| CourseNotes

APES Chapter 1 (visual) Flashcards

4746628512	environment	the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life	0
4746628513	environmental science	the field that looks at interactions among human systems and those found in nature	1
4746628514	system	any set of interacting components that influence one another by exchanging energy or materials	2
4746628515	ecosystem	a particular location on Earth whose interacting components include living or nonliving components	3
4746628516	biotic	living	4
4746628517	abiotic	nonliving	5
4746628518	environmentalist	a person who participates in environmentalism	6
4746628519	environmentalism	a social movement that seeks to protect the environment through lobbying, activism, and education	7
4746628520	environmental studies	a broader field that environmental science is a subset of which it also includes, environmental policy, economics, literature, and ethics	8
4746628521	ecosystem services	the processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced	9
4746628522	environmental indicators	describe the current state of an environmental system	10
4746628523	sustainability	living on Earth in a way that allows us to use its resources without depriving future generations of those resources	11
4746628524	biodiversity	the diversity of life forms in an environment	12
4746628525	speciation	the evolution of new species	13
4746628526	background extinction rate	the average rate at which species go extinct over the long term	14
4746628527	greenhouse gases	heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere	15
4746628528	anthropogenic	effects derived from human activities	16
4746628529	development	improvement in human hell-being through economic advancement	17
4746628530	sustainable development	development that balances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations	18
4746628531	ecological footprint	a measure of how much that person consumes, expressed in area of land	19
4746628532	scientific method	an objective way to explore the natural world, draw inferences from it, and predict the outcome of certain events, processes, or changes	20
4746628533	hypothesis	a testable conjecture about how something works	21
4746628534	null hypothesis	a statement or idea that can falsified, or proved wrong	22
4746628535	replication	the process of taking several sets of measurements	23
4746628536	sample size	number of times a measurement is replicated or the number of sets of measurements	24
4746628537	uncertainty	an estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value	25
4746628538	inductive reasoning	the process of making general statements from specific facts or examples	26
4746628539	deductive reasoning	the process of applying a general statement to specific facts or situations	27
4746628540	critical thinking	the process of reading findings with a critical eye; questioning the source of the information, considering the methods of processes that were used to obtain the information, and drawing your own conclusions	28
4746628541	theory	a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers and has reached wide acceptance	29
4746628542	natural law	a theory to which there are no known exceptions and which has withstood rigorous testing	30
4746628543	control group	a group that experiences exactly the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the single variable under study	31
4746628544	natural experiment	occurs when a natural event acts as an experimental treatment in an ecosystem	32
4746628545	environmental justice	a social movement and field of study that works toward equal enforcement of environmental laws and the elimination of disparities, whether intended or unintended, in how pollutants and other environmental harms are distributed among the various ethnic and socioeconomic groups within a society	33

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AP Chapter 15: Bureaucracy Flashcards

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6597510499	Bureaucracy	-a hierarchical authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on the merit principle, and behaves with impersonality so bureaucrats are treated impartially -the classic conception was advanced by Max Weber -importance: central authority makes the bureaucracy effective in organizing specialized officials, who play an important role in policy making (Claire and Wengel)	0
6597510500	Patronage	A hiring and promotion system based on political reasons rather than merit or competence alone - one of the key inducements used by political machines - important because it can disturb productivity and efficiency because they are not educated in specific areas (Wengel & Claire)	1
6597510501	Hatch Act	Passed in 1939 and recently revised in 1993. This law prohibits government employees while on duty to participate in partisan politics. However people with sensitive government positions can not participate at all in partisan politics. ~ Melissa & Kayla	2
6597510502	Government Corporation	Provide services that could be provided by a private company but are cheaper than most private companies. ~Vicky and Molly K.	3
6597510504	Standard Operating Procedures	Used by bureaucrats to bring uniformity to a complex organization. Improves fairness and makes personnel interchange. -Vicky and Molly Kramer	4
6597510505	Office of Personal Management	Group of people who are in charge of hiring, promoting and firing for most of the federal agencies. Director is appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. (Kayla and Melissa)	5
6597510507	Policy Implementation	Stage of policy making in between establishing policy and consequences of policy for who is affected. Meant for translating goals/objectives of policy into a current program. -Vicky and Molly Kramer	6
6597510508	Independant Executive Agency	part of the government that isn't accounted for in the cabinets. Administrators are typically appointed by the president and serve at the president's pleasure. -Vicky and Molly Kramer	7
6597510509	Senior Executive Service	These people in the government makes the most amount of money. They tend to move around to different leadership positions. They were established by the civil service reform act of 1978. ~ Melissa & Kayla	8
6597510510	Hierarchy	Any system of persons or things ranked one above another (Stephanie and Kenia)	9
6597510511	Spoils System	Another word for political patronage which is when political leaders give government jobs to their supporters. (Stephanie and Kenia)	10
6597510514	Independent Regulatory Agency	Responsible for making and enforcing economic rules designed to protect public interest. Judge if rules should be disputed (Kayla and Melissa)	11
6597510515	Whistleblowing	When a worker reports suspected wrongdoing at work, such as illegal or unethical actions. Famous whistle-blower is Edward Snowden, who leaked classified documents from the NSA Hello!	12
6597510517	Executive Orders	Regulations created by executive branch. One way the Presidency can control the bureaucracy. They carry the force of law and can be used to implement statutes, treaties, and constitutional provisions Hello!	13
6597510519	Iron Triangles.	Regulations created by executive branch. One way the Presidency can control the bureaucracy. They carry the force of law and can be used to implement statutes, treaties, and constitutional provisions. Hello!	14
6597510521	Specialization	The expertise of a member of congress on a specific issue or area of policy. This is more common in the House than the Senate, where members tend to be policy generalists. (Stephanie and Kenia)	15
6597510522	Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883	-passed in 1883, this Act created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage or political affiliation -importance: established the United States Civil Service Commission, which was designed to select government employees on entrance exams rather than relationships (Claire and Wengel)	16
6597510523	Merit Principle	The idea that hiring should not be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to produce administration by people with talent and skill. It brings employees who are skilled at a special task to gov. not just people who are there because of political reasons. (Wengel & Claire)	17
6597510524	civil service	-a system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create an unbaised government service -importance: hires civil servants who run the government and do the day-to-day government jobs as qualified, merit-based workers (Claire and Wengel)	18
6597510527	Regulation	The use of governmental authority (through laws, agencies, orders, mandates, etc.) to control or change some practice in the private sector. Regulations pervade (spread throughout_ the daily lives of people and institutions. - Regulatory agencies are departments commissioned by the federal government to exercise responsibility for legislation in some area of human activity. Example: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) administers federal food purity laws, drug testing and safety, and cosmetics. (p.490) (Alec & Matteo)	19
6597510528	Street-level Bureaucrats	A phrase coined by Micheal Lipsky referring to bureaucrats who are in constant contact with the public and have considerable administrative discretion (the ability to make decisions by themselves, usually when bureaucratic rules do not provide a clear answer to a specific situation (police officers, welfare workers, lower court judges) Example: The highway patrol officer who stops you can choose to issue you a warning or a ticket. (p.486 & 487) (Alec & Matteo)	20
6597510529	Deregulation	The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities. Politicians use deregulation because many people find that regulatory systems raise prices, and do not work efficiently. - Deregulation is often used to spur innovation by increasing competition in the private sector. Example: The Civil Aeronautics Board tightly airline safety. This forces corporations to spend vast sums on potentially excessive security measures. However, it also helps to guarantee safe travel to passengers. (Alec & Matteo)	21
6597510530	Incentive System	The regulatory policy described by Charles Shultze in which the government motivates employees using rewards if for completed tasks. (Alec & Matteo)	22
6597576965	Discretionary authority	the power for executive branch agencies to make specific policies that implement a law passed by Congress	23

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AP Literature Review Terms Flashcards

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8454919929	alliteration	beginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words	0
8454919931	anaphora	repetition in first part of a sentence , to have an artistic meaning	1
8454919933	apostrophe	figure of speech used to adresss an imaginary character	2
8454919935	aside	when a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage	3
8454919976	irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	4
8454919992	paradox	A contradiction or dilemma	5
8454920007	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	6
8454920026	understandment	the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis	7
8454990612	Anecdote	a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person	8
8454993191	Auditory Imagery	a form of mental imagery that is used to organize and analyze sounds when there is no external auditory stimulus present	9
8454993192	Digression	a temporary departure from the main subject in speech or writing.	10
8454996758	Enjambment	the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza	11
8454996759	Epilogue	a section or speech at the end of a book or play that serves as a comment on or a conclusion to what has happened.	12
8454998615	Extended Metaphor	also known as a conceit or sustained metaphor, is when an author exploits a single metaphor or analogy at length through multiple linked tenors, vehicles, and grounds throughout a poem or story	13
8454998616	Lament	a passionate expression of grief or sorrow.	14
8454998617	Narrative	a spoken or written account of connected events; a story.	15
8455000648	Refrain	stop oneself from doing something.	16
8455000649	Rhyming Couplets	two lines of the same length that rhyme and complete one thought	17
8455000650	Summons	an order to appear before a judge or magistrate, or the writ containing it.	18
8455002891	Tetrameter	a verse of four measures.	19
8455002892	Variable Rythm		20
8455014728	Visual Imagery	a memory technique that involves constructing mental images when learning new information in order to be able to better recall the information later.	21

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Ap Flashcards

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6382792474	Lot of self interest (driver of capitolism) Law of competition(going to produce better and cheaper goods) law of supply and demand (always be a demand )	What 3 laws did adam smith argue and what were they	0
6382792475	People are destined to be poor and miserable Wages will decrease as population increases	What were two ideas people had torwards capitalism	1
6382792476	Utilitarianism (decisions based on majority) Socialism (no private property , factors of production is owned by all people ) Communism (wealthy people continue to get wealthier )	What were the 3 forms of government and about them	2
6382792477	Creating unions (bargained and gained rights )	How did people respond to revolution	3
6382792478	Fight against child labor Fight against slavery Fight for woman rights	What were the 3 reform laws	4
6382792479	Free public education	What did Horace Mann fight for	5
6382792480	Became constitutional monarchy Had House of Lords and House of Commons	What was British governornment like (2(	6
6382792481	There should be a private vote and people should get paid	What did the chartist movement say	7
6382792482	Canada	British makes who a dominion	8
6382792483	Longest livin society Britain used it as a penal colony	Australia (2)	9
6382792484	New Zealand	Who was the first country did give woman the right to vote	10
6382792485	Britain potatoes	In 1801 Ireland was sold to who and what kind of famine did they experience	11
6382792486	Becomes independent	What eventually happens to Ireland	12
6382792487	Manifest destiny	What was another name for US westward expansion	13
6382792488	Restore union ; left the union because thought their rights would be taken away so gets Jefferson Davis	What does Abe lincoln want to do and what do the southern states want	14
6382792489	Emancipation proclamation ; freed slaves in south; segregation	What does Lincoln pass what did it do and what did it start	15
6382792490	Light bulb engine electricity	What 3 inventions were vital	16
6382792491	Thomas Edison ; electromagnetism	Who invented the lightbulb and what did it lead to	17
6382792492	It was turned into gas which powered engines	Why was oil essential	18
6382792493	Discovered Bacteria and that it died with heat ; (pasteurization heating milk)	What did Pasteur do	19
6382792494	Discovered natural selection Said over time species changed Eventually evolution	What did Charles Darwin do (3)	20
6382792495	Mendel ; genes are passed and determine our make up	Who was the father of modern genetics and what did he discover	21
6382792496	Pierre and Marie	Who discovered radioactivity	22
6382792497	Mendeleev	Periodic table	23
6382792498	Sigmund Freud ; subconscious drives a lot of what we do	Who discovered psychology and what else did he discover	24
6382792499	Ivan Pavlov	Who discovered condition can change human behavoorn	25

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AP Flashcards

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6383406271	Space	the physical gap or distance between two objects	0
6383408477	scale	the relationship between the size of an object or distance between objects on a map and the size of the actual eject or distance on earths surface	1
6383413965	Pattern	the arrangement of objects on eats surface in relionshop to one another	2
6383416654	Regionalization	the organization of eats surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas.	3
6383418282	Globalization	the expansion of economic, polical and cultural activities	4
6383421983	spatial origination	the locations of places, people and events and the connections among places and landscapes	5
6383427951	Geography was studied by greek gods from the words?	geo "the earth" and graphein "to write"	6
6383431000	cartography	the art and science of map making	7
6383436492	geography was reborn in?	Europe in the 17th century as a broad study	8
6383442772	Immanuel Kant defines geography as	the study of interrelated spatial patterns	9
6383449750	Geopraphy became more specialized such as	sub fields like cultural, social urban, population, medical, economic and political	10
6383457872	Human Geography focus on	PEOPLE - Where are they? How are they alike and different?	11
6383467108	Physical geography	focus on the natural environment itself such as glaciers coastlines and climates	12
6383469282	Spatial perspective	means that they notice patterns of both natural and human environments, distributions of people, and locations of all kinds of objects	13
6383470718	Absolute location	maps provide the exact location of a place on mathematical grid of the earth divided by two sets of imaginary arcs: meridian and parallels	14
6383474759	Eratosthens	a greek scholar and accurately calculated the circumference of the earth by the sun angles and used geometry to conclude the circumference based on distance	15
6383480098	Ptolemy	recalculated the circumference of the earth and to be much smaller, but was WRONG but was taken as truth for hundreds of years	16
6383483871	Idrisi	a 11 century Arab geographer, worked for the kind of sicily to collect geophrical	17
6383488014	Geoge Perkins Marsh	classic work in Man and nature Focused on the impact go human actions on the natural environment	18
6383494069	Carl sauer	geographer from CAlifromia, interactions between humans and environment	19
6383499638	Equator	imaginary circle that lies exactly half way between north and south poles	20
6383504018	Paralles measure latitude or	distance north and south of the equator	21
6383509487	Relative location	All places on earth have a reactive location	22
6383511557	Reference material	maps are efficient tools for sorting information. maps show roads or waterways that connect places	23
6383516352	communication/education	maps may also be used to explain spatial perspectives to other. soil types, relative equations and economic prosperity levels	24
6383529277	Cartograhers faces the issue of distortion caused by..	trying to represent a three dimensional object on earth, on a two dimensional surface	25
6383539114	Projection	method of transferring locations on earths surface to a flat map	26
6383542697	The mercator projection	Flemish cartopgraher Geradus Mercator Pros: navigating ships across the Atlatic ocean between Europe and the Americas. Aif to navigators Cons: Distorts size and areas as a flat piece of paper Anartoca and the south of Greenland in the north look huge	27
6383573736	The robinson projection	Pros: tried to correct for this distortion in the high north and south latitudes Shapes are not distorted very badly within 45 degrees north or south of the equator. Cons: Makes erros in four ways shape size distance and direction best for wall maps and classrooms	28
6383592825	The peters projection	Pros: focuses on keeping land masses equal in area. Cons: Afrerica and latin america appear smaller, shapes are disotred resulting in overall map that seems unfamiliar to most viewers	29
6383604208	Contour map	designed to reveal the nature of local topography. Usful for hikers and for engineers or developers as they construct best places to build homes	30
6383614852	Scale important tool and has two meanings	Size of the unit studied and Map Scale	31
6383616635	Size of the unit studied	refer to the problem such as drought on a local scale, region scale or global scale	32
6383618217	Map Scale	tells up the mathematical relationship between the size of an area on a map	33
6383622232	Scale affects...	our perception of accuracy and the truth Local global continuum - phenomena at one level influence those at other levels	34
6383633226	The earth is divided into..	360 degrees of longitude	35
6383637104	time zone	a region that has adopted the same standard time and usually referred to as the local time	36
6383644374	Greenwich Mean Time	the standard time at the prime meridian	37
6383649159	International Date Line	divides the world from pole to pole through the pacific ocean	38
6383653851	Solar time	based on the position of the sun in the sky as the day progresses	39
6383663612	Place identified in four ways	place names, site, situation and absolute location	40
6383667764	Place name	most places on earth have names or toponyms to show them from others	41
6383672776	Site	location may also be defines by site like physical site characteristics phyiscal site characteristics include climate, topography, soil, water sources, vegetation and elevation	42
6383679235	Situation	this charateriscs refers to relative location highly subject to change	43
6383685330	Abosoulte location	a place may be located by mathematical calcauting its location	44
6383688194	Pattern	arrangement of objects on eats surface in relation to other objects	45
6383691726	grid	rectilinear pattern relfects a rectangular system of land survey	46
6383699290	regionaliztion	the organization of eats surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas	47
6383705534	Rectillnear pattern	reflects a rectifier system of land survey adopted on much of the country	48
6383712670	formal regions	formal region is an area that has sticking similarities in terms of one ore a few physical features	49
6383715129	Perceptual regions	vernacuar regions, example despite Korean peninsula is divided into two formal region, North and South people of the area have long history as Koranes with cook language	50
6383725213	Fuctional regions	called nodal regions, areas organized around cores or nodes The core area has distant characteristics that lessen in intensity as one traveles into the periphery	51
6383737934	Globaliztion	expansion of economic, political and cultural activities to the piot that they reach and have impact on any areas of the world	52
6383746284	space time compression	the changes that rapid connections among places and regions have brought	53
6383750938	Multi national corporations have...	centers of operation in many parts of the globe	54
6383754642	GIS	a computer system that captures stories and analyze and displays data	55
6383757773	field baed skills include	familiarity with and ability to manipulate and interpret GIS catpgrpahy and cumpet mapping competence in data analysis and problem solving	56
6383764687	GPS	uses a series of satellites tracking stations and receivers to determine precise absolute locations on earth	57
6383773540	Biggest employers of geographers in US is	U.S. Census Bureau	58

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Immune System - AP Biology Flashcards

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9079776260	First Line of Defense	Nonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens ex: skin, stomach acid, mucous membrane, cilia	0
9079776261	Second Line of Defense	Nonspecific defense and inflammatory response initiated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading pathogens	1
9079776262	Inflammatory Response	Vasodilation, phagocytosis, and increase in body temperature	2
9079776263	Histamines	chemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area	3
9079776264	Phagocytes	White blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages	4
9079776265	Chemokines	chemical signals secreted by blood vessel cells that attract more white blood cells (phagocytes) to the area	5
9079776266	Specific immunity	B and T cells; humoral and cell-mediated response	6
9079776267	Adaptive immunity	Specific immunity	7
9079776268	Lymphocyte	White blood cell	8
9079776269	B Cells	Humoral response by producing antibodies; activated by T cells or free antigens	9
9079776270	T Cells	Cell-mediated response, stimulating by APCs	10
9079776271	Helper T Cell	Set off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC	11
9079776272	Cytotoxic T Cell	Kills body cells that have been infected with pathogens; stimulated by antigens and helper T-cells	12
9079776273	Macrophages	APC that engulfs large numbers of pathogens; presents antigen to activate T cells	13
9079776274	MHC I	molecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to destroy	14
9079776275	MHC II	molecules found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells; signal helper T cells	15
9079776276	Memory Cells	Responsible for lifelong immunity by storing copy B and T cells to more quickly fight secondary infection	16
9079776277	Antibody	Y-shaped protein with variable antigen bind region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction	17
9079776278	Antigen	Identifying marker on the outside of a pathogen	18
9079776279	Passive Immunity	Temporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child	19
9079776280	HIV	A retrovirus that attacks helper T cells	20
9079776281	Autoimmune disease	A mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself	21
9079776282	Allergy	Hypersensitive immune response to certain substances that causes that release of histamine	22

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AP Psychology - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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5396391281	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.	0
5396391283	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.	1
5396391284	top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.	2
5396391285	selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.	3
5396391286	inattentional blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.	4
5396391287	change blindness	failing to notice changes in the environment.	5
5396391288	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.	6
5396391289	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.	7
5396391291	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. Also called the just noticeable difference (jnd).	8
5396391293	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.	9
5396391294	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.	10
5396391295	wavelength	the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic versions of this vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.	11
5396391296	hue	the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.	12
5396391297	intensity	the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.	13

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AP German Vocabulary Flashcards

College Board Preparing for the AP German Language Exam: A Thematic Approach Vocabulary

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6552415372	die Adoption (-en)	adoption	0
6552415373	aufwachsen, wächst auf, wuchs auf, ist aufgewachsen	to grow up	1
6552415374	benennen, benannte, benannt	to designate/name	2
6552415375	das Einzelkind (-er)	only child	3
6552415376	die Familienangehörigen (pl.)	relatives	4
6552415377	der Familienkreis (-e)	family circle	5
6552415378	der Familienname (-n)	family name/last name	6
6552415379	geboren	born	7
6552415380	gebürtig	native	8
6552415381	die Gegenwart	present (time)	9
6552415382	die Großfamilie (-n)	extended family	10
6552415383	die Heimat	homeland	11
6552415384	die Jugend	youth	12
6552415385	der/die Jugendliche (-n)	youth/young people	13
6552415386	die Kindheit	childhood	14
6552415387	das Lebensalter (-)	age/stage of life	15
6552415388	der Lebenslauf (die Lebensläufe)	résumé	16
6552415389	männlich	manly/male	17
6552415390	minderjährig	underage	18
6552415391	der Nachname (-n)	surname/last name	19
6552415392	das Schlüsselkind (-er)	latchkey child (a child who is home without adult supervision for part of the day)	20
6552415393	der Spitzname (-n)	nickname	21
6552415394	stammen aus	to come from	22
6552415395	die Vergangenheit	past (time)	23
6552415396	der/die Verwandte (-n)	relative	24
6552415397	die Verwandtschaft	relationship	25
6552415398	die Vorfahren (pl.)	ancestors	26
6552415399	der Vorname (-n)	first name	27
6552415400	weiblich	feminine/female	28
6552415401	der Wohnort	residence	29
6552415402	die Zukunft	future	30
6552415403	das Zuhause	home/homeland	31
6552415404	die Bar Mizwa	bar mitzvah	32
6552415405	die Bath Mizwa	bat mitzvah	33
6552415406	die Konfirmation	confirmation	34
6552415407	der Pate (-n)	godfather	35
6552415408	das Patenkind (-er)	godchild	36
6552415409	die Patin (-nen)	godmother	37
6552415410	die Taufe (-n)	baptism	38
6552415411	der Taufname (-n)	baptismal name	39
6552415412	die Ahnenforschung (-en)	genealogy	40
6552415413	den Ausweis vorzeigen	to show the identification card	41
6552415414	sich ausweisen lassen, lässt, ließ, [ge]lassen	to identify oneself	42
6552415415	die Geburtsurkunde (-n)	birth certificate	43
6552415416	die Heiratsannonce (-n)	marriage advertisement	44
6552415417	die Heiratsanzeige (-n)	marriage announcement	45
6552415418	der Personalausweis (-e)	personal identification card	46
6552415419	der Reisepass (die Reisepässe)	passport	47
6552415420	der Stammbaum (die Stammbäume)	family tree	48
6552415421	das Standesamt (die Standesämter)	register office	49
6552415422	die Sterbeurkunde (-n)	death certificate	50
6552415423	das Testament (-e)	will	51
6552415424	die Todesanzeige (-n)	obituary	52
6552415425	das Abitur	high school leaving examination	53
6552415426	der Abiturient (-en)	high school graduate	54
6552415427	die Abiturientin (-nen)	female high school graduate	55
6552415428	der Abschluss (die Abschlüsse)	completion/conclusion	56
6552415429	der Arbeitsplatz (die Arbeitsplätze)	job	57
6552415430	den [einen] Arbeitsplatz bekommen, bekam, bekommen	to get the/a job	58
6552415431	sich um einen Arbeitsplatz bewerben, bewirbt, bewarb sich, sich beworben	to apply for a job	59
6552415432	ausbilden	to train	60
6552415433	die Ausbildung (-en)	the training	61
6552415434	begabt	talented/able	62
6552415435	die Begabung (-en)	the talent/ability	63
6552415436	der Bekanntenkreis (-e)	circle of acquaintances	64
6552415437	der Beruf (-e)	occupation	65
6552415438	den [einen] Beruf auswählen	to choose/select the/an occupation	66
6552415439	den [einen] Beruf ergreifen, ergriff, ergriffen	to grasp/seize the/an occupation	67
6552415440	berufstätig sein	to be employed	68
6552415441	die Berufstätigkeit (-en)	occupation/professional activity	69
6552415442	zum Bund gehen, ging, ist gegangen	to go to the federation	70
6552415443	die Eigenschaft (-en)	characteristic	71
6552415444	die Fähigkeit (-en)	ability/accomplishment	72
6552415445	das Happy-End	happy ending	73
6552415446	sich interessieren für	to be interested in	74
6552415447	die Karriere (-n)	career	75
6552415448	eine Karriere aufbauen	to develop/build a career	76
6552415449	die Kenntnis (-se)	knowledge	77
6552415450	die Lehrstelle (-n)	apprenticeship	78
6552415451	die Selbständigkeit	independence	79
6552415452	das Studium (die Studien)	study	80
6552415453	etwas unternehmen, unternimmt, unternahm, unternommen	to undertake something	81
6552415454	die Teilzeitbeschäftigung (-en)	part-time work	82
6552415455	die Verantwortlichkeit (-en)	responsibility	83
6552415456	verweigern	refuse	84
6552415457	die Vollzeitbeschäftigung (-en)	full-time work	85
6552415458	die Vorkenntnis (-se)	previous knowledge	86
6552415459	der Wehrdienst	military service	87
6552415460	der Wunsch (die Wünsche)	the desire/wish	88
6552415461	der Wunsch wird erfüllt	the desire/wish will be fulfilled	89
6552415462	der Zivildienst	civil service/community service	90
6552415463	der Zivildienstleistende (-n), der Zivi (-s)	people performing civil service/community service	91
6552415464	die Zukunftsaussicht (-en)	future prospect	92
6552415465	allein stehend	to stand alone	93
6552415466	sich ändern	to change	94
6552415467	die Beziehung (-en)	the relationship	95
6552415468	die Braut (die Bräute)	the bride	96
6552415469	der Bräutigam (-e)	the bridegroom	97
6552415470	die Ehe (-n)	the marriage	98
6552415471	die Ehefrau (-en)	the wife	99
6552415472	der Ehemann (die Ehemänner)	the husband	100
6552415473	das Ehepaar (-e)	the married couple	101
6552415474	die Eheschließung (-en)	the marriage ceremony	102
6552415475	der/die Erwachsene (-n)	the adult	103
6552415476	der Gatte (-n)	the husband	104
6552415477	die Gattin (-nen)	the wife	105
6552415478	geschieden sein	to be divorced	106
6552415479	der/die Geschiedene (-n)	the divorced person	107
6552415480	getrennt leben	to live separately	108
6552415481	heiraten	to marry	109
6552415482	die Hochzeit (-en)	the wedding	110
6552415483	der/die Lebensgefährte (-n)	the life companions	111
6552415484	ledig	single	112
6552415485	der Mädchenname (-n)	the maiden name	113
6552415486	der Mitbewohner (-)	the co-inhabitant	114
6552415487	die Mitbewohnerin (-en)	the female co-inhabitant	115
6552415488	der Partner (-)	the partner	116
6552415489	die Partnerin (-nen)	the female partner	117
6552415490	die Partnerschaft (-en)	the partnership	118
6552415491	sich scheiden (lassen), schied sich, geschieden	to separate/divorce	119
6552415492	die Scheidung (-en)	the divorce	120
6552415493	die Trauung (-en)	the wedding	121
6552415494	der Trauzeuge (-n)	the witness at the marriage	122
6552415495	unverheiratet	unmarried	123
6552415496	das Verhältnis (-se)	the relationship	124
6552415497	verheiratet sein	to be married	125
6552415498	sich verlieben in (+ acc)	fall in love with	126
6552415499	verliebt (in jemanden verliebt sein)	to fall in love (to fall in love with someone)	127
6552415500	sich verloben	to get engaged	128
6552415501	der/die Verlobte (-n)	the engaged one	129
6552415502	die Verlobung (-en)	the engagement	130
6552415503	volljährig	of age	131
6552415504	die Wohngemeinschaft (-en)	the group house	132
6552415505	die WG (-s)	die Wohngemeinschaft/the group house	133
6552415506	die Witwe (-n)	the widow	134
6552415507	zusammen wohnen	to live together	135
6552415508	das Altenheim (-e)	the home for the elderly	136
6552415509	die Alterfürsorge (-n)	the age welfare service	137
6552415510	das Altersheim (-e)	the old people's home	138
6552415511	die Beerdigung (-en)	the funeral	139
6552415512	die Behandlung (-en)	the treatment	140
6552415513	die Bestattung (-en)	the funeral	141
6552415514	das Bestattungsinstitut (-e)	funeral institute/morgue	142
6552415515	das Erbe	the inheritance	143
6552415516	erben	to inherit	144
6552415517	der Friedhof (die Friedhöfe)	the cemetery	145
6552415518	genießen, genoss, genossen	to enjoy	146
6552415519	der Greis (-e)	a very old, mostly male person	147
6552415520	die Greisin (-nen)	a very old, female person	148
6552415521	der/die Hinterbliebene (-n)	the survivor	149
6552415522	die Krankheit (-en)	the illness	150
6552415523	die Krankenkasse (-n)	the health insurance company	151
6552415524	der Kummer	the grief	152
6552415525	die Leiche (-n)	the corpse	153
6552415526	der Leichenschmaus (die Leichenschmäuse)	the meal or coffee drinking of the mourning guests immediately after a funeral, which is aligned by the family of the deceased.	154
6552415527	leiden an (+ dat), litt, gelitten	to suffer	155
6552415528	der Nachlass (die Nachlässe)	the deduction	156
6552415529	die Pflege	the care	157
6552415530	die Rente (-n)	the pension	158
6552415531	der Rentner (-)	the pensioner	159
6552415532	die Renterin (-nen)	the female pensioner	160
6552415533	der Ruhestand	the retirement	161
6552415534	der Sarg (die Särge)	the coffin	162
6552415535	der Spezialist (-en)	the specialist	163
6552415536	die Spezialistin (-nen)	the female specialist	164
6552415537	sterben an (+ dat), stirbt, starb, ist gestorben	to die	165
6552415538	die Trauerfeier (-n)	the funeral service	166
6552415539	die Versicherung (-en)	the insurance	167
6552415540	würdig	with dignity	168
6552415541	anerkennen, anerkannte, anerkannt	to recognize	169
6552415542	bewundern	to admire	170
6552415543	ehren	to honor	171
6552415544	die Entwicklung (-en)	the development	172
6552415545	das Ereignis (-se)	the event	173
6552415546	sich erinnern an (+ acc)	to remember	174
6552415547	die Gesamtausgabe (-n)	the total expenditure	175
6552415548	die Hoffnung (-en)	the hope	176
6552415549	die Lebensleistung (-en)	the life achievement	177
6552415550	das Lob verdienen	the praise earned	178
6552415551	das Schicksal (die Schicksale)	the fate	179
6552415552	der Zufall (die Zufälle)	the coincidence	180
6552415553	autoritär	authoritarian	181
6552415554	bedeutend	important	182
6552415555	beneidenswert	envy deserving	183
6552415556	brav	good	184
6552415557	ehrlich	honest	185
6552415558	eigenartig	strange	186
6552415559	enttäuschend	disappointing	187
6552415560	empfindlich	sensitive	188
6552415561	erstaunt	surprised	189
6552415562	fleißig	industrious	190
6552415563	frech	impudent	191
6552415564	freundlich	friendly	192
6552415565	gemein	common	193
6552415566	gerecht	fair	194
6552415567	großzügig	generous	195
6552415568	häufig	frequent	196
6552415569	höflich	politely	197
6552415570	humorvoll	humorous	198
6552415571	intelligent	intelligent	199
6552415572	kinderlieb	dear child	200
6552415573	die Laune	the mood	201
6552415574	legendär	legendary	202
6552415575	lebenslustig	merry life	203
6552415576	neugierig	curious	204
6552415577	oberflächlich	superficially	205
6552415578	prominent	prominent	206
6552415579	streng	strict	207
6552415580	tierlieb	dear animal	208
6552415581	tolerant	tolerant	209
6552415582	treuherzig	true-heartedy	210
6552415583	umfangreich	extensive	211
6552415584	ungewöhnlich	unusual	212
6552415585	sich verlassen auf, verlässt, verließ, verlassen	to leave	213
6552415586	das Vertrauen	the confidence	214
6552415587	zuverlässig	reliably	215
6552415588	abfahren, fährt ab, fuhr ab, ist abgefahren	to drive off	216
6552415589	abfliegen, flog ab, ist abgeflogen	to fly off	217
6552415590	die Abreise (-n)	the departure	218
6552415591	abreisen	to depart/leave	219
6552415592	das Andenken (-)	the memory	220
6552415593	die Ankunft	the arrival	221
6552415594	der Ausstieg (-e)	the exit	222
6552415595	die Autofähre (-n)	the car ferry	223
6552415596	dauern	to last	224
6552415597	der Einstieg (-e)	the entrance	225
6552415598	einsteigen, stieg ein, ist eingestiegen	to enter	226
6552415599	die Entfernung (-en)	the distance	227
6552415600	entwerten	to cancel	228
6552415601	der Entwerter (-)	the canceler	229
6552415602	erhältlich	available	230
6552415603	der Fahrausweis (-e)	the ticket	231
6552415604	das Fahrgeld	the drive money/toll	232
6552415605	die Fähre (-n)	the ferry	233
6552415606	die Fahrkarte (-n)	the ticket	234
6552415607	der Fahrplan (die Fahrpläne)	the timetable	235
6552415608	der Fahrpreis (-e)	the price of transportation	236
6552415609	der Fahrschein (-e)	the ticket	237
6552415610	das Fahrzeug (-e)	the vehicle	238
6552415611	gelten, gilt, galt, gegolten	to be valid	239
6552415612	gültig	valid	240
6552415613	die Haltestelle (-n)	the stop	241
6552415614	die Linie (-n)	the line	242
6552415615	das Luftkissenboot (-e)	the hovercraft	243
6552415616	losfahren	to drive off	244
6552415617	öffentlich	publicly	245
6552415618	die Pauschalreise (-n)	the package tour	246
6552415619	per Anhalter fahren	to drive by hitchhiking	247
6552415620	trampen	to hitchhike	248
6552415621	planmäßig	according to plan	249
6552415622	der Roller (-)	the scooter	250
6552415623	schwarzfahren	drive illegally	251
6552415624	die Sehenswürdigkeit (-en)	the object of interest	252
6552415625	der Treffpunkt (-e)	the meeting place	253
6552415626	umsteigen	to transfer	254
6552415627	das Verkehrsmittel (-)	the means of transport/vehicle	255
6552415628	verpassen	to miss	256
6552415629	verreisen	to travel	257
6552415630	verspätet	to be late	258
6552415631	die Verspätung (-en)	the delay	259
6552415632	die Zeitverschiebung	the time shift	260
6552415633	der Zoll (die Zölle)	the tariff/toll	261
6552415634	der Zollbeamte (-n)	the customs officer	262
6552415635	sich zurechtfinden, fand sich zurecht, sich zurechtgefunden	to get along	263
6552415636	zurückkehren	to return	264
6552415637	abfahren	to drive off	265
6552415638	abschleppen	to tow	266
6552415639	der Abschleppwagen (-)	the tow truck	267
6552415640	Abstand halten, hält, hielt, gehalten	to hold the distance	268
6552415641	abstellen	to turn off	269
6552415642	die Ampel (-n)	the traffic light	270
6552415643	ausgeschildert	to describe out	271
6552415644	die Autowäsche (-n)	the car wash	272
6552415645	die Baustelle (-n)	the building site	273
6552415646	bleifrei	lead free	274
6552415647	die Bremse (-n)	the brake	275
6552415648	die Durchfahrt (-en)	the passage	276
6552415649	der Durchgang (die Durchgänge)	the passage	277
6552415650	sich einordnen	to arrange	278
6552415651	der Fahrgast (die Fahrgäste)	the passenger	279
6552415652	freihalten	to keep free	280
6552415653	Gang schalten	the course scolded	281
6552415654	die Gebühr (-en)	the fee	282
6552415655	gebührenpflichtig	chargeablely	283
6552415656	die Geldstrafe (-n)	the fine	284
6552415657	gesperrt	closed	285
6552415658	gestattet	permitted	286
6552415659	das Glatteis	the ice	287
6552415660	die Hauptverkehrszeit (-en)	the peak hour	288
6552415661	hupen	honk	289
6552415662	der Kofferraum (die Kofferräume)	the trunk	290
6552415663	die Kreuzung (-en)	the crossing	291
6552415664	kurvenreich	winding	292
6552415665	das Normalbenzin	the regular grade fuel	293
6552415666	der Notruf	the emergency call	294
6552415667	das Öl	the oil	295
6552415668	die Panne	the breakdown	296
6552415669	der Parkschein (-e)	the park light	297
6552415670	die Parkuhr (-en)	the parking meter	298
6552415671	der Rasthof (die Rasthöfe)	the rest yard	299
6552415672	die Raststätte (-n)	the restaurant	300
6552415673	der Reifen (-)	the tire	301
6552415674	der Reifendruck	the tire pressure	302
6552415675	die Reifenpanne (-n)	the flat tire	303
6552415676	die Reparatur (-en)	the repair	304
6552415677	die Reparaturwerkstatt	the repair workshop	305
6552415678	der Scheinwerfer (-)	the headlight	306
6552415679	die Selbstbedienung	the self-service	307
6552415680	selbst tanken	self re-fuel	308
6552415681	die Sperre (-n)	the barrier	309
6552415682	starten	to start	310
6552415683	der Stau	the back-up	311
6552415684	das Steuer	the steering wheel	312
6552415685	das Steuerrad	the timing gear	313
6552415686	das Strafgeld	the fine	314
6552415687	die Strafe (-n)	the punishment	315
6552415688	der Tankwart (-e)	the service-station attendant	316
6552415689	unverbleit	not lead-coated	317
6552415690	der Übergang (die Übergänge)	the transition	318
6552415691	überholen	overhaul	319
6552415692	überfahren	over-drive	320
6552415693	die Umleitung (-en)	the bypass	321
6552415694	voll tanken	to fully refuel	322
6552415695	die Vorfahr	the ancestor	323
6552415696	die Versicherung (-en)	the insurance	324
6552415697	weiterfahren	to drive on	325
6552415698	die Zufahrt (-en)	the drive	326
6552415699	der Zusammenstoß (die Zusammenstöße)	the collision	327
6552415700	das Abteil (-e)	the compartment	328
6552415701	der Anschluss (die Anschlüsse)	the connection	329
6552415702	die Bahnhofshalle (-n)	the station hall	330
6552415703	der Bahnsteig (-e)	the platform	331
6552415704	besetzt	occupied	332
6552415705	die Endstation (-en)	the last stop	333
6552415706	einfach	simple/easy	334
6552415707	die Einzelkarte (-n)	the single ticket	335
6552415708	eine Fahrkarte lösen	to lose a ticket	336
6552415709	fahrplanmäßig	regularly	337
6552415710	der Fahrkartenautomat (-en)	the ticket machine	338
6552415711	der Fahrkartenschalter (-)	the ticket switch	339
6552415712	das Fundbüro (-s)	the lost property office	340
6552415713	das Gepäck	the luggage	341
6552415714	die Gepäckaufbewahrung	the depositing of baggage	342
6552415715	das Gepäcknetz	the baggage net	343
6552415716	das Gepäckstück (-e)	the luggage item	344
6552415717	der Gepäckträger (-)	the porter	345
6552415718	das Gleis (-e)	the track/platform	346
6552415719	hin und zurück	back and forth/there and back	347
6552415720	der Kofferkuli (-s)	the luggage pen	348
6552415721	die Mehrfahrtenkarte (-n)	the trip map	349
6552415722	die Netzkarte	the main circuit board	350
6552415723	die Notbremse	the emergency brake	351
6552415724	die Rückfahrkarte	the return ticket	352
6552415725	der Schaffner (-)	the conductor	353
6552415726	das Schließfach (die Schließfächer)	the safe deposit box	354
6552415727	die Tageskarte	the day map	355
6552415728	der Warteraum (die Warteräume)	the waiting area	356
6552415729	der Wartesaal (pl. -säle)	the waiting room	357
6552415730	das Wartezimmer (-)	the waiting room	358
6552415731	den Zug erreichen	to reach the train	359
6552415732	der D-Zug (die D-Züge)	the express train	360
6552415733	der Eilzug (die Eilzüge)	the through train	361
6552415734	der Inter-City (IC)	the inter-town train	362
6552415735	der Inter-City-Express (ICE)	the inter-town express	363
6552415736	der Liegewagen	the couch car	364
6552415737	der Nahverkehrzug (die Nahverkehrzüge)	the suburban traffic train	365
6552415738	der Personenzug (die Personenzüge)	the passenger train	366
6552415739	die Schwebebahn (-en)	the suspension railway	367
6552415740	der TEE-Zug (die TEE-Züge)	the suspension railway	368
6552415741	der Zuschlag (die Zuschläge)	the addition	369
6552415742	zuschlagspflichtig	to require addition	370

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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6668239384	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
6668239385	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
6668239386	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
6668239387	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
6668239388	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
6668239389	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
6668239390	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
6668239391	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
6668239392	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
6668239393	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
6668239394	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
6668239395	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
6668239396	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
6668239397	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
6668239398	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
6668239399	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
6668239400	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
6668239401	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
6668239402	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
6668239403	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
6668239404	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
6668239405	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
6668239406	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
6668239407	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
6668239408	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
6668239409	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
6668239410	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
6668239411	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
6668239412	theory	general idea being tested	28
6668239413	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
6668239414	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
6668239415	mode	appears the most	31
6668239416	mean	average	32
6668239417	median	middle	33
6668239418	range	highest - lowest	34
6668239419	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
6668239420	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
6668239421	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
6668239422	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
6668239423	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
6668239424	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
6668239425	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
6668239426	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
6668239427	neuron		43
6668239428	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
6668239429	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
6668239430	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
6668239431	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
6668239432	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
6668239433	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
6668239434	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
6668239435	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
6668239436	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
6668239437	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
6668239438	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
6668239439	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
6668239440	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
6668239441	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
6668239442	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
6668239443	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
6668239444	master gland	pituitary gland	60
6668239445	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
6668239446	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
6668239447	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
6668239448	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
6668239449	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
6668239450	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
6668239451	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
6668239452	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
6668239453	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
6668239454	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
6668239455	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
6668239456	hippocampus	process new memory	72
6668239457	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
6668239458	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
6668239459	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
6668239460	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
6668239461	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
6668239462	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
6668239463	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
6668239464	occipital lobe	vision	80
6668239465	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
6668239466	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
6668239467	Broca's area	speaking words	83
6668239468	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
6668239469	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
6668239470	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
6668239471	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
6668239472	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
6668239473	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
6668239474	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
6668239475	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
6668239476	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
6668239477	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
6668239478	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
6668239479	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
6668239480	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
6668239481	rods	night time	97
6668239482	cones	color	98
6668239483	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
6668239484	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
6668239485	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
6668239486	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
6668239487	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
6668239488	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
6668239489	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
6668239490	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
6668239491	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
6668239492	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
6668239493	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
6668239494	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
6668239495	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
6668239496	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
6668239497	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
6668239498	perception =	mood + motivation	114
6668239499	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
6668239500	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
6668239501	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
6668239502	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
6668239503	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
6668239504	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
6668239505	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
6668239506	insomnia	can't sleep	122
6668239507	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
6668239508	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
6668239509	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
6668239510	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
6668239511	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
6668239512	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
6668239513	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
6668239514	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
6668239515	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
6668239516	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
6668239517	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
6668239518	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
6668239519	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
6668239520	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
6668239521	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
6668239522	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
6668239523	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
6668239524	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
6668239525	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
6668239526	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
6668239527	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
6668239528	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
6668239529	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
6668239530	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
6668239531	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
6668239532	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
6668239533	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
6668239534	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
6668239535	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
6668239536	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
6668239537	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
6668239538	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
6668239539	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
6668239540	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
6668239541	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
6668239542	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
6668239543	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
6668239544	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
6668239545	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
6668239546	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
6668239547	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
6668239548	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
6668239549	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
6668239550	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
6668239551	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
6668239552	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
6668239553	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
6668239554	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
6668239555	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
6668239556	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
6668239557	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
6668239558	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
6668239559	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
6668239560	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
6668239561	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
6668239562	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
6668239563	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
6668239564	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
6668239565	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
6668239566	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
6668239567	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
6668239568	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
6668239569	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
6668239570	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
6668239571	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
6668239572	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
6668239573	encoding	information going in	189
6668239574	storage	keeping information in	190
6668239575	retrieval	taking information out	191
6668239576	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
6668239577	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
6668239578	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
6668239579	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
6668239580	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
6668239581	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
6668239582	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
6668239583	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
6668239584	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
6668239585	implicit memory	naturally do	201
6668239586	explicit memory	need to explain	202
6668239587	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
6668239588	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
6668239589	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
6668239590	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
6668239591	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
6668239592	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
6668239593	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
6668239594	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
6668239595	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
6668239596	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
6668239597	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
6668239598	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
6668239599	priming	association (setting you up)	215
6668239600	context	environment helps with memory	216
6668239601	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
6668239602	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
6668239603	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
6668239604	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
6668239605	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
6668239606	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
6668239607	children can't remember before age __	3	223
6668239608	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
6668239609	prototypes	generalize	225
6668239610	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
6668239611	against problem-solving	fixation	227
6668239612	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
6668239613	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
6668239614	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
6668239615	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
6668239616	grammar is _________	universal	232
6668239617	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
6668239618	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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7672119536	Foundation Species	Take a major role in shaping the COMMUNITY	0
7672159363	Keystone Species	Has a huge role in the ECOSYSTEM	1
7672212969	Indicator Species	Indicates the health of the ecosystem by needing certain condition	2
7672276823	Non-Native Species	Also called Alien, Invasive, or Exotics species	3
7672341029	Species Richness/Species diversity	Number of different species that an ecosystem contain	4
7672373114	Species Evenness	Number of each species	5

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