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Meiosis- AP BIO Flashcards

8848734228	Heredity	passing of traits from one generation to next	0
8848736232	Variation	difference between members of same species	1
8848737707	Gene	Unit of hereditary information encoded on DNA by nitrogen bases	2
8848742953	gametes	hybrid reproductive cells; egg and sperm	3
8848747772	locus	specific location of a gene along length of chromosome	4
8848751835	somatic cells	diploid body cells; nonreproductive cell	5
8848755918	asexual reproduction	generation of offspring involving one parent; offspring are identical to parent (clones)	6
8848755921	genetics	study of heredity	7
8848764068	sexual reproduction	two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes	8
8848771340	karyotype	a display of chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape	9
8848781106	homologous chromosomes	pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position and staining pattern that posses genes of the same characters at corresponding loci; one from father and one from mother; homologs	10
8848781107	sex chromosomes	chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual (X and Y chromosomes)	11
8848800385	autosomes	a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; non sex chromosome	12
8848804911	diploid	a cell with two sets (paired) chromosomes; 2n somatic cells	13
8848814675	haploid	a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes; 1n; gametes	14
8848817715	fertilization	union of gametes	15
8848820824	zygote	fertilized egg resulting from fertilization	16
8848824649	meiosis	gamete formation; consists of two rounds of cell division to reduce chromosome number in half; results in 4 genetically different daughter cells	17
8848838570	meiosis I	first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	18
8848844568	meiosis II	second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell	19
8848855093	synapsis	pairing and physical connection of duplicated homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis	20
8848862472	recombinant chromosomes	individual chromosomes that carry genes from 2 different parents; occurs because of crossing over	21
8848868386	crossing over	exchange of genes between two homologous chromosomes resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring; occurs during prophase 1; results in genetic recombination	22
8848874796	differences between mitosis and meiosis	synapsis, crossing over, alignment and separation of homologs	23
8848890067	evolutionary advantage of genetic variation	a population evolves through differential reproductive success of its members; those best suited for environment leave more offspring	24
8848941803	prophase I	nuclear envelope breaks down, centriole movement, chromosomes condense, synapsis and crossing over occur	25
8848949523	metaphase I	pairs of homologous chromosomes arrange in middle of the cell	26
8848954154	anaphase I	homologs separate to opposite poles as spindle fibers shorten	27
8848960564	telophase 1 / cytokinesis	nuclei reform in both cells, which contain haploid set of duplicated chromosomes; cytoplasm divides	28
8848969425	prophase II	nuclear envelope breaks down, centriole movement	29
8848977381	metaphase II	replicated chromosomes arrange in middle of cell	30
8848980595	anaphase II	chromatids separate to opposite poles as spindle fibers shorten and centromeres break down	31
8848985796	telophase II / cytokinesis	nuclei reform, chromosomes decondense and cytokinesis occurs, resulting in 4 genetically distinct daughter cells	32

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AP Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

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7434535193	Polar Covalent Bond	covalent bond were shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative electron	0
7434535194	Polar Molecule	Molecule where the overall charge is not equally shared	1
7434535195	Cohesion	linking together two like molecules	2
7434535196	adhesion	clinging of one substance to another	3
7434535197	Surface Tension	measure of how difficult to stretch/break surface of liquid	4
7434535198	kinetic energy	energy of motion	5
7434535199	Heat	form of energy	6
7434535200	tempertaure	measure of heat intensity representative average KE regardless of volume	7
7434535201	calorie (cal)	amount of heat it take to raise 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius	8
7434535202	kilocalorie (kcal)	1000 cal, quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree Celcuis	9
7434535203	joule (j)	energy unit	10
7434535204	1 J= ___ cal	0.239	11
7434535205	1 cal=___ J	4.184	12
7434535206	specific heat	amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance by 1 degree Celcuis	13
7434535207	vaporization (evaporation)	liquid to gas	14
7434535208	Heat of Vaporization	quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to gas	15
7434535209	evaporative cooling	process where an object becomes cooler during evaporation, result of molecules with higher KE changing from liquid to gas more quickly than others	16
7434535210	solution	a liquid that is completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances	17
7434535211	solvent	dissolving agent of soln.	18
7434535212	solute	substance that is being dissolved	19
7434535213	aqueous solution	one in which water is solvent	20
7434535214	hydrogen shell	sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion	21
7434535215	hydrophilic	any substance that has a natural affinity for water	22
7434535216	colloid	stable suspension of fine particles in liquid	23
7434535217	hydrophobic	repels water	24
7434535218	molecular mass	sum of masses of all atoms in molecule	25
7434535219	mole (mol)	6.02*10^23	26
7434535220	molarity	# of moles per solute per L of solution	27
7434535221	Hydrogen ion (H+)	when a hydrogen atom in hydrogen bond shifts from one molecule to the other, it leaves its electron behind	28
7434535222	hydroxide ion	water molecule that lost a proton	29
7434535223	hydromuim ion (H3O+)	protein binds to the other water molecule	30
7434535224	acid	substance that raises the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. 0-6 pH	31
7434535225	base	substance that lowers the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. 8-14 pH	32
7434535226	buffer	substance that minimizes the changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution	33
7434535227	ocean acidification	when CO2 reacts with water making it acidic	34
7434535228	acid precipitation	refers to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5	35

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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12090894215	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
12090894216	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
12090894217	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
12090894218	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
12090894219	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
12090894220	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
12090894221	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
12090894222	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
12090894223	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
12090894224	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
12090894225	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
12090894226	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
12090894227	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
12090894228	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
12090894229	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
12090894230	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
12090894231	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
12090894232	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
12090894233	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
12090894234	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
12090894235	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
12090894236	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
12090894237	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
12090894238	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
12090894239	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
12090894240	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
12090894241	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
12090894242	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
12090894243	theory	general idea being tested	28
12090894244	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
12090894245	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
12090894246	mode	appears the most	31
12090894247	mean	average	32
12090894248	median	middle	33
12090894249	range	highest - lowest	34
12090894250	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
12090894251	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
12090894252	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
12090894253	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
12090894254	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
12090894255	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
12090894256	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
12090894257	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
12090894449	neuron		43
12090894258	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
12090894259	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
12090894260	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
12090894261	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
12090894262	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
12090894263	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
12090894264	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
12090894265	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
12090894266	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
12090894267	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
12090894268	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
12090894269	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
12090894270	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
12090894271	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
12090894272	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
12090894273	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
12090894274	master gland	pituitary gland	60
12090894275	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
12090894276	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
12090894277	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
12090894278	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
12090894279	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
12090894280	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
12090894281	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
12090894282	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
12090894283	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
12090894284	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
12090894285	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
12090894286	hippocampus	process new memory	72
12090894287	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
12090894288	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
12090894289	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
12090894290	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
12090894291	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
12090894292	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
12090894293	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
12090894294	occipital lobe	vision	80
12090894295	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
12090894296	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
12090894297	Broca's area	speaking words	83
12090894298	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
12090894299	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
12090894300	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
12090894301	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
12090894302	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
12090894303	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
12090894304	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
12090894305	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
12090894306	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
12090894307	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
12090894308	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
12090894309	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
12090894310	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
12090894311	rods	night time	97
12090894312	cones	color	98
12090894313	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
12090894314	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
12090894315	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
12090894316	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
12090894317	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
12090894318	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
12090894319	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
12090894320	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
12090894321	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
12090894322	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
12090894323	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
12090894324	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
12090894325	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
12090894326	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
12090894327	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
12090894328	perception =	mood + motivation	114
12090894329	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
12090894330	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
12090894331	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
12090894332	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
12090894333	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
12090894334	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
12090894335	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
12090894336	insomnia	can't sleep	122
12090894337	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
12090894338	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
12090894339	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
12090894340	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
12090894341	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
12090894342	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
12090894343	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
12090894344	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
12090894345	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
12090894346	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
12090894347	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
12090894348	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
12090894349	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
12090894350	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
12090894351	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
12090894352	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
12090894353	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
12090894354	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
12090894355	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
12090894356	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
12090894357	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
12090894358	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
12090894359	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
12090894360	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
12090894361	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
12090894362	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
12090894363	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
12090894364	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
12090894365	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
12090894366	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
12090894367	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
12090894368	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
12090894369	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
12090894370	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
12090894371	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
12090894372	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
12090894373	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
12090894374	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
12090894375	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
12090894376	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
12090894377	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
12090894378	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
12090894379	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
12090894380	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
12090894381	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
12090894382	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
12090894383	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
12090894384	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
12090894385	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
12090894386	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
12090894387	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
12090894388	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
12090894389	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
12090894390	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
12090894391	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
12090894392	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
12090894393	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
12090894394	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
12090894395	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
12090894396	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
12090894397	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
12090894398	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
12090894399	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
12090894400	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
12090894401	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
12090894402	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
12090894403	encoding	information going in	189
12090894404	storage	keeping information in	190
12090894405	retrieval	taking information out	191
12090894406	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
12090894407	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
12090894408	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
12090894409	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
12090894410	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
12090894411	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
12090894412	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
12090894413	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
12090894414	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
12090894415	implicit memory	naturally do	201
12090894416	explicit memory	need to explain	202
12090894417	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
12090894418	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
12090894419	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
12090894420	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
12090894421	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
12090894422	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
12090894423	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
12090894424	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
12090894425	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
12090894426	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
12090894427	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
12090894428	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
12090894429	priming	association (setting you up)	215
12090894430	context	environment helps with memory	216
12090894431	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
12090894432	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
12090894433	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
12090894434	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
12090894435	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
12090894436	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
12090894437	children can't remember before age __	3	223
12090894438	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
12090894439	prototypes	generalize	225
12090894440	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
12090894441	against problem-solving	fixation	227
12090894442	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
12090894443	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
12090894444	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
12090894445	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
12090894446	grammar is _________	universal	232
12090894447	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
12090894448	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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Flashcards

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AP World History Post-Classical Period Time Period 3 Flashcards

AP World History Unit 2 flashcards for use when studying for the final.

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6792587390	Sui Dynasty	The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China	0
6792587391	Tang Dynasty	Dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria. Technology and Arts flourished	1
6792587392	Grand Canal	The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.	2
6792587394	Shinto	The native religion and former ethnic cult of Japan that whorships nature. It coexists with Buddhism in Japan	3
6792587397	Justinian I	Byzantine emperor who built the Haiga Sophia; his reign was a turning point for Christianity: paganism finally lost. He tried to restore territories to the Western Roman Empire but ultimately failed.	4
6792587398	Justinian Code	The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534.	5
6792587400	Charlemagne	King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, Great patron of literature and learning, threatened conquered people with conversion to Christianity or death	6
6792587401	Quran	The sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina	7
6792587402	Mecca	The holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace	8
6792587403	Ka'aba	A rectangular building that housed a cubical black stone structure. It is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine	9
6792587404	Hajj	A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims	10
6792587405	Dar al-Islam	"The abode of Islam." The land of Islam, or the territories in which Islam and its religious laws (shari'a) may be freely practiced.	11
6792587406	Sunni	One of the two main branches of orthodox Islam. Felt that the Caliph should be chosen from the Ummayyad and believed in the importace of the Umma in making political decisions	12
6792587407	Shi'a	One of the two main branches of orthodox Islam. Felt that Caliph should stay in the Prophet's family and stressed religious purity	13
6792587408	Ali	Prophet Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law; a leading figure in the Shi'a branch of Islam	14
6792587409	Muhammed	The prophet and founder of Islam	15
6792587410	Hadith	Traditional records of the deeds and utterances of the prophet Muhammad, and the basis, after the Quran, for Islamic theology and law. It's the stories of Muhammad's life, words, and deeds.	16
6792587411	Ummayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca, this clan is Uthman's family. Called themselves Sunnis. "Umma" is a community of believers in Islam, which transcends ethnic and political boundaries.	17
6792587412	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.They used Arabic to unify heterogeneous people and were able to solve administrative problems of large empires	18
6792587413	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from Central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century; able to restore political initiative to the much reduced caliphate; ended threat of Shi'a conquest	19
6792587415	Sufis	A mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life	20
6792587416	Ghana	First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E.	21
6792587417	Mali	Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.	22
6792587418	Mansa Musa	A Mali king who brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west Africa	23
6792587419	Dhimmi "People of the book"	inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists	24
6792587420	Crusades	Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims during the 11-13th centuries	25
6792587421	Caliph	Successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims	26
6792587422	Abu Bakr	First muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death.	27
6792587424	Axum	Major trade center, perfect location along Red Sea, conquered Nubia, converted to Christianity	28
6792587425	Great Zimbabwe	A powerful southeast African city, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.,	29
6792587426	Marco Polo	Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.	30
6792587427	Song Dynasty	The imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy and great accomplishments	31
6792587428	Pax Mongolica	"Mongol Peace" used to describe the eased communication and commerce the unified administration helped to create	32
6792587429	Ibn Battuta	(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.	33
6792587430	Temujin/ Chinggis Khan/ Ghenghis Khan	Genghis Khan's birthname, Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.	34
6792587431	Black Death	An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of people	35
6792587432	Kublai Khan	Mongol ruler, he completed the conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty (Gehngis Kahn's grandson)	36
6792587433	Vikings	Scandinavians who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries. Eventually settled in places like Normandy and promoted trade.	37
6792587434	Guilds	Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests	38
6792587435	Feudalism	A political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service	39
6807971072	Indian Ocean Trade	Trade route which included India, The Swahili Coast, and parts of Southeast Asia	40
6807990927	Borobudur	Large Buddhist monument in Indonesia	41
6808004352	Angkor Wat	Ancient Hindu temple in what is today Cambodia	42
6808018619	Timbuktu	Capital of Mali Empire, intellectual center of Muslim Africa	43
6808088523	footbinding	started during the Song, made women's feet more attractive to the men	44
6808117334	bedouins	nomadic native people of the Arabian peninsula	45
6808129216	House of Wisdom	Educational center of dar-al-Islam, located in Baghdad	46
6808153739	Yuan Dynasty	Mongol dynasty of China	47
6813363187	Great Schism	1054 Split between the Catholics and Eastern Orthodoxy	48
8341115014	Kow Tow	Ritual bowing as part of the tribute system required by China to trade with them.	49

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AP Language, Week #3 Vocabulary Flashcards

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11998463078	Apostrophe	Address to an absent or imaginary person. Examples: #1. Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are #2. O holy night! The stars are brightly shining!	0
11998470061	Caricature	An exaggerated portrayal of one's features Examples: #1. Her eyes were lasers, boring a hole through me. Her ears were smoking, and her hair was on fire. Mom was mad. #2. Homer Simpson is a caricature of a boorish working class stiff.	1
11998470062	Defend	to uphold or maintain one's point or claim with supporting evidence Examples: #1. The lawyer defended the victim in court.	2
11998470063	Challenge	a calling to account or into question Examples: #1. The student didn't agree with the statement, so she challenged it. Stating why she disagreed with it.	3
11998473982	Qualify	to support or defend. Examples: #1. The wisdom was probably to qualify him as a ruler. #2. He even had to qualify his statements in order to seem believable.	4
11998473983	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant Examples: #1. Passed away instead of died #2. Ethnic cleansing instead of genocide.	5
11998480346	Epigram	a witty saying expressing a single thought or observation Examples: #1. "No one can make you feel inferior without your consent." #2. "If we don't end war, war will end us."	6

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AP Language list 3 Flashcards

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10904083163	abstract	intangible	0
10904083164	concrete	tangible, specific, real	1
10904083165	Narration	telling a story, deals with time	2
10904083166	description	Writing that describes the space	3
10904083167	Exposition	writing that explains	4
10904083168	Persuasion	writing that persuades	5
10904083169	audience	The group of people at whom you're directing your text	6
10904083170	Genre	The type, shape, or form of the text	7
10904083171	context	the time, place, and situation	8
10904083172	Persona	The personality or character that the text implies that the author has	9
10904083173	point of view	the perspective from which a story is written	10
10904083174	voice	the writer's or speaker's tone and style	11
10904083176	active	Taking action	12
10904102044	passive	being acted upon	13

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AP Language Practice Terms Flashcards

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6058317316	Personification	The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon."	0
6058317317	Antithesis	the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ."	1
6058317318	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."	2
6058317319	Sarcasm	from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device.	3
6058317320	Synecdoche	a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example.	4
6058317321	Hyperbole	a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	5
6058317322	Anaphora	repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.	6
6058317323	Euphony	the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work.	7
6058317324	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually, __ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the __ may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	8
6058317325	Metonomy	a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example: a news release that claims "The White House declared" rather than "The President declared"	9
6058317326	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	10
6058317327	Transition	a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.	11
6058317328	Onomatopoeia	a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum.	12
6058317329	Cacophony	harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary word.	13
6058317330	Metaphor	a direct comparison between dissimilar things. "Your eyes are stars" is an example.	14
6058317331	Symbol	generally, anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually, a ___ is something concrete—such as an object, action, character, or scene—that represents something more abstract.	15
6058317332	Begging the Question	Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	16
6058317333	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	17
6058317334	Understatement	the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.	18
6058317335	Either-or reasoning	When the writer reduces an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives.	19
6058317336	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	20
6058317337	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	21
6058317338	Causal Relationship	In __, a writer asserts that one thing results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in establishing a logical argument.	22
6058317339	Equivocation	When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument.	23
6058317340	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, __ uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory. For example, a rose may present visual __ while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks.	24
6058317341	Euphemism	a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common __ for "he died." They are also used to obscure the reality of the situation.	25
6058317342	Figure of Speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Examples are apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonomy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	26
6058317343	Irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true.	27
6058317344	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and convention for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform humans or their society, ___ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. The effect of __, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	28
6058317345	Alliteration	The repetition of initial consonant sounds, such as "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."	29
6058317346	Epigraph	The use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.	30
6058317347	Periodic Sentence	A sentence with a main clause that is not grammatically complete until the very end of the sentence.The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety.	31
6058317348	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	32
6058317349	Situational Irony	a type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected.	33
6058317350	Consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	34
6058317351	Pathos	an appeal based on emotion.	35
6058317352	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a __ is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	36
6058317353	Logos	an appeal based on logic or reason	37
6058317354	Verbal Irony	In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning	38
6058317355	Anecdote	A story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point.	39
6058317356	Abstract Language	Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places.	40
6058317357	Ad Hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."	41
6058317358	Denotation	the literal or dictionary meaning of a word	42
6058317359	Cumulative or loose	Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a series of details or other particulars	43
6058317360	Dramatic Irony	In this type of irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work	44
6058317361	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	45
6058317362	Connotation	the interpretive level or a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning.	46
6058317363	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, or any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	47
6058317364	Syntax	The grammatical structure of prose and poetry.	48
6058317365	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	49
6058317366	Voice	can refer to two different areas of writing. One refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active and passive). The second refers to the total "sound" of the writer's style.	50
6058317367	Infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	51
6058317368	Argument	A single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer	52
6058317369	Allusion	A reference contained in a work	53
6058317370	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.	54
6058317371	Stream-of-consciousness	This is a narrative technique that places the reader in the mind and thought process of the narrator, no matter how random and spontaneous that may be.	55
6058317372	Allegory	A work that functions on a symbolic level	56
6058317373	Explication	The act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. __ usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.	57
6058317374	Parallelism	refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.	58
6058317375	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies that meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	59
6058317376	Rhetorical Modes	The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing.	60
6058317377	Analogy	a literary device employed to serve as a basis for comparison. It is assumed that what applies to the parallel situation also applies to the original circumstance. In other words, it is the comparison between two different items.	61
6058317378	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	62
6058317379	Example	an individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern	63
6058317380	Description	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses.	64
6058317381	Narrative Device	This term describes the tools of the storyteller, such as ordering events to that they build to climatic movement or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing in creates a desired effect.	65
6058317382	Ethical Appeal	When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text.	66
6058317383	Exposition	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion.	67
6058317384	Attitude	the relationship an author has toward his or her subject, and/or his or her audience	68
6058317385	Backing	Support or evidence for a claim in an argument	69
6058317386	Ellipsis	Indicated by a series of three periods, the __ indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text.	70
6058317387	Argumentation	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader.	71
6058317388	Didactic	writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. A ___ work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns.	72
6058317389	Ambiguity	an event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way.	73
6058317390	Narration	The purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events.	74
6058317391	Rhetoric	from the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principle governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	75
6058317392	Third Person Limited	This type of point of view presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all remaining characters	76
6058317393	Third Person Omniscient	In ___, the narrator, with a godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters.	77
6058317394	Comic Relief	the inclusion of a humorous character or scene to contrast with the tragic elements of a work, thereby intensifying the next tragic event.	78
6058317395	Character	those who carry out the action of the plot in literature. Major, minor, static, and dynamic are the types.	79
6058317396	Colloquial	the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone. Huckleberry Finn in written in a __ style.	80
6058317397	Antecedent	the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers.	81
6058317398	Style	an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.	82
6058317399	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition.	83
6058317400	Authority	Arguments that draw on recognized experts or persons with highly relevant experience.	84
6058317401	Chiasmus	Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. It is often short and summarizes a main idea.	85
6058317402	Deconstruction	a critical approach that debunks single definitions of meaning based on the instability of language. It "is not a dismantling of a structure of a text, but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself."	86
6058317403	Balance	a situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, whether in sentences or paragraphs or sections of a longer work.	87
6058317404	Conflict	a clash between opposing forces in a literary work, such as man vs. man; man vs. nature; man vs. God; man vs. self	88
6058317405	Tone	Similar to mood, __ describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both.	89
6058317406	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, ___ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech.	90
6058317407	Dialect	the recreation of regional spoken language, such as a Southern one. Hurston uses this in Their Eyes Were Watching God.	91
6058317408	Asyndeton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.	92
6058317409	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement.	93
6058317410	Point of View	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.	94
6058317411	Deduction	The process of moving from a general rule to a specific example.	95
6058317412	Annotation	explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data.	96
6058317413	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude (like, the subjunctive). The second meaning is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.	97
6058317414	Diction	the author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning	98
6058317415	Ethos	An appeal based on ethics.	99

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