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AP World History: Traditions and Encounters (Chapter 18) Flashcards

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11545384460age grades (age sets)System of social organization common across Africa. Generations are divided into these with specific duties and expectations according to their stage of maturation.0
11545384461AxumThe Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.1
11545384462bananasthe introduction of a new food crop about 400 CE encouraged a fresh migratory surge in Africa.2
11545384463BantuThe people who spread throughout Africa spreading agriculture, language, and iron.3
11545384464Benina kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s4
11545384465CamelsThe Romans introduced these animals to Africa, greatly increasing trade.5
11545384466Gold TradeGold and salt made up trade and wealth in the African kingdoms because the Europeans wanted gold, and the Africans needed salt6
11545384467Great ZimbabweCity, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.7
11545384468GriotsProfessional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire8
11545384469Ifeall Yoruba chiefs traced their descent to this first ruler. According to legend, the creator sent this first ruler down to earth where he founded the first Yoruba state.9
11545384470Islamic Slave Trade10 million slaves have been shipped out of Africa by this slave trade between the 8th and 18th centuries. Europeans used these existing networks and expanded the slave trade10
11545384471Jenne-JenoOne of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions.11
11545384472Kebra Negast(The Glory of Kings) - fictional work, tried to trace lineage from Ethiopia's Solomonic dynasty to the Israelite kings David and Solomon12
11545384473Kilwaone of many trading cities on the East African coast13
11545384474Kin-based societiesA government based on families and chiefs ruling over small groups. Africans depended on these instead of an organized hierarchy government.14
11545384475Kingdom of GhanaFirst of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa (7th - 13th century). Located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and part of Mali, it acted as intermediary between Arab and Berber salt traders to the north and gold and ivory producers to the south.15
11545384476Kingdom of KongoBasin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders16
11545384477Koumbi SalehThe city in which the king of Ghana held his court17
11545384478Mali EmpireFrom 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.18
11545384479Mansa MusaEmperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.19
11545384480Sundiatathe founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes20
11545384481SwahiliA Bantu language with arabic words, spoken along the east african coast21
11545384482TimbuktuCity on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.22
11545384483Trans-Saharan Traderoute across the Sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading23
11545384484Zanj RevoltThese people were slaves working in south Mesopotamia. In 869, a rebel slave called Ali bin Muhammad led a revolt against Abbasid overlords. The Abbasid rulers only attempted to quash the rebellion in 879 and succeeded entirely in 1883, killing bin Muhammad and the other leaders.24
11545384485Zimbabwea country of southern Africa. Various Bantu peoples migrated into the area during the first millennium, displacing the earlier San inhabitants25
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AP World History Islam Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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12158037830Bedouinnomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats0
12158037831MeccaArabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam1
12158037832Medinatown northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar2
12158037833Umayyadclan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty3
12158037834Muhammad(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh4
12158037835Qur'anthe word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam5
12158037836Ummacommunity of the faithful within Islam6
12158037837Five Pillarsthe obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)7
12158037838Caliphthe successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community8
12158037839Alicousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism9
12158037840Abu Bakrsucceeded Muhammad as the first caliph10
12158037841JihadIslamic holy war11
12158037842Sunnisfollowers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads12
12158037843Shi'afollowers of Ali's interpretation of Islam13
12158037844Mawalinon-Arab converts to Islam14
12158037845Dhimmis"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus15
12158037846Abbasidsdynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad16
12158037847Hadiths"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam17
12158037848Wazirchief administrative official under the Abbasids18
12158037849DhowsArab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants19
12158037850Seljuk Turksnomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids20
12158037851Crusadesinvasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 129121
12158037852UlamaIslamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking22
12158037853SufisIslamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions23
12158037854Mongolscentral Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph24
12158037855Chinggis Khan(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms25
12158037856MamluksRulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves26
12158037857Arabic numeralsIndian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West27
12158037858Shrivijayatrading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam28
12158037859Malaccaflourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya29
12158037860Malistate of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers30
12158037861Mansatitle of the ruler of Mali31
12158037862Ibn BattutaArab traveler throughout the Muslim world32
12158037863Sundiatacreated a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 126033
12158037864Songhaysuccessor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao34
12158037865East African trading portsurbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar35
12158037866Great Zimbabwewith massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa36
12158037867Greek FireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople37
12158037868Iconsimages of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians38
12158037869Iconoclasmthe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration39
12158037870ManzikertSeljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory40
12158037871Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic41
12158037872Kievcommercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c42
12158037873Ruriklegendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 85543
12158037874Vladmir Iruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity44
12158037875Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire45
12158037876TatarsMongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact46
12158037877Middle Agesthe period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c47
12158037878Gothican architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls48
12158037879Vikingsseagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily49
12158037880Manorialismrural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection50
12158037881Serfspeasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system51
12158037882Three-field systempractice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure52
12158037883ClovisKing of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 49653
12158037884Carolingiansroyal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c54
12158037885Charles Martelfirst Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 73255
12158037886CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 80056
12158037887Holy Roman Emperorspolitical heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy57
12158037888Feudalismpersonal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service58
12158037889Vassalsmembers of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty59
12158037890William the Conquerorinvaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England60
12158037891Magna CartaGreat charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law61
12158037892Parliamentsbodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects62
12158037893Hundred Years Warconflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.63
12158037894Pope Urban IIorganized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control64
12158037895Investiturethe practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV65
12158037896Gregory VII11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops66
12158037897Thomas Aquinascreator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God67
12158037898Scholasticismdominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems68
12158037899Hanseatic Leaguean organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance69
12158037900Guildsassociations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities70
12158037901Black Deathbubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia71
12158037902Period of the Six Dynastiesera of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han72
12158037903Jinshititle given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office73
12158037904Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhismemphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia74
12158037905WuzongTang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism75
12158037906Southern Songsmaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.76
12158037907Grand Canalgreat canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin77
12158037908JunksChinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula78
12158037909Flying moneyChinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency79
12158037910Footbindingmale imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.80
12158037911Taika reformsattempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army81
12158037912Fujiwaramid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power82
12158037913Bushiregional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies83
12158037914Samuraimounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor84
12158037915Seppukuritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor85
12158037916Gempei warsWaged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age86
12158037917Bakufumilitary government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai87
12158037918Shogunsmilitary leaders of the bakufu88
12158037919Daimyoswarlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states89
12158037920Sinificationextensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions90
12158037921Yidynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence91
12158037922Trung Sistersleaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society92
12158037923Khmers and ChamsIndianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi93
12158037924Nguyensouthern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi94
12158037925Chinggis Khanborn in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 122795
12158037926Shamanistic religionMongol beliefs focused on nature spirits96
12158037927Batugrandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 123697
12158037928Golden Hordeone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c98
12158037929Ilkhan khanateone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire99
12158037930Hulegugrandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad100
12158037931MamluksMuslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260101
12158037932Kubilai Khangrandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271102
12158037933White Lotus Societysecret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty103
12158037934Ottoman EmpireTurkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire104
12158037935Ming Dynastyreplaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China105
12158037936Ethnocentrismjudging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history106
12158037939Muhammad's primary historical achievementspread of Islam107
12158037953Silk Road Trade system108
12158037954Kingdom of Mali109
12158037940Inca and Rome both hadextensive road systems110
12158037941Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place111
12158037942Champa Ricetributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase112
12158037943Diasporic communitiesmerchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas113
12158037944Trans Saharan tradeDominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..114
12158037945Effect of Muslim conquestscollapse of other empires, mass conversion115
12158037946Tang Dynastyfollowed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence116
12158037947Black Deathplague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.117
12158037955Indian Ocean Maritime Trade118
12158037948Cities that rose during this time due to increased tradeNovgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu119
12158037949Timbuktutrade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people120
12158037950New forms of monetizationChecks, Bills of Exchange121
12158037956Bantu Migrations122
12158037951footbindingbegan during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming123
12158037952Marco Polotraveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan124
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AP World History Week 11 21-30 Flashcards

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11224375436Serfs Social Orderoccupy the lowest rank on the medieval European manor, whose labor provided the agricultural produce needed to maintain the self-sufficiency of the manor. Life was difficult, in addition to giving the lord part of their crops, they had to spend a number of days a month working the lord's lands or performing other types of labor service for the lord. This is different than slavery, they could NOT be bought or sold and could pass on their property to their peers.0
11224379945Abacusan ancient Chinese counting device that used rods on which were mounted onto moveable counters.1
11224380019BakufuA military government established in Japan after the Gempei Wars; the emperor became a figurehead, while real power was concentrated in the military, including the samurai.2
11224386450BushiRegional military leaders in Japan who ruled small kingdoms from fortresses.3
11224386451Bushidothe code of honor of the samurai of Japan.4
11224393108CeladonKorean's modified Chinese porcelain which have a characteristic pale green color.5
11224393109DaimyoA Japanese feudal lord in charge of an army of a samurai.6
11224402619Flying Monkeyletters of credit that facilitated long-distance trade.7
11224402620Foot BindingIn China, a method of breaking and binding a women's feet; seen as a sign of beauty and social position, foot binding also confined women to the household.8
11224410898Gempei WarsDuring the late 12th century, these series of conflicts placed peasants against the samurai. The Japanese countryside was destroyed and a powerful family called the Minamoto created a military government.9
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AP WORLD CHAPTER 18 Flashcards

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9405516341Koumbi-Saleh Capital city of Ghana and principal trading site (a thriving commercial center)0
9405003238Bantu Migrations from 2000 B.C.E. to 1000 C.E., what was spread?Agriculture and herding (throughout Africa), iron metallurgy, and bananas1
9405268891Sahara Desert*North* Africa Predominately *Arab Muslims*2
9405277653Sub-Saharan AfricaAfrica south of the Sahara Many *geographic barriers* (deserts, rivers, Great Rift Valley (in eastern Sub-Sahara) which is a large crack in which rivers form)3
9405302196Was Africa easy to unite?No; many *geographic barriers* and much variety in culture (various tribes, traditions, cultures, languages)4
9405315761BananasFirst domesticated in SE Asia Entered Africa by way of sea lanes across Indian Ocean Led to varied, more nutritious diets, larger food supply, and population growth5
9405331142What are some crops indigenous to Africa?Yams, sorghum, millet6
9405402928Bantu and forest peopleForest dwellers of central africa had a changed relationship with bantu due to migration, pop growth and new communities Earlier - Bantu use forest people as guides Later - Forest people integrate into the Bantu or retreat and become specialists in forest goods7
9405402929Kin-Based SocietyBantu has no hierarchy/ bureaucracy - governed through family groups Villages - 100 people, ruled by council of male family heads Chief - most prominent village head, represented when dealing with neighbors villages group into districts, people become district loyal often grew very large8
9405516321Early Cities: Jenne-jenoA vibrant urban society in the middle of the stretches of the Nile River, where low-lying lands forced the river into an inland delta Settlers arrived, equipped with iron tools, and by 400 C.E., the settlement of Jenne-jeno ("Ancient Jenne," located just south of the modern city of Jenne in Mali) Merchants handled iron products, abundant supplies of fish, rice, and domesticated animals, including cattle, sheep, and goats (Participated in an extensive trade network that reached from N Africa and the Mediterranean to the savannas and forests of central Africa)9
9405516322By the 8th century, _____-____ had become principal commercial crossroads of West AfricaJenne-jeno Chiefdoms in Bantu Society Population growth strained resources10
9405516336conflict between villages and districts more frequent and more violent Some African communities began to organize military forces (encouraged development of formal gov't structure) Powerful chiefs overrode kinship networks, imposed authority, and conquered11
9405516323Kingdom of KongoA prosperous Congolese state which participated actively in trade networks involving copper, raffia cloth, and nzimba shells from the Atlantic Ocean One of the principalities overcame its neighbors and built the kingdom of Kongo Maintained centralized government with a royal currency system12
9405516337king oversaw military, judicial, and financial affairs13
9405516324In the Kingdom of Kongo, who/what was beneath central gov't (king)?6 provinces administered by governors, each of whom supervised several districts administered by subordinate officials (Provided effective organization until the mid-seventeenth century when Portuguese slave traders undermined the authority of kings and central gov't)14
9405516325What kind of organinzation survived into the 19th centuyr in much of sub-Saharan Africa?Kin-based societies-regional states and kingdoms increasingly prominent15
9405516326Trans-Saharan Trade and the Islamic States in West AfricaCamels Islamic merchants crossed the desert and established commercial relations They found a series of long-established trading centers such as Gao, a station of caravan routes across the Sahara that offered access to the Nile river valley, a flourishing market for copper, ironware, cotton textiles, salt grains, and carnelian beads16
9405516327Importance of CamelsCame to N Africa from Arabia, by way of Egypt and Sudan (7th century B.C.E.) Replaced horses and donkeys as travel animals Quickened arrival pace of communication across the Sahara Could travel long-distance before needing water17
9405516328The Kingdom of GhanaPrincipal state of West Africa at time of Muslims' arrival18
9405516329Salt and Gold TradeGhana (in W Africa) provided gold (most important), ivory, and slaves for traders from North Africa Exchanged for horses, cloth, manufactured goods, and salt (from N Africa) By controlling and taxing trade in the precious metal, the kings both enriched and strengthened their realm19
9405516340Islam in West AfricaGhana kings converted to Islam by the tenth century didn't force on others Improved relations with Muslim nomads and brought them recognition and support from Muslims states of N Africa As the kingdom expanded north, it became vulnerable to attacks by nomadic peoples from the Sahara Nomadic raids from the Sahara weakened the kingdom in the early thirteenth century and it soon collapsed20
9405516330Sundiata, or the lion prince, built the Mali Empire (reigned 1230-1255) a.While away from home he made astute (having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage) alliances with local rulers, gained a reputation for courage in battle, and assembled a large army dominated by calvary21
9405516331What did Sundiata's empire include?Most of the modern state of Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and Sierra Leone22
9405561627The Mali Empire and TradeMali controlled and taxed almost all trade passing through West Africa Enormous caravans with as many as 25,000 camels linked Mali to north Africa23
9405569143Mansa MusaSundiata's grandson (reigned during high point of empire)24
9405578210Mansa Musa and IslamMade his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325 with a huge caravan Built mosques, particularly in trading cities frequented by Muslim merchants and sent promising students to study with distinguished Islamic scholars northern Africa Established Islamic schools (brought in Arabian and northern African teachers, including four descendants of Muhammad, to make Islam better known in Mali)25
9405597723Decline of MaliDue to factions and military pressure from neighbors/nomads Songhay empire replaced Mali (by the late 15th century)26
9405607372The Swahili ("coasters," refers to those who engaged in trade along E African coast)Goods from interior regions of Africa: Gold, slaves, ivory, tortoise shells, leopard skins27
9405622518Swahili City-StatesChiefs gained power through taxing trade on ports Ports developed into city-states governed by kings, eleventh and twelfth centuries Villages had building made of wood and dried mud; by 12th century, Swahili peoples began to construct much larger buildings of coral Ruling elites and wealthy merchants dressed in silk and fine cotton clothing and se their tables with porcelain imported from China28
9405627279KilwaProsperous city-state on east African coast29
9405644257Natives of ______ went into ________ ______ of Africa and brought back to the coast products for trade.Africa; interior regions30
9405647145Zimbabwe (Means dwelling of a chief)Best known of the large and powerful kingdoms in east and central Africa Stone walls, great palaces, wealth from trade31
9405655935Great ZimbabweAn ancient walled town in Southern Africa32
9405667748Islam in East AfricaRuling elites and wealthy merchants convert (Continued to observe native traditions to provide cultural leadership) Foundation for relationship with merchants, gained them recognition from Islamic states in southwest Asia Eventually became more popular with general public33
9405680357Zimbabwe Economy and governmentKings taxed and controlled trade between interior and coast move gold, ivory, slaves, local products from sources to coast forge alliances with other local leaders using economic sway34
9405745572T/F: Africans practiced strict Islam.False35
9405745573African social class orderRuling elites --> military nobles--> administrative officials--> religious authorities --> wealthy merchants --> artisans --> business entrepreneurs --> common people --> peasants --> slaves36
9405745594Could people own land?37
9405745595No; community had land, no private property38
9405745574How was wealth measured?By slaves39
9405745575Respected position for a man was a _________Blacksmith40
9405745576Africans were given jobs specific for their ___ _____Age grade41
9405745577How did you become a slave?Captive of war, suspected witches, criminals, debtors, etc.42
9405745578How did Africans keep up with the demand for slaves?They began raiding smaller states for slaves43
9405745579The Zanj revolt occurred in ___________ against the ________Mesopotamia, Abbasids44
9405745580The Zanj revolt lasted __ years1445
9405745581Most Africans are ____________Monotheistic46
9405745582Most Africans recognize a dominant, ______, godCreator47
9405745583Some Africans recognize lesser _______Deities48
9405745584Diviners were ________ specialists (consulted ______ _____)Religious, oracle bones49
9405745585Failure to observe high moral standards would lead to ________Disaster50
9405745586Christianity reached Axum throughEgypt51
9405745587Christianity was popular in ________Ethiopia52
9405745588T/F: Ethiopian Christians interacted with other Christian communities.False: They were isolated53
9405745589Sundiata established an army dominated by ______.Cavalry54
9405745590The kingdom of Ghana fell to the powerful ____ empire.Mali55
9405745591Koumbi-Saleh was a town in _____ known for its _________.Ghana, buildings56
9405745592Where did Ghana get gold from?Lands to the south57
9405745593Kongo used ______ as currencyCowries58
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Ap World History Week 10 11-20 Flashcards

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11205728354Han rules the Vietsthey conquered the Viets in 111 BCE. Under their rule the Viets adopted Chinese agricultural and irrigation techniques, the Confucian concept of veneration of ancestors and the extended family structure. The Viets periodically staged rebellions against Chinese rule. After the fall of the Tang in 907, they staged a major protest, which in 939 resulted in Vietnamese independence. Vietnamese conquests of neighboring peoples succeed largely because of the military organization and technology they had adopted from the Chinese.0
112057283557th century JapanChinese culture reached japan. Attempts by the Japanese emperor to mimic the form of the Chinese bureaucracy results in Japan's adoption of the Confucian thought and Chinese written characters. Buddhism mixed with Shino, The traditional Japanese believe system that revered the spirits of nature and of ancestors.1
11205728356Bantu-speaking peoplesAbout 2000 BCE, small numbers of agrian people's from the edge of the rain forest in present-day Nigeria began migrating from their homeland, perhaps as a result of population presses. The migration escalated throughout the period form 500 BCE to 1000 CE.2
11205728357Ibn BattutaA Moroccan Muslim scholar, travelled throughout the Muslim world, including central Asia, China, south east Asia, Spain and East Africa.3
11205728358SwahiliThe Bantu migrations resulted in the spreading of their language. By the 13th century, they reached the eastern coast of Africa, where they came into contact with air up a trade. The interactions between the two groups forged the syncretism of the Bantu and Arabic language, which is still a major African language today.4
11205728359stateless societiesWere the political organizations of the Bantu, they were organized around family and kinship groups led by a respected family member. Religion was animistic , With a believe in spirits inhabiting the natural world.5
11205728360Jenne-JenoEstablished by the Bantu people on the coast of the Nigar river by 400 CE, became the center for iron production and trade in the region. This city became the principal commercial crossroads of west Africa. Inspired the foundation of the Timbuktu.6
11205728361CamelsThe arrival Of this animal quicken the pace of communication and transportation across the Sahara. Originally from north Africa in Arabia.7
11205728362Koumbi Saleh- a city that incorporated the Kingdom of Ghana into the trans-Saharan trade networks that brought wealth and considerable power to the kingdom.8
11205728363Sundiata" The lion prince" build the Malli empire during the first half of the 13th century.9
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Chapter 19 - AP World History Flashcards

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8059450288IberiansPeople of Portugal and Spain0
8059450289Ferdinand of AragonAlong with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.1
8059450290Isabella of CastileAlong with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.2
8059450291Christopher ColumbusGenoese mariner who hoped to reach the East Indies by sailing westward around the globe3
8059450292Peru and MexicoAttracted the Spaniards and became the focus of immigration and institution building4
8059450293CaribbeanFrist area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here5
8059450294HispaniolaFirst island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World; also known as Santo Domingo6
8059450295TainoPeople of the islands; provided enough surplus labour to make their distribution to individual Spaniards feasible7
8059450296EncomiendaGrant of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labour in Spanish colonies8
8059450297EncomenderoThe holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labour; Responsible for their integration into the church9
8059450298Depopulated the islandsGold hunting; slaving; European diseases10
8059450299RanchesReplaced the gold-hunting phase11
8059450301Bartolome de Las CasasDominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native Aerican population of the Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights12
8059450302Sugar Plantation EconommyReplaced bartering with the Native Americans13
8059450303African Slave ImportA result of the decrease in Native American population14
8059450305Hernan CortesLed expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan15
8059450306Moctezuma IILast independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of Tenochtitlan16
8059450307Mexico CityCapital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec empire of Tenochtitlan17
8059450308New SpainSpanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of the Aztecs18
8059450309Francisco Pizarroled men to the conquest of the Inca Empire19
8059450310CuzcoIncan Capital20
8059450311LimaSpanish major city21
8059450312Francisco Vazques de CoronadoLeader os Spanish expedition in to northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold22
8059450313Pedro de ValdiviaSpanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 154123
8059450315Spanish tools for victory over NativesHorses, firearms, steel weapons24
8059450317Father Bartolome de Las CasasBelieved that the inhabitants were rational people had h=never done harm to Christians; the conquest of their lands was unjustified25
8059450318Smallpox, influenza, and measlesEuropean diseases that wreaked havoc on the American Indian population26
8059450319MitaLabour extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Incan imperial control27
8059450321SilverFormed the basis of Spain's wealth28
8059450322PotosiMine located in upper Peru; Largest of New World silver miens; produces 80 percent of all Peruvian silver29
8059450323ZacatecaMajor silver mine in Mexico30
8059450324HuancavelicaLocation of the greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosi31
8059450325MiningHeart of the colonial economy32
8059450326HaciendasRural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy33
8059450327Small textile sweatshopsEcuador, New Spain, Peru34
8059450328ConsuladoMerchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over old shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return; kept prices high in the colonies35
8059450329GalleonsLarge, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion (bulk silver or gold); two also sailed from Philippines to Mexico with Chinese silks, lacquer, and porcelain36
8059450331Loss of Silver from SpainPay for Spain's European Wars; long-term debts; purchase of manufactured goods to be sent back to the West Indies; inflation in Spain37
8059450332Treaty of TordesillasSigned in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres and influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands to the east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands to the west of Brazil to Spain38
8059450333LetradosUniversity trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy ; exercised both legislative and administrative functions39
8059450334RecopilacionBody of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possession sin New World; basis of law in the Indies40
8059450335Council of the IndiesBody within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World41
8059450336ViceroyaltiesTwo major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king42
8059450337ViceroysSenior government officials in Spanish America. They rules as direct representative of the king over the principal administrative units or viceroyalties. They were usually high ranking Spanish nobles with previous military or governmental experience. The Portuguese also used viceroys who resided in Goa for their possessions in the Indian Ocean, and then after the mid Seventeenth century for their colony in Brazil43
8059450338AudienciasRoyal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates44
8059450342Sor Juana Ines de al CruzAuthor, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters45
8059450343Pedro Alvares CabralPortuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil46
8059450344CapitainciesStrips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony47
8059450345SugarMain product of Brazil48
8059450346PaulistasBackwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century49
8059450347Minas GeraisRegion of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush50
8059450348Gold RushLed to people leaving towns and a huge influx of immigration from portugal to Brazil51
8059450349Rio de JanerioBrazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 176352
8059450350Sociedad de CastasAmerican social system based on racial origins; Europeans or white at top, black slaves or Native Americans at the bottom, and mixed races in the middle53
8059450351CastasPeople of mixed origins; tended to be shopkeepers and small farmers54
8059450352PeninsularesPeople living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain55
8059450353CreolesWhites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath the peninsulares56
8059450355Amigos del paisClubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform57
8059450357Charles IISpanish king during Spain's time of crisis who died without an heir58
8059450358Philip of AnjouA bourbon and relative of the king of France who was named successor to the Spanish throne59
8059450359War of Spanish SuccessionResulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713;60
8059450360Treaty of UtrechtResolved the War of Spanish Succession; Resulted in the recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French61
8059450361Bourbon DynastyStarted with the succession by Philip to the Spanish throne; launched a series of reforms aimed at strengthening the state and its economy62
8059450362Charles IIISpanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788l instituted fiscal (gov. revenue), administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empires63
8059450363Englightened monarchswanted to revive Spain; make the government more effective, more powerful, and better able to direct the economy64
8059450364Jose de GalvezSpanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government65
8059450368CubaIsland in the Caribbean that exported sugar, coffee, tobacco; imported slaves66
8059450369Marquis of PombalPrime minister of Portugal from 1755-1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy67
8059450371Comunero RevoltOne of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels68
8059450372Jose Gabriel Condorcanquiknown as Tupac Amaru69
8059450373Tupac AmaruMestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution70
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AP World History chapter 7,8,9 Flashcards

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11054656759BedouinNomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; Culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to islam.0
11054656762Zakattax for charity; obligatory for all muslims.1
11054656763AliCousin and Son in law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for shi'a.2
11054656764Abu BakrOne of Muhammad's earliest converts; seceded Muhammad as first caliph of Muslim community3
11054656765JihadA doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War" Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up the religious standards set by the Quran4
11054656767Ma'awiyaleader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali.5
11054656769JizyaHead tax paid by all non believers in Islamic territories6
11054656770QurayshBedouin tribe- dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca7
11054656772KhadijahFirst wife and follower of the islamic prophet Muhammad. Commonly regraded ad "mother of the believers" by muslims.8
11054656773RamadanThe ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.9
11054656774DamascusSyrian city that was the capital of Umayyad caliphate, modern day Syria capital likely largest city of Syria.10
11054656775HadithsColletions of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad that, with accounts of his daily practice (the Sunha), constitute the major some of guidance for Muslims apart from the Koran.11
11054656776BayhdadCapital of modern day Iraq. It was also capital of the Abbasid Dynasty12
11054704193Shia MuslimsMinority of people, believed that caliph should be a direct blood line of Muhammad13
11054708246Sunnia Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam14
11054716055How did Islam spread throughout Africa?conquest and trade15
11054726140AbbasidsA dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.16
11054735428how did the abbasids treat womenthe status of a free Muslim woman, even a wife or mother, came to resemble very closely that of a slave17
11054765361Abbasid Caliphate(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of.18
11054776117Bhaktic cultsHindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva19
11054780892Islam in IndiaWith the introduction of Islam to India, many people of Hinduism and Buddhism remained faithful; there was more rights for the women of the Lower Classes: it was possible for Muslim women in India to divorce and remarry after the death of their husbands20
11054786276Islam in IndiaIslam didn't take hold in India with only 20-25% of the population converting after they were invaded by Turkish-speaking Muslims. This is because India had no strong central government to make Islamic, Hinduism was too ingrained in Indian culture, and Hinduism contrasted Islam because Hinduism was polytheistic, didn't promote equality (karma), and didn't promote modesty.21
11054791717Ibn Battuta(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.22
11054794289Ibn BattutaArab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records23
11054812902Ghana, Mali, Songhai• West African kingdoms that built wealth and power through trans-Saharan trade of salt and gold24
11054815263Ghana, Mali, Songhaiused Niger River; Gold-Salt trade; Timbuktu was trade and cultural center; many converted to Islam25
11054819893sub saharan Africa religion before the introduction of islamanimism26
11054832455how Persia influenced the abbasids27
11054837191Significance of JerusalemMuslims (place where Mohammed ascended into heaven), Jews (Place where Abraham was about to sacrifice his child/ Western wall), Christians (Place where Jesus was born)28
11054842190Bedouin TribesNomads that lived in desert and survived by raising livestock. Known for their unique war strategies and their poetry.29
11054852184Muhammad in Medina622 AD30
11054852185Muhammed death632 AD31
11054858002UmmaThe community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.32
11054860382DhimmiLiterally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists33
11054875174MawaliNon-Arab converts to Islam. Not accepted as full members until the Abbasid dynasty34
11054886364Early CaliphsAfter the death of Muhammad, he did not detail how to name a successor. Relying on tribal custom, Muslims elected the next caliph. The successor was Abu-Bakr (friend of Muhammad)35
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Ap World History Chapter 9 Flashcards

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5898262694What is true of pre-Islamic Arabia?Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians lived among the established Arab populations.0
5898262695What initiated the division within Islam between the Sunnis and Shias?Disagreement over who should assume leadership in the Islamic world1
5898262696In contrast to the Umayyad dynasty, the caliphs of the Abbasid dynastyAllowed non-Arabs to play a prominent role in society.2
5898262697What was one result of the cross-regional ties created in the expanding Islamic world?The exchange of agricultural products and practices from one region to another3
5898262698What contributed to the mass conversion of people living in the Middle East to Islam in the eighth century?Conversion to Islam offered many financial and social benefits.4
5898262699What was the effect of Islam on West Africa?Islam had the greatest influence on rulers and urban elites.5
5898262700What resulted from Muslim rule of Spain?The secular aspects of Islamic learning influenced the shaping of new European civilization.6
5898262701Why would a writer from the Abbasid Empire comment on features of Indian culture and technology?He surmised that Abbasid merchants were deeply involved in exchanges with Indian merchants. NOT NECESSARY?7
5898262702What contributions from India did Western Europeans receive via exchanges with the Abbasid Caliphate?Arabic numerals8
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AP World History Chapter 10 Flashcards

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11991713773Black DeathThe plague that struck Europe in the 14th century which significantly reduced he continent's population. It has a tremendous effect on production and trade of goods. It also greatly hampered progress during its outbreaks.0
11991713774VikingsSeagoing raiders from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden who disrupted the coastal areas of Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Their primary concern was to pillage, not to conquer.1
11991713775Hanseatic LeagueAn organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.2
11991713776SerfsSitting at the bottom of the heirarchical scale, they were peasant agricultural laborers within he manorial system of the Middle Ages.3
11991713777ScholasticismPhilosophical approach of the Middle ages that used logic to resolve theological uncertainties. It was popular in Medieval universities.4
11991713778Three- Field SystemA system of agricultural technique which calls for crops to be planted on two- thirds of one's land while the other third remain fallow for nutrients to be reintroduced to the soil.5
11991713779InvestitureThe appointment of bishops and church officials by the secular rulers of the area.6
11991713780CarolingiansRoyal house (family) of the Franks who ruled present day France from the 8th to 10th century. The most noted member of the family was Charlemagne.7
11991713781The CrusadesEfforts by Catholic knights, called by popes, to control the Holy Lands of the Middle East. In total there were eight expeditions.8
11991713782CharlemagneKing of the Franks who created the largest Frankish Kingdom in both present day France and Germany. He is also responsible for re-establishing the value of education.9
11991713783Hundred Years WarConflict between England and France from 1337-1453 which was fought over lands England possessed in France. At the center of the dispute was feudal rights versus the claims of new nations.10
11991713784VassalsMembers of the military elite who received land for their military service from a feudal lord.11
11991713785ParlimentA body of government representing a privileged group in England (later Spain, France, and Germany had these types of bodies). In many instances the King would have to consult and receive permission from this body before moving forward on his plan. This is the precursor to the United States' Congress.12
11991713786Magna CartaA charter, or contract, between King John of England and the country's nobility. The document confirmed the rights of the nobility against the will of the monarchy. Essentially, it placed limits on what a ruler could and could not do.13
11991713787Middle AgesThe term used to define the period of time in Western Europe between the fall of the Roman Empire and Renaissance. This time period included feudalism, the Crusades, and Gothic architecture.14
11991713788Three estatesThe social groups considered the most powerful in Western European countries. It included groups for the clergy, nobility, and urban leaders.15
11991713789William the ConquerorThe Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066. He extended the feudal system to England, but claimed no allegiance to France. He created the position of sheriff in an effort to establish a more centralized control on Feudalism.16
11991713790Urban IIThe pope of the Catholic Church who called the first crusade (1095) to the Holy Land (Middle East) to free it from the Muslims.17
11991713791Holy Roman EmpireA loose conglomeration of independent states in Germany during the Middle Ages. A per its name, it billed itself as the next big empire in the world. However, it failed to create central authority in Germany and slowly dissolved.18
11991713792Gregory VIIPope during the 11th century who attempted to free church from interference from feudal lords in the appointment of bishops and church officials by the secular rulers of the area. To stop the practice he declared war on the Holy Roman Empire.19
11991713793Charles MartelCarolingian monarch who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours. These defeat stopped Islam's advancement farther into Europe. As a result Christianity became cemented in Western Europe.20
11991713794Thomas AquinasCatholic theologian who believed that through reason one could comprehend the natural order, moral law, and nature of God.21
11991713795ClovisFrankish King who converted to Christianity. His conversion allowed for Christianity to spread throughout present day France giving it a wider following.22
11991713796GothicArchitectural style of the Middle Ages that featured pointed arches, spires, stained glass windows, and flying buttresses to support exterior walls. The style was designed to promote the unearthly and mythical presence of God during worship.23
11991713797MoldboardA heavy plow introduced in Northern Europe during the Middle Ages. It allowed for deeper cultivation of heavier soil. This was an important achievement to the increase of agricultural production.24
11991713798GuildsAssociation of people in the same business or craft in a single city. It limited membership and apprenticeships to carefully guard trade secrets and promote quality workmanship.25
11991713799ManorialismThe economic and political system during the age of feudalism featuring peasants and landlords. It involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.26
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