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AP World History Exam #4 Flashcards

8489394013	Size of the Mongolian Empire	largest empire ever, over a million people in the 13th century	0
8489398151	Yurts	large tents made of wool in which the pastoalists of Asia lived	1
8489408568	Limitations of development in central Asian societies	arid climate, no craft production, limited large scale agriculture	2
8489416191	Nomadic societies class structure	Elites+Commoners	3
8489425113	Mahmud of Ghazni's expeditions	launched frequent raids on Buddhist and Hindu shrines and temples, moved Turkish forces beyond the steppe lands of central Asia	4
8489446403	Mongolian Empire in China	Mongols forbade the Chinese from learning Mongol language, intermarriage was outlawed, Mongols did not partake in Chinese culture	5
8489467652	Khubilai Khan's expansion	conquered Northern China and Persia	6
8489476432	Mongols V. Japanese	Mongols did not defeat Japanese, saved by Kamikaze	7
8489487015	Mongols+Trade	worked to secure trade routes and ensure the safety of merchants, maintained good order in realm when it came to trade, long distance trade became less risky, China and western Europe linked	8
8489504970	Ottoman Turks founder	Osman	9
8489510008	New crop in Sub-Saharan Africa	bananas	10
8489516011	Bantu kingdoms	Kongo+Ghana	11
8489523924	trans-Saharan trade	Camels quickened trade, many caravan routes	12
8489536081	Kings of Ghana	financed large armies, did not try to impose Islam onto their society	13
8489548224	Sundiata	lion prince, built Mali empire, made alliances with local rulers, reputaion for battle	14
8489565788	East African trade	mariners from Indian Ocean, coastal trade	15
8489573317	Women in Sub-Saharan Africa	aristocratic women could influence public affairs, traded at the market, sometimes engaged in battle, (Islam did not change anything) but the society was still patriarchal	16
8489612350	Marco Polo in China	visited Mongol court, served khan for 17 years, arrested in Italy, his tales were written down while he was in jail	17
8489640158	Factors of agricultural production in the middle ages	improved methods of cultivation, increased production of beans, expanded use of water mills and heavy plows, kept more domestic animals	18
8489661479	Islamic outpost in Spain	Granada	19
8489682763	Crusades	"Holy war" mounted by Catholic church officials , from the Latin word crux (cross), announced by Pope Urban, 5 major crusades	20
8489697428	Bernal Diaz del Castillo	soldier in the Spanish army who described Tenochtitlan at its height	21
8489776190	Mexica	dominated the alliance which built the Aztec empire, settled in the region around Lake Texcoco	22
8489802535	Chinampa system	fertile mud from the bottom of the lake was taken and used to build small plots of land known as chinampas	23
8489831218	Aztec social hierarchy	most public honor going to the military elite	24
8489841089	Women in Aztec society	no role in political affairs, high honor as mothers of warriors, prominent in market places	25
8489874006	Mexica slavery	usually worked as domestic servants, they were Mexica (Members of some families were sold into slavery+criminals)	26
8489901631	Aztec human sacrifices	believed gods would give the earth moisture it needed to bear maize and other crops	27
8489921253	Ibn Battuta	muslim, visited India, Maldive Islands, Swahili city-states, and the Mali empire	28
8490126523	Eastern hemisphere after 1000	increased travel+trade	29
8490132713	Luxury and bulk goods	traveled over Silk Roads	30
8490135002	Melaka	major emporium for long distance trade networks, principal clearing house for trade in the eastern Indian Ocean	31
8490197117	Products that made an impact	magnet compass, new crops (sugarcane), gunpowder, early canons	32
8490203056	Bubonic plague	spread along trade routes, population decline, labor shortages	33
8490210925	European state-building in 15th C.	states began to recover from the plague, 100 years war, Spain united	34
8490220257	European countries of expansion Port	Portugal, Spain, almosy every other country in Europe except France	35
8493610959	Kumiss	an alcoholic drink prepared from animal products by fermenting mare's milk into a potent concoction	36
8493612332	Fredrick Barbarossa	German King: Holy Roman Emperor, attempts to take over the city states of Italy, Battle of Legnano	37
8493622816	Filippo Brunelleschi	Designed the dome for the Florence Cathedral	38
8493628489	Origin place of the bubonic plague	South west China	39
8493635294	Language of Aztecs	Quechua	40
8493637620	Griots	Storyteller, kept history orally	41
8493660049	Muhmud of Ghazni's reason	Plunder and to start sultanate of Deli	42

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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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12088418468	Persian Empire	Empire represented in this map	0
12088418469	Athens	First recorded democracy ever established. Direct democracy with juries of up to 2,500 people. Had to be an 18 year old male with Athenian parents to rule.	1
12088418470	Hellenism	Civilizations represented on this map	2
12088418471	Alexander the Great	Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.	3
12088418472	Qin Shihuangdi	(r.221-210 BCE) The emperor who unified China and established the first dynasty of a unified empire.	4
12088418473	Han Dynasty	(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the previous dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Its rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity	5
12088418474	Mauryan Dynasty	322-185 BCE. The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent.	6
12088418475	Ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	7
12088418476	Confucianism	Chinese ethical and philosophical system. It sought to minimize conflicts by stressing obedience to superiors, reverence for elder family members, and honoring of ancestors	8
12088418477	Vedas	Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.	9
12088418478	Upanishads	A collection of over two hundred texts composed between 900 and 200 BC that provide philosophical commentary on the Vedas	10
12088418479	Zoroastrianism	One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.	11
12088418480	Judaism	A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with a covenant between God and Abraham and his descendants the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. Holy Book is the Torah	12
12088418481	Greek Rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in the period 600 B.C.E. to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	13
12088418482	Socrates	(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. He taught students to question everything until a reasonable conclusion could be arrived at. Sentenced to death for corrupting young minds.	14
12088418483	Jesus of Nazareth	Founder of Christianity. His teachings were based on Judaism but eventually became a separate faith and spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.	15
12088418484	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.	16
12088418485	caste	distinct social class grouping; in India, Varna consisted of four classes that people were born into for life	17
12088418506	Cyrus	Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland	18
12088418507	Darius	Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage.	19
12088418508	Persian	Of or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture	20
12088418509	Satraps	under Darius's rule these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions	21
12088418510	Persian Wars	Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)	22
12088418511	Ahura Mazda	Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit angra mainyu.	23
12088418512	Angra Mainyu	evil spirit in zoroastrianism, the explanation for the presence of evil in the world	24
12088418513	Laozi	Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature.	25
12088418514	Han Wudi	The most important Han Emperor: expanded the Empire in all directions; created the Civil Service System based upon Confucian learning; established Imperial University; promoted the Silk Roads	26
12088418515	Daoism	Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.	27
12088418516	Legalism	In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)	28
12088418517	Qin Dynasty	The dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country.	29
12088418518	Han dynasty	A great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles. Han rulers chose officials on merit rather than birth. It was a time of prosperity	30
12088418519	Chandragupta Maurya	He founded India's first empire (Mauryan). He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.	31
12088418520	Chandra Gupta	Laid the foundations for the Gupta empire, he forged alliances with powerful families in the Ganges Region and established a dynamic kingdom about the year 320 C.E. Golden Age	32
12088418521	Siddhartha Gautama	founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha	33
12088418522	Gupta Empire	Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Golden Age	34
12088418523	Huns	Nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration (Overthrew Gupta)	35
12088418524	Buddhism	a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire	36
12088418525	Homer	ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)	37
12088418526	Plato	Philosopher (429 BC-347 BC) who studied under Socrates and questioned reality. He believed that ideal forms existed on a separate plane than our conception of reality. In his work the Republic, he described an ideal society, in which philosopher-kings would rule and everyone would be given jobs based on their talents. He also creates the Academy, an ancient school of philosophy.	38
12088418527	Aristotle	Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system.	39
12088418528	polis	Greek word for city-state	40
12088418529	Sparta	Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts	41
12088418530	Delian League	An alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians	42
12088418531	Peloponnesian War	a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta	43
12088418532	Hellenistic Age	Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.	44
12088418533	Ptolemaic Empire	The Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals.	45
12088418534	Seleucid Empire	The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.	46
12088418535	Julius Caesar	Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power	47
12088418536	Augustus Caesar	The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace	48
12088418537	Punic War	one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome	49
12088418538	Twelve tables	the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law	50
12088418539	Patricians	A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies.	51
12088418540	Plebeians	Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders	52
12088418541	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)	53
12088418542	Silk roads	Trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire	54
12088418486	Qanats	Underground irrigation systems developed by Persians	55
12088418487	Aquaducts	Above ground structures that piped in fresh drinking water to public fountains in Roman Empire	56
12088418488	concrete	Roman innovation that aided construction of large-scale projects.	57
12088418489	Paul of Tarsus	One of the most important apostles who is largely responsible for the spread of Christianity around the Mediterranean World in the 1st century.	58
12088418490	Stepwells	an innovation of the gupta empire that allowed for the storage of fresh drinking water in a fashion that minimized evaporation.	59
12088418491	Jati	a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India; a special characteristic is often the exclusive occupation of its male members (such as barber or potter)	60
12088418492	filial piety	The Confucian belief that one should obey older family members and pay respect to ancesters.	61
12088418493	Shudra	The serving class, the lowest caste in Hinduism before the creation of the untouchables	62
12088418494	Four Noble Truths	The Buddhist beliefs that all life is a cycle of suffering, the cause of suffering is desires for worldly pleasures, and that the cycle of suffering will not be broken until a person escapes re-birth through a process of Enlightenment.	63
12088418495	Brahma	In Hinduism, a universal spirit believed to be the origin of everything.	64
12088418496	stupa	Buddhist shrines, usually believed to hold holy relics.	65
12088418497	synchretism	when elements of two or more cultures blend together	66
12088418498	boddisattva	In Buddhism, a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so to remain on earth as a spiritual guide to others.	67
12088418499	ganges	A holy river in Hinduism	68
12088418500	Persepolis	The city created by Darius the Great as the grand capital of the Achaemenid Empire.	69
12088418501	Pataliputra	Large city along the Ganges River which was the capital of the Mauyaran Empire	70
12088418502	Constantinople	Large Roman trading city located on the straits between the Black and Mediterranean Seas.	71
12088418503	Peter	Established an early Christian Church in Rome. Viewed by Christians as the first Pope.	72
12088418504	ascetic	someone who forgoes traditional desires such as food, sex, and shelter-usually for religious reasons.	73
12088418505	cynicism	a Hellenistic philosophical movement that rejected material wealth and traditional authority.	74

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Ap world history mid term Flashcards

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12081625519	How did the Abrahamic religions differ from other regions	1 god	0
12081625520	How did the Mediterranean influence the Greeks	Became great seafarers, used water transportation	1
12081625522	List the differences in Greek and Roman expansion	Romans gave citizenship to all conquered people, Greece only gave citizenship to people born in Athens; Rome allowed people to keep traditions	2
12081625524	What methods were used by the Persians to strengthen their empire?	Divided empire into provinces, religious toleration, built road connecting empire	3
12081625525	What was the purpose of the Code of Hammurabi	Enforce laws, show a low toleration of crime	4
12081625526	What did the ancient Egyptians, Shang, and Mesopotamian civilizations all have in common	River valley civilizations	5
12081625527	What were the effects of the Neolithic Revolution	Development of cities, more complex governments; Increased population	6
12081625530	What impact did agricultural have on population	Increased	7
12081625531	Why did the Greek organize into city-states	Mountains and Valleys Geographically separated people, could not unify	8
12081625532	How did geography affect those living in the Andean Region	Had to adapt (terrace farming,domesticate llama, long distance trade)	9
12081625533	What led to the Greek development of democracy	Evolved from earlier forms of government ( monarchy-aristocracy-oligarchy- tyranny)	10
12081625535	What was the earliest historically documented civilization in Mesopotamia	Sumerians	11
12081625536	What were the by-products of the River Valley Civilizations	Complex governments, new technology	12
12081625537	How did the Chinese view their civilization in relation to the rest of the world	Supieror, most important	13
12081625538	List the factors that led to the development of the Indus Valley	River Valley, isolated, monsoon winds, trade with other civilizations	14
12081625540	List the effects of the Agricultural Revolution	Dependable food supply, sedentary communities,spread of disease, increased population centers	15
12081625541	How did classical civilizations differ from River Valley civilizations	Government was more complex, interregional contacts increased, more complex social structure	16
12081625542	Why was the Indus River important for the Harappa civilization	Facilitated trade	17
12081625545	List examples of Roman architecture	Roads, fortifications, aqueducts, The Colosseum	18
12081625546	What were the legacies of the Greek Empire	advances in philosophy, architecture, and literature	19
12081625547	In an effort to foretell the future, what did the Shang Dynasty use	Animal bones	20
12081625549	Who was the first Roman emperor to adopt Christianity	Constantine	21
12081625551	Explain the significance of the Mandate of Heaven	Gave Chinese Dynasties the political authority to rule	22
12081625552	List the characteristics of early Chinese civilizations	Technology, respect of elders, harmony with nature, emperor , dynasties	23
12081625553	Explain the main differences between Legalist and Confucian beliefs	Legalism-harsh laws and strict punishment Confucianism- rituals, proper conduct, respect	24
12081625554	What caused the collapse of the Roman Empire	Too big, political corruption, economic problems, invasions along their borders	25
12081625555	What were the results of Alexander the Great's conquests	Spread of Greek culture to Asia (Hellenism)	26
12081625556	In Chinese society, why was it important for people traveling know their place	They are better behaved ( proper conduct)	27
12081625558	Why did the western portion of the Roman Empire suffered more after the collapse of the empire.	Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) was closer to trade routes and had more money	28
12081625559	List the contributions of the Sumerians	Cuneiform, ziggurats, Tigris-Euphrates, math	29
12081625560	What were the consequences of the development of cities	Complex societies, organized religion, job specialization, increased population, disease	30
12081625561	Know the locations of the 4 major river valley civilizations	Mesopotamia, India, Egypt, and Shang China	31
12081625562	Why were the Nomadic pastoralists important to settled agriculturalists	Spread ideas, people, and products	32
12081625564	What was the purpose of a ziggurat	Prayer, monumental architecture- most important building	33
12081625565	What contributed to the fall of both the western Roman and the Han empires	Invasion, revolts, couldn't control their borders	34
12081625566	How were Judaism, Islam and Christianity similar	Monotheistic, Abrahamic, written scripture and laws	35
12081625567	What greatly improved trade in the Indian Ocean	Monsoons	36
12081625570	How was the Silk Road Trade similar to the Indian Ocean Trade	Luxury goods were the most important trade good	37
12081625571	What was the impact of maritime technology	More trading by sea and less over the Silk Road	38
12081625573	How were the spread of Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity similar	Spread by Merchants, traders, and travelers	39
12081625574	What were the effects of the Bantu migration	The Spreading of the Bantu language	40
12081625576	List the factors that led to the growth of cities	Increased trade, movement of people	41
12081625578	Know the location of the Mongol Empire	Middle East, China, Russia (NOT India)	42
12081625579	What was the Mongol's role in facilitating trans-Eurasian trade	Reestablished Silk Roads	43
12081625580	Where was feudalism a form of government	W. Europe and Japan	44
12081625581	Which religions influenced the development of Islam	Judaism, and Christianity	45
12081625582	Why did Europeans begin looking for a sea route to Asia	Land routes were controlled by Arabs and Ottomans	46
12081625583	List the reasons for the success of the Reformation	Printing press, desire to learn increased education	47
12081625584	Why did the printing of books during the Renaissance encourage Europeans desire to gain knowledge	Less expensive and more common, written in native language	48
12081625585	What caused the weakening of the political and religious authority of the pope	Individual salvation and faith, corruption, and the Reformation	49
12081625588	What role did the church play in the lives of the people during the Middle Ages in Europe	Controlled all aspects of people's lives	50
12081625590	Which trade routes were used by India	Silk Road, Indian Ocean	51
12081625591	Why did the Chinese build The Great Wall and the Grand Canal	Protection and trade	52
12081625594	What impact did the Ottoman Empire have on Global Trade	Discounted taxes between Europeans and Sultans, created a vast trade network Facilitated trade between Europe and Asia	53
12081625595	What was important about the location of the Ottoman Empire	Between Europe and Asia	54
12081625600	What was the political impact of Reformation	created an atmosphere of Catholic vs Protestant	55
12081625604	Why were the kingdoms of West Africa prosperous	Traded gold, salt and ivory	56
12081625605	List the technological developments of the Tang and Song Dynasties	Gun powder, block printing, porcelain making, compass, paper	57
12081625606	How did the Great Schism contribute to the end of medieval Europe	People began to question the authority of the church, led to Reformation	58
12081625607	What would most likely have occurred as a result of early Muslim and Hindu interactions in Southeast Asia	Islam and Hinduism coexisted despite differences	59
12102963622	Third Rome	Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia.	60
12102996086	Justinian	Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome. Re-codified Roman Law.	61
12197128246	Serfdom	A type of forced labor commonly used in feudal systems common in Mid evil England and Europe-	62
12197142605	Grand Canal and Great Wall of China	Built to provide Protection and increase Trade.	63
12197218836	salt, ivory and Gold	Kingdoms of W. Africa prospered by trading these	64
12197235182	Gupta Empire	Unlike the Chinese Empire; ruled through central government but allowed village power and restored Hinduism	65

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Ap world history period 3. Chapter 15 Flashcards

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11791117917	Arawak	Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus.	0
11791117918	Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.	1
11791117919	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	2
11791117920	Gold Coast	Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.	3
11791117921	Bartolomeu Dias	Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.	4
11791117922	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.	5
11791117923	Christopher Columbus	He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.	6
11791117924	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.	7
11791117925	Conquistador	A Spanish conqueror of the Americas	8
11791117926	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	9
11791117927	Moctezuma II	(1466-1520) Aztec ruler from 1502 to 1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortés and his army conquered the empire. He was taken prisoner and killed during battle with the Spanish army.	10
11791117928	Atahualpa	Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.	11
11791117929	Fransisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.	12

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Ap world history period 3. Chapter 13 Flashcards

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11790944538	Latin west	Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. (p. 394)	0
11790944539	three-field system	A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.	1
11790944540	Black Death/Bubonic Plague	• disease spread from Asia to Europe through trade • caused labor shortages	2
11790944541	water wheel	A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900.	3
11790944542	Hanseatic League	An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.	4
11790944543	Guild	an organization of people in the same craft or trade	5
11790944544	Gothic Cathedrals	Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.	6
11790944545	Renaissance	"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome	7
11790944546	Scholasticism	A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.	8
11790944547	Humanists	European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.	9
11790944548	Printing Press	A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.	10
11790944549	Great Western Schism	A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)	11
11790944550	Hundred Years War	War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)	12
11790944551	New Monarchies	Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)	13
11790944552	Reconquest of Iberia (Reconquista)	Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.	14

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Ap world history period 3.Chapter 14 Flashcards

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11791007061	tropics	regions close to the equator	0
11791007062	Ibn Battuta	(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.	1
11791007063	Monsoon	Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.	2
11791007064	Delhi Sultanate	The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.	3
11791007065	Mali	Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.	4
11791007066	Mansa Musa	Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.	5
11791007067	Gujarat	Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.	6
11791007068	Swahili Coast	East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.'	7
11791007069	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.	8
11791007070	aden	Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times.	9
11791007071	Malacca	Flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya.	10
11791007072	Urdu	A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s.	11
11791007073	Timbuktu	City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.	12

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AP World History Mongols Flashcards

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12161104711	Ghengis Khan	The first great unifier and empire-builder of the Mongol people Tiltle bestowed upon him.	0
12161104712	Temujin	which was the Real name of Ghengis Khan 1167-1227	1
12161104713	Hulegu	Il-Khan of Persia and defeater of the Abbasid Dynasty	2
12161104714	Kipchak	Khanate of the Golden Horde (modern day western Russia)	3
12161104715	Yuan Dynasty	Chinese dynasty formed principally from Mongol conquerors	4
12161104716	Ghazan	Ruler of the Persian Khanate who converted to Islam and attempted to undo some of the ecological and relational damage of previous Mongol rulers	5
12161104717	Battle of Ain Jalut (1260)	Battle where the Egyptian Mamluks defeated the expanding Mongols	6
12161104718	Attila the Hun	Leader of the Huns, which might have been an offshoot of the Xiongnu peoples and whose Empire stretched from the Germanic states to the Caspian Sea in the 5th century	7
12161104719	Four	Number of Khanates formed after the death of Ghengis Khan	8
12161104720	Pandemic	(Disease) Prevalent over a large geographical area	9
12161104721	Kaghan	Turkic ruler; later became Sultan after the conversion to Islam	10
12161104722	Steppe	Geographical term for the great pasturelands of the Mongols which, through ill-suited for farming, were perfect for sustaining great herds. This is where Temujin was born	11
12161104723	Ogodai	Khan whose death may have spared Europe--the Mongol leaders were required to return to the East in the midst of European conquest	12
12161104724	Xiongnu	Predecessors to the Mongos (~200BCE-200CE); long troubled the development of China	13
12161104725	Beijing	Modern name for Khanbalik, the capital of the Yuan dynasty	14
12161104726	Bedouin	Desert dwelling Arabs	15
12161104727	Modun	Precursor to Ghengis Khan as unifier of the nomadic peoples north of the Yellow River	16
12161104728	Moscow	The center of Russian power moved here from Kiev under Mongol rule	17
12161104729	Kublai Khan	Khan whose rule of China was expansive and (relatively) enlightened; hosted Marco Polo	18
12161104730	Persia	Area where Mongol rule devastated the ecology; unlike most areas of the Empire, Mongols assimilated here, many converting to Islam	19
12161104731	Han Dynasty	Chinese dynasty most affected by teh Xiongnu	20
12161104732	Karakorum	Original capital of the Mongols	21
12161104733	Kamikaze	Legend of what saved Japan from Mongol invasion	22
12161104734	Almoravid Empire	Muslim empire of Northwest Africa and the Iberian peninsula	23
12161104735	Tolerant	Word which might describe the Mongol attitude towards the diverse religions encountered across their expansive empire	24
12161104736	Ivan the Great	Russian leader who expelled Mongol rule	25
12161104737	Khan	"Leader"	26
12161104738	Pastoral	Peoples most focused on raising of herds, therefore they were often nomadic	27
12161104739	Tengri	Thunder God, God of the sky; most important god of the Mongols' shamanistic religion	28
12161104740	Yurt	What the Mongols lived in	29
12161104741	Yogurt	What the Mongols drank	30
12161104742	The bow	The Mongols' one/major technological contribution/innovation	31
12161104743	Kumiss	Mongol alcoholic drink from animal products by fermenting mare's milk into a potent concociton	32
12161104744	Chaghatai	One of Ghengis Khan's sons; his descendants ruled the khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia also took Korea	33
12161104745	Quriltai	Assembly in Mongolia in which a new khan is elected	34
12161104746	Tumen	Units of 10,000 soldiers	35
12161104747	Yasa	Mongol code of law which regulated: taxes, no private matters, Murder:treason, unity and loyalty.	36
12161104748	Empire of Khwarezm	Led by Ala Al-Din Muhammad Empire which Ghengis Khan obliterated.	37
12161104749	Mongolian Empire	Largest empire in world history.	38

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AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

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8231220641	Hunting and Gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
8231220642	Neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	1
8231220643	Nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	2
8231220644	Culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	3
8231220645	Neolithic/Agricultural/Agrarian revolution	Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture	4
8231220646	Pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	5
8231220647	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	6
8231220648	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	7
8231220649	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	8
8231220650	City-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	9
8231220651	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	10
8231220652	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	11
8231220653	Hammurabi	The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law	12
8231220654	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; considered a god as well as a political and military leader. The term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	13
8231220655	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	14
8231220656	Hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	15
8231220657	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	16
8231220658	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean; extensive trade, communication networks, early alphabetical script	17
8231220659	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	18
8231220660	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization	19
8231220661	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	20
8231220662	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty	21
8231220663	Big Geography	A term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.	22
8231220664	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	23
8231220665	Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era	From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	24
8231220666	Eglitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples	25
8231220667	Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations	new weapons modes of transportation	26
8231220668	_____ developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods	New religious beliefs	27
8231220669	Mediterranean Sea	Sea connecting Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and N. Africa	28
8231220670	Polytheism	Belief in more than one god	29
8231220671	Nile River	Principal water source of water flowing through North Africa (site of sophisticated cultural development); flooded regularly and enriched the soil in the process	30
8231220672	history	the study of past events and changes in the development, transmission and transformation of cultural practices	31
8231220673	stone age	the earliest known period of human culture, marked by the creation and use of stone tools and other nonmetallic substances	32
8231220674	foragers	Food collectors who gather, fish, or hunt	33
8231220675	city-state	A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate surrounding area	34
8231220676	Babylon	an ancient city of Mesopotamia known for its wealth, luxury, and vice.	35
8231220677	Hammurabi	Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BCE)	36
8231220678	scribe	a person who copies or writes out documents; often a record keeper	37
8231220679	cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians (Mesopotamia) using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.	38
8231220680	bronze	A metal that is a mixture of copper and tin	39
8231220681	paleolithic	stone age period when human used stone tools and survived by hunting and foraging	40
8231220682	Homo sapiens	human species derived from apes with more brain capacity for intelligence	41
8231220683	venus figurines	paleolithic female figurines that emphasize physical attributes associated with fecundity	42
8231220684	cave paintings	paleolithic cave paintings that emphasize hunting--Lascaux France is most famous	43
8231220685	pastoralism	the process of domestication, raising, and herding of animals	44
8231220686	specialization of labor	people in civilizations could be assigned different jobs and statuses in society due to having a surplus of food	45
8231220687	patriarchy	the idea that males have a right to rule and reign over states and families	46
8231220688	civilization	large scale communities that had certain characteristics in common such as: recordkeeping, complex institutions (government, economy, organized religion), cities, specialization of labor, long-distance trade, technology	47
8231220689	Euphrates and Tigris	two principle Mesopotamian rivers	48
8231220690	Sumer	earliest Mesopotamian city state	49
8231220691	Babylon	second oldest Mesopotamian city state, succeeds Sumer, most important king was Hammurabi	50
8231220692	Hammurabi's Code	first law code in the world, of Babylonia, dealt with legal contracts and responsibility for wrong doing	51
8231220693	bronze metallurgy	alloy of copper, tin, and zinc, this metal began to be produced from about 2800 BCE improved military equipment, agricultural knives, and plows	52
8231220694	iron metallurgy	a changeable metal, less hard than bronze, but more flexible, developed around 1500 BCE by the Hittites	53
8231220695	wheel	round object used to move heavy weights and to create vehicles first in Sumer	54
8231220696	cuneiform	a very early form of writing, from Sumer in Mesopotamia, done by pressing a cone-shaped stylus into soft clay	55
8231220697	Epic of Gilgamesh	epic Mesopotamian poem that highlights the stresses of civilization	56
8231220698	Egypt	a founding civilization along the Nile in Northeastern Africa	57
8231220699	Hieroglyphics	Egyptian writing (pictographs & symbols representing sounds+ideas)	58
8231220700	Harrappa & Mohenjo Daro	Two early, very large, and complex Indus Valley city states. Little is known about these but their size and complexities imply central planning.	59
8231220701	Indus River	River in Northern India on which the first Indian civilizations were built; flooded twice a year in a predictable manner	60
8231220702	Vedas	A belief system based on the caste system brought into India by peoples probably from the Caucasus between about 5000 and 4000 BCE	61
8231220703	Varna	Caste system of India: Brahmin, Khsatriya, Vaishya, Shudra--people could not move out of the caste they were born into	62
8231220704	China	earliest civilization in Asia	63
8231220705	Huang He and Yangzi He	two rivers in China that supported early civilization	64
8231220706	Shang Dynasty	The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture.	65
8231220707	Hinduism	Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.	66
8231220708	Zoroastrianism	Founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end. Marked by dualism between God = Good and the Evil. Influenced Christianity. Was one of the first monotheistic religions.	67
8231220709	Judaism	Monotheistic (belief in one god), founded by Abraham, code of law found in the Torah (first 5 books of the Bible), led to the development of two other Abrahamic religions: Christianity and Islam.	68
8231220710	Confucianism	The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.	69
8231220711	Mandate of Heaven	A political theory of ancient China in which the emperor is given the power to rule by a divine sources. This tie could be severed by ineffectual rule	70
8231220712	Oracle bones	bones on which the ruling class in China wrote questions and had them divined by the priestly class	71
8231220713	Mesoamerica	cultural area in the Americas extending from central America to present-day Peru	72
8231220714	Olmec	the first major civilization in Mexico	73
8231220715	Maya	Mesoamerican civilization in and near the Yucatan Peninsula--had the first and only pre-Columbian writing system in the Americans	74
8231220716	Chavin	Mesoamerican civilization in present-day Peru that had highly developed art and architectural practices	75
8231220717	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)	76
8231220718	irrigation systems	replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops	77
8231220719	Indus River Valley Civilization	an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and western India. This civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan or Harappa-Mohenjodaro Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to the excavated cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro	78
8231220720	Persian Wars	a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC.	79
8231220721	Alexander the Great	United Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire.	80
8231220722	Socrates and Plato	Greek philosopher and his student	81

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AP World History Geography: Period 3 Flashcards

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12197233363	Africa	0
12197233364	Australia	1
12197233365	Eurasia	2
12197233366	North America	3
12197233367	South America	4
12197233368	Atlantic Ocean	5
12197233369	Baltic Sea	6
12197233370	Indian Ocean	7
12197233371	Mediterranean Sea	8
12197233372	Pacific Ocean	9
12197233373	Red Sea	10
12197233374	Anatolian Peninsula	11
12197233375	Italian Peninsula	12
12197233376	Iberian Peninsula	13
12197233377	Baghdad	14
12197233378	Cahokia	15
12197233379	Cairo	16
12197233380	Constantinople	17
12197233381	Cuzco	18
12197233382	Delhi	19
12197233383	Jerusalem	20
12197233384	Kiev	21
12197233385	Mecca	22
12197233386	Medina	23
12197233387	Novgorod	24
12197233388	Paris	25
12197233389	Rome	26
12197233390	Teotihuacan	27
12197233391	Tenochtitlan	28
12197233392	Timbuktu	29
12197233393	Venice	30
12197233394	Abbasid Empire	31
12197233395	Aztec Empire	32
12197233396	Byzantine Empire	33
12197233397	Incan Empire	34
12197233398	Ethiopia	35
12197233399	Frankish Kingdom	36
12197233400	Japan	37
12197233401	Kievan Russia	38
12197233402	Korea	39
12197233403	Mayan	40
12197233404	Mongolian Empire	41
12197233405	Song Dynasty	42
12197233406	Sui Dynasty	43
12197233407	Tang Dynasty	44
12197233408	Umayyad Empire	45
12197233409	Vietnam	46
12197233410	Crusaders Travels	47
12197233411	Ibn Battuta's Travels	48
12197233412	Indian Ocean Trade	49
12197233413	Marco Polo's Trade	50
12197233414	Mediterranean Trade	51
12197233415	Silk Road	52
12197233416	Trans-Sahara Trade	53
12197233417	Vikings Travels	54
12197233418	Catholic Western Europe	55
12197233419	Orthodox Europe	56