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Ap Flashcards

11647587462	Civil Liberties	Rights that belong to everyone and are guaranteed by the constitution, bill of rights, 14th Amendemnet, legislative actiojs, and court decisions.	0
11647587463	Establishment Clause	The first amendment has been interpreted to mean that there is separation between church and state, preventing the government from supporting religion over another	1
11647587464	Lemon Test	established standards for measuring separation of church and state	2
11647587465	There are three classification of speech	pure speech, symbolic speech, and speech plus	3
11647587466	The right to free speech is not absolute	Speech may be regulated if national security is at stake; fighting words and obscenity are not protected forms of free speech. The Internet has not been regulated.	4
11647587467	Freedom of the press	is often protected because it is closely related to free speech. Press includes newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet.	5
11647587468	First Amendment	Guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition	6
11647587469	Due Process Clause	The Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment was used to extend the right to bear arms to the states in the case of McDonald v. Chicago (2010) the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments provide for the protection of private property.	7
11647587470	The constitution makes no mention of the right to privacy	however, the Supreme Court ruled that such a right exists under the Constitution.	8
11647587471	Several amendments of the bill of rights address the rights of those accused of	crimes, including the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment extends those protections to apply to the states.	9
11647587472	Civil rights are the	the positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law.	10
11647587473	The civil rights movement began after the civil war	with African Americans striving to gain political, social, and economic equality.	11
11647587474	discriminatory practices	were used by the states to prevent political participation by African Americans. These practices included black codes and Jim Crow laws.	12
11647587475	A positive step for African Americans came with	with the Brown v. Board of Education ruling in which the Supreme Court overturned the Plessy "separate but equal" ruling	13
11647587476	The success of the African American civil rights movement	have encouraged other minorities, such as Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, to call for an end to discrimination.	14
11647587477	Women have also worked to end discrimination by	Their successes include gaining the right to vote and protections against employment discrimination	15
11647587478	Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990	forbids discrimination against people with disabilities.	16
11647587479	Affirmative Action	controversial policy designed to correct the effects of past discrimination.	17
11647587480	civil rights	protections granted by the government to prevent discrimination against certain groups	18
11647587481	writ of habeas corpus	A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.	19
11647587482	Bills of attainder	is an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial	20
11647587483	ex post facto law	a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed	21
11647587484	self-incrimination	testifying against oneself	22
11647587485	double jeopardy	Being tried twice for the same crime	23
11647587486	Incorporation	A process that extended the protections of the Bill of Rights against the actions of state and local governments	24
11647587487	symbolic speech	an act that conveys a political message	25
11647587488	Gideon v. Wainwright	A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government. Must have attorney	26
11647587489	Wisconsin v. Yoder	Amish children do not have to go to school until they are 16---they may stop after the 8th grade	27
11647587490	Free Exercise Clause	A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.	28
11647587491	pure speech	the verbal expression of thought and opinion before an audience that has chosen to listen	29
11647587492	prior restraint	government censorship of information before it is published or broadcast	30
11647587493	substantive due process	Constitutional requirement that governments act reasonably and that the substance of the laws themselves be fair and reasonable; limits what a government may do.	31
11647587494	Procedural Due Process	Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.	32
11647587495	eminent domain	Power of a government to take private property for public use.	33
11647587496	New York Times v. US	The President argues that the publication of the Pentagon Papers is in violation of executive privilege. Result: The barring of the publication of these papers is in violation of the 1st A. Publication does not imperial the public.	34
11647587497	McDonald v. Chicago	Incorporated the 2nd Amendment right to bear arms to the states	35
11647587498	exclusionary rule	improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial	36
11647587499	Miranda v. Arizona	Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.	37
11647587500	Plessy v. Ferguson	a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal	38
11647587501	Brown v. Board of Education	1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.	39
11647587502	Affirmative Action	A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities	40
11647587503	Equal Protection Clause	14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination	41
11647587504	Tinker v. Des Moines*****	Students have the right to symbolic speech at school as long as it is not disruptive	42
11647587505	Gitlow v. New York	established selective incorporation of the Bill of rights; states cannot deny freedom of speech; protected through the 14th amendment	43
11647587506	Engel v. Vitale (1962)	Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of 1st Amendment's establishment clause and the 14th Amendment's due process clause; Warren Court's judicial activism.	44
11647587507	Roe v. Wade	(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy	45

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La familia AP Flashcards

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11562852792	casarse con	to get married (to)	0
11562858412	castigar	to punish	1
11562858413	criar	to raise (children)	2
11562860715	cuidar	to take care of	3
11562862742	disciplinar	to discipline	4
11562865620	discutir	to argue, to discuss	5
11562867592	divorciarse de		6
11562870122	enamorarse de	to fall in love (with)	7
11562872653	estar a cargo de	to be in charge of	8
11562872654	golpear	to hit	9
11562878832	llevar una vida (feliz/difícil)	to lead a (happy/difficult) life	10
11562878834	mimar	to spoil, to pamper	11
11562883803	pelearse	to fight	12
11562886278	portarse bien/mal		13
11562888917	el cariño		14
11562888918	el castigo	punishment	15
11562891486	la crianza	child-rearing	16
11562894054	la disciplina	discipline	17
11562896482	el divorcio	divorce	18
11562902090	el hijo único	only child	19
11562904100	el huérfano	orphan	20
11562906632	el matrimonio	marriage; married couple	21
11562909934	el noviazgo	engagement	22
11562911900	el novio	boyfriend, groom	23
11562914751	la novia	girlfriend, bride	24
11562914752	la pareja	couple; partner	25
11562916643	la sangre	blood	26
11562918958	el viudo/la viuda	widower/widow	27
11562925720	bien educado/a	well-behaved	28
11562929431	mal educado/a	ill-mannered	29
11562939664	cariñoso/a	affectionate	30
11562945943	malcriado/a	bad-mannered	31
11562949367	el abuelo/la abuela	grandfather/grandmother	32
11562954275	el bisabuelo/la bisabuela	great-grandfather/great-grandmother	33
11562961022	el tartarabuelo	great great grandfather	34
11562963319	la tartarabuela	great great grandmother	35
11562967264	el cuñado/la cuñada	brother-in-law/sister-in-law	36
11562972370	el esposo/la	husband/wife	37
11562975169	el hermano/la hermana	brother/sister	38
11562977856	el marido	husband	39
11562980606	la mujer	wife	40
11562982942	el nieto/la nieta	grandson/granddaughter	41
11562982943	la nuera	daughter-in-law	42
11562985803	los padres	parents	43
11562990754	el primo/la prima	cousin	44
11562993239	el sobrino/la sobrina	nephew/niece	45
11562995844	el suegro/la suegra	father-in-law/mother-in-law	46
11563006295	el tío/la tía	uncle/aunt	47
11563006296	el yerno	son-in-law	48
11563010146	el pariente	relative	49
11563011600	los familiares	relatives	50

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Ap Psychology: Thinking and Language Flashcards

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9168139371	cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	0
9168139372	concept	a mental grouping of similar object. events, ideas or people	1
9168139373	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)	2
9168139374	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrast with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone- use of heuristic	3
9168139375	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms	4
9168139376	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions	5
9168139377	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore the sort contradictory evidence	6
9168139378	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	7
9168139379	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	8
9168139380	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving	9
9168139381	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information	10
9168139382	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability and memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	11
9168139383	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements	12
9168139384	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial concept after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	13
9168139385	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	14
9168139386	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is friend can significantly affect decisions and judgments	15
9168139387	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	16
9168139388	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	17
9168139389	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word	18
9168139390	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	19
9168139391	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning	20
9168139392	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	21
9168139393	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	22
9168139394	one-word stage	the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks in single words.	23
9168139395	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word sentences	24
9168139396	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.	25
9168139397	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)	26
9168139398	Broca's area	controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech	27
9168139399	Wernicke's area	controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe	28
9168139400	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	29

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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10516410057	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
10516410058	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
10516410059	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
10516410060	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
10516410061	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
10516410062	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
10516410063	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
10516410064	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
10516410065	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
10516410066	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
10516410067	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
10516410068	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
10516410069	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
10516410070	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
10516410071	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
10516410072	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
10516410073	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
10516410074	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
10516410075	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
10516410076	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
10516410077	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
10516410078	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
10516410079	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
10516410080	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
10516410081	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
10516410082	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
10516410083	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
10516410084	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
10516410085	theory	general idea being tested	28
10516410086	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
10516410087	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
10516410088	mode	appears the most	31
10516410089	mean	average	32
10516410090	median	middle	33
10516410091	range	highest - lowest	34
10516410092	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
10516410093	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
10516410094	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
10516410095	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
10516410096	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
10516410097	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
10516410098	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
10516410099	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
10516410291	neuron		43
10516410100	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
10516410101	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
10516410102	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
10516410103	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
10516410104	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
10516410105	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
10516410106	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
10516410107	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
10516410108	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
10516410109	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
10516410110	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
10516410111	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
10516410112	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
10516410113	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
10516410114	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
10516410115	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
10516410116	master gland	pituitary gland	60
10516410117	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
10516410118	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
10516410119	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
10516410120	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
10516410121	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
10516410122	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
10516410123	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
10516410124	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
10516410125	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
10516410126	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
10516410127	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
10516410128	hippocampus	process new memory	72
10516410129	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
10516410130	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
10516410131	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
10516410132	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
10516410133	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
10516410134	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
10516410135	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
10516410136	occipital lobe	vision	80
10516410137	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
10516410138	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
10516410139	Broca's area	speaking words	83
10516410140	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
10516410141	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
10516410142	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
10516410143	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
10516410144	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
10516410145	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
10516410146	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
10516410147	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
10516410148	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
10516410149	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
10516410150	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
10516410151	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
10516410152	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
10516410153	rods	night time	97
10516410154	cones	color	98
10516410155	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
10516410156	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
10516410157	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
10516410158	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
10516410159	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
10516410160	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
10516410161	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
10516410162	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
10516410163	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
10516410164	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
10516410165	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
10516410166	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
10516410167	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
10516410168	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
10516410169	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
10516410170	perception =	mood + motivation	114
10516410171	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
10516410172	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
10516410173	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
10516410174	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
10516410175	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
10516410176	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
10516410177	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
10516410178	insomnia	can't sleep	122
10516410179	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
10516410180	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
10516410181	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
10516410182	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
10516410183	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
10516410184	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
10516410185	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
10516410186	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
10516410187	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
10516410188	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
10516410189	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
10516410190	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
10516410191	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
10516410192	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
10516410193	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
10516410194	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
10516410195	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
10516410196	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
10516410197	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
10516410198	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
10516410199	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
10516410200	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
10516410201	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
10516410202	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
10516410203	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
10516410204	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
10516410205	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
10516410206	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
10516410207	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
10516410208	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
10516410209	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
10516410210	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
10516410211	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
10516410212	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
10516410213	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
10516410214	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
10516410215	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
10516410216	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
10516410217	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
10516410218	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
10516410219	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
10516410220	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
10516410221	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
10516410222	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
10516410223	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
10516410224	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
10516410225	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
10516410226	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
10516410227	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
10516410228	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
10516410229	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
10516410230	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
10516410231	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
10516410232	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
10516410233	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
10516410234	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
10516410235	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
10516410236	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
10516410237	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
10516410238	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
10516410239	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
10516410240	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
10516410241	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
10516410242	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
10516410243	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
10516410244	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
10516410245	encoding	information going in	189
10516410246	storage	keeping information in	190
10516410247	retrieval	taking information out	191
10516410248	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
10516410249	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
10516410250	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
10516410251	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
10516410252	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
10516410253	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
10516410254	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
10516410255	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
10516410256	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
10516410257	implicit memory	naturally do	201
10516410258	explicit memory	need to explain	202
10516410259	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
10516410260	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
10516410261	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
10516410262	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
10516410263	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
10516410264	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
10516410265	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
10516410266	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
10516410267	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
10516410268	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
10516410269	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
10516410270	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
10516410271	priming	association (setting you up)	215
10516410272	context	environment helps with memory	216
10516410273	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
10516410274	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
10516410275	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
10516410276	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
10516410277	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
10516410278	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
10516410279	children can't remember before age __	3	223
10516410280	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
10516410281	prototypes	generalize	225
10516410282	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
10516410283	against problem-solving	fixation	227
10516410284	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
10516410285	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
10516410286	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
10516410287	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
10516410288	grammar is _________	universal	232
10516410289	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
10516410290	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Literature Tone Words (Vocab.) Flashcards

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10493121305	Abrasive	(of a person or manner) showing little concern for others; tending to be irritating and cause conflicts ex. The student's abrasive and arrogant personality won her few friends.	0
10493121306	Acquiescent	ready to accept something without protest; inclined to accept or comply easily ex. The unions were acquiescent about the decision, and there was no overt conflict.	1
10493123584	Acerbic	(esp. of a comment or speaking style) sharp and forthright; acid-like, harsh ex. Many of his coworkers were offended by his acerbic wit.	2
10493123585	Aghast	filled with horror or shock; full of amazement or horror When the news about the missing boy came out, the community was aghast.	3
10493124618	Ardent	passionate or enthusiastic; strongly approving and supporting ex. The restaurant was filled with filled baseball fans.	4
10560868545	Audacious	bold or adventurous	5
10560870935	Abashed	feeling of being embarrassed or uneasy ex. The abashed kid slowly backed away from the playground after he fell face first into the sandbox.	6
10560870936	Bregrudging	giving in with reluctance and hesitation ex. The student had a bregrudging attitude towards being asked to tutor a stubborn classmate.	7
10560872871	Bantering	chatting or addressing in a witty manor; teasing	8
10560872872	Bemused	amused or delighted by the subject	9
10701910776	Blithe		10
10701917198	Bristling		11
10701917199	Brusque		12
10701921220	Benevolent		13
10701924194	Burlesque		14
10701928175	Caustic		15
10701928176	Cavalier		16
10701931541	Coy		17
10701931542	Contemptuous		18
10701932351	Curt		19

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AP Flashcards

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11627792224	Precedent	Legal example---usually the Court follows these	0
11627796135	Affirm	Appeals court thinks the lower court's decision was correct	1
11627799475	Appeal	The appeals court looks at/reviews the trial court record to make sure no mistakes were made	2
11627805942	Jurisdiction	Who has the power to try a case (state, federal)	3
11627809748	Concurring opinions	Agree with the decision (majority opinion) but not the reasoning used.	4
11627819246	Plaintiff	Person who brings the case forward (If I wanted to sue someone, I would be the plaintiff)	5
11627826693	Dissenting opinion	Disagree with the majority (In a 5-4 decision, 4 are the dissenters)	6
11627832716	Docket	List of cases to be heard.	7
11627835850	Civil rights	Positive acts of government to make sure people are treated equally.	8
11627840390	Civil liberties	Rights bequeathed to us by the Constitution (Bill of Rights).	9
11627849053	Free exercise	1st Amendment, religion, Congress shall not prohibit the free exercise (of religion).	10
11627853471	Obscenity	Something that could be considered crude, vulgar, inappropriate according to community standards (what's acceptable in Las Vegas is not probably acceptable in Hinsdale).	11
11627859030	Exclusionary rule	Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used against you in a court of law; 4th amendment; Mapp v. Ohio (looking for fugitive, found other stuff, let her go because didn't have a warrant for the other stuff).	12
11627862953	Due process Clause	14th Amendment; birthright citizenship, cannot deny a person life, liberty, or property without following the law.	13
11627868638	Prior restraint	Newspapers can't be prevented from printing stuff just because the government does not like it; 1st Amendment---Nixon tried to prevent the NYT and the WP from printing materials about the Vietnam War which the government did not want the people to know about.	14
11627876393	Obergefell v. Hodges	Legalized same sex marriage in America; 14th Amendment	15
11627880413	Slander	spoken untruths that are harmful to someone's reputation	16
11627885563	Libel	A written defamation of a person's character, reputation, business, or property rights.	17
11627894084	Title IX	A law; any educational facility prek-college that receives federal funds has to provide equal educational and extracurricular opportunities to boys and girls; girls' sports is what it had the biggest impact on.	18
11627898772	Marbury v. Madison	Established judicial review.	19

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AP Literature Final: Archetypes Flashcards

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8429131201	The Hero	one ultimately who may fulfill a necessary task and who will restore fertility, harmony, and/or justice to a community	0
8429150774	The Friendly Beast	animals assist the hero and reflect that nature is on the hero's side	1
8429168028	Hunting Group of Companions	Loyal companions are willing to face any number of perils in order to be together (The gang from the Destroyer's)	2
8429173057	Loyal Retainers	Individuals are like the nobel sidekicks to the hero. Their duty is to protect the hero. Often the retainer reflects the hero's nobility. (Horatio)	3
8429187501	The Mentor	Individuals serve as teachers or counselors to the initiates. Sometimes they work as role models and often serve as father or mother figure. They teach by example the skills necessary to survive the journey and quest.	4
8429210498	Young Person from the Provinces	Hero is taken away as an infant or youth and raised by strangers. He or she later returns home as a stranger and able to recognize new problems and new solutions.	5
8429236956	The Creature of Nightmare	Monster, physical or abstract, is summoned from the deepest, darkest parts of the human psyche to threaten the lives of the hero/heroine. Often it is a perversion or desecration of the human body	6
8429266325	The Damsel in Distress	Vulnerable woman must be rescued by the hero. She may be used as a trap, by an evil figure, to ensnare the hero	7
8429279920	The Devil Figure	Represents evil incarnate. May offer worldly goods, fame, or knowledge, to the protagonist in exchange for possession of the soul or integrity. This figure's main aim is to oppose the hero in his or her quest	8
8429311067	The Earth Mother	Symbolic of abundance and fertility; offers spiritual/emotional nourishment	9
8429421754	Evil Figure with Ultimately Good Heart	Redeemable devil figure or servant to the devil figure figure is saved by the hero's nobility or good heart	10
8429432484	The Initiates	Young heroes who, prior to the quest, must endure some training and ritual. Usually innocent at this stage.	11
8429448289	The Outcast	Banished from a community for some crime (real or imagines). Usually destined to become a wanderer.	12
8429464833	The Platonic Ideal	Source of inspiration often is a physical or spiritual ideal for whom the hero has an intellectual rather than physical attraction	13
8429491444	The Scapegoat	Animal or more usually a human whose death, often in a public ceremony, expiates some taint or sin that has been visited upon the community. Make theme more powerful force for the hero	14
8429512761	The Star Crossed Lovers	Two characters are engaged in a love affair that is fated to end in tragedy for one or both due to the disapproval of society, friends, family, or the gods	15
8429523960	The Temptress	Characterized by sensuous beauty, she is one whose physical attraction may bring about the hero's downfall	16
8429535056	The Unfaithful Wife	Woman, married to aman she sees as dull or distant, is attracted to a more virile or interesting man	17
8429544670	The Curious Female	Woman who desires to know more. She delves into forbidden practices	18
8429552111	The Trickster	May be cruel, cynical, and unfeeling; may assume the form of an animal, a shaman, and a magician who is the official at initiation rites	19
8429566615	Fire vs. Ice	Fire represents knowledge, light, fire, and rebirth while ice like desert represents ignorance, darkness, sterility, and death	20
8429578688	Haven vs. Wilderness	Places of safety contrasts sharply against the dangerous wilderness. Heroes are often sheltered for a time to regain health and resources	21
8429594907	Heaven vs. Hell	Humanity has traditionally associated parts of the universe not accessible to it with the dwelling places of primordial forces that govern its world. The skies and mountaintops house its god; the bowels of the earth contain the diabolic forces that inhabit its universe	22
8429619228	Light vs. Darkness	Light usually suggests hope, renewal, OR intellectual illumination; darkness implies the unknown, ignorance, or despair	23
8429630074	Water vs. Desert	Because water is necessary to life and growth, it commonly appears as a birth or rebirth symbol. Water is used in baptism services, which solemnizes spiritual births. Similarly, the appearance of rain in a work of literature can suggest a character's spiritual birth	24

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