751, the Islamic forces defeated the Chinese in central Asia at the Battle of Talas. This allowed the Turkic people to become a widespread Islamic culture and checked the westward spread of China. | 19 | |
| 11552363511 | War, Conquest, and Tolerance: Economic drive and spreading the faith | While the Muslims were eager to spread their faith, there were also very worldly economic interests in building the empire. Rich trade routes and productive farmlands increased the wealth of the new and expanding empire. | 20 | |
| 11552363512 | War, Conquest, and Tolerance: Dhimmis and the Jizya | If conversion was encouraged, the empire respected Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians as fellow "people of the book." These groups were granted the special status of Dhimmi and were required to pay a tax, the Jizya, in lieu of military service (yet many Dhimmi did serve in the military). This tolerance allowed these faiths to continue to be practiced. | 21 | |
| 11552363513 | Conversion: Spiritual versus social conversion | While there were obviously many people drawn to Islam for spiritual or psychological reasons, there were also large numbers that went through a social conversion, meaning that they shifted from one community to another. | 22 | |
| 11552363514 | Conversion: Slaves, prisoners of war, and merchants | Many early converts came from the ranks of prisoners of war or slave who may have been coerced. There were also economic reasons for converting, such as avoiding the Jizya or the connections merchants could make being part of the Islamic community. | 23 | |
| 11552363515 | Conversion: Conversion without Arabization | Persia, Turks, and Pakistan: While in North Africa and much of Mesopotamia, people converted and adopted the Arabic language and culture, areas east of the Tigris-Euphrates did not. The Persians, Turks, and people of the Indus Valley held on to their traditional language even though they were Islamicized. | 24 | |
| 11552363516 | Conversion: Persian influences on Islamic world | Persia, as a centuries-old empire and civilization, not only held on to its traditions, but many of them spread into the wider Muslim world. Persian architecture, administration, and art influenced the culture of the eastern reaches of Islam. | 25 | |
| 11552363517 | Divisions and Controversies: First Four Caliphs (632-661) and civil war | After the death of the prophet, disputes arose over who should lead the community. The first leaders were all companions of the prophet. The first caliph had to put down political revolts and new prophets and the third and fourth caliphs were assassinated. Thus, within decades of Muhammad's death, civil war threatened to destroy the unity he built. | 26 | |
| 11552363518 | Divisions and Controversies: Sunni versus Shia | Initially a political dispute over who should rule the Umma, the Sunni-Shia controversy still divides the Islamic world. Shia argue that the leader should come from a direct descendent of Muhammad, while the Sunnis hold that a learned member of the community should lead. As there was much persecution of the Shia and several of their leaders were killed, they developed the ideology of an oppressed minority and came to hold mystical ideas such as the belief that an assassinated leader had gone into hiding and would return to save the community some day. Such messianic beliefs and other rituals developed into a distinct Shia culture. | 27 | |
| 11552363519 | Divisions and Controversies: Umayyad (661-750) | Damascus: This dynasty, with its capital not in Medina but in the old Roman and Byzantine city of Damascus, provided unity but soon faced a series of revolts. | 28 | |
| 11552363520 | Divisions and Controversies: Abbasid (750-1258) | Baghdad: The Abbasids with their capital in the ancient Mesopotamian city of Baghdad, overthrew the Ummayyads but soon faced many revolts themselves before finally falling to the Mongols in 1258. | 29 | |
| 11552363521 | Divisions and Controversies: Post-ninth-century sultantes | A number of smaller states run by sultans broke away from Baghdad's central authority after the mid-ninth century. | 30 | |
| 11552363522 | Divisions and Controversies: Interpreting and practicing Sharia | In deciding how Muslims should live, there was a movement to use Sharia law to structure all aspects of society. Thus a number of schools developed to interpret and administer the law. | 31 | |
| 11552363523 | Divisions and Controversies: Sufi | These mystics did not believe that it was necessary to follow the letter of the law. Rather through meditation or ritual, one could have a close spiritual contact with the Divine. Sufis often described their relationship with the Divine as a form of intoxication or overwhelming love. | 32 | |
| 11552363524 | Women and Men in Early Islam: Women in the Quran, Hadith, and Sharia | During the time of the revelations, Muhammad created rules that protected women and gave them some control over their property and right to divorce. The famous passage that allowed Muslim men to have up to four wives also states that they must all be cared for equally. Spiritually, women who were devout and had good morals would receive Allah's blessing just as men would. The revelations also contained some restrictions. | 33 | |
| 11552363525 | Women and Men in Early Islam: Restrictions for elite women in the golden age | When the Arab empires were established after the prophet's death, there were increased restrictions on elite women. Many of these restrictions, such as veiling and sequestering, were in keeping with earlier pre-Islamic practices in this part of the world, and most were difficult and impractical to apply to lower class women. | 34 | |
| 11552363526 | The Case of India: Turkic invaders | After the conversion of the Turkic peoples of Central Asia, the Turks became the third group to spread Islam after the Arabs and Persians. A series of invasions of Northern India led to the creation of small sultanates. With the establishment of the Sultan of Delhi in 1206, their rule was more systematic but still relatively limited in its reach. | 35 | |
| 11552363527 | The Case of India: Disillusioned Buddhists and lower-caste Hindus | Many converts came from Buddhists who had left their faith, lower-caste Hindus, and untouchables. There were also those who converted to avoid the jizya tax. | 36 | |
| 11552363528 | The Case of India: Appeal of Sufi mystics | As South Asia had a long tradition of mystics, Sufism had a great appeal to the common people. Sufi veneration of saints and various festivals gave Islam a popular practice. Sometimes Sufism was very similar to Hindu traditions. | 37 | |
| 11552363529 | The Case of India: Punjab, Sind, and Bengal | Islam's base was in the Northwest and East of India. Only 20- 25 percent of the population converted, and the central and southern reaches saw little if any conversion. There was a very sharp cultural divide between Hindu and Muslim communities. Monotheistic Islam forbade images of the divine and preached against overt sexuality while Hindu art was full of representations of thousands of gods and sometimes depicted very sensual and even erotic scenes. Muslims generally lived separately from the larger population as a distinct minority. | 38 | |
| 11552363530 | The Case of India: Sikhism | Founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539), this faith blended Islam and Hinduism in a monotheistic faith that recognized reincarnation and karma. | 39 | |
| 11552363531 | The Case of Anatolia: Turkic invaders | The Anatolian Peninsula suffered a brutal Turkish invasion that destroyed Greek Christian rule and subjected many communities to massacres. When the existing state system and social order were shattered, large numbers of Turks emigrated into the area and an increasing number of Christians converted. As both were monotheistic faiths, this made conversion much easier than in polytheistic India. | 40 | |
| 11552363532 | The Case of Anatolia: 90 percent by 1500 | By 1500, the region had a distinctly Turkish Muslim character in terms of language and culture. | 41 | |
| 11552363533 | The Case of Anatolia: Ottoman Empire | By 1500, this state became the most powerful empire in the Islamic world. | 42 | |
| 11552363534 | The Case of West Africa: Muslim merchants and scholars | Islam came to West Africa by peaceful means. Muslim merchants traveled south across the Sahara and spread the faith to the urban trading centers of West Africa. Rulers found Muslim scholars to be useful administrators. Islam had an appeal as a connection to a wider world. | 43 | |
| 11552363535 | The Case of West Africa: Urban centers | Islam was really an urban phenomenon in West Africa until the nineteenth century. While rulers sponsored the building of mosques, libraries, and schools, there was little effort converting the larger rural world. Nonetheless, the communities in the cities saw themselves as part of a larger Islamic world. | 44 | |
| 11552363536 | The Case of West Africa: Little penetration of rural world and popular culture | Remaining the culture of the urban elite, the villages of West Africa continued to practice their traditions and rituals. Sometimes, elements of Islam were combined with existing faiths and practices but there was no Islamicization of the region. There was no large-scale Arab migration to West Africa. | 45 | |
| 11552363537 | The Case of Spain: Arab and Berber invasion of Al-Andalus | In 711, Muslim Arab and Berber forces invaded Spain, called Al-Andalus in Arabic. They quickly conquered the peninsula and established a Caliphate; Islam spread widely in the south. | 46 | |
| 11552363538 | The Case of Spain: Cordoba's golden age | At its height, Muslim Spain was prosperous, culturally dynamic, and cosmopolitan. It was also a time of tolerance with special taxes for Jews and Christians but general acceptance of them in society. The city of Cordoba was the center of this golden age. In this time, Al-Andalus was a major center of learning. A number of Greek and Arabic books were collected and translated in the libraries. | 47 | |
| 11552363539 | The Case of Spain: Increased intolerance | In the late 900s as Christian kingdoms in the north began a series of wars, the Muslims rulers became increasingly intolerant of Christians, and social conflicts developed between the communities. | 48 | |
| 11552363540 | The Case of Spain: Christian reconquest and expulsion | In series of wars, the Christians gradually conquered all of the peninsula, with Granada falling in 1492. The new Spanish monarchy forced many Muslims and some 200,000 Jews to emigrate. Converts, while initially tolerated, were later forced out of Spain. | 49 | |
| 11552363541 | Networks of Faith: Ulamas and Madrassas | While Islam has no priesthood, as no mortal can stand between an individual and God, a class of learned scholars and experts developed. Known as Ulama, they made up an international elite of scholars, students, judges, and administrators from West Africa to Southeast Asia. Islamic schools, known as Madarassas, spread throughout the Islamic world. These schools were generally conservative and focused on the memorization and recitation of the Quran. | 50 | |
| 11552363542 | Networks of Faith: Sufi shaykhs and poets | Sufism was responsible for much of the spreading of Islam into new areas as Sufi mystics were willing to engage with local spiritual traditions and rituals, thus forming a bridge between pre-Islamic and Islamic ideas and practices. Often Sufis were willing to recognize local saints and other figures, winning over the community. Sufi shaykhs were teachers who attracted loyal students that followed their specific devotional practices and teachings. Sufi poets, such as Rumi, produced works of literature that had an appeal within and outside of the Islamic world. | 51 | |
| 11552363543 | Networks of Faith: The hadj | The annual pilgrimage to Mecca did much to forge an international community of Muslims and a wider sense of the umma. | 52 | |
| 11552363544 | Networks of Exchange: Vast hemispheric trading zone | The Islamic world tied together Afro-Eurasia by linking the Mediterranean, the trans-Saharan trade, the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean basin, and Chinese ports. Arab and Persian merchants played the leading role in this vital trading system. | 53 | |
| 11552363545 | Networks of Exchange: Merchants and urban elites | As the prophet Muhammad was himself a merchant and as the elites of the Islamic world were very urban, the greater Islamic world brought together a culture friendly to commerce with cities eager to consume. Thus, the greater Islamic economy benefited from the linkage of long-range trade and dynamic cities. | 54 | |
| 11552363546 | Networks of Exchange: Technological exchange and an Islamic "Green Revolution" | The trade routes also served to transport technological innovations, ideas, and crops. New weapons such as rockets and useful administrative tools such as paper spread west from China. Texts from Greece, the Hellenistic world, and India were translated into Arabic and inspired Muslim scholars to build upon these earlier works. Crops, especially citrus, cotton, and sugar cane, moved through the Islamic world, as did new irrigation techniques, leading to a dramatic increase in food production and population growth. | 55 | |
| 11552363547 | Networks of Exchange: Mathematics and medicine | Using a numeric system from India, Muslim scholars made important advances in mathematics and astronomy. Using Greek and Indian medical knowledge, they developed early hospitals, diagnosed diseases, developed chemical-based treatments, and performed operations for things such as cataracts and hernias. This medical knowledge entered Europe via Spain and was the state of the art for medical knowledge for many centuries. | 56 |
AP Biology Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 11908103838 | DNA replication | The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. | 0 | |
| 11908107643 | DNA polymerase III | synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction | 1 | |
| 11908114169 | DNA polymerase I | Replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides | 2 | |
| 11908127967 | Helicase | An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. | 3 | |
| 11908131965 | replication fork | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized. | 4 | |
| 11908136341 | Topoisomerase | Enzyme that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork. | 5 | |
| 11908142034 | RNA primer | short segment of RNA used to initiate synthesis of a new strand of DNA during replication | 6 | |
| 11908147476 | Okazaki fragments | Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand. | 7 | |
| 11908151338 | DNA ligase | an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments | 8 | |
| 11908154397 | Nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | 9 | |
| 11908161364 | Transcription | synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template | 10 | |
| 11908165910 | transcription factors | Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription. | 11 | |
| 11908171229 | Promoter | specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription | 12 | |
| 11908176182 | pre-mRNA | a form of messenger RNA that contains both introns and exons | 13 | |
| 11908179842 | exonuclease | enzyme that cleaves off nucleotides, one at a time, from the end of the RNA | 14 | |
| 11908190118 | poly-A tail | a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule | 15 | |
| 11908203166 | 3' to 5' | Direction DNA is read | 16 | |
| 11908215748 | leading strand | The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction. | 17 | |
| 11908224489 | lagging strand | A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork. | 18 | |
| 11908233302 | spliceosome | A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons. | 19 | |
| 11908242057 | Ribosome | site of protein synthesis | 20 | |
| 11908242162 | AUG | start codon | 21 | |
| 11908245622 | UAA, UAG, UGA | stop codons | 22 | |
| 11908253279 | gene expression | The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs. | 23 | |
| 11908265390 | CRISPR/Cas9 | a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence | 24 | |
| 11908280566 | Translation | decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain | 25 | |
| 11908284631 | Codon | three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid | 26 | |
| 11908294119 | Anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | 27 | |
| 11908297576 | frameshift mutation | mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence | 28 | |
| 11908305444 | gene mutation | a change in the base sequence of a gene | 29 | |
| 11908305445 | chromosomal mutation | A change in the chromosome structure, resulting in new gene combinations. | 30 | |
| 11908315762 | silent mutation | A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. | 31 | |
| 11908320156 | nonsense mutation | A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. | 32 | |
| 11908325958 | missense mutation | A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. | 33 | |
| 11908331443 | Chaperonin | protein molecule that assists the proper folding of other proteins | 34 |
Stanzas (AP Literature) Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7762117979 | a line | one | 0 | |
| 7762117980 | couplet | two | 1 | |
| 7762117981 | tercet | three | 2 | |
| 7762117982 | quatrain | four | 3 | |
| 7762117983 | cinquain | five | 4 | |
| 7762117984 | sestet | six | 5 | |
| 7762117985 | septet | seven | 6 | |
| 7762117986 | octave | eight | 7 |
AP Rhetorical Devices List Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7764230137 | anecdote | a brief story or tale told by a character in a piece of literature. | 0 | |
| 7764234312 | perspective | a character's view of the situation or events in the story | 1 | |
| 7764243805 | aphorism | a concise statement designed to make a point or illustrate a commonly held belief. The writings of Benjamin Franklin contain many aphorisms, such as, "Early to be and early to rise. Make a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." | 2 | |
| 7764264648 | contradiction | a direct opposition between things compared; inconsistency | 3 | |
| 7764270795 | apostrophe | a figure of speech in which a person, thing, or abstract quality is addressed as if present; for example, the invocation to the muses usually found in epic poetry. | 4 | |
| 7764285502 | oxymoron | a figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory elements, as in "jumbo shrimp" or "deafening silence." | 5 | |
| 7764299597 | allusion | a figure of speech which makes brief, even casual references to a historical, biblical, or literary, etc. figure, event, or object to create a resonance in the reader or to apply a symbolic meaning to the characteror object of which the allusion consists. | 6 | |
| 7764336098 | syllogism | a form of deduction. an extremely subtle, sophisticated, or deceptive argument. It onsists of two premises and one conclusion. | 7 | |
| 7764367051 | satire | a literary style used to make fun of or ridicule an idea or human vice or weakness. | 8 | |
| 7764374343 | bildungsroman | a novel or story whose theme is the moral or psychological growth of the main character. | 9 | |
| 7764385007 | devices | a particular word pattern or combination of words used in a literary work to evoke a desired effect or arouse a desired reaction in the reader. | 10 | |
| 7764395609 | foil | a person or thing that makes another seem better by contrast. | 11 | |
| 7764401915 | epistolary | a piece of literature contained in or carried on by letters. | 12 | |
| 7764408194 | epitaph | a piece of writing in praise of a deceased person | 13 | |
| 7764422132 | parody | a satirical imitation of a work of art for purpose of ridiculing its style or subject. | 14 | |
| 7764433497 | delayed sentence | a sentence that withholds its main idea until the end. For example: Just as he bent to tie his shoe, a car hit him. | 15 | |
| 7764448851 | sarcasm | a sharp, caustic remark. a form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually bitterly or harshly critical. For example, a coach saying to a player who misses the ball, "Nice catch." | 16 | |
| 7764467123 | expletive | a single word or short phrase intended to emphasize surrounding words. Commonly, expletives are set off by commas. Examples: in fact, of course, after all, certainly. | 17 | |
| 7764485550 | irony | a situation or statement characterized by a significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant. it is frequently humorous and can be sarcastic when using words to imply the opposite of what they normally mean. | 18 | |
| 7764518339 | eulogy | a speech or writing in praise of a person or thing: an oration in honor of a deceased person. | 19 | |
| 7764528292 | paradox | a statement that seems contradictory, but is actually true. | 20 | |
| 7764533528 | epiphany | a sudden or intuitive insight or perception into the reality or essential meaning of something usually brought on by a simple or common occurrence or experience. | 21 | |
| 7764547188 | onomatopoeia | a word capturing or approximating the sound of what it describes, such as buzz or hiss. | 22 | |
| 7764558034 | diction | an author's choice of words to convey a tone or effect. | 23 | |
| 7764566577 | utopia | an imaginary place of ideal perfection. The opposite of dystopia, an imaginary place where people live dehumanized, often fearful lives. | 24 | |
| 7764579607 | hyperbole | an overstatement characterized by exaggerated language | 25 | |
| 7764586504 | deus ex machina | as in Greek theatre, use of an artificial device or contrived solution to solve a difficult situation, usually introduced suddenly and unexpectedly. | 26 | |
| 7764600798 | antagonist | Character or force in a literary work that opposes the main character, or protagonist | 27 | |
| 7764611210 | analogy | comparison of two things that are alike in some respects. Metaphors and similes are both types of analogy. | 28 | |
| 7764619864 | inductive | conclusion or type of reasoning whereby observation or information about a part of a class is applied to the class ass a whole. The reasoning begins with two premises and ends with a probable conclusion (may or may not be true) | 29 |
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