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biochemistry Flashcards

11308645121	metab	change	0
11308650245	aer	the air	1
11308654318	an	without, not	2
11308657841	peri	around	3
11308662053	stalsis	a construction, compression	4
11308666463	therm	heat	5
11308669359	endo	inside	6
11308669360	exo	outside	7
11308676849	gest	carried	8
11308676850	cata	down, downward	9
11308681272	lys lysis	loosen	10
11308681273	phag/vor	to eat	11

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biochemistry Flashcards

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7894981947	2 Reasons Atoms Bond	1) To gain a full valence shell 2) To cancel out charges	0
7894992647	Proton Charge	Positive	1
7894992648	Neutron Charge	Neutral	2
7894995363	Electron Charge	Negative	3
7895662512	Isotope	Atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons	4
7895832673	Ion	A charged particle(element)	5
7895837223	2 Types of Bond	Ionic, Covalent	6
7895840930	Covalent Bond	Bond where 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of electrons	7
7895857177	Ionic Bond	Bonds that form between charged particles to neutralize charges	8
7895863161	What is strongest	Covalent	9
7895877788	Metals bond	Ionic	10
7895882733	What bonds does H form	Both	11
7895882734	molecule	Two or more atoms bonded in covalent bonds(Can not be split)	12
7895891210	compound	One or more atoms bonded by ionic bonds(can be split)	13
7895894792	Organic Molecules	Molecules that contain H,C, usually O	14
7895897792	4 Main Atoms for Life	C, H, O, N	15
7895900576	Macromolecules	"Big molecules"	16
7895928739	4 Types of Macromolecule	Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates	17
7895941468	Inert	Does not form bonds	18
7895951643	atom	smallest particle of an element that still has the the properties of the element	19
7895955536	3 Subatomic particles	electron, neutron, proton	20
7895962468	Matter	Anything that has mass and takes up space	21
7895962470	elements	building blocks of matter	22
7895965064	AMU	Atomic Mass Unit	23
7895967587	Location of subatomic	Protons: nucleus Neutrons: Nucleus Electron: outside nucleus inside electron cloud	24
7895970726	Chemical Reaction	Conversion of reactants into products, anything that breaks and/or forms bonds between atoms or molecules, change properties of reactants	25
7895980913	bonds	hold atoms together	26
7903810887	weight of electron	no mass	27
7903810888	weight of proton	1 AMU	28
7903810889	weight of neutron	1 AMU	29
7903811996	Noble Gasses	Elements on the far right that don't bond with any because they already have a full valence shell	30
7903815178	Why is all life carbon based	Carbon forms 4 bonds, so it is a stable building block for life	31
7903817447	Carbohydrates elemental composition	Made of C, H, O, in a ratio 1:2:1, 3 carbon atoms with a hydroxyl chain bonded to an O	32
7903821845	Monomer unit of carbs	Monosaccharides	33
7903822773	Examples of Monosaccharides	Fructose, Glucose	34
7903823260	Examples of Disaccharides	Sucrose, Lactose	35
7903823710	Examples of Polysaccharides	Cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin	36
7903824135	Cellulose	A carbohydrate that is the most abundant organic chemical compound. It makes up the structure of plant cell walls, AKA Fiber	37
7903825718	Starch	Plant sugar storage	38
7903826415	Glycogen	Animal sugar storage	39
7903826416	Chitin	used for exoskeletons of arthropods	40
7903826928	Carbs food sources	Most grains, Potatoes, Beans, Legumes, Dairy	41
7903831243	3 Functions of carbs	Provide energy and regulate glucose, Structure of cells and organisms, Used as antibodies to recognize the cells	42
7903834047	Glucose	Sugar that helps regulate glucose	43
7903835139	Reactions of carbs	Dehydration synthesis builds carbs, hydrolysis reactions break up carbs	44
7903836199	Dehydration synthesis	Bonds atoms and produces a water as a byproduct	45
7903836826	Hydrolysis	Uses water to break down molecules	46
7903852289	Protein elemental comp	Made up of sets of amino acids with elements C,H,O,N	47
7903855252	Simple proteins	Made of only amino acids, such as eggs, albumin, globulin	48
7903856170	Conjugate	include non amino acids, such as lipoprotein	49
7903857782	Conformation	Shape of the protein, form affects the function	50
7903858403	Protein monomer units	Amino Acids(some are hydrophobic/hydrophilic)	51
7903859453	Functions	Forms skin pigments, enzymes to speed up chem rxn, hormones(insulin), antibodies, muscle contraction, transports materials, hemoglobin transport oxygen in red blood cells, moves things in/out of cells	52
7903860999	Enzymes	Biological catalysts, speed up chemical reactions and reduce energy needed for them	53
7903867445	ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate, a modified nucleotide that functions as the currency of energy for life	54
7912573929	Composition of ATP	Ribose(simple sugar), Adenine, 3 Phosphate groups	55
7912582779	ATP Generates Energy	Enzyme causes it to lose one phosphate which generates energy	56
7912613950	RNA vs DNA	RNA is Single stranded, while DNA is double stranded, RNA uses ribose as its sugar while DNA uses deoxyribose, and DNA = A,T,G,C while RNA = A, U, G, C	57
7912631007	Function of nucleic acids	Store genetic info, make proteins, regulate genes, central dogma	58
7912684723	Composition of Nucleic Acids	Sugar, Phosphate, nitrogenous base, CHONP	59
7912689929	Monomer units of nucleic acids	Nucleotides	60
7912698132	Function of protein	Pigments, Enzymes, Hormones, Antibodies, Muscle contraction, Transport(through body, hemoglobin, in/out cell)	61

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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11814855845	Structure and Function of Bio-molecules	Most are organic molecules Extremely large Complex 3D shapes Function depends on 3D shape Stereochemistry	0
11866699446	D-Isomer	Right handed forms	1
11866705609	L-Isomer	Left handed forms	2
11866716356	Monomers	Building blocks	3
11866720431	Polymers	Groups of monomers that bond together	4
11866735540	When putting monomers together, you lose H2O	Dehydration Synthesis	5
11866750011	Can be reversed by adding water to break molecules down	Hydrolysis	6
11866761751	Carbohydrates	Polar Water soluble Have lots of -OH Can either be a ketone or aldehyde Carbonyl Three types: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides	7
11866796895	Monosaccharides	Made of monomers Simplest form Simple sugars/carbs	8
11866812585	Oligosaccharides	2-20 monosaccharides 2 mono = disaccharide 3 mono = trisaccharide	9
11866836125	Polysaccharides	>20 monosaccharides Complex sugars	10
11866847458	Classification of monosaccharides	1. Type of carbonyl group Aldehyde - aldose sugar Ketone - ketone sugar 2. Number of carbon atoms 3 C = triose sugar 4 C = tetrose sugar 5 C = pentose sugar 6 C = hexose sugar	11
11866914094	Monosaccharides to know	Glucose - aldohexose sugar Galactose - aldohexose sugar Fructose - keothexose sugar Ribose - aldopentose sugar	12
11866961799	Glycosidic Bond	Bond that bonds two monosaccharides together	13
11866974253	Disaccharides	Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + Fructose Lactose (milk sugar) Galactose + Glucose Maltose (malt sugar) 2 Glucose bound together	14
11866997128	Glucans	Only building block is glucose	15
11867004335	Three types of glucans	Starch, glycogen, and cellulose	16
11867011740	Starch	Storage form of glucose in plants Amylose - continuous chain of glucose Amylopectin - has branches of glucose ever 24-30	17
11867034105	Glycogen	Storage form of glucose in animals Structure same as amylopectin, branches every 8-10 Found in liver and skeletal muscle	18
11867045782	Cellulose	Fiber Main structural feature of plant cell walls	19
11867053270	Function of Carbohydrates	Energy (glucose) Structure (cellulose) Information carriers	20
11867070032	Lipids	Diverse group of molecules Nonpolar molecules Water insoluble	21
11867083701	Fatty Acids (FA)	Long chain of carboxylic acids > 16 C atoms Even # of C atoms Saturated (C-C) or Unsaturated (C=C)	22
11867103435	MUFA	Monounsaturated fatty acid	23
11867109836	PUFA	Polyunsaturated fatty acid	24
11867121599	C=C Classification	C numbering starting at carboxyl end Omega numbering starting at methyl end	25
11867146254	Delta System	Uses C numbering and indicates position of C=C	26
11867177493	Omega (w) System	Uses omega numbering and indicates position of 1st C=C	27
11867187552	Fatty Acid Function	Makes energy (2nd behind glucose) More energy dense Brain and RBC dont use FA, they use glucose Makes other lipids Structure (membranes) Every double bond kinks the chain.	28
11867246760	Fatty acid state at room temp	Saturated - solids Unsaturated - liquids/oils	29
11867251970	Wax functions	Is protective Waterproofing/Buoyancy	30
11867277390	Triglycerides functions	Energy storage - adipose tissue Insulation Protection	31
11867298907	Phospholipids		32
11867307371	Steroids	Cholesterol 1. used for structure in cell membrane Adds rigidity 2. Makes bile salts Bile acids leave through poo and are made in the liver Stored in gallbladder 3. Can make steroid hormones	33
11867343390	Steroid Hormones Function	Carries information	34
11867373907	Progestin (progesterone)	Made in ovary and all steroid synthesizing cells Menstruation Pregnancy	35
11867395099	Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)	Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance Increases blood pressure Adrenal gland Kidneys	36
11867429828	Glucocorticoids (cortisol)	Controls general body physiology Regulates energy production, immune response, and inflammation Stress hormones Adrenal gland	37
11867473811	Androgens (testosterone)	Made in testes/ovary Male sex hormones Anabolic molecule (growth of muscle and bone) Estrogens E1, E2, E3 In ovary Female sex hormones	38
11867507844	Eicosanoids	lipids derived from arachidonic acid 20 C - 20 C FA	39
11867521512	Prostaglandins	Stimulates fever Pain stimulation Inflammation Physiology of eye Male and female reproduction	40
11867541911	Thromboxanes	Coagulation	41
11867552363	Leukotrienes	Respiratory physiology Bronco constrictors (asthma)	42
11867615190	enzyme-catalyzed reaction		43
11867649934	Km	Measure of binding strength	44
11867657129	Vmax	How fast reaction occurs	45
11867663059	Protein functions	"Proteins are life" They do everything They form structure (cell, organelles, tissue, organs) They transport Moves things across membranes Information carriers (hormones) Function as enzymes	46
11867705569	primary structure of protein	sequence of amino acids (not random) every protein has its own primary and unique 1 structure Only thing necessary is peptide bonds	47
11867719770	secondary structure of protein	Discrete 3D shapes that from in certain parts of proteins Each protein has ts own unique number of 2 structures Hydrogen bonds formed between side chains	48
11867769925	tertiary structure of protein	overall 3D shape of whole proteins 2 major types of 3D shapes: globular proteins and fibrous proteins Hydrogen bonds/Hydrophobic force/Disulfide bond Some proteins stop at this level of structure and are functional, some are not ready	49
11867809097	quaternary structure of a protein	2 or mroe polypeptides associating together to create a functional protein Hydrogen bonds/Disulfide bonds	50
11867826597	Enzymes	Biological catalyst Speeds reactions without being used up 99.9% catalyzed by enzymes Delta G = favorable reaction	51
11867861030	Affect Enzyme Activity	Temperature, pH, inhibitors	52
11867877934	Competitive inhibitors	Competes with substrate, increases Km value	53
11867890931	Noncompetitive inhibitors	decreases Vmax, blocks ability to form product	54
11867902265	Irreversible inhibitors	permanent inhibitor, decreases Vmax	55
11867913289	Nucleic Acids	2 major types DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA- Ribonucleic Acid	56
11867934679	Nucleotides	building blocks Made up of 3 components: sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group	57
11867981952	Sugars	DNA- Deoxyribose (aldopentose with one missing -OH) RNA- Ribose (aldopentose sugar)	58
11867998108	Nitrogenous Base	2 main types: Purines and Purimidines	59
11868009687	Purines	Adenine and Guanine	60
11868018986	Pyrimidines	cytosine, thymine, uracil	61
11868030218	Nucleosides	Sugar + Base	62
11868048364	ATP	Primary energy molecule in all living organisms	63
11868106296	Nucleic acid functions	Storage and transmission of genetic information	64
11868114370	Central Dogma of Biology		65
11868124349	DNA	Storage of genetic information	66
11868124487	RNA	Transmitter of genetic information	67
11868137470	Proteins	Genetic information in action; is realized	68
11868172502	Replication	Happens in nucleus Mitosis/Meiosis	69
11868204234	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	Info making proteins	70
11868208463	Transfer RNA (tRNA)	Deliver amino acids to ribosomes	71
11868215440	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	Structure of ribosomes	72

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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10797641799	Covalent	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	0
10797641800	Hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule	1
10797641801	Polar	Molecule with partial charges	2
10797641802	Electronegative	The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond	3
10797641803	Dipole	A molecule or a part of a molecule that contains both positively and negatively charged regions	4
10797641804	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance	5
10797641805	Surface tension	An inward force that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid; it causes the surface to behave as if it were a thin skin	6
10797641806	Adhesion	An attraction between molecules of different substances	7
10797641807	Capillary Action	A process powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant	8
10797641808	Transpiration	Evaporation of water from the leaves and stem of a plant	9
10797641809	Specific heat capacity	the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree celcius	10
10797641810	Latent heat of vaporization	The quantity of heat absorbed by a substance at the point at which it changes from a liquid to a vapor	11
10797641811	Denature	A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH. Hydrophilic Having an affinity for water	12
10797641812	Hydrophobic	Repelled by water	13
10797641813	Monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar	14
10797641814	Cellulose	Polysaccharide found in plants that gives structure to cell walls	15
10797641815	Glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch	16
10797641816	Condensation	Type of anabolic reaction that builds polysaccharides and disaccharides from monosaccharides	17
10797641817	Hydrolysis	Type of catabolic reaction that breaks down polysaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides	18
10797641818	Trigylceride	Lipid molecule formed by a condensation reaction between glycerol and 3 fatty acids	19
10797641819	Amino acids	Building blocks of polypeptides	20
10797641820	Peptide bond	Bond that forms between amino acids	21
10797641821	enzyme	A globular protein that catalyses a specific chemical reaction	22
10797641822	chemical reaction	A process where bonds between atoms are broken and/or formed therefore modifying a substance substrate the reactant of a chemical reaction that is modified by an enzyme	23
10797641823	active site	the region on the surface of an enzyme that makes contact with the substrate. The shape of the active size must exactly match the shape of the substrate	24
10797641824	enzyme specificity	refers to the fact that each enzyme can catalyse only one reaction	25
10797641825	lock and key model	a model used to represent enzyme specificity. The lock represents the enzyme and the key represents the substrate. One one specific key can fit into the lock.	26
10797641826	activation energy	the energy required for a reaction to occur (i.e. how fast the substrates are moving when they collide with each other). Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions.	27

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Unit 3 600-1450 AP World History Flashcards

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11906494565	Silk Roads	the most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations	0
11906494566	Black Death	The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.	1
11906494567	Indian Ocean trading network	The world's largest sea-based system of comunication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.	2
11906494568	Srivijaya	A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 600 and 1075 CE. A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes.	3
11906494571	Swahili civilization	an East African civilization that emerged in the 8th century ce from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements	4
11906494572	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.	5
11906494573	Sand roads	The system of roads that led across the Sahara desert in Africa.	6
11906494574	Ghana, Mali, Songhay	Capitalizing on these new saharan trades Ghana mali and Songhay monarchies were established trading gold for salt and slaves	7
11906494575	Trans-Saharan slave trade	A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa; the difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade.	8
11906494576	American web	A term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas; although less intense and complete than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this web nonetheless provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas.	9
11906494577	pochteca	Special merchant class in Aztec society, specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items	10
11906494578	Sui dynasty	The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China	11
11906494579	Tang dynasty	618-907 CE. Much like the Han using Confucianism. had the equal field system, a bureaucracy based on merit and a Confuciansim education system. Trained strong armies of almost a million troops to fight off nomadic powers from Asia. Made story cultural influence over Korea and Vietnam.	12
11906494580	Song dynasty	During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings	13
11906494583	foot binding	Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.	14
11906494584	tribute system	Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute --produce of value from their countries--to the Chinese emperor(although the Chines gifts given in return were often much more valuable).	15
11906494589	Chinese Buddhism	China's only large-scale cultural borrowing before the 20th century. Buddhism entered China from India in the first and second centuries C.E but only became popular between 300-800 C.E through a series of cultural accommodations. At first supported by the state, Buddhism suffered persecution during the 9th century but continued to play a role in Chinese society.	16
11906494591	Quran	The holy book of Islam	17
11906494592	umma	The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.	18
11906494593	Pillars of Islam	The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if physically and financially possible).	19
11906494594	hijra	The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam	20
11906494595	sharia	Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life	21
11906494596	jizya	tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion	22
11906494597	ulama	Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.	23
11906494598	Umayyad Caliphate	(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.	24
11906494599	Abbasid Caliphate	(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of.	25
11906494600	Sufism	A branch of Islam, defined by adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam; others contend that it is a perennial philosophy of existence that pre-dates religion, the expression of which flowered within Islam	26
11906494601	Ibn Battuta	(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.	27
11906494602	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	28
11906494603	Mansa Musa	Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.	29
11906494604	madrassas	Formal colleges for higher institutions in the teaching of Islam as well as in secular subjects founded throughout the Islamic world in beginning in the 11th century	30
11906494605	House of Wisdom	Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s.	31
11906494607	Ethiopian Christianity (aka Coptic church)	Rulers of axum had adopted Christianity. Christian island in a Muslim sea protected by its moutanous geography and distance from major centers of islamic power. Also helped muhammad's followers be safe. This isolation made it develop a fascination with judaism and jerusalem. Justified their rule through a connection with Solomon as a descendent of jesus. Tried to create a new jerusalem	32
11906494608	Byzantine Empire	(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.	33
11906494609	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	34
11906494610	Justinian	Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code	35
11906494611	caesaropapism	a political-religious system where the secular ruler is also the head of the religious establishment (Byzantine Empire)	36
11906494612	Eastern Orthodox Christianity	Eastern branch of Christianity that evolved following the division of the Roman Empire and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople	37
11906494617	Holy Roman Empire	A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.	38
11906494618	Roman Catholic church	One of three major branches of Christianity, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major divisions of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman empire into four governmental regions. In 1054 CE Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox, centered in Constantinople, and the ______ ______ ______, centered in Rome, split.	39
11906494619	Western Christendom	Western Europe was on the margins of world history for most of the postclassical millennium; It was far removed from the growing world trade routes; European geography made political unity difficult; Coastlines and river systems facilitated internal exchange;	40
11906494620	Crusades	Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.	41
11906494621	pastoralism	A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.	42
11906494623	Turks	6th-10th centuries C.E. •Pastoral ethnic group that originated in northern Eurasia and spread into Central Asia and the Middle East •Had significant cultural and political interactions with China, Persia, Byzantium •Conversion to Islam 10th-14th centuries •Diffused Islam throughout Middle East, India, Anatolia(Turkey)	43
11906494624	Temujin	leader of the largest Mongol clans; he unites them all(plans to conquer Asia); and receives title Genghis Khan(universal ruler)	44
11906494625	the Mongol world	Eurasia, 13th-15th centuries •50-year period of Mongol conquests across Eurasia that created the Mongol empire •Subjected huge populations to Mongol rule •Military strength allowed for rapid conquest •Mongol rule created interactions between diverse groups •Served to diffuse technology, culture, political and economic systems	45
11906494626	Yuan Dynasty	(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.	46
11906494627	Kublai Khan	(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.	47
11906494629	Paleolithic Persistence	pre-1492 life in much of the Americas (especially North America); characterized by living a simple primitive lifestyle, without entering into large settlements or the iron age	48
11906494631	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	49
11906494632	European Renaissance	a "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy is the period 1350-1500 and included Greek learning and growing secularism	50
11906494633	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.	51
11906494634	Ottoman Empire	Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.	52
11906494635	seizure of Constantinople	Constantinople fell to army of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, marking end of Christian Byzantium	53
11906494636	Safavid Empire	Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.	54
11906494637	Songhay Empire	A state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, it was one of the largest Islamic empires in history.	55
11906494638	Mughal Empire	Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; a minority of Muslims ruled over a majority of Hindus.	56
11906494639	Malacca	Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka.	57
11906494640	Aztec Empire	1325-1500 CE. Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico. Forced defeated people to provide goods and labor as tax. At its best had complex myth and religious traditions and reached amazing architectural and artistic accomplishments.	58
11906494641	Inca Empire	(1450-1572 CE), Largest Empire ever built in South America; territory extended 2,500 miles from north to south and embraced almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina; maintained effective control from the early 15th century until the coming of Europeans in the early 16th century. As the most powerful people of Andean America, the Inca dominated Andean society until the coming of Europeans; was an extremely diverse culture cause it spanned north and south rather then east and west.	59

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AP World History - Strayer - Chapter 1 Flashcards

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12335996007	Venus Figurines	Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance	0
12335996008	Dreamtime	A complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal peopel that held that current humans live in an echo of ancestral happenings	1
12335996009	Clovis Culture	The earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point	2
12335996010	Megafaunal Extinction	The dying-out of a number of large animal species, including the mammoth and several species of horses and camels; occured around 11,000-10,000 years ago at the end of the Ice Age. The extinction may have been caused by excessive hunting or by the changing of climate of the era	3
12335996011	Austronesian Migrations	The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. Austronesian-speaking people settled the Pacific island and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago	4
12335996012	shamans	In many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a leasion between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs	5
12335996013	trance dance	In San culture, a nightlong ritual held to activate a human being's innter spiritual potency [n/um] to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors. The practice was apparently common to the Khoisan people, of whom the Jo/'hoansi are a surviving remnant	6
12335996014	Paleolithic settling down	The process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods, as well as growing inequalities in society	7
12335996015	Gobekli Tepe	oldest religious structure. made by hunter gathers. Indicates that religion came before organization of labor, settlement and agriculture	8
12335996016	Fertile Crescent	A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates	9
12335996017	Teosinte	a wild grass found in the highlands of Mexico, is the wild ancestor of maize	10
12335996018	Diffusion	Is the process by which a characterictic spreads	11
12335996019	Bantu Migrations	(1500BCE to 500CE) As the Bantu people migrated, they spread the Bantu family of languages and culture. The Bantu also spread the use of iron, which improved farming techniques and agricultural efficiency, the greater food supply sparked economic development and population growth. The changes instigated by the Bantu migration increased the vitality of sub-Saharan Africa.	12
12335996020	Ishi	The last the Yali people found in northern California in 1951. He is a good example of how the growth of agricultural societies led to the collapse of gathering and hunting communities.	13
12335996021	"secondary products revolution"	A term used to describe the series of technological changes that began c.a. 4000 B.C.E., as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power. Examples: milk, transportation, wool, hunting help, glue, muscle power, eggs, blood, feathers, bones, ivory, manure/fertilizer, and hides/fur.	14
12335996022	Pastoral Societies	Based on the domestication of animals and use their products as main source of food. Groups move where there is foods but they are more settlers than nomads. Independent and warlike.	15
12335996023	Catalhuyuk	Good example of agricultural village society. Social structure, buried dead, many people, well built houses, specialization.	16
12335996024	Chiefdoms	A society that is led by a ruler of decent, but seldom used force to lead their people. They relied on generosity, charisma, and leadership to rule.	17
12335996025	Paleolithic Rock Art	The hundreds of Paleolithic painting discovered in Spain and France, dating to about 20,000 years ago; these paintings depict a range of animals, although human figures and abstract designs are also found.	18
12335996026	Neanderthals	Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European varient of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago	19