Flashcards
AP Human Geography Acronyms Flashcards
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| 9797759912 | BP | Before Present | 0 | |
| 9797759913 | BPO | Business Process Outsourcing Business process outsourcing is a form of outsourcing that involves the contracting of the operations and responsibilities of specific business functions to a third-party service provider. Originally this was associated with manufacturing firms such as Coca Cola that outsourced large segments of its supply chain. In the contemporary context it is primarily used to refer to the outsourcing of services. | 1 | |
| 9797759914 | BRIC | Brazil, Russia, India, China | 2 | |
| 9797759915 | BRP | British Received Pronunciation (British Recieved Pronunciation) the dialect of english associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom. | 3 | |
| 9797759916 | CAP | Common Agricultural Policy the agricultural policy of the European Union.. It implements a system of agricultural subsidies and other programmes | 4 | |
| 9797759917 | CBD | Central Business District the commercial (and sometimes cultural) heart of a city. It is dominated shops and offices many of which are found in tall skyscrapers. | 5 | |
| 9797759918 | CBR | Crude Birth Rate the total number of live births in a year for 1,000 people alive in a society | 6 | |
| 9797759919 | CDR | Crude Death Rate the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society | 7 | |
| 9797759920 | CFC | Chlorofluorocarbons chemicals that break down the ozone layer. | 8 | |
| 9797759921 | CIS | Commonwealth of Independent States an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991. | 9 | |
| 9797759922 | CMSA | Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area MSA's with overlapping commuting patterns that are combined. (Los Angeles—Anaheim—Riverside; N.Y.—Northern New Jersey—Long Island) | 10 | |
| 9797759923 | COMECON | Council for Mutual Economic Assistance an organization for economic cooperation in European Communist states | 11 | |
| 9797759924 | DDT | Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (pesticide). A colorless odorless water-insoluble crystalline insecticide that tends to accumulate in ecosystems and has toxic effects on many vertebrates; became the most widely used pesticide from WWII to the 1950's; implicated in illnesses and environmental problem; now banned in the US. | 12 | |
| 9797759925 | DINK | Double Income No Kids a household in which there are two income and no children. | 13 | |
| 9797759926 | DMZ | Demilitarized Zone A region where no military forces or weapons are permitted. | 14 | |
| 9797759927 | EC | European Community A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment | 15 | |
| 9797759928 | EEZ | Exclusive Economic Zone as established in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploration extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) seaward from a coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it. | 16 | |
| 9797759929 | EPZ | Export Processing Zone areas within developing countries that offer incentives and a barrier-free environment to promote economic growth by attracting foreign investment | 17 | |
| 9797759930 | ESA | Environmentally Sensitive Area a type of designation for an agricultural area which needs special protection because of its landscape, wildlife or historical value. | 18 | |
| 9797759931 | EU | European Union an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. | 19 | |
| 9797759932 | GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade A treaty created following the conclusion of World War II. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was implemented to further regulate world trade to aide in the economic recovery following the war. | 20 | |
| 9797759933 | GDI | Gender-related Development Index an index designed to measure of gender equality. | 21 | |
| 9797759934 | GDP | Gross Domestic Product the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year. | 22 | |
| 9797759935 | GEM | Gender Empowerment Index index designed to measure of gender equality. | 23 | |
| 9797759936 | GIS | Geographic Information System (Geomatics) a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface. | 24 | |
| 9797759937 | GM | Genetically Modified (of an organism or crop) containing genetic material that has been artificially altered so as to produce a desired characteristic. | 25 | |
| 9797759938 | GNI | Gross National Income the sum of value added by all producers who are residents in a nation, plus any product taxes (minus subsidies) not included in output, plus income received from abroad such as employee compensation and property income. | 26 | |
| 9797759939 | GPS | Global Positioning System is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the earth. | 27 | |
| 9797759940 | GRDI | Global Retail Development Index | 28 | |
| 9797759941 | HDI | Human Development Index measure of quality of life using factors like life expectancy, literacy, access to clean water, income, etc. | 29 | |
| 9797759942 | HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus virus that cause the immune system to fail. | 30 | |
| 9797759943 | AIDS | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body's cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy. | 31 | |
| 9797759944 | IMF | International Monetary Fund is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., in the United States, of 188 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. | 32 | |
| 9797759945 | IMR | Infant Mortality Rate an estimate of the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births. | 33 | |
| 9797759946 | IT | Information Technology the study or use of systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information. | 34 | |
| 9797759947 | LAFTA | Latin American Free Trade Association Created in the 1960 Treaty of Montevideo by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The signatories hoped to create a common market in Latin America and offered tariff rebates among member nations. | 35 | |
| 9797759948 | LDC | Less Developed Country A country that has low levels of average wealth, industrialization and modernization and often high levels of population growth and people employed in agriculture | 36 | |
| 9797759949 | LEDC | Less Economically Developed Country a country with low to moderate industrialization and low to moderate average GNP per capita. | 37 | |
| 9797759950 | LNG | Liquefied Natural Gas is natural gas that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport | 38 | |
| 9797759951 | MDC | More Developed Country Countries with higher levels of per capita income, industrialization and modernization. they usually have lower levels of population growth. The developed region includes all of Europe, Canada, the U.S., Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the USSR | 39 | |
| 9797759952 | MEDC | More Economically Developed Country a highly industrialized country with high average GNP per capita. | 40 | |
| 9797759953 | MSA | Metropolitan Statistical Area is a geographical region with a relatively high population density at its core and close economic ties throughout the area. | 41 | |
| 9797759954 | NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries | 42 | |
| 9797759955 | NGO | Non-Government Organization is an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business. | 43 | |
| 9797759956 | NIC | Newly Industrialized Country term used by political scientists and economists to describe a country whose level of economic development ranks it somewhere between the developing and first-world classifications. | 44 | |
| 9797759957 | NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries. | 45 | |
| 9797759958 | NIR | Natural Increase Rate is the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate of a population. When looking at countries, it gives an idea of what position in the Demographic Transition Model it is at. | 46 | |
| 9797759959 | OAS | Organization of American States an organization formed in 1948 for the purpose of coordinated action in economic, political, and military matters: members are Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. | 47 | |
| 9797759960 | OECD | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development A group of 30 member countries that discuss and develop economic and social policy. | 48 | |
| 9797759961 | OAU | Organization of African Union an organization of African states established in 2002 as successor to the OAU; it aims to encourage economic development and political stability through increased cooperation between its members. | 49 | |
| 9797759962 | OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries An organization consisting of the world's major oil-exporting nations. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in 1960 to coordinate the petroleum policies of its members, and to provide member states with technical and economic aid. | 50 | |
| 9797759963 | PPP | Purchasing Power Parity An economic theory that estimates the amount of adjustment needed on the exchange rate between countries in order for the exchange to be equivalent to each currency's purchasing power. | 51 | |
| 9797759964 | RIC | Recently Industrialized Country a country that has barely reached a level of industrialization and reached a new level in the DTM. | 52 | |
| 9797759965 | RNI | Rate of Natural Increase is the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate of a population. | 53 | |
| 9797759966 | SEZ | Special Economic Zone Designated areas in countries that possess special economic regulations that are different from other areas in the same country. | 54 | |
| 9797759967 | TNC | Transnational Corporation A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located. | 55 | |
| 9797759968 | TFR | Total Fertility Rate the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if. | 56 | |
| 9797759969 | UAE | United Arab Emirates a group of seven emirates in SW Asia, on the Persian Gulf: consists of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al Qaiwain, Ras el Khaimah, and Fujairah; a former British protectorate; became fully independent in 1971; consists mostly of flat desert, with mountains in the east; rich petroleum resources. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: Muslim. Currency: dirham. Capital: Abu Dhabi. Pop: 3 051 000 (2004 est). Area: 83 600 sq km (32 300 sq miles). Former name (until 1971): Trucial States | 57 | |
| 9797759970 | UK | United Kingdom a kingdom of NW Europe, consisting chiefly of the island of Great Britain together with Northern Ireland: became the world's leading colonial power in the 18th century; the first country to undergo the Industrial Revolution. It became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1921, after the rest of Ireland became autonomous as the Irish Free State. Primarily it is a trading nation, the chief exports being manufactured goods; joined the Common Market (now the European Union) in January 1973. Official language: English; Gaelic, Welsh, and other minority languages. Religion: Christian majority. Currency: pound sterling. Capital: London. Pop: 59 428 000 (2004 est). Area: 244 110 sq km (94 251 sq miles). | 58 | |
| 9797759971 | UNO | United Nation Organization An international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries. | 59 | |
| 9797759972 | WTO | World Trade Organization is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. | 60 | |
| 9797759973 | ZPG | Zero Population Growth the maintenance of a population at a constant level by limiting the number of live births to only what is needed to replace the existing population. | 61 |
Flashcards
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ap Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12158474655 | globalization | a set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regarding to country borders; a set of outcomes that are felt from these global processes | 0 | |
| 12158474664 | place | has unique human and physical characteristics (a theme of geography) | 1 | |
| 12158474665 | perception of place | developed through books, movies, etc. about places we've never been to | 2 | |
| 12158474666 | movement | the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet; an expression of the interconnectedness of places (a theme of geography) | 3 | |
| 12158474667 | spatial interaction | depends on the distances among places, the accessibility of places, and the transportation and communication connectivity among places | 4 | |
| 12158474668 | connectivity | the degree of linkage between locations in a network | 5 | |
| 12158474669 | cultural landscape | the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape | 6 | |
| 12158474670 | sequent occupance | the sequential imprints of occupants, whose impacts are layered one on top of the other | 7 | |
| 12158474671 | cartography | the art and science of making maps | 8 | |
| 12158474672 | reference maps | show locations of places and geographic features | 9 | |
| 12158474673 | thematic maps | tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon | 10 | |
| 12158474674 | absolute location | using a coordinate system that allows you to plot precisely where on Earth something is | 11 | |
| 12158474675 | relative location | describes a place in relation to other human and physical features | 12 | |
| 12158474676 | mental map | maps we carry in our minds of places we have been and places we have merely heard of | 13 | |
| 12158474677 | activity spaces | those places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity | 14 | |
| 12158474678 | generalized maps | maps that help us see general trends, but we cannot see all cases of a given phenomena | 15 | |
| 12158474679 | geographic information systems (GSI) | used by geographers to compare a variety of spatial data by creating digitized representations of the environment, combining layers of spatial data, and creating maps in which patterns and processes are superimposed and to analyze data | 16 | |
| 12158474680 | scale | the distance on a map compared to the distance on the Earth; the territorial extent of something (used by geographers) | 17 | |
| 12158474681 | formal region | has a shared trait-it can be a shared cultural or physical trait (ex: French-speaking areas) | 18 | |
| 12158474682 | functional region | defined by a particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it-have a shared political, social, or economic purpose (ex: a region used to commute) | 19 | |
| 12158474683 | perceptual (vernacular) regions | intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography (ex: Mid-Atlantic region, Middle East) | 20 | |
| 12158474684 | cultural diffusion | the process of dissemination, the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth to other places | 21 | |
| 12158474685 | time-distance decay | the farther a place is from the hearth, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted; the longer it takes to reach its potential adopters, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted | 22 | |
| 12158474686 | cultural barriers | certain innovations, ideas, or practices are not acceptable or adoptable in particular cultures because of prevailing attitudes or even taboos and that can work against diffusion (ex: alcohol, meat, contraceptives) | 23 | |
| 12158474687 | expansion diffusion | an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward | 24 | |
| 12158474688 | contagious diffusion | a form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals and places are affected (ex: spread of Islam) | 25 | |
| 12158474689 | hierarchial diffusion | a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to (or adopting) what is being diffused (ex: spread of crocs) | 26 | |
| 12158474690 | stimulus diffusion | not all ideas can be readily and directly adopted by a receiving population, yet they can still have an impact, they may indirectly promote local experimentation and eventual changes in ways of doing things (ex: McDonald's in India) | 27 | |
| 12158474691 | relocation diffusion | involves the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the new idea or innovation, and who carry it to a new, perhaps distant, locale, where they proceed to disseminate it (ex: immigration) | 28 | |
| 12158474692 | environmental determinism | the doctrine that holds that human behavior, individually and collectively, is strongly affected by-even controlled or determined by-the physical environment | 29 | |
| 12158474693 | possibilism | the natural environment merely serves to limit the range of choices available to a culture; the choices that a society makes depend on what its members need and on what technology is available to them; human cultures frequently push the boundaries of what is "environmentally possible" through advances in technology-their own ideas and ingenuity | 30 | |
| 12158474694 | environmental stress | the threat to environmental security by human activity such as atmospheric and groundwater pollution, deforestation, oil spills, and ocean dumping | 31 | |
| 12158474695 | renewable resources | resources that are replenished even as they are being used (ex: water) | 32 | |
| 12158474696 | atmosphere | a thin layer of air lying directly above the land and oceans | 33 | |
| 12158474697 | global warming | tropospheric pollution (pollution in the lowest level of the atmosphere), particularly the release of "greenhouse" gases, causes the Earth to retain more heat | 34 | |
| 12158474698 | deforestation | the cleaning and destruction of forests to harvest wood for consumption, clear land for agricultural uses, and make way for expanding settlement frontiers | 35 | |
| 12158474699 | biodiversity | diversity of all aspects of life found on Earth | 36 | |
| 12158474700 | population density | a measure of total population relative to land size; assumes an even distribution over the land | 37 | |
| 12158474701 | arithmetic population density | total population/total land area (square miles)-does not represent any country especially Alaska and Western US | 38 | |
| 12158474702 | physiological population density | the number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land | 39 | |
| 12158474703 | population distributions | descriptions of locations on the Earth's surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live | 40 | |
| 12158474704 | largest population clusters | East Asia, South Asia, Europe, North America | 41 | |
| 12158474705 | Thomas Malthus | (1798) food supplies are growing linearly, whereas population grew exponentially; assumed food production is confined spatially-what people can eat within a country (WRONG) | 42 | |
| 12158474706 | Neo Malthusian Theory | human suffering is now occurring on a scale unimagined even by Malthus; over-population is a problem | 43 | |
| 12158474707 | doubling time | how long it takes for a value to double (population); doubling time=70/RNI | 44 | |
| 12158474708 | highest growth rates in the world | Northern and Central Africa, Southwest Asia | 45 | |
| 12158474709 | lowest growth rates in the world | Europe, Russia, Canada, South Africa, Japan, South Korea | 46 | |
| 12158474710 | natural increase (of the population) | the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths; rate of natural increase (RNI)=(CBR-CDR)/10 | 47 | |
| 12158474711 | crude birth rate (CBR) | number of live births per year per thousand people | 48 | |
| 12158474712 | crude death rate (CDR) | number of deaths per year per thousand people | 49 | |
| 12158474713 | demographic transition | the shift in population growth |  | 50 |
| 12158474714 | stationary population level (SPL) | a stop to population growth that most countries will reach in the 21st century (the world's population would stabilize and the major problems to be faced would involve the aged rather than the young) | 51 | |
| 12158474715 | population composition | the number of men and women and their ages (and other properties such as marital status and education) | 52 | |
| 12158474716 | population pyramids | displays the percentage of each age group in the total population (normally 5-year groups) by a horizontal bar whose length represents its share (males to the left and females to the right); triangle in poor countries and lopsided vase in wealthier countries | 53 | |
| 12158474717 | infant mortality rate (IMR) | the number of baby deaths during their first year per thousand live births; lowest=Japan (3), highest=Sierra Leone, Afghanistan (165) | 54 | |
| 12158474718 | newborn death rate | a measure of the number of children who die in the first month of life out of every thousand live births | 55 | |
| 12158474719 | child mortality rate (CMR) | the deaths of children between the ages of 1 and 5 | 56 | |
| 12158474720 | life expectancy | the number of years, on average, someone may expect to remain alive | 57 | |
| 12158474721 | infectious diseases | result from an invasion of parasites and their multiplication in the body (65% of all diseases) | 58 | |
| 12158474722 | chronic or degenerative diseases | the maladies of of longevity and old age such as heart disease | 59 | |
| 12158474723 | genetic or inherited diseases | can be traced to an ancestry, that is, the chromosomes and genes that define our makeup (ex: sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia) | 60 | |
| 12158474724 | endemic | disease prevails over a small area | 61 | |
| 12158474725 | epidemic | disease spreads over a large region | 62 | |
| 12158474726 | pandemic | disease is global in scope | 63 | |
| 12158474727 | vectored infectious disease | is transmitted by an intermediary vector (malaria-mosquito) | 64 | |
| 12158474728 | nonvectored infectious disease | is transmitted by direct contact between host and victim (HIV/AIDS-sexual contact, needle sharing) | 65 | |
| 12158474729 | expansive population policies | encourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase | 66 | |
| 12158474730 | eugenic population policies | favor one racial or cultural sector of the population over others (Nazi Germany, USA, Japan) | 67 | |
| 12158474731 | restrictive population policies | reduce the rate of natural increase (ex: toleration of officially unapproved means of birth control, outright prohibition of large families; China) | 68 | |
| 12158474732 | remittances | monies migrants send home to family | 69 | |
| 12158474733 | cyclic movement | involves shorter periods away from home (daily routine/activities) | 70 | |
| 12158474734 | periodic movement | involves longer periods away from home | 71 | |
| 12158474735 | migration | involves a degree of permanence; the mover may never return "home" | 72 | |
| 12158474736 | nomadism | a cyclic movement; a matter of survival, culture, and tradition; takes place among long-familiar routes repeated time and again (water sources, pastures, etc.) | 73 | |
| 12158474737 | migrant labor | a periodic movement; people come to countries on temporary visas to fill a need in that country's work force in a specific field | 74 | |
| 12158474738 | transhumance | a periodic movement; a system of pastoral farming in which ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures | 75 | |
| 12158474739 | international migration/transnational migration | movement across country borders | 76 | |
| 12158474740 | emigration | subtracts from the total population of a country | 77 | |
| 12158474741 | immigration | adds to the total population of a country | 78 | |
| 12158474742 | internal migration | occurs within a single country's borders | 79 | |
| 12158474743 | forced migration | involves the imposition of authority or power, producing involuntary migration movements that cannot be understood based on theories of choice | 80 | |
| 12158474744 | voluntary migration | occurs after a migrant weighs options and choices (even if desperately or not so rationally), and can be analyzed and understood as a series of options or choices that result in a movement | 81 | |
| 12158474745 | gravity model | assumes spatial interaction (such as migration) is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them; predicts interaction between places; gravity model=(population * population 2)/distance | 82 | |
| 12158474746 | push factors | the conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place | 83 | |
| 12158474747 | pull factors | the circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places-the decision of where to go | 84 | |
| 12158474748 | distance decay | the intensity of human activity, process, or function declines as distance from its source increases (has been altered by transportation and communication technologies) | 85 | |
| 12158474749 | step migration | many migration streams that appear on maps as long, unbroken routes in fact consist of a series of stages | 86 | |
| 12158474750 | intervening opportunity | along the way of step migration, majority are captured by work opportunities | 87 | |
| 12158474751 | deportation | being sent back home from the country the migrant immigrated to | 88 | |
| 12158474752 | kinship links | being pulled to places where family and friends have already found success | 89 | |
| 12158474753 | chain migration | the migrant chooses a destination and writes, calls, or communicates through others to tell family and friends at home about the new place | 90 | |
| 12158474754 | global-scale migration | long-distance migration (occurred haphazardly before 1500, typically in pursuit of spices, fame, or exploration) | 91 | |
| 12158474755 | islands of development | often coastal cities within a region or country where most foreign investment goes, where the vast majority of paying jobs are located, and where infrastructure is concentrated | 92 | |
| 12158474756 | guest workers | labor migrants; millions live outside of their home country and send remittances from their jobs home (often work as agricultural laborers or in service industries)-many employers abuse them because many guest workers are unaware of their rights | 93 | |
| 12158474757 | refugee | a person who has a well funded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion | 94 | |
| 12158474758 | internally displaced persons (IDPs)/internal refugees | people who have been displaced within their own countries (ex: Hurricane Katrina victims), but they don't cross international borders as they flee (tend to remain undercounted) | 95 | |
| 12158474759 | genocide | acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group | 96 | |
| 12158474760 | immigration quotas | ex: each year, European countries could permit the emigration to the US of 3% of the number of its nationals living in the US (1924: 2%) | 97 | |
| 12158474761 | selective immigration | individuals with certain backgrounds (criminal record, poor health, subversive activities) are barred from entering | 98 | |
| 12158474762 | popular culture | large, incorporates heterogeneous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quickly changing cultural traits | 99 | |
| 12158474763 | folk culture | a group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others | 100 | |
| 12158474764 | material culture | the things that a group of people construct, such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance, and foods | 101 | |
| 12158474765 | nonmaterial culture | the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people | 102 | |
| 12158474766 | hierarchical diffusion | ex: fashion trends spreading from fashion cities to fashion houses to models to celebrities to magazines to consumers | 103 | |
| 12158474767 | cultural hearths | points of origin/cases of first diffusion | 104 | |
| 12158474768 | assimilation | the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture; often used to describe immigrant adaptation to new places of residence (ex: USA turning American Indians into "Americans") | 105 | |
| 12158474769 | customs | a practice that a group of people routinely follows (ex: eating, drinking, dancing, sport) | 106 | |
| 12158474770 | cultural appropriation | the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit | 107 | |
| 12158474771 | rural local cultures | keeps culture separate, cultures can define their own space (ex: Anabaptists, Hutterites, Mennonites, Makan American Indians) | 108 | |
| 12158474772 | ethnic neighborhoods | neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs | 109 | |
| 12158474773 | urban local culture | mono-cultural section of a city-now being challenged by young artists and professionals, who are moving into the respective neighborhoods (ex: Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn, Italian Americans in Northern Boston) | 110 | |
| 12158474774 | time-space compression | explains how quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication technologies (hearth-->contagious diffusion-->hierarchical diffusion) | 111 | |
| 12158474775 | cultural homogenization | the reduction of cultural diversity through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols; caused by the influence of Europe, the US, and Japan in global pop culture | 112 | |
| 12158474776 | globalization | the process by which people in local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes | 113 | |
| 12158474777 | religion | a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities (how people "should" act) | 114 | |
| 12158474778 | secularism | religion, at least in its organized form, has become less significant in the lives of most people; indifference to or rejection of organized religious affiliations and ideas-lack of members (of religion)-active or otherwise | 115 | |
| 12158474779 | monotheistic religions | worship a single deity, a God or Allah | 116 | |
| 12158474780 | polytheistic religions | worship more than one deity, even thousands | 117 | |
| 12158474781 | animistic religions | centered on the belief that inanimate objects, such as mountains, boulders, rivers, and trees, possess spirits and should therefore be revered | 118 | |
| 12158474782 | universalizing religions | actively seek converts because they view themselves as offering belief systems of universal appropriateness and appeal (ex: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism) | 119 | |
| 12158474783 | ethnic religion | adherents are born into the faith and converts are not actively sought (traditional religions in Africa and South America, Judaism) | 120 | |
| 12158474784 | Hinduism | Indus River Valley 4000 yrs ago, Brahman=1 god, other gods=various expressions of Brahman, ethnic, karma (transferability of the soul)=doctrine, today: India, South Asia, Bali | 121 | |
| 12158474785 | caste system | locks people into particular social classes and imposes many restrictions, especially in the lower of the castes (the Dalits) | 122 | |
| 12158474786 | Buddhism | splintered from Hinduism 2500 yrs ago, Prince Siddhartha (of now Nepal)=the Buddha (the enlightened one), Punjab, Bengal>Sri Lanka>Mediterranean>Tibet>China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Mahayana and Theravada | 123 | |
| 12158474787 | Shintoism | Buddhism mixed with local religion in Japan, focuses on nature and ancestor worship, major in Japan | 124 | |
| 12158474788 | Taoism (Daoism) | one of two major schools of Chinese philosophy | 125 | |
| 12158474789 | Lao-Tsu | older contemporary of Confucius; "Book of the Way"-proper form of political rule, oneness of humanity and nature | 126 | |
| 12158474790 | Confucianism | Confucius (551-479 BC) held that the real meaning of life lay in the present, not in some future abstract existence, and that service to one's fellow humans should supersede services to spirits; China>Korean Peninsula, Japan, SE Asia>(recent) Europe, North America | 127 | |
| 12158474791 | Judaism | teachings of Abraham 4000 yrs ago, (current) Middle East, North Africa, Russia, Ukraine, Europe, and parts of North and South America, 3 branches: reform, conservative, orthodox | 128 | |
| 12158474792 | diaspora | scattering of Jews after the Roman destruction of Jerusalem; the spatial dispersion of members of any ethnic group | 129 | |
| 12158474793 | Zionism | Jews should not be absorbed into other societies (only Israel and Palestine) | 130 | |
| 12158474794 | Christianity | Jesus (founder)-son of God, split from Judaism in the first century, 1054-Roman Catholic Church (Rome) and Eastern Orthodox Church (Constantinople) separated | 131 | |
| 12158474795 | Eastern Orthodox Christian Church | Ottoman Turks defeated Serbs in Kosovo (1389), Turks took Constantinople (1453), suppressed by Soviet Union (20th century), today: revival in former Soviet areas (contagious diffusion) | 132 | |
| 12158474796 | Roman Catholic Church | infallibility of the pope; peaked in Middle Ages | 133 | |
| 12158474797 | Protestantism | third major branch of Christianity after Protestant Reformation | 134 | |
| 12158474798 | Islam | Muhammad (571-632) received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations, earthly matters are profane, only Allah is pure and his will is absolute, he is omnipotent and omniscient, 5 pillars of Islam; Muhammad's death>Arabian Peninsula>North Africa>Egypt, Morocco, Spain, Portugal, Arabia, Middle East, Iran, Pakistan-(trade)->SE Asia-(migration)->Europe, South Africa, Americas | 135 | |
| 12158474799 | Sunni Muslims | (majority) different heir candidates, power in family and community | 136 | |
| 12158474800 | Shi'ite (Shiah) Muslims | (Iran) Ali (son-in-law) heir candidate, power in imam (leaders) | 137 | |
| 12158474801 | indigenous religions | local in scope, usually have a reverence for nature, and are passed down through family units and groups (tribes) of indigenous peoples (do not all share a common theology or belief system) | 138 | |
| 12158474802 | sacred sites | places or spaces people infuse with religious meaning; sacred out of reverence or fear; rejuvenation, reflection, healing, fulfillment of a religious commitment (access to and use of physical geographic features are constrained by private ownership, environmental concerns, the act of designating certain sacred spaces as public recreational or tourist areas, and different religious groups fighting over one space | 139 | |
| 12158474803 | landscapes of Hinduism and and Buddhism | minimally disrupting nature, near water, bell shaped structures, crematoriums (diffusion: S Asia>SE Asia) | 140 | |
| 12158474804 | landscapes of Christianity | medieval European cathedrals and monasteries, cemeteries, plain churches (Baptist, Lutheran) vs. ornate churches/cathedrals (immigrant Catholics) | 141 | |
| 12158474805 | landscapes of Islam | elaborate mosques (community builds and maintains), prayer 5 times a day, minaret towers, geometric designs | 142 | |
| 12158474806 | reflection of religious conflict in activity space | Protestants and Catholics had each chosen to separate themselves in their rounds of daily activity (grocery stores, buses, toponyms, newspapers, soccer teams) | 143 | |
| 12158474807 | religious fundamentalism | returning to the basics of a faith; beliefs are nonnegotiable-caused by perceived breakdown of morals and values, lack of religious authority, failure to achieve economic goals, loss of a sense of local control, or sense of violation of core territory | 144 | |
| 12158474808 | religious extremism | fundamentalism carried to the point of violence | 145 | |
| 12158474809 | language | a set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication; also an integral part of culture, reflecting and shaping it | 146 | |
| 12158474810 | standard languages | published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught, often in technologically advanced societies (chosen by people of influence and power) | 147 | |
| 12158474811 | dialects | variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines-differences in vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and pace) | 148 | |
| 12158474812 | dialect chains | dialects nearest each other geographically will be the most similar (greater spatial interaction), but as you travel across the space, the dialects become less intelligible to each other because less interaction occurs | 149 | |
| 12158474813 | isogloss | geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs, but such a boundary is rarely a simple line-differences in pronunciation, vocab, colloquial phrases (use of), and syntax | 150 | |
| 12158474814 | language families | languages have a shared but fairly distant origin (ex: Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo) | 151 | |
| 12158474815 | subfamilies | the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent | 152 | |
| 12158474816 | Proto-Indo-European language family | first major linguistic hypothesis; hearth of ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit-came from Grimm's idea that consonants have become softer as time passes | 153 | |
| 12158474817 | processes for reconstructing extinct languages | backward reconstruction, deep reconstruction (extinct language) | 154 | |
| 12158474818 | language divergence | spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks down the language fragments first into dialects and then into discrete tongues (Ex: Spanish and Portuguese) | 155 | |
| 12158474819 | language convergence | if people with different languages have consistent spatial interaction, the two languages can collapse into one | 156 | |
| 12158474820 | Renfrew hypothesis | Europe's Indo-European languages diffused from Anatolia (present-day Turkey), the languages of North Africa and Arabia came from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent, and ancient languages spread into present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India from the Fertile Crescent's eastern arc, later to be replaced by Indo-European languages | 157 | |
| 12158474821 | conquest theory | early speakers of PIE spread from east west on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European languages | 158 | |
| 12158474822 | agricultural theory of diffusion of PIE | PIE diffused westward through Europe with the diffusion of agriculture-a slow but steady wave of farmers dispersed into Europe and mixed with non-farming peoples, diluting their genetic identity as the distance from their source area increased | 159 | |
| 12158474823 | dispersal hypothesis | IE languages that arose from PIE were first carried eastward into SW Asia>Caspian Sea>across Russian-Ukrainian plains> Balkans | 160 | |
| 12158474824 | Romance languages | (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Portuguese) lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed | 161 | |
| 12158474825 | Germanic languages | (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) reflect the expansion of peoples out of northern Europe to the west and south | 162 | |
| 12158474826 | Slavic languages | (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian) developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago | 163 | |
| 12158474827 | Niger-Congo language family | largest spread family in Africa (South, Central, West)-Atlantic, Voltaic, Guinea, Hausa, Bantu subfamilies | 164 | |
| 12158474828 | lingua franca | a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce-can be one language or a mixture of languages | 165 | |
| 12158474829 | pidgin language | when people speaking two or more languages are in contact they combine parts of their languages in a simplified structure and vocab (Ex: Frankish language-first widely known lingua franca) | 166 | |
| 12158474830 | Creole language | a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocab and has become the native language of a group of people (ex: English, French, Portuguese+languages of African slaves=Creole in Caribbean) | 167 | |
| 12158474831 | official language(s) | often adopted by countries with linguistic fragmentation to tie people people together-also in the hopes of promoting communication and interaction among peoples who speak different local and regional languages-it often ties former colonies to their colonizers | 168 | |
| 12158474832 | global language | the principal language people use around the world in their day-to-day activities (not English); a common language of trade and commerce used around the world (English) | 169 | |
| 12158474833 | toponyms | place names-social processes going on in a place determine whether a toponym is passed down or changed, how the people will interpret the history of a place, and how the people will see a place | 170 | |
| 12158474834 | Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model | Hunter and gatherer, high CDR and CBR, no natural increase (ex:Afghanistan, Laos, Yemen) | 171 | |
| 12158474835 | Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model | Rapidly declining death rate, high birth rates *Medical Revolution (ex:Ghana, Nepal) | 172 | |
| 12158474836 | Stage 2 1/2 of the Demographic Transition Model | *Newly industrialized Birth rates decline because of urbanization (ex:Mexico, Malaysia) | 173 | |
| 12158474837 | Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model | Birth rates and death rates decline, better healthcare but slow natural increase rate *Industrialized (ex: China and India) | 174 | |
| 12158474838 | Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model | Low CBR and CDR, zero population growth, women are in the work force/ service jobs (ex: USA, Italy, UK) | 175 | |
| 12158474839 | Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model | Decrease in birth rates (ex:Japan) | 176 | |
| 12158474840 | Stage 1 of the Epidemiological Transition | Famine:high CDR, plague, animal attacks, and aids epidemic | 177 | |
| 12158474841 | Stage 2 of the Epidemiological Transition | Receding pandemics, unsanitary, water pollution | 178 | |
| 12158474842 | Stage 3 of the Epidemiological Transition | Degenerative disease: slowly declining CDR, heart attacks (Chronic disease) | 179 | |
| 12158474843 | Stage 4 of the Epidemiological Transition | Delayed degenerative disease, life expectancy is longer (cancer) | 180 | |
| 12158474844 | Stage 1 of the Migration Transition | Seasonal mobility, searching for food | 181 | |
| 12158474845 | Stage 2 of the Migration Transition | International migration from rural to urban lands | 182 | |
| 12158474846 | Stage 3 of the Migration Transition | Migration within countries, between cities and suburbs | 183 | |
| 12158474847 | Stage 4 of the Migration Transition | Internal migration or interregional | 184 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 11791288904 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 11791288905 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 11791288906 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 11791288907 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 11791288908 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 11791288909 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 11791288910 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 11791288911 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 11791288912 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 11791288913 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 11791288914 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 11791288915 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 11791288916 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 11791288917 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 11791288918 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 11791288919 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 11791288920 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 11791288921 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 11791288922 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 11791288923 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 11791288924 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 11791288925 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 11791288926 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 11791288927 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 11791288928 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 11791288929 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 11791288930 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 11791288931 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 11791288932 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 11791288933 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 11791288934 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 11791288935 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 11791288936 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 11791288937 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 11791288938 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 11791288939 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 11791288940 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 11791288941 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 11791288942 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 11791288943 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 11791288944 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 11791288945 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 11791288946 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 11791289139 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 11791288947 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 11791288948 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 11791288949 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 11791288950 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 11791288951 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 11791288952 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 11791288953 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 11791288954 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 11791288955 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 11791288956 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 11791288957 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 11791288958 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 11791288959 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 11791288960 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 11791288961 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 11791288962 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 11791288963 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 11791288964 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 11791288965 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 11791288966 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 11791288967 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 11791288968 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 11791288969 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 11791288970 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 11791288971 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 11791288972 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 11791288973 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 11791288974 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 11791288975 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 11791288976 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 11791288977 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 11791288978 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 11791288979 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 11791288980 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 11791288981 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 11791288982 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 11791288983 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 11791288984 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 11791288985 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 11791288986 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 11791288987 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 11791288988 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 11791288989 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 11791288990 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 11791288991 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 11791288992 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 11791288993 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 11791288994 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 11791288995 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 11791288996 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 11791288997 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 11791288998 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 11791288999 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 11791289000 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 11791289001 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 11791289002 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 11791289003 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 11791289004 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 11791289005 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 11791289006 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 11791289007 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 11791289008 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 11791289009 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 11791289010 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 11791289011 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 11791289012 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 11791289013 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 11791289014 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 11791289015 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 11791289016 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 11791289017 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 11791289018 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 11791289019 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 11791289020 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 11791289021 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 11791289022 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 11791289023 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 11791289024 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 11791289025 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 11791289026 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 11791289027 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 11791289028 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 11791289029 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 11791289030 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 11791289031 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 11791289032 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 11791289033 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 11791289034 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 11791289035 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 11791289036 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 11791289037 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 11791289038 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 11791289039 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 11791289040 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 11791289041 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 11791289042 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 11791289043 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 11791289044 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 11791289045 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 11791289046 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 11791289047 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 11791289048 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 11791289049 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 11791289050 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 11791289051 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 11791289052 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 11791289053 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 11791289054 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 11791289055 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 11791289056 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 11791289057 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 11791289058 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 11791289059 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 11791289060 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 11791289061 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 11791289062 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 11791289063 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 11791289064 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 11791289065 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 11791289066 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 11791289067 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 11791289068 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 11791289069 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 11791289070 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 11791289071 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 11791289072 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 11791289073 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 11791289074 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 11791289075 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 11791289076 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 11791289077 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 11791289078 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 11791289079 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 11791289080 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 11791289081 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 11791289082 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 11791289083 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 11791289084 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 11791289085 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 11791289086 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 11791289087 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 11791289088 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 11791289089 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 11791289090 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 11791289091 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 11791289092 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 11791289093 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 11791289094 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 11791289095 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 11791289096 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 11791289097 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 11791289098 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 11791289099 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 11791289100 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 11791289101 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 11791289102 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 11791289103 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 11791289104 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 11791289105 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 11791289106 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 11791289107 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 11791289108 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 11791289109 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 11791289110 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 11791289111 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 11791289112 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 11791289113 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 11791289114 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 11791289115 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 11791289116 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 11791289117 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 11791289118 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 11791289119 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 11791289120 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 11791289121 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 11791289122 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 11791289123 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 11791289124 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 11791289125 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 11791289126 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 11791289127 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 11791289128 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 11791289129 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 11791289130 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 11791289131 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 11791289132 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 11791289133 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 11791289134 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 11791289135 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 11791289136 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 11791289137 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
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