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Biochemistry Flashcards

11831792922	Competitive inhibtors( reversible )	Increase Km making the enzyme look like it has less affinity for substreate. And slows the reaction down but has the same VMax	0
11831792923	Digitalis ((competitivee inhibitor)	Inhibts NA K+ pumps	1
11831792924	Tetradotoxin (puffer fish) (competitive inhibitor)	Inhibits NA channels	2
11831792925	Synthetic competitive inhibitor (	Binds to homotropic site of enzyme	3
11831792926	Noncompetitive inhibitor (reversible Inhibitiion)	Decrease Vmax because it wont allow. The enzyme to form a product. Km stays the. Same because it binds to the allosteric site because the inhibitor is a HETEROtropic inhibitor, not. Binding to the catalytic or homotropic site.	4
11831792927	Caffine is?	Noncompetitive inhibitor (heterotropic)that binds to allotsteric site in phosodiesterase. Phosodiesterase normally breaks down cAMP. But this inhibitor allows cAMP to keep going. While this keeps going the more sugar and fat keeps being reeleased into the blood creating more energy.	5
11831792928	Tomatoes	Noncompetive inhibitor (caffic acid)inhibits lipyogenase.. tomatoes are nattural anti inflammatory food source, slowing prostaglanden	6
11831792929	Uncompetive inhibitor	Only binds to ES complex on allosteric site AFTER the enzyme has been bound. Tthis inhibitor prevents product formation. (Same with the others) DECREASE Vmax and DECREASE Km (making it seem like it has HIGHER affinity to the substrate). Pseudo Decrease in Km appears this way because, once uncompetitive inhibitor binds to ES Complex, it wont create product. This lack of creating products, will allow the other substrates to bind to free enzymes. Therefore making the enzymes seem like they have a HIGHER affinity.	7
11831792930	Uncompetitve inhibitors in line weaver berk plot	Will have parallel lines to eachother because both vmax and km are different than normal.	8
11831792932	Suicide inhibitors		9
11837243844	Nucleophile	A negatively charge molecule, which attacks the nucleus (attracted to the protons) (reactive species) (o-,s-,c-,N-)	10
11837243845	Electrophile	Positively charged attracted to the electrons of the substrate (reactive species) (H+, C=O, C=NH+, O3-P=O	11
11837243846	Nucelophiles and electrophiles will make?	Covalent bonds with another substrate, and creates the energy of the transition state to help make product formation	12
11837243847	Covalent catalysis	Active site contains either a nucleophile or electrophile which creates a new transitional covalent bond with the intermediate.	13
11837243848	Acid base catalysis	Active site is either a proton donor or a proton acceptor	14
11837243849	Metal ion catalysis	A prosthetic group that has a negative or pos charge, that can create a nucleophile or electrophile attack.	15
11837243850	Catalysis by approximation	Two substrates, bind them in the catalytic site and by induce fit moving them so close together they get a charge that induce product formation	16
11837243851	Proteases (enzymes)	Are found almost everywhere, uses hydrolysis and breaks the chemical bond of water and chemical bond of peptide bonds C-N, and will places the OH group to the carbon, and the H+ to the Nitrogen. And the unpaired electrons go back to the carbon and nitrogen	17
11837243852	Chymotrypsin	A serine protease enzymee	18
11837243853	Chymotrypsin structure (Serine protease) has what components on the active site?	hydrophobic pocket- to attract trp, tyr, Phe, Met. This hydrophobic pocket when bound to the substrate aligns the protein, And basically allows catalysis of the protein to proceed. Bonds above a serine, which basically allows that serine to become a nucleophile (reactive species) to attack the coo- of the peptide bond. Oxyanion hole- has NH groups (amine) on glycine, near catalytic site to form stabilizing H bonds with the Coo- of the protein. Catalytic triad- in every catalytic site of serine proteases, you will find a aspartate, a histidine, and serine. They work together to do both acid base and covalent catalysis reaction	19
11837243854	First step in catalytic traid?	To create stabilizing H bonds with ASP and NH group of histidine. The ASP neg charge is so strong that it pulls the hydrogen of NH group on histidine, which allows it to be a strong base. This pull also pulls ALL positive charges of histidine, all thats left is electrons of nitrogen. Since Histidine has lost it's electrons, the Nitrogen of histidine on the left side will take the electrons of Serine.	20
11837244245	2nd step of chymotrypsin serine protease	This pull also pulls ALL positive charges of histidine, all thats left is electrons of nitrogen. Since Histidine has lost it's electrons, the Nitrogen of histidine on the left side will take the proton of Serine. This only happens in the catalytic site at this time, there is NO WATER which allows these strong bonds to happen. When the Proton from serine leaves it creates a ALKOXIDE ION = O- . The oxyanion hole stabilizes the O- of serine, so it doesnt form free radicals.	21
11837244919	3. Step chymotrypsin serine protease	Serine is now a nucleophile because of the pull of the H bond from histidine. This serine will attack to partial postive charge of the C=O-. This creates a new covalent bond. This makes C have 5 covalent bond.	22
11837245757	Step 4 of chymotrpsin serine protease	Since Carbon covalent bond has 5 covalent bonds, this puts stress on the C, creating reactive species. The electrons will move to the oxygen of the C=O and creates a full negative charge on the OXYGEN.	23
11837246037	Step 5 of serine protease	Now carbon has 4 covalent bonds again, but once again the oxyanion hole, moves the electrons from the O- back onto the Carbon	24
11837246640	Step 6 of serine protease	Since the carbon ONCE AGAIN has 5 bonds, it will move the electrons over to the nitrogen on the amine group of the peptide bond.	25
11837587330	Step 6 continued of serine protease	Once the electrons are moved from carbon to nitrogen of the amine group. THIS TIME it actually breaks the amine group off.	26
11837587630	Step 8 of serine protease	Since half of the peptide is still there, and you have a Serine attached to the carbonyl group still, the enzyme has acylated" the serine oof the catalytic site R-C-R. It appears that the serine attached to the carbonyl group seem like its a suicide inhibitor. So now we need to break the acyl serine, to release the remainder of the substrate and we need to reset the enzyme. Since the serine is off the histidine H20 is able to be formed on to the histidine. Aspartate is still being a strong base. Now the histidine will take a H+ from water.	27
11837587942	Step 9 serine protease	The OH- from the breakage of water, goes on the carbonyl carbon. Which moves the electrons back onto the Oxygen creating O- once again.	28
11837588385	Step 10 serine protetase	The oxyanion hole AGAIN stabilizes the bonds by moving the electrons from the oxygen (O-) attached to the carbonyl carbon to the carbon.	29
11837260377	Step 7 of serine protease	The H that was stolen from serine on and went to histidine, go onto the Amide group leaving and becomes NH2+	30
11837586867	Step 11 serine protease	The extra electrons on the carbonyl carbon will move onto the serine. Which breaks the Acyl bond R-C-R bond. The serine falls off.	31
11837586868	Step 12 serine protease	Serine then goes back to the histidine thanks to the H+ that went on it from the water molecules. And the H+ will bond back to the O- on the serine. Resting the enzyme and allows it to work again.	32
11837586869	Chymotrypsin and most serine proteases works best in what PH?	Alkaline ph less than 8 ph. The structure of chymotypsin works best in PH greater than 8 and others at PH of 7.4 physiological PH. This PH allows Histidine and aspartate to be a strong base. If the PH of the blood is low the histidine will be protonated not allowing the enzyme reaction to occur!	33
11837586870	What would happen if water couldnt form in the catalytic site of serine protease?	Water allows the enzyme to reform, without water the Histidine would not be able to form back with the serine. The enzyme then could not be recycled.	34
11842279757	Tyrpsin has what type of binding pocket?	A negative binding pocket that has aspartate in it. The aspartate pulls lysin and asparagine with + charged NH+ groups to the trypsin serine protease.	35
11842279758	Elastase has what type of binding pocket?	Very narrow hydrophobic binding pocket, that restricts large hydrophobic molecules. Attracts glycine alanine and valine	36
11842279759	Isozyme vs enzyme	Enzymes and isozymes can differ due to their amino acid structure. One example is tthe enzymes can have amide groups C-N) to the carbonyl carbon. While Esters (isozymes) can have ester groups attached to the carbonyl carbon (C-OR-	37
11842279760	Actylcholenesterase	Enzyme at the neuro muscular junction and at neuron to neuron synapses, that breaks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Its a serine protease, still uses catalytic triad, it hydrolyzees a ester bond at acetylcholine instead of a peptide bond. SO it's a SERINE PROTEASE ISOZYME because it breaks down ester instead.	38
11842279761	Cystein protease vs serine protease	Cystine protease replaces the. Serine group on the catalytic triad. Since cystine has the same resemlance as serine, only with a Sulfur instead..wworks the same as other proteases.	39
11842279762	Aspartyl proteases vs serine protease	Aspartate catalyzes an acid base reaction that lead to covalent catalysis. Uses aspartate as the initiator . Does not resemble and appearance. Like. Serine.	40
11842279763	Metaloproteases vs serine proteases	Uses a. Metal ion to attract a partial negitive charge to initiate catalyst	41
11842279764	All proteases are similar due to the fact that?	They all use acid base catalysis and covalent catalysis strategies, they just initiate the peptide differently.	42
11842279765	Metal. Ion catalysis	Metal ion catalysis uses a metal ion to then become a nucleophile. Or electrophile	43
11842279766	Carbonic anhydrase is what type of catalysis?	Metal ion catalysis	44
11842279767	Carbonic anhydrases. Use what to form bicarbonate ?	C02 and H20	45
11842279768	Carbonic anhydrase increase the rate of reaction bicarbonate by?	5000 times faster. It is the fastest enzyme approaching the rate of diffusion	46
11842279850	Carbonic anhydrase contains what type of. Prosthetic group?	Zinc ion bound with 3 coordinate covalent bonds with histidines, and 1 coordinate covalent bond with H20. A 4th histidine at the catalytic site serves as base to extract hydrogen from water, which gives the acid base portion. The hydrogen is then released into the solution. Then you form covalent catalysis with the carbon dioxide molecule. So the OH- is the nucleophile and C02 molecule combining is the covalent catalyst portion. The OH- C02 now bonded (HCO3-) forming bicarbonate, but is still attached to the 4th coordinate covalent bond of histidine. Water will then come in and break the bond from zinc releasing the bicarbonate. And this resets the enzyme. The histidine that took the proton from water, can add water back onto the zinc again froming the h20 coordinate covalent bond once again.	47
11842279769	Proteolysis	Regulates enzymes, enzymes that hydrolyze a peptide bond to allow the enzyme to be active again.	48
11842279770	Zymogen is what?	An inactive enzyme precursor. Breaking part of. The zymogen will activate the enzyme, happens during a change in homeostasis.	49
11842279771	Fibrinogen is what?	Is a ZYMOGEN (inactive precursor) that is used. To form clots when activated. Proteolysis is initiated by serine proteases thrombin. Thrombin binds to. Fibrinogen which breaks a part. Of fibrinogen and allows it to be activve to fibrin.	50
11842279772	Monosaccharaides are	Are polyhydroxyls that have either a aldehyde group or a keytone group	51
11842279999	Where is the carbonyl in both aldehyde and keytone placed in a structure?	Carbonyl is at the end of the carbohydrate structure which forms a aldehyde A keytone, the carbonyl is in the middle of the structure	52
11842279773	All monosaccharides have how many chiral carbons?	They have at least ONE Chiral carbon except DHA	53
11842280044	Nomenclature of sugars		54
11842279774	Chiral carbons allow for	Stereoisomers (non super imposable images of one another)	55
11842279775	Most common sugars in nature are?	D-Glucose, D-fructose, D-ribose, D-galactose	56
11842279776	Carbohydrate in bend light which way?	D- to the right , L- to the left	57
11842280118	know how the structures are made for glucose, fructose, ribose, galatose		58
11842279777	D-aldohexoses are generated when?	When the location of thee -OH group differs in either C2,C3,C4	59
11842279778	D glucose and d galactose are epimers because?	They only have one Carbon with hydroxl group difference. D glucose has its OH group on the right of chiral carbon 4 and D galactose has its OH group on the left at Chiral carbon #4	60
11842279779	Congenital lactose intolerance	Due to failure of galactose epimerase, since the body only recognizes glucose for energy and not galactose, the liver has an enzyme called galactose epimerase that changes the epimer galactose into glucose, failure of this results in lactose intolerance.	61
11842279780	Glucose and mannose are epimers at which carbon?	Carbon #2	62
11842279781	Ketoses uses which suffix?	-Ulose (ribulose) EXCEPT: fructose, sorbose	63
11842279782	Aldoses uses which suffix?	-ose (fructose is a ketose)	64
11842279783	Fructose is found?	In fruits, its commonly broken down into glucose for energy	65
11842279784	D-ribolose,D- xylulose	Pentuloses, for metabolism as well	66
11842279785	URONIC acid	Is not a spontaneous reaction, O2 binds to the carbon at C6. This then forms a COOH carboxylic acid, which is a potential energy because COOH at 7.4 will creat a COO-, a Full negative charge will be place on the O. This O- can manipulate structures, to make them MORE water soluble.	67
11842279786	aldonic acid	Is OXIDATION ON CARBON 1, NOT carbon 6. Which also can form a COOH carboylixic acid to form the ALDONIC acid (because aldose). This is used for carrier for drugs. remember COO- will make other groups water soluble	68
11842279787	Monosachharides cyclic structures happens how?	In water aldohexoses or any monosaccharides potentially can have a nucleophile attack against itself. This is do to the presence of water, allow a hydroxyl (OH) group to have a negative charge do to the lone pair of electrons, that it took from water. This allows it to a be a nucleophile and can attack the 1st carbon, the carbonyl carbon. This attack breaks the C=O on the carbonyl and it forms a OH instead. The nucleophile OH group will lose its H+ and become only a O. It forms at the 5th carbon because its the most stable formation. NOTE* the nucleophile attack doesnt actually steal electrons, but the water encourages the nuucleophile attack	69
11842279788	Hemiacetal and hemiketal	Is what the structure is called after a sugar 6 carbon, attacks itself (acetal if aldose) and ketal if ketone.	70
11842280179	How many different structures of hemiacetal are there?	2, Alpha and beta. Alpha looks like a fish and faces down to the fishes. Beta looks at the Birds.	71
11842279789	Anomeric carbon	Anomeric carbon is a non superimposable images, this is the nnew carbon. Its the only carbon bound by TWo electronegative Oxygen. All the other Carbons have only 1. Anomeric carbon in short is the new carbon in cyclic structure. Anomeric carbons have the strongest partial positive charge in the group	72
11842279790	How many electrons are gained or loss with the hemiacytal is formed?	None, there are no loss or gain of electrons.	73
11842280313	How is the hemiketal group formed?	In fructose, since it is a ketose. The OH group becomes the nucleophile in the 5th carbon OH group. But attacks the carbonyl group at C2. Anomeric carbon at C2. Its also a pentose	74
11850757019	Glycoside bond	Links two carbohydrates together, non spontaneous reaction(anabolic). Carbon 4 (nucleophile) of B-D glucose bonds to the anermeric carbon A-D glucose. The anomeric carbon has the highest partial postitive charge on the monnnosaccharide. Releasing H20...	75
11850755685	Which carbon hydroxyl group will become a nucleophile with disaccharides?	ANY hydroxyl group can become the nucleophile on the monosaccharides	76
11850756549	Alpha 1-4 glycoside link	1 carbon with 4 carbon on the beta d glucose	77
11852637595	Reducing surgars	Are sugars that still have a free anomeric carbon available to be oxidized. It must be a carbon still bounded to two O molecules.	78
11850755686	Polysaccharides	Are sugar molcules that must have a free reducing sugar (free hydroxyl group) carbon so it can attack incoming saccharides.	79
11850755687	Amylose	Is a alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage of glucose, it makes a helical structure at 6 residues per turn (FOUND IN PLANTS)	80
11852665969	Amylopectin	Is an alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage, but at 24-30 residues it can have an alpha 1-6 glycossidic bond which causes branching and the branching allows my glucose molecules to bind, making it more complex. (Still in a helical structure) (FOUND IN PLANTS) glycogen is similar to amylopectin but 8-12 residues per turn.	81
11850755688	Why does glucose go into polymers of glycogen?	Because if glucose was in a monomer form only, the water would accumulate too much towards the molecules, and osmolarity would be our demise in the liver 5 mm of glucose would turn into 400mm of glucose if we didn't have glycogen	82
11850755689	Cellulose uses which type of bonds?	B-D glucose bonds 1-4 instead of Alpha. And forms a linear structure. Cellulose is used for plants walls. And only organisms that can digest these are cows, and termites due to symbiosis with bacteria and parasites inside them to break the cellulose.	83
11850755690	Chitin	Insect exoskeleton that contains B 1-4 glucose. A lot like cellulose but C2 has a bound acetylmine	84
11850755691	Glucosamine	Are acetylamine groups on glucose	85
11850755692	Peptidoglycan	Found also in CELL WALL, you get B.1-4 anyactyle glucosmine and anactyle nueronic acid on the glucose. Enzyme on SKIN and TEARS can break the peptidoglycan bonds, which in bacteria wont allow it to stay living.	86
11850755693	Alagrose	Polysaccharides found in red algae and seaweed, that is used for drug capsules and biotechnology.	87
11850755694	How are flavor receptors enhanced?	By PAMS (positive allosteric modulators) binding at the allosteric site to allow for further increase in the stimulation. Of our taste senses.	88
11850755695	Glycosaminoglycans (sugar Protein sugar) (GAG)	Are used in the ECM, only found in ANIMALS and BACTERIA. They are able to form because of uronic acid, which oxidizes carbon 6. And glycosaminoglycans are used for glycocalyx proteins on membranes. The negitive charge due to Uronic acid, allow for a much large water retention and use for other protiens	89
11850755696	Glycosaminoglycans (protein portion)	Uses the uronic acid side on carbon 6 oxidized to form covalent or. Non covalent linked to proteins or. Membranes. They can also create. Branches here. It also helps stabillize to stay onto the sugar.	90
11852665316	Glycosaminoglycans structure (sugar side)	Are LARGE repetatiive structures rodlike HELICES. Has COO- and. Sulfate on opposite sides of the helix. (Remember when moleculs bindto. The hydroxyl groups they are glycosamines	91
11850755697	Aggrecans (other sugar side)	Similar. To linked. Protein which can bind covalently. Or. Non covalently to glucose. Polymer. But the aggrecan AGGREGATE. And form. Tthe other side of the sugar. Aggrecan. Core branches the glucose polymer off it	92
11850755698	Bristle brush (glycosaminoglycans)	Created from the aggrecan core structure with the branches. Where you have a. Protein. Core as wire. Stick but the brissles. Are glycose polymers that have a FULL. Negative charge which supports the ECM. And also recruits proteins in signal transduction and communcation of the cell.	93
11850755699	Hyaluronan (application)	Found in synovial fluid, has an EXTREME water retention and helps absorb and redistribute the water so it's less stressful compression (shock absorbers). Very important in bone articulation, bones will grind on eachother if this is impaired.	94
11850755700	Hyluronase are what?	Enzymes in bacteria, that allows digestion of hyaluronan (GAGS) which does not allow the function of water retention and distribution properties.. This bacteria that causes this can be strepoccoccous, and staphlyoccous.	95
11850755701	Types. Of GAGS that are important to know	hyruluenate has COO- in. It's structure only Chondroitin has COO- ANd SO4- making it more electronegative (tendons Keratin sulfate- has ONLY SO4- on C4 no uronic acid.	96
11850755702	Heparan sulfate	Found and produced in all animal cells. Its sulfates SO4- varries in each heparan sulfate, but the SO4- is still used for protein interaction and bondage.	97
11850755703	HerpARIN	HepARIN is a version of herpARAN but heparin uses more sulfates. Is produced by mast cells. It binds ot antithrombrin, and thrombrin both to create a bridge, when antithrombrin binds with thrombrin to prevent blood clots. SO basically Heparin is a version of heparan that has a strong NEGATIVE pull that pulls positive thrombrin and antithrombrin to bind together.	98
11865046861	Proteoglycan	A macromolecule with one or more glycosaminoglycans covalently bound to membrane proteins or secreted proteins. Basically the bristle brushes attached to the membrane proteins	99
11865046862	Glycoprotein is bbigger or smaller than proteoglycan?	Much smaller its an oligosaccharide bound to intracellular or extracelluar protein but both glycoproteins and proteoglycans form the glycocalyx.	100
11865046863	Proteoglycan and gllycoproteins both help in:	-Protein binding -Recruiting hormones and ligands to receptors -concentrate a ligand at the cell surface - hold association of protein such as collogen for tensile strenght	101
11865046864	2 ways carbs bind to proteins:	1. O-linked- oxygen becomes a nucleophile and pulls the SER or THR to itself, 2. N-linked- ASP is the nucleophile and pulls the anomeric carbon.	102

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Biochemistry Ch.2 Flashcards

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7255619639	State the unusual properties of water and explain why these properties are observed (include the shape of the water molecule and ability to form hydrogen bonds)	High melting + boiling point (b/c 4 H bonds between other water molecules -lots of energy to break H bonds) high heat of vaporization (same) Shape of water comes from two H atoms sharing electrons with one O atom (BENT). There is two bonds with H atoms and 2 with nonbonding orbitals making it nearly tetrahedron. This makes it polar creating attraction to bond to other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds occur because O is partially - while H's are partially +. This in turn causes the -O to hydrogen bond with the partial H+ from another water molecule, vice versa. This is an example of ELECTROSTATIC attraction	0
7255619640	define Amphipathic	compounds with regions that are polar and nonpolar	1
7255620845	define bond dissociation energy	energy required to break a bond, for H-bonds (23 kJ/mol)	2
7255620846	define clathrates	crystalline compounds of nonpolar solutes and water. Ordering of water molecules reduces entropy. (causes water to become highly ordered.)	3
7255621914	define colligative properties	solutes change certain physical properties of a solvent, water: vapor pressure, boiling point, melting point (freezing point), and osmotic pressure.	4
7255621915	define hydrogen bond	Weak electrostatic attraction between one electronegative atom (N, O, F) and a hydrogen atom covalently linking to a second electronegative atom EX: interaction between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the adjacent water molecule's hydrogen, due to electrostatic interactions.	5
7255622828	define hydrophilic	compounds that dissolve easily in water because they are "water-loving"	6
7255622829	define hydrophobic	compounds that do not dissolve easily in water because they are "water-fearing"	7
7255623650	define hydrophobic interactions	forces that hold the nonpolar regions of molecules together. Strength is not due to any nonpolar parts, rather from a system of thermodynamic stability by minimizing the number of ordered water molecules required to surround hydrophobic portions of the solute molecules.	8
7255623651	define hypertonic (solution)	osmolarity is higher than that of the cytosol of a cell, cell shrinks as water moves out.	9
7255623652	define hypotonic (solution)	osmolarity is lower than that of the cytosol of a cell, cell swells as water moves in.	10
7255624675	define isotonic (solution)	solution's osmolarity is equal to that of the cell's cytosol	11
7255624676	define micelles	An aggregate of amphipathic molecules in water, with the nonpolar potions in the interior and the polar potions at the exterior surface, expose to water.	12
7255626583	define osmolarity	Concentration of solution in terms of solutes per liter of solution.	13
7255626584	define osmosis	water movement through a semipermeable membrane driven by differences in osmotic pressure, important in life of most cells	14
7255628995	define van der waals interactions	two dipoles (different molecules) weakly attracted to each other (polarization), bringing two nuclei closer	15
7255631195	Draw a diagram of the structure of ice and discuss the characteristics of the hydrogen bonding observed in ice and why ice is less dense than liquid water	Figure 2.2 solid water (ice) can form a maximum of four H-bonds, creating regular crystalline lattice which makes the ice less dense than water. (spaced evenly between). Water only has an average of 3.4 H-bonds and is spaced out more.	16
7255632766	Describe the interactions involved when polar and ionic solutes dissolve in water	Polar molecules dissolve in water because the partial negative part of the polar molecule attracts the partial positive hydrogen atom in water. Thus there is a change from solute-solute H-bond interaction. (polar biomolecules dissolve readily in water because they can replace water-water interactions with more energetically favorable water-solute interactions) Ionic molecules like salts can be hydrated and stabilized by water. For example, NaCl becomes Na+ and Cl- ions which attract water molecules (fig2-6) ion-dipole interaction	17
7255635255	Compare the types of weak interactions among biomolecules in strength to each other and to covalent bonds	Hydrogen Bonds -between neutral groups and peptide bonds (Carboxyl +amino) Ionic interactions -attraction and repulsion Hydrophobic interactions Van der Waals Interaction All of these interactions have a cumulative effect, thus playing important roles in macromolecular structures.	18
7255636374	Describe the ionization of water and the extent to which it occurs	Small degree of ionization of water to hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) Water molecules have a tendency to undergo reversible H20 (reversible arrows) (H+) + (OH-) Hydrogen ions are quickly hydrated to Hydronium ions (H30+)	19
7255637671	Define Kw and know how it is determined; know its value at 25 degrees C	equilibrium constant of water at 25 degrees C The product (55.5M)(Keq) at 25 degrees C = (ion product of water) Kw = [H+][OH-] = (55.5M)(1.8x10^-16M) = 1.0x10^-14M^2 This is the neutral pH where there are exactly equal concentrations of H+ and OH-	20
7255639270	Calculate pH or pOH at 25 degrees C given the [H+] or [OH-] of a solution	pH = -log[H+] pOH = -log[OH-] pH scale Table 2-6	21
7255645585	Calculate pH (or [H+]), pKa (or Ka), or the concentration of a weak acid, given information on two of the three variables	Ka is the ionization constants or acid dissociation constants Ka = [H+][A-] / [HA] = Keq pKa = -log Ka Henderson-Hasselbach Equation: pH = pKa + log (base/acid)	22
7255647772	Calculate the pH of a buffer or the proportions of conjugate acid and base present in a bugger using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation	Henderson-Hasselbach Equation: pH = pKa + log (base/acid)	23
7255650063	Discuss how to choose and prepare an effective buffer for a given application	A weak acid and its conjugate base, use the acid that corresponds to the desired equivalence zone from a titration	24
7255650771	Calculate the change in pH of a buffer when acid or base is added	pg. 66 (2-6)	25
7255654773	Identify the three reversible equilibria involved in the bicarbonate buffer system in animals with lungs and explain how changes in pH affect these equilibria	H2CO3 = Carbonic Acid (proton donor) HCO3- = Bicarbonate (proton acceptor) C02 (d) = dissolved carbon dioxide LOOK AT "NOTES"	26
7255656551	Explain what is meant by acidosis and how untreated diabetes leads to acidosis	Acidosis occurs when the pH of blood is often below the normal value of 7.4 Lack of insulin or the insensitivity to insulin disrupts the uptake of glucose from blood into the tissues and forces the tissues to use stored fatty acid as their primary fuel. This leads to the accumulation of 2 carb acids, beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid. The dissociation of these acids lead to acidosis.	27
7256815519	Define condensation reaction	Where elements of water are eliminated after a reaction occurs. (H20 is cleaved from reactants)	28
7256815520	Define hydrolases	exergonic reaction (release) that uses a catalytic enzyme for hydrolysis	29
7256815907	Define hydrolysis reaction	Cleavage accompanied by the addition of elements of water.	30

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Unit 3 600-1450 AP World History Flashcards

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12354431688	Silk Road	the most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations	0
12354431689	Black Death	The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.	1
12354431690	Indian Ocean trading network	The world's largest sea-based system of comunication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.	2
12354431691	Srivijaya	A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 600 and 1075 CE. A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes.	3
12354431692	Angkor Wat	This place was first a Hindu (dedicated to the god Vishnu), then subsequently a Buddhist, temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world.	4
12354431693	Swahili civilization	an East African civilization that emerged in the 8th century ce from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements	5
12354431694	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.	6
12354431695	Ghana, Mali, Songhay	Capitalizing on the new Trans-Saharan trade routes, these kingdoms were established trading gold for salt and slaves	7
12354431696	Trans-Saharan slave trade	A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa; the difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade.	8
12354431697	pochteca	Special merchant class in Aztec society, specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items	9
12354431698	Sui dynasty	The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China	10
12354431699	Tang dynasty	618-907 CE. Much like the Han using Confucianism. had the equal field system, a bureaucracy based on merit and a Confuciansim education system. Trained strong armies of almost a million troops to fight off nomadic powers from Asia. Made story cultural influence over Korea and Vietnam.	11
12354431700	Song dynasty	During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings	12
12354431701	foot binding	Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.	13
12354431702	tribute system	Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute --produce of value from their countries--to the Chinese emperor(although the Chines gifts given in return were often much more valuable).	14
12354431703	Xiongnu	A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)	15
12354431704	Hangul	Korean written alphabet	16
12354431705	Chinese Buddhism	China's only large-scale cultural borrowing before the 20th century. This belief system entered China from India in the first and second centuries C.E but only became popular between 300-800 C.E through a series of cultural accommodations. At first supported by the state, it suffered persecution during the 9th century but continued to play a role in Chinese society.	17
12354431706	Quran	The holy book of Islam	18
12354431707	umma	The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.	19
12354431708	Pillars of Islam	The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if physically and financially possible).	20
12354431709	hijra	The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam	21
12354431710	sharia	Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life	22
12354431711	jizya	tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion	23
12354431712	ulama	Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.	24
12354431713	Umayyad Caliphate	(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.	25
12354431714	Abbasid Caliphate	(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of.	26
12354431715	Sufism	A branch of Islam, defined by adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam; others contend that it is a perennial philosophy of existence that pre-dates religion, the expression of which flowered within Islam	27
12354431716	Ibn Battuta	(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.	28
12354431717	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	29
12354431718	Mansa Musa	Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.	30
12354431719	madrassas	Formal colleges for higher institutions in the teaching of Islam as well as in secular subjects founded throughout the Islamic world in beginning in the 11th century	31
12354431720	Byzantine Empire	(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.	32
12354431721	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	33
12354431722	Justinian	Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code	34
12354431723	Eastern Orthodox Christianity	Eastern branch of Christianity that evolved following the division of the Roman Empire and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople	35
12354431724	icons	A painting of Christ or another holy figure, used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches.	36
12354431725	Prince Vladimir of Kiev	converted to Orthodox Christianity, and allowed Byzantine influence in his realm	37
12354431726	Kievan Rus	A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine	38
12354431727	Charlemagne	King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.	39
12354431728	Holy Roman Empire	A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.	40
12354431729	Roman Catholic church	One of three major branches of Christianity, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major divisions of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman empire into four governmental regions. In 1054 CE Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox, centered in Constantinople, and the ______ ______ ______, centered in Rome, split.	41
12354431730	Western Christendom	Western Europe was on the margins of world history for most of the postclassical millennium; It was far removed from the growing world trade routes; European geography made political unity difficult; Coastlines and river systems facilitated internal exchange;	42
12354431731	Crusades	Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. They brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.	43
12354431732	pastoralism	A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.	44
12354431733	Turks	6th-10th centuries C.E. •Pastoral ethnic group that originated in northern Eurasia and spread into Central Asia and the Middle East •Had significant cultural and political interactions with China, Persia, Byzantium •Conversion to Islam 10th-14th centuries •Diffused Islam throughout Middle East, India, Anatolia(Turkey)	45
12354431734	Temujin	leader of the largest Mongol clans; he unites them all(plans to conquer Asia); and receives title Genghis Khan(universal ruler)	46
12354431735	the Mongol world	Eurasia, 13th-15th centuries •50-year period of conquests across Eurasia that created an empire •Subjected huge populations to their rule •Military strength allowed for rapid conquest •Their rule created interactions between diverse groups •Served to diffuse technology, culture, political and economic systems	47
12354431736	Yuan Dynasty	(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty of Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top then Persian bureaucrats finally Chinese bureaucrats.	48
12354431737	Kublai Khan	(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.	49
12354431738	Hulegu	Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257	50
12354431739	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	51
12354431740	European Renaissance	a "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy is the period 1350-1500 and included Greek learning and growing secularism	52
12354431741	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.	53
12354431742	Ottoman Empire	Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.	54
12354431743	seizure of Constantinople	The city fell to army of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, marking end of Christian Byzantium	55
12354431744	Safavid Empire	Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.	56
12354431745	Songhay Empire	A state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, it was one of the largest Islamic empires in history.	57
12354431746	Mughal Empire	Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; a minority of Muslims ruled over a majority of Hindus.	58
12354431747	Malacca	Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center.	59
12354431748	Aztec Empire	1325-1500 CE. Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico. Forced defeated people to provide goods and labor as tax. At its best had complex myth and religious traditions and reached amazing architectural and artistic accomplishments.	60
12354431749	Inca Empire	(1450-1572 CE), Largest Empire ever built in South America; territory extended 2,500 miles from north to south and embraced almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina; maintained effective control from the early 15th century until the coming of Europeans in the early 16th century. The most powerful people of Andean America.	61
12354431750	Mecca	the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace; Muslims must make pilgrimage to here	62
12354431751	Muhammad	Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.	63
12354431752	Muslim	A follower of Islam; one who submits	64
12354431753	Islam	a religion based on the teachings of Muhammad; Submission to the will of God	65
12354431754	Medina	a city in western Saudi Arabia; a city where Muhammad preached	66
12354431755	caliphate	the rule or reign of a caliph or chief Muslim ruler.	67
12354431756	Shi'ites	Muslims that believe that only direct descendants of Muhammad should become caliph	68
12354431757	Sunni	a branch of Islam that regards the first four successors of Muhammad as his rightful successors; Followers of Muhammad's example	69
12354431758	Mamluks	Arabic word for "owned", slave soldiers used by muslim caliphs and the ottoman empire	70
12354431759	Hadith	The compiled work of the life and teachings of Muhammad.	71
12354431760	medieval	referring to the Middle Ages in Europe or the period of history between ancient and modern times; period between Rome and the Renaissance	72
12354431761	schism	permanent division in a church	73
12354431762	manor	a lord's estate in feudal Europe	74
12354431763	serf	A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord	75
12354431764	fief	land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service	76
12354431765	vassal	A lord, or knight, who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord	77
12354431766	papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.	78
12354431767	investiture controversy	struggle between popes and kings regarding control of church offices and appointments	79
12354431768	monasticism	practice of living the life of a monk	80
12354431769	horse collar	leather collar that rests around horses shoulders; allowed to carry more weight	81
12354431770	Uighurs	Turkic empire of the steppes; flourished in eighth century CE	82
12354431771	Tibet	home of the Dalai Lama; spiritual guide in Mahayana Buddhism	83
12354431772	junk	Chinese merchant ship	84
12354431773	gunpowder	invented by the Chinese-used for weapons and fireworks	85
12354431774	neo-Confucianism	a new form of the ideas of the philosopher Confucius; included Buddhist and Daoist beliefs	86
12354431775	Zen	the practice of meditation; a school of Buddhism in Japan	87
12354431776	movable type	individual characters that can be arranged to create a printing job and then be used over again	88
12354431777	Koryo	Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259.	89
12354431778	Fujiwara	Aristocratic family that dominated the Japanese imperial court between the 9th and 12th centuries	90
12354431779	Kamakura Shogunate	The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333).	91
12354431780	Champa Rice	drought resistant crop, a gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	92
12354431781	Teotihuacan	"The Place of the Gods"; first planned city in the Americas in the Valley of Mexico	93
12354431782	chinampas	Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.	94
12354431783	Maya	Ancient people of Mesoamerica, particularly the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico	95
12354431784	Toltecs	A group of American Indian people that flourished in Mexico before the Aztecs	96
12354431785	Tenochtitlan	The captial city of the Aztecs.	97
12354431786	Anasazi	An early Native American people who lived in the American Southwest; cliff dwellers	98
12354431787	chiefdom	a political economy that organizes regional populations through a hierarchy of the chiefs	99
12354431788	quipu	Incan record keeping system using knots and beads on rope	100
12354431789	ayllu	Andean lineage group or kin-based community.	101
12354431790	mit'a	mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire	102
12354431791	Moche	Culture that flourished along the northern coast of Peru from around A.D. 100 to A.D. 700	103
12354431792	Genghis Khan	One of the Mongol's greatest leaders and founder of the Mongol Empire.	104
12354431793	Il-khan	a khanate expanding through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Iran,	105
12354431794	Golden Horde	A famous horde of the Mongol Empire that conquered the region of modern-day Russia.	106
12354431795	Timur	Turkic warrior, efforts to restore Mongol Empire devastated much of Persia, Russia, and India	107
12354431796	tsar	The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.	108
12354431797	kamikaze	"divine wind" in Japan; blew the Mongols away from invading Japan	109
12354431798	Monsoon	rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains	110
12354431799	Dehli Sultanate	(1206-1526) Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders.	111
12354431800	dhow	a ship with one or two masts, used in the Indian Ocean.	112
12354431801	Urdu	the official literary language of Pakistan, mix of Persian and Hindu writing	113
12354431802	Latin West	territories of Europe that practiced Christianity and used the Latin language	114
12354431803	three-field system	farmland divided into three equal-sized fields, in which crops were rotated; developed in medieval Europe	115
12354431804	water wheel	Mechanism in which flowing water turns a wheel to grind grain or power machinery	116
12354431805	Hanseatic League	a group of Northern German cities and towns that worked together to promote and protect trade	117
12354431806	guild	A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people.	118
12354431807	gothic cathedral	Stained glass windows, flying buttresses, and high arches are all parts of this style	119
12354431808	scholasticism	in medieval Europe, the school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian belief	120
12354431809	humanists	European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities	121
12354431810	printing press	device that mechanically printed pages by pressing inked forms onto paper, invented around 1440; invented by Johann Gutenberg	122
12354431811	Great Western Schism	the period form 1378-1417 when two men claimed to be pope at the same time in known as the	123
12354431812	Hundred Years War	Conflict between England and France that establishes each as a unified country (1337-1453)	124
12354431813	new monarchies	the reestablished states of Spain, England and France after the Hundred Years' War	125
12354431814	reconquest of Iberia	military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states (Spain and Portugal) to recapture territory taken by the Muslims	126
12354431815	bananas	like rice in China, this food crop led to an increase in the Africa population	127
12354431816	flying cash	a paper currency developed in China that can be considered the first banknote, it made trade easier since merchants did not have to carry around coins	128

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8149616127	Amphoteric Species	i.e. Amino Acids Can accept or donate a proton depending on the pH of the environment. At low pH the ionizable groups will accept protons to become protonated. At high pH, they will donate protons to become deprotonated.	0
8149639334	pKa	The pKa value of a group = the pH at which half of the molecules of that species are deprotonated [protonated version of the ionizable group] = [deprotonated version of that group] AKA: [HA] = [A-] pH < pKa = Majority of that species is protonated pH > pKa = Majority is depronated	1
8149680734	Zwitterions and pH	Acidic conditions = the [H+] is high = + charged AA The amino group and the carboxyl group on AA will both be protonated. The amino group is positively charged and the carboxyl group is nuetral. Physiological/Intermediate pH= neutral zwitterion Amino group is protonated and positively charged and the carboxyl group is deprotonated and negatively charged Basic conditions = high [-OH] = - charged AA The carboxyl group remains deprotonated and negatively charged and the amino group deprotonates to become neutral	2
8149765500	Oligopeptides	Polypeptides made up of 20 or less residues	3
8149780755	Peptide Bond	Specialized covalent amide bond formed via a dehydration/condensation rxn between the -COO- of one AA and the-NH3+ of another AA to form the functional group -C(O)NH-. This bond may be broken via a hydrolysis rxn. The electrophilic carbonyl (c=o) group on the first AA is attached by the nucleophilic amino group on the second AA --> the -OH group on the carbonyl is kicked off to form the amide bond The amide groups have delocalizable pie bond electrons that exhibit resonance to increase bond stability --> the C-N bond in the amide has partial double bond character restricting the movement around this bond	4
8149857904	Polypeptide Terminus	C-terminus = right end of the polypeptide ending with a carboxyl group N-terminus = left end of a polypeptide beginning with an amino group	5
8149871138	Peptide Bond Hydrolysis	Hydrolytic enzymes break apart the amide bond at specific amino acids by adding a H+ to the amide nitrogen and an -OH group to the carbonyl carbon = exact reverse of the dehydration/acyl substitution reaction	6
8149903265	Primary and Secondary Protein Structure	Primary = No interactions of r-groups, linear AA chain stabilized by covalent amide bonds. Can be determined by sequencing. Secondary= Backbone interactions only via intramolecular H-bonding between nearby AA residues to form alpha helices and beta-sheet structures	7
8149932080	Alpha Helices	Secondary protein structure stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen and the amide hydrogen. Coils clockwise around a central axis. The AA side chains point away from the helix core. Important component of Keratin	8
8170025034	Beta-Pleated Sheets	Secondary protein structure stabilized by intramolecular h-bonding between the carbonyl oxygen on one chain and the amide H on the other. Can parallel (peptide chains run in the same direction) or antiparallel (run in opposing directions). The pleated conformation allows for the structure to accommodate as many h bonds as possible. The r-groups of the AAs point above and below the plane of the sheet.	9
8170189797	Secondary Structures and Proline	Proline's five-membered ring structure will introduce a kink into the polypeptide chain when found in the middle of an alpha helix. Proline is rarely found in helices with exception to those that cross the cell membrane and rarely present in the middle of beta-pleated sheets.	10
8170897730	Tertiary and Quaternary Protein Structure	Tertiary: R-group interactions occur within one polypeptide chain and is primarily the result of hydrophobic side chains folding toward the interior of the 3D protein structure Note: the hydrophilic N-H and C=O bonds w/in the amide bonds get pulled in by the hydrophobic side chains form electrostatic interactions and h bonds that further stabilize the protein from the inside Quaternary: r-group interactions and disulfide salt bridges (oxidized cysteine residues form cystine + 2H + 2e- ) occur between the separate polypeptide subunits of the protein	11
8171055498	Molten Globules	Intermediate states of protein folding	12
8171115408	Entropy and Protein folding	When a solute dissolve in a solvent, the solvent molecules will form a solvation layer around the solute. When AA are placed in a solvent (the cytoplasm) the water molecules cannot form h bonds with the hydrophobic residue side chains. In order to have a spontaneous (favorable) process which requires less energy while maximizing the stability of the protein structure, the hydrophobic residue side chains must fold towards the interior while the water molecules rearrange themselves to maximize h-bonding with the hydrophilic residue side chains on the exterior of the protein. This causes an increase in entropy (change in S>0) = spontaneous process = max stability	13
8172511381	Benefits of Quaternary protein Structure Formation	1. This reduces the SA of the protein and increases its stability 2. It reduces the amount of DNA needed to be encoded 3. It can bring catalytic sites on the protein closer together and allow for faster transfer of intermediates from the first rxn to the second rxn 4. It can induce cooperativity/allosteric effects = the structural change of one subunit can increase or decrease the activity of the other subunits	14
8172765387	Conjugated Proteins	Conjugation = existence of a link or connection between things These proteins derive part of the function from covalently attached prosthetic groups	15
8172801421	Prosthetic groups	Covalently attached molecules that determine the function of their conjugated proteins and may direct the protein to its specific location w/in the cell. Can be organic = vitamins or metal ions Types to know: 1. Lipid prosthetic groups = Lipoproteins 2. Carbohydrate prosthetic groups = Glycoproteins 3. Nucleic Acid prosthetic groups = Nucleoproteins	16
8172879395	Denaturation	Loss of protein structure and its function Two causes: 1. Heat: when the temperature of a protein increases, its average kinetic energy increases. This extra energy eventually overcomes the hydrophobic interactions holding the protein together (electrostatic, H-bonds between the interior peptide chain N-H and C=O bonds pulled in by the hydrophobic side chains, etc.) causing the protein to unfold. 2. Solutes (such as Urea and SDS): directly interfere with the forces holding the protein together. Can disrupt quaternary and tertiary structure by breaking disulfide bridges via reduction and the H-bonding of secondary structures.	17

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The Post Classical Era - AP World History Flashcards

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11364893083	600CE-1450CE	the timeframe for the post-classical period	0
11364893200	Japanese Feudalism		1
11364893201	European Feudalism		2
11364893084	Feudalism	Basic concept refers to the political and social order of medieval Europe; based on a hierarchy of lords and vassals who controlled political and military affairs	3
11364893085	Neo-Confucianism	A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.	4
11364893086	Tang Dynasty	This dynasty made good use of the Han's development of bureaucracy by recruiting government officials who were well educated, loyal, and efficient. Although powerful families used their resources to place relatives in government positions, most bureaucrats won their posts because of intellectual ability.	5
11364893087	bureaucracy	system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected)	6
11364893088	Caliphate	Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire.	7
11364893089	Crusades	A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.	8
11364893090	Islam	this religion was a unifying force in culture aspects of Eurasia and Africa - similar religion (Islam), similar language (Arabic), similar art (forbids art of humans.	9
11364893091	Arabesque design	geometric designs; no human figures in art	10
11364893202	Trans-Sahara trade		11
11364893203	Indian Ocean trade		12
11364893204	Silk routes		13
11364893092	Mongol Empire	An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.	14
11364893093	Mayan Empire	The major civilization in Southern Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula from 150 B.C.E. to 900 C. E.; kings were not divine, created calendars, used terraced farming, human sacrifices, and was the only Mesoamerican civilization to have a written language	15
11364893094	Muhammad	considered by Muslims to be the last messenger and prophet sent by God to guide humanity to the right way	16
11364893095	Justinian	Eastern Roman emperor between 527 and 565 CE; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman Law; extended later Roman architecture	17
11364893096	Genghis Khan	(1167?-1227) One of the Mongol's greatest leaders and founder of the Mongol Empire.	18
11364893097	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Genghis Khan. He conquered China, founding and becoming the first emperor of the country's Yuan Dynasty	19
11364893098	Marco Polo	(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.	20
11364893099	Ibn Battuta	(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.	21
11364893100	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered dost of the crusader outposts for Islam	22
11364893101	Mansa Musa	greatest Mali king; brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; expanded borders, maintained peace and order, religious freedom and tolerance; hajj to Mecca; built Timbuktu	23
11364893102	Zheng He	a Chinese admiral that was sent on expeditions to form relationships between China and other countries (Ming Dynasty)	24
11364893103	Sui Dynasty	As one of the ephemeral dynasties in Chinese history, this existed for only 38 years, was established by Yang Jian in 581. Built a strong central government with work done by peasants. Public works projects included palaces, granaries, and repair of defensive walls; Most elaborate project was the Grand Canal.	25
11364893104	Tang Dynasty	(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.	26
11364893105	Song Dynasty	(960 - 1279 CE); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings.	27
11364893106	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	28
11364893107	Yuan Dynasty	(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.	29
11364893108	Ghana Empire	(800CE-1050CE) Complex societies based on trans-Saharan trade with salt and gold had existed in the region since ancient times located on Niger and Senegal River; "Land of Gold"	30
11364893109	Mali Empire	(1235CE-1450CE) established by Sundial, their greatest emperor was Mansa Musa, expanded borders to Atlantic ocean and converted to Islam (located in northwestern Africa)	31
11364893110	Delhi Sultanate	Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (1210 - 1256)	32
11364893111	Kievan Russia	A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine Empire. Conquered by the Mongols in the thirteenth century.	33
11364893112	Golden Horde	One of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russia during the 13th and 14th centuries	34
11364893113	Ottoman Empire	- Western Turkey, 1299-1923 - Conquered Byzantine Empire - Capital: Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) - Covered most of old Roman and Byzantine territories - Became very wealthy because ease of trade	35
11364893114	Mughal Empire	- Ruled over India, 1526-1857 - Islam was the official religion - Known for building Taj Mahal	36
11364893115	Safavid Empire	- Ruled over Iran, 501-1736 - Trade/Commerce experienced success through European participation in Iranian territories - Used missionaries to spread Shia Islam	37
11364893116	Qu'ran	Revelations believed to be sacred words of Allah	38
11364893117	Umayyad Dynasty	ruled the dar al-islam as conquerors and their policies reflected the interests of the Arab military aristocracy. short dynasty	39
11364893118	Abbasid Empire	Empire that: - Claimed descent from Muhammad's uncle; more acceptable to Shi'ites - Changed policies opening religion to all on equal basis - Helped est. Islam as a universalizing religion - Cosmopolitan mix of cultures emerged Golden Age of Islam Problems with governing vast area	40
11364893119	Bantu Migration	group of 300 common but distinct languages called Bantu ("people") 500 BCE to 1000 CE - massive transfer of Bantu languages and lifestyles southward from their home in modern Nigeria, creating Pan-African traditions and practices	41
11364893120	dhows	ships used in the indian ocean trade routes	42
11364893121	Mit'a	Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.	43
11364893122	Terracing	A soil conservation technique that prevents erosion on STEEP hills by heavy rains.	44
11364893123	Chinampas	Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.	45
11364893124	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul.	46
11364893125	Chinese Junk	A very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.	47
11364893126	Bantu	A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.	48
11364893127	Dhow	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design.	49
11364893128	Sui Dynasty	(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.	50
11364893129	Vikings	Danes, Norse, ruled by kings and nobles, fairly democratic, hunters, gatherers, fishers, esp. farmers, raided Europe and the British Isles as the weather permitted, used slaves, assemblies of landowners made the laws, during the 800s famine, dominated the North Atlantic through the thirteenth century.	51
11364893130	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	52
11364893131	Incan Empire	A Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; conquered by Pizarro.	53
11364893132	Aztec Empire	Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. Conquered by Cortes.	54
11364893133	Swahili	Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.	55
11364893134	Byzantine Empire	(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.	56
11364893135	Aristocracy	Highest class in certain societies or a form of government in which power is held by the nobility	57
11364893136	Angkor Wat	Largest religious monument in the world. It was originally a Hindu temple for god and then it became a Buddhist temple	58
11364893137	Great Zimbabwe	located in the modern African country of Zimbabwe, whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.	59
11364893138	Hundred Years War (1337-1453)	series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the Kingdom of France	60
11364893139	Decline of Abbasid Caliphate	- Hostility increased b/t Sunni/Shi'ites - Difficult to hold diverse empire together from one central location - Slave revolts and peasant uprisings Incompetent caliphs --- Abbasids hired Seljuk Turks as soldiers; gained power - Seljuk leader Tughril took over Baghdad; caliph is figurehead - Mongols seized throne in 1258	61
11364893140	Early Middle Ages	- Collapse of political, social, and military order left Europe in chaos - Continuing invasions and conflicts - The Church provided cultural unity and enabled the area to regain some control	62
11364893141	tribal chieftains	In the Early Middle Ages, Roman governors were replaced with __________ __________.	63
11364893142	manorialism	Political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were tied to their land and their lord through serfdom; defined both economic and political obligations between lords and peasant laborers	64
11364893143	Divided	After Charlemagne's death, the empire was ___________	65
11364893144	Monasteries	the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe; played important role in providing stability during Dark Ages	66
11364893145	Constantine	Who moved the capital to Constantinople which made a split in political authority which further led to a split in religious authority?	67
11364893146	Benedictine Rule	Church supported monasteries in rural areas	68
11364893147	Feudalism	What discouraged the growth of strong central government and political power of the Church countered power of the kings?	69
11364893148	Magna Carta	Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.	70
11364893149	William of Normandy (the Conqueror)	landed on the coast of England and defeated king Harold at the battle of hastings. took a census known as Domesday book, became king of England.	71
11364893150	Ghettos	European Christians discriminated against Jews who lived in segregated communities, which are also know as:	72
11364893151	Carolingian Renaissance	pertaining to the empire of Charlemagne • Revival of Book Making • Adoption of Roman Architectural Forms • Creation of Imperial Imagery	73
11364893152	scholasticism	A method of doing theology and philosophy which aims at a better understanding of revealed truths; attempt to rationalize theology in order to support faith by reason	74
11364893153	1453, Istanbul	The Byzantine Empire survived until ________; fell to Ottoman Turks and renamed __________.	75
11364893154	Hagia Sophia	one of the most important examples of Christian architecture in the world; a church built by Justinian with a magnificent domed structure that later became a mosque	76
11364893155	Corpus Juris Civilis	The Byzantines had the most important contribution codification of Roman Law; basis for civil law codes that developed throughout much of western Europe	77
11364893156	Theodora	Empress _____________ had great influence over Justinian	78
11364893157	Sui	Which Dynasty established by northern Chinese noble family and reunited China?	79
11364893158	Grand Canal	built by Sui linked the Yellow and Yangzi as key component to the internal trade	80
11364893159	Eastern Orthodox Church	derived from the church of the Byzantine Empire	81
11364893160	Fiefs	an estate of land, especially one held on condition of feudal service	82
11364893161	Civil Service Exams System	testing designed to select the most studious and learned candidates for appointment as bureaucrats in the Chinese government.	83
11364893162	Neo-Confucianism	Appeal of Buddhism and Emphasis on the importance of social life and rejection of withdrawal through meditation led to what?	84
11364893163	True	During Tang and early Song women had more rights. True or False?	85
11364893164	Charlemagne	King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.	86
11364893165	Empress Wu Zhao	only woman to rule in her own name in Chinese history (Song Dynasty)	87
11364893166	Fujiwara Rule	Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.	88
11364893167	Fall of Mongols	Distance between the capital and borders made it impossible to maintain unity for long (similar to large empires before)	89
11364893168	Indian Ocean trade	After the Mongol Empire broke up, trade along the Silk Road ended and many turned to _______________.	90
11364893169	Toltecs	- first to unify central Mexico after the people of Teotihuacan - Centralized state based on military power - Were replaced by the Aztecs	91
11364893170	Appealing	Pax Mongolica and Dar al-Islam (House of Islam) made travel more _______________.	92
11364893171	Angkor Wat	Largest religious monument in the world. It was originally a Hindu temple for god and then it became a Buddhist temple	93
11364893172	Dar-al-Islam	areas of which Islam spread to; lands under Islamic influences	94
11364893173	Sunni	major sect of islam "the traditionalists"	95
11364893174	Shia	minor sect of islam separated from the Sunni due to the belief that ali should be the first caliph after muhammad	96
11364893175	Berke	(1257-1266) A ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East	97
11364893176	Jurchens	Founders of the Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south	98
11364893177	Xuanzang	a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang dynasty.	99
11364893178	Alhambra	the complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra, is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain.	100
11364893179	Pope Gregory VII	the pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Church and the supremacy of the Church over the state (1020-1085).	101
11364893180	Sufis	mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life	102
11364893181	Hong Wu	He established this Ming ("brilliant") dynasty, following the Yuang dynasty, in 1368; his immediate goal was to remove all signs of Mongol rule	103
11364893182	Holy Roman Empire	a political entity in Europe that began with the papal coronation of Otto I as the first emperor in 962 and laster until 1806 when it was dissolved by Napoleon.	104
11364893183	Songhai	(1450-1586CE) Leader (Sonni Ali) used powerful army to build largest state in West Africa; came after the fall of Mali	105
11364893184	Humanism	focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages.	106
11364893185	Italy	established wealthy merchant classes (Medici, wealthiest family), Florence, focused a lot on education	107
11364893186	Petrach	father of Humanism; founded library which gave access to books to everyone	108
11364893187	Erasmus	New Greek edition of New Testament, which led to more people having the capability to read the bible.	109
11364893188	Dante Alighieri	wrote the poem called Divine Comedy (which had depictions of hell, purgatory, and envisions of heaven) : actions determined fate	110
11364893189	Niccolo Machiavelli	Florence diplomat (observed royalty in other countries), published The Prince 1513 (somewhat guide for leaders)	111
11364893190	Act of Supremacy	(1534) Act that made King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, so that he could divorce his wife.	112
11364893191	Elizabethian Settlement	a set of compromises by Queen Elizabeth, who restored unity to England	113
11364893192	Martin Luther	(1483-1546) German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door to Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church.	114
11364893193	Wari	Another civilization near Tiwanaku that flourished about the same time as Tiwanaku. It is theorized that this civilization was originally dependent on Tiwanaku, or that it and Tiwanaku were two parts of the same empire.	115
11364893194	Moche	The prominent civiliation in modern-day Peru around 600 C.E., before the rise of the Incan Empire; did not have any political unification, and instead depended on trade and agriculture.	116
11364893195	Tiwanaku	The prominent civilization in the Andes Mountains before the rise of the Incan Empire; like the Moche, depended on trade among different agricultural areas in the empire.	117
11364893196	Calvinism	sought the participation of all believers in church administration which had political implications of encouraging the ideal of wider access to the government; strong in Switzerland, parts of Germany & France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.	118
11364893197	Great Schism	(1054) Event that precipitated the final separation between the Eastern Christian churches (led by the patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius) and the Western Church (led by Pope Leo IX)	119
11364893198	Protestant	general wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief.	120

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Emergency Care 13th Edition Chapter 13 Flashcards

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10583782228	auscultation	listening. A stethoscope is used to auscultate for characteristic sounds.	0
10583782229	blood pressure	the force of blood against the walls of the blood vessels.	1
10583782230	blood pressure monitor	a machine that automatically inflates a blood pressure cuff and measures blood pressure.	2
10583782231	brachial artery	the major artery of the arm.	3
10583782232	brachial pulse	the pulse felt in the upper arm.	4
10583782233	bradycardia	a slow pulse, any pulse rate below 60 beats per minute.	5
10583782234	carotid pulse	the pulse felt along the large carotid artery on either side of the neck.	6
10583782235	constrict	get smaller	7
10583782236	diastolic blood pressure	the pressure remaining in the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is relaxed and refilling.	8
10583782237	dilate	get larger	9
10583782238	oxygen saturation (SpO2)	the ratio of the amount of oxygen present in the blood to the amount that could be carried, expressed as a percentage.	10
10583782239	palpation	touching or feeling. A pulse or blood pressure may be palpated with the fingertips.	11
10583782240	pulse	the rhythmic beats felt as the heart pumps blood through the arteries.	12
10583782241	pulse oximeter	an electronic device for determining the amount of oxygen carried in the blood, known as the oxygen saturation or SpO2.	13
10583782242	pulse quality	the rhythm (regular or irregular) and force (strong or weak) of the pulse.	14
10583782243	pulse rate	the number of pulse beats per minute.	15
10583782244	pupil	the black center of the eye.	16
10583782245	radial pulse	the pulse felt at the wrist.	17
10583782246	reactivity	in the pupils of the eyes, reacting to light by changing size.	18
10583782247	respiration	the act of breathing in and breathing out.	19
10583782248	respiratory quality	the normal or abnormal (shallow, labored, or noisy) character of breathing.	20
10583782249	respiratory rate	the number of breaths taken in one minute.	21
10583782250	respiratory rhythm	the regular or irregular spacing of breaths.	22
10583782251	sphygmomanometer	the cuff and gauge used to measure blood pressure.	23
10583782252	systolic blood pressure	the pressure created when the heart contracts and forces blood out into the arteries.	24
10583782253	tachycardia	a rapid pulse, any pulse rate over 100 beats per minute.	25
10583782254	vital signs	outward signs of what is going on inside the body, including respiration, pulse, skin color, temperature, and condition (plus capillary refill in infants and children), pupils, and blood pressure.	26

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Early Modern Key Terms, period 4 AP world History Flashcards

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5890684211	Imperialism	the policy of extending rule over foreign countries	0
5890684212	Nation-State	A sovereign state inhabited by a homogenous group of people	1
5890684213	Joint Stock Companies	An association of individuals who pooled resources and provided stock like a corporation	2
5890684214	Mulattoes	A person of mixed european and African descent	3
5890684215	Mercantilism	Prosperity of a nation depends on its supply of resources	4
5890684216	Sikhism	Syncretic religion formed by Nanak	5
5890684217	Mughal	Muslim state that ruled india	6
5890684218	Columbian exchange	the exchange of plants and animals between the americas and the rest of the word, following columbus's expedition	7
5890684219	Jean Jacques Rousseau	Champion of democracy, all people are equal	8
5890684220	Zheng He	Chinese admiral who led seven over seas trade expeditions under ming dynasty rule	9
5890684221	Encomienda system	A grant of Land made by the spaniards to a settler in the Americas, saying you can use native americans as slaves	10
5890684222	Laissez- Faire capitalism	the idea that economy can run itself	11
5890684223	Adam Smith	Scottish economist who advocated laissez faire	12
5890684224	Safavid	The Shi'a Islamic dynasty that ruled Persia in the 16th and 18th centuries	13
5890684225	Creoles	Descendants of spaniards but born in South America	14
5890684226	Ming	Chinese dynasty that focused on rejuvenating chinese culture after years of Mongol rule	15
5890684227	Shogun	Powerful military lord in feudal Japan	16
5890684228	Dutch United East India Company	Private merchants advanced funds to send ships to India and provide them the ability to trade	17
5890684229	Siberia	A vast asian region of Russia	18
5890684230	95 Theses	Primary catalyst for the protestant reformation	19
5890684231	Cortes	Spaniard who defeated the Aztecs	20
5890684232	Akbar	the most famous muslim ruler of India	21
5890684233	John Locke	Enlightenment thinker who thought all people were equal and were essentially good	22
5890684234	Potosi	A mine located in upper peru	23
5890684235	Middle Passage	the route in between western ports of africa and the carribean	24
5890684236	Daimyo	Japanese military leaders	25
5890684237	Ottomans	Turkic empire established in Asia Minor	26
5890684238	Songhay	Portion of Mali after the kingdom collapsed	27
5890684239	Tokugawa	A powerful Japanese family that ruled as shoguns	28
5890684240	Renaissance	cultural and political movement in Italy during the 1400's	29
5890684241	Shah Abass the Great	Safavid ruler 1587-1629	30
5890684242	Syncretic religions	Religions that combine two other religions	31
5890684243	Humanism	A focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor	32
5890684244	Absolute Monarchy	The king has all the power	33
5890684245	Shah	Title for the former hereditary monarch of Iraq/persia	34
5890684246	Scientific revolution	European advancements in math and science, developed scientific method	35
5890684247	Manchus	Northeast Asians who defeated the ming dynasty and started the qing dynasty	36
5890684248	English East india company	An early joint stock company; granted on english royal charter with the intent of favoring trade privileges in India	37
5890684249	Copernicus	A philosopher (discovered the solar system)	38
5890684250	Mestizo	A person of mixed racial ancestry	39
5890684251	Pizarro	Spaniard who Conquered the incas	40
5890684252	Janissaries	Christian Boys taken from christian families, converted to Islam and trained to serve the sultan	41
5890684253	Enlightenment	A burst of thought and cultural advancement in Europe during the middle ages	42
5890684254	Indulgences	Forgiveness of sins sold by the catholic church	43
5890684255	Vasco de Gama	Portuguese Sailor, first to sail around Southern Africa to the Indian Ocean	44
5890684256	Viceroy	governor of a country that represents his king	45
5890684257	Mali	formed when the Sundiata took control of the Ghana empire	46
5890684258	Lateen Sail	A triangular sail used on ships	47
5890684259	Patriarchy	A society ruled by males	48
5890684260	Peter the Greay		49

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Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

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6065491031	Cell Cycle	The life cycle of a cell.	0
6065508179	Chromosomes	The structures in the nucleus that contain DNA.	1
6065515077	Binary Fission	Cellular reproduction in prokaryotic cells. Means "Splitting into two parts"	2
6065524801	Homologous Chromosomes	Each chromosome of a pair of similar chromosome	3
6065532374	Chromatids	The two copies of the chromosome once it is duplicated	4
6065541590	Centromere	Where the chromatids are connected	5
6065553527	Mitosis	The process of separating duplicated chromosomes in order to create a new cell.	6
6065560800	Cytokinesis	The process where the cytoplasm splits in two	7
6065568263	Budding	A type of asexual reproduction, where a piece of the parents body develops into an independent organism	8
6065574409	Regeneration	A type of asexual reproduction, where the organism breaks into two or more parts, each growing into a new organism that is genetically identical to the parent	9
6065581799	Sexual Reproduction	The production of offspring by combining the genetic material of more than one parent	10
6065586212	Asexual Reproduction	A single parent has offspring that are identical to itself	11
6065594928	Sperm	The male sex cell	12
6065598433	Egg	The female sex cell.	13
6065602183	Zygote	The new type of cell that is made when an egg's nucleus fuses with a sperm's nucleus	14
6065606682	Spores	Small reproductive cells that are protected by a thick cell wall	15
6065612827	Sex Cells	Specialized cells that combine to form a zygote, they have half the normal number of chromosomes, one of each pair.	16
6065620503	Meiosis	A process where the chromosomes are copied and separated in such a way that each daughter cell has half the normal number of chromosomes. Creates sex cells.	17
6065625363	Sex Chromosomes	The chromosomes that carry the genes that determine gender.	18
6065628781	Fertilization	The joining of an egg and a sperm	19
6065633057	Cell Plate	The primary structure the leads to the new cell membranes between two plant cells during cytokinesis	20
6065636482	Spindle Fibers	Fibers that connect to the centromeres of the chromosomes and that help push and pull the chromosomes apart during mitosis	21
6065641890	Gene	A portion of DNA that controls the characteristics of an offspring.	22

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Asexual Reproduction Flashcards

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8582590931	2 types of reproduction	Sexual and Asexual	0
8582590932	Asexual Reproduction	A method of reproduction requiring only one parent	1
8582590933	Daughter cells	cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell	2
8582590935	BINARY FISSION	A method of asexual reproduction where one single celled organism splits into 2 smaller but equal sized organisms: amoeba/paramecium	3
8582590936	BUDDING	a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual organism develops on a parent organism and then separates.	4
8582590937	REGENERATION	Growing back of a missing part Ex. Starfish and planaria	5
8582625037	FRAGMENTATION	Reproduction of an entire organism from a piece of the parent organism	6
8582642268	PARTHENOGENESIS	growth of an organism from an unfertilized gamete, or sex cell	7
8582687345	DNA	A molecule containing the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms, found in the nucleus of a cell,	8
8582734436	GENE	the basic unit of heredity in a living organism; a segment of DNA	9
8582748630	MITOSIS	the process of cell division where one cell splits into two identical cells	10
8582822147	GENETIC VARIATION	range of differences in DNA among organisms (Diversity)	11
8582854502	BIODIVERSITY	the many different types of life that exist in an environment	12
8582866881	CHROMOSOME	a tightly wound bundle of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of most living cells	13