| CourseNotes

AP2 Flashcards

5798821616	scruff	0
5798821845	neck	1
5798821987	held(hold)	2
5798822147	try	3
5798822457	kept(keep)	4
5798822618	take care	5
5798822935	hard	6
5798823176	rest	7
5798823390	rubber	8
5798823894	puppy	9
5798824139	brush	10
5798824262	fur	11

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Macro Economics Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8716154498	Economics	The study of how to allocate scarce resources in a world of unlimited wants	0
8716154499	Macro economics	The study of the whole economy and issues that affect most of society	1
8716154500	Micro economics	economic field that studies decision making at firms, households, and individual level	2
8716154501	Gross Domestic Product	Total value of all final goods and services produced in a year within that country	3
8716154502	National Income	Sum of income earned by the factors of production owned by a country's citizens	4
8716154503	Personal Income	Money received by households before income taxes are subtracted	5
8716154504	Disposable Income	Personal income - personal taxes	6
8716154505	Expenditure Approach	GDP = C + I + G + (X-M)	7
8716154506	Income Approach	Depreciation + National income	8
8716154507	Depreciation	The decline in the value of a currency	9
8716154508	Subsidy Payments	Made by the government to farmers, are part of the farmers' income but are not made in exchange for goods and services (not part of the GDP)	10
8716154509	Net Foreign Income	The difference between the aggregate amount that a country's citizens and companies earn abroad, and the aggregate amount that foreign citizens and overseas companies earn in that country	11
8716154510	Net Domestic Product	How much output is leftover for consumption, additions to capital stock (GDP - depreciation)	12
8716154511	Inflation	Sustained increase in the overall price level	13
8716154512	Deflation	Sustained decrease in the general price level	14
8716154513	Nominal wage	dollar amount stated on your pay check	15
8716154514	Real wage	Actual purchase power of the dollars	16
8716154515	Money Illusion	Refers to the tendency of people to think of currency in nominal, rather than real, terms	17
8716154516	Menu Cost	Changing of price listings to keep up with inflation	18
8716154517	Consumer Price Index	A market basket of goods showing the variation in prices paid by typical consumers for retail goods and other items	19
8716154518	Producer Price Index	A weighted index of prices measured at the wholesale, or producer level	20
8716154519	Gross Domestic Product Deflator	A measure of price inflation (cost of current year market basket at current prices / cost of current year market basket at base year prices * 100)	21
8716154520	Unemployment	Labor force participant must be willing and able to work, and must have sought after work in the past 4 weeks in order to be considered.......	22
8716154521	Labor Force Participation Rate	The number in the labor force divided by the working age population	23
8716154522	Unemployment Rate	The number of unemployed workers divided by the number in the labor force	24
8716154523	Frictional Unemployment	New labor force entrants and workers who are temporarily between jobs	25
8716154524	Structural Unemployment	unemployment resulting from industrial reorganization (a skills mismatch), typically due to technological change	26
8716154525	Cyclical Unemployment	Unemployment that results from downturns in the business cycle	27
8716154526	Seasonal Unemployment	Changes in hiring patterns due to the time of year	28
8716154527	Discouraged Worker	An individual who is willing and able to work but stops trying (not counted)	29
8716154528	Dishonest Worker	An individual who claims to be unemployed to received unemployment benefits (bias the unemployment figures up)	30
8716154529	Natural Rate of Unemployment	The typical rate of unemployment in a normally functioning economy (sum of frictional plus structural)	31
8716154530	Full Employment	Level of employment that corresponds with the natural rate of unemployment	32
8716154531	Okun's Law	For every 1% increase in unemployment above the natural rate, output falls by 2-3%	33
8716154532	Aggregate Suppy	The total value of output producers are willing and able to supply at alternative price levels in a given time period	34
8716154533	Aggregate Demand	The total demand for goods and services in the economy	35
8716154534	Price Level	Average level of all prices	36
8716154535	Real Factor Prices	Buying power of payments to factors of production	37
8716154536	Long Run Aggregate Supply	Represents the relationship between the price level and output in the long-run (vertical)	38
8716154537	Classical Economists	believe markets can be self correcting	39
8716154538	Say's Law	Supply creates its own demand (laissez-faire)	40
8716154539	Keynesian Economists	Wages don't adjust to match changes in price levels, and instead will persist until the government steps in (sticky wages explain why there is unemployment and the economy doesn't self-adjust)	41
8716154540	Rational Expectations	Suggests that people learn to anticipate government policies designed to influence the economy, making policies ineffectual	42
8716154541	Aggregate Expenditure	The total amount that firms and households plan to spend on goods and services at each level of income	43
8716154542	Real wealth/Real Balances Effect	If the price level increases, the value of assets will fall and consumers will purchase fewer goods	44
8716154543	Foreign Trade Effect	If the price level in one country increases, the prices of imports from other countries become less expensive, causing more imports and less exports, which decreases GDP	45
8716154544	Interest Rate Effect	When the price level increases, real quantity of money (purchasing power) decreases	46
8716154545	Causes for Shift in Aggregate Demand	Consumption increases, investment increases, government carries out expansionary policy, net exports increase	47
8716154546	Equilibrium at AD and AS	An economic state in an economy where the quantity of aggregate demand equals the quantity of aggregate supply	48
8716154547	Cost Push Inflation	When we experience rising prices due to higher costs of production and higher costs of raw materials. Causing AS to decrease	49
8716154548	Demand Pull Inflation	When aggregate demand in an economy outpaces aggregate supply. AD increases	50
8716154549	Stagflation	Rising prices and high unemployment	51
8716154550	Creeping Inflation	Inflation that remains steady for a long period at a low rate	52
8716154551	Galloping Inflation	Unsteady inflation that exceeds 10% per year and grows monthly	53
8716154552	Hyperinflation	Rapid price increase in excess of 50% per year	54
8716154553	Expenditure/Spending Multiplier	The number by which the initial amount of new spending should be multiplied to find the total resulting increase in real GDP... 1/MPS	55
8716154554	MPC (Marginal Propensity to Consume)	The amount by which consumption increases for every additional dollar of real income	56
8716154555	MPS (Marginal Propensity to Save)	The fraction of each additional dollar of income that is saved	57
8716154556	Recessionary Gap	The amount by which equilibrium real GDP would have to increase to reach full employment	58
8716154557	Inflationary Gap	The amount by which equilibrium real GDP would have to decrease to reach full employment	59
8716154558	Fiscal policy	The means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy.	60
8716154559	Expansionary Fiscal Policy	Involved increasing government purchases, increasing transfers, or decreasing taxes (shifts AD right and boost real GDP)	61
8716154560	Contractionary Fiscal Policy	Involves decreasing purchases, decreasing transfers or increasing taxes (shift AD left and decrease real GDP)	62
8716154561	Government Spending Multiplier	1 / MPS	63
8716154562	Taxation Multiplier	- MPC / MPS	64
8716154563	Balanced Budget Multiplier	Gov't multiplier > tax multiplier	65
8716154564	Crowding Out	A decrease in real investment stemming from higher interest rates (r) due to government purchases / borrowing	66
8716154565	Partial Crowding Out	When the effect of crowded-out investment on real GDP is most likely smaller than the initial increase in real GDP	67
8716154566	Complete Crowding Out	When the decrease in investment eliminates the entire boost in real GDP from increased purchases	68
8716154567	Open Economy	An economy in which there are economic activities between the domestic community and outside countries	69
8716154568	Closed Economy	A self-sufficient, meaning no imports are brought in and no exports are sent out, the goal being to provide consumers with everything they need from within the economy's borders	70
8716154569	Loanable Funds Market	The sum total of all the money in private banks that people and entities in an economy have decided to save and lend out to borrowers as an investment rather than use for personal consumption	71
8716154570	Money Market	The Federal Reserves manipulates the money supply in this market to change interest rates.	72
8716154571	Supply-side Economist	A macroeconomic theory that argues economic growth can be most effectively created by investing in capital and by lowering barriers on the production of goods and services.. ex: lowering corporate taxes	73
8716154572	Monetary Policy	The use of credit controls by the federal reserve to influence interest rates, inflation exchange rates, unemployment, and real GDP	74
8716154573	Expansionary/easy money policy	Traditionally used to try to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates in the hope that easy credit will entice businesses into expanding	75
8716154574	Contractionary/tight money policy	Refers to either a reduction in government spending, particularly deficit spending, or a reduction in the rate of monetary expansion by a central bank	76
8716154575	Money	Anything that is commonly accepted as a means of payment for goods and services	77
8716154576	Commodity Money	Has value beyond its usefulness as money	78
8716154577	Fiat Money	Money that has no intrinsic value	79
8716154578	Medium of Exchange	An intermediary instrument used to facilitate the sale, purchase or trade of goods between parties	80
8716154579	Double Coincidence of Wants	Person who owns the goods or services you want has a desire for what you have to borrow with	81
8716154580	Store of Value	A nonperishable item that will hold the value of past production into the future	82
8716154581	Unit of Account	Provides a standard unit for price listings and comparisons	83
8716154582	Money Supply	The total amount of money in circulation or in existence in a country	84
8716154583	Liquidity	Includes forms of money that are harder and harder to gain access to and spend quickly	85
8716154584	Federal Reserve	The central bank of the United States and the most powerful financial institution in the world	86
8716154585	M1	The sum of coin and paper money plus checking deposits and travelers' checks	87
8716154586	M2	M1 + saving deposits, small-time deposits, money market mutual funds, and eurodollar deposits	88
8716154587	M3	M2 + large time deposits, institutional money market funds, short-term repurchase agreements and other larger liquid assets	89
8716154588	Fractional Reserve Banking	Only a fraction of total deposits are held on reserve and the rest is lent out	90
8716154589	Required Reserve Ratio	bank reserves / total deposits	91
8716154590	Balance Sheet	A statement of the assets, liabilities, and capital of a business or other organization at a particular point in time, detailing the balance of income and expenditure over the preceding period	92
8716154591	T Account	An informal term for a set of financial records that use double-entry bookkeeping	93
8716154592	Asset	A resource with economic value that an individual, corporation or country owns or controls with the expectation that it will provide future benefit	94
8716154593	Liabilities	A company's financial debt or obligations that arise during the course of its business operations	95
8716154594	Money Creation	The process by which the money supply of a country or a monetary region is increased when banks make loans	96
8716154595	Money Multiplier	The total amount of deposits resulting from an initial deposit that is ultimately held as reserves 1/RR	97
8716154596	Discount Rate	The interest rate banks pay to borrow money from the Fed	98
8716154597	Open Market Operations	Involve the Fed's purchase and sale of government securities / bonds	99
8716154598	Monetarist	An economist who holds the strong belief that the economy's performance is determined almost entirely by changes in the money supply	100
8716154599	Equation of Exchange	MV = PQ M = Money supply V = Velocity of money P = Average price Q = Quantity of goods and services sold in period 'Q'	101
8716154600	Velocity of Money	Number of times per period that the average dollar is spent on final goods and services	102
8716154601	Quantity Theory of Money	Velocity of money and quantity of goods and services sold in period Q are stable, meaning that an increase in the money supply will have no other effect other than to increase the price level	103
8716154602	Real Interest Rate	Nominal interest rate - anticipated inflation	104
8716154603	Nominal Interest Rate	real interest rate + anticipated inflation	105
8716154604	Natural Rate of Interest	The rate at which real GDP is growing at its trend rate, and inflation is stable	106
8716154605	Fisher Effect	Market participants can predict that the Fed (e.g.) will counter inflation by reducing the money supply growth, and anticipated inflation and nominal interest rates will begin to fall instead of rise	107
9612411005	Phillips Curve	graphical device that shows the relationship between inflation and the unemployment rate	108
9612427168	Budget deficit	exists when government spending exceeds the revenue collected from taxes	109
9612434010	Budget Surplus	exists when the revenue collected from taxes exceeds government spending	110
9612446341	contractionary fiscal policy	decreases in government spending or an increase in taxes meant to shift AD to the left	111
9612463341	Expansionary fiscal policy	increases in government spending or decrease in taxes meant to increase AD	112
9612484636	Transaction demand	the amount of money held in order to make transactions	113
9612501637	Asset demand	the amount of money demanded as an asset	114
9612517633	Federal funds rate	interest rate paid on short term loans made from one bank to another	115
9612531455	Capital account	this account shows the flow of investment on real or financial assets between a nation and foreigners	116
9612537591	Current Account	shows import and export payments of both goods and services	117
9612553558	Appreciating	when the value of a currency is rising relative to another currency	118
9612566889	Fractional reserve banking system	a system in which only a fraction of the total money deposited in banks is held in reserve as currency	119
9612598041	intermediate goods	goods that require further modifications before they are ready for final use, ex: steel used to produce new Harley	120
9612609168	Final goods	goods that are ready for their final use by consumers and firms, ex: a new Harley Davidson motorcycle	121
9612640435	Normal goods	a good for which higher income increases demand	122
9612645301	Inferior goods	a good for which higher income decreases demand	123
9612655516	ceteris paribus	hold all other variables constant	124
9612667791	Economic growth	occurs when an economy's production possibilities increase	125
9612676720	Productive efficiency	production of maximum output and the least possible cost	126
9612683150	Allocative efficiency	production of the combination of goods and services most desired by a society MB=MC	127
9612702427	opportunity cost	the value of the next high alternative given up to pursue a course of action	128
9612713931	Resources : factors of production	land, labor, capital & entrepreneurial ability	129
9612720518	comparative advantage	when a country can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost that all other producers	130
9612731505	absolute advantage	exists if a producer can produce more of a good that all other producers	131

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Cell Unit Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5474457806	Chloroplast	Site of photosynthesis Converts solar energy into potential energy in the glucose molecule plant cells only	0
5474457807	Peroxisomes	makes hydrogen peroxide to detoxify alcohol or convert lipids to be used for energy plant and animal cells	1
5474457810	Plasmodesmata	holes and channels in the cell wall that connect adjacent cells; allows stuff to pass through plant cells only	2
5474457813	Gap Junctions	Connects two adjacent cells, allows subjects to pass through tunnels; animal cells only	3
5474457814	Contractile Vacuole	Osmoregulation Takes water from cell then pushes the water out through cell membrane or wall Protists and algae	4
5474457815	Cell Membrane	Protects cell from surroundings Allows certain substances in, keeps others out Phospholipid bilayer with proteins plant and animal	5
5474457816	Nucleus	Brain of cell contains dna plant and animal	6
5474457817	Nucleolus	Non-membranus structure involved in production of ribosomes; located in the nucleus plant and animal	7
5474457818	Centrioles	Small microtubles arranged in specific ways aids in cell division Animal only	8
5474457819	Ribosomes	complexes that makes proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope plant and animal	9
5474457820	Golgi Apparatus	organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products Plant and animal	10
5474457821	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	network of membranous sacs and tubes active in transporting proteins; covered with ribosomes, where the proteins are made Plant and animal	11
5474474820	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	synthesizes lipids and hormones plant and animal	12
5474457822	Mitochondria	organelle where cellular resperation occurs and most ATP is generated plant and animal	13
5474457823	Lysosomes	digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed (broken down); autophagy; apoptosis	14
5474457824	Cytoskeleton	reinforces cell's shape;functions in cell movement; components are made of protein (microtubules and microfilaments) plant and animal	15
5474457828	Central Vacuole	Largest organelle in plant cell; maintains turgor pressure because it is inflated with water. plant only	16
5474457829	Cell Wall	outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects from damage made of cellulose and other polysachrides, and proteins Plant only	17
5474457830	Cilia	located on outside of cell. pushes cell forward; short, numerous, and hair-like plant and animal	18
5474457831	Flagellum	located on the outside of a cell; used for locomotion whip like structure made of microtubles; 9 pair ring outside, 1 pair inside	19

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6683215892	Psychology	The study of behavior and mental processes	0
6683215893	Psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
6683215894	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
6683215895	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
6683215896	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
6683215897	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
6683215898	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
6683215899	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
6683215900	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
6683215901	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
6683215902	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
6683215903	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
6683215904	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
6683215905	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
6683215906	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
6683215907	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
6683215908	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
6683215909	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
6683215910	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
6683215911	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
6683215912	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
6683215913	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
6683215914	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
6683215915	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
6683215916	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
6683215917	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
6683215918	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
6683215919	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
6683215920	theory	general idea being tested	28
6683215921	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
6683215922	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
6683215923	mode	appears the most	31
6683215924	mean	average	32
6683215925	median	middle	33
6683215926	range	highest - lowest	34
6683215927	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
6683215928	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
6683215929	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
6683215930	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
6683215931	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
6683215932	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
6683215933	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
6683215934	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
6683215935	neuron		43
6683215936	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
6683215937	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
6683215938	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
6683215939	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
6683215940	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
6683215941	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
6683215942	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
6683215943	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
6683215944	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
6683215945	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
6683215946	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
6683215947	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
6683215948	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
6683215949	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
6683215950	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
6683215951	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
6683215952	master gland	pituitary gland	60
6683215953	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
6683215954	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
6683215955	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
6683215956	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
6683215957	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
6683215958	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
6683215959	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
6683215960	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
6683215961	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
6683215962	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
6683215963	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
6683215964	hippocampus	process new memory	72
6683215965	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
6683215966	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
6683215967	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
6683215968	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
6683215969	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
6683215970	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
6683215971	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
6683215972	occipital lobe	vision	80
6683215973	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
6683215974	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
6683215975	Broca's area	speaking words	83
6683215976	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
6683215977	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
6683215978	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
6683215979	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
6683215980	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
6683215981	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
6683215982	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
6683215983	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
6683215984	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
6683215985	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
6683215986	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
6683215987	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
6683215988	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
6683215989	rods	night time	97
6683215990	cones	color	98
6683215991	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
6683215992	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
6683215993	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
6683215994	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
6683215995	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
6683215996	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
6683215997	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
6683215998	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
6683215999	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
6683216000	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
6683216001	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
6683216002	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
6683216003	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
6683216004	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
6683216005	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
6683216006	perception =	mood + motivation	114
6683216007	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
6683216008	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
6683216009	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
6683216010	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
6683216011	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
6683216012	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
6683216013	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
6683216014	insomnia	can't sleep	122
6683216015	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
6683216016	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
6683216017	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
6683216018	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
6683216019	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
6683216020	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
6683216021	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
6683216022	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
6683216023	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
6683216024	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
6683216025	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
6683216026	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
6683216027	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
6683216028	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
6683216029	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
6683216030	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
6683216031	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
6683216032	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
6683216033	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
6683216034	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
6683216035	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
6683216036	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
6683216037	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
6683216038	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
6683216039	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
6683216040	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
6683216041	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
6683216042	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
6683216043	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
6683216044	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
6683216045	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
6683216046	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
6683216047	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
6683216048	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
6683216049	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
6683216050	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
6683216051	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
6683216052	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
6683216053	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
6683216054	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
6683216055	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
6683216056	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
6683216057	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
6683216058	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
6683216059	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
6683216060	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
6683216061	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
6683216062	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
6683216063	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
6683216064	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
6683216065	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
6683216066	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
6683216067	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
6683216068	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
6683216069	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
6683216070	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
6683216071	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
6683216072	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
6683216073	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
6683216074	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
6683216075	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
6683216076	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
6683216077	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
6683216078	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
6683216079	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
6683216080	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
6683216081	encoding	information going in	189
6683216082	storage	keeping information in	190
6683216083	retrieval	taking information out	191
6683216084	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
6683216085	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
6683216086	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
6683216087	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
6683216088	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
6683216089	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
6683216090	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
6683216091	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
6683216092	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
6683216093	implicit memory	naturally do	201
6683216094	explicit memory	need to explain	202
6683216095	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
6683216096	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
6683216097	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
6683216098	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
6683216099	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
6683216100	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
6683216101	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
6683216102	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
6683216103	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
6683216104	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
6683216105	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
6683216106	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
6683216107	priming	association (setting you up)	215
6683216108	context	environment helps with memory	216
6683216109	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
6683216110	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
6683216111	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
6683216112	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
6683216113	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
6683216114	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
6683216115	children can't remember before age __	3	223
6683216116	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
6683216117	prototypes	generalize	225
6683216118	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
6683216119	against problem-solving	fixation	227
6683216120	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
6683216121	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
6683216122	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
6683216123	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
6683216124	grammar is _________	universal	232
6683216125	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
6683216126	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6686276472	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
6686276473	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
6686276474	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
6686276475	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
6686276476	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
6686276477	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
6686276478	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
6686276479	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
6686276480	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
6686276481	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
6686276482	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
6686276483	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
6686276484	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
6686276485	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
6686276486	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
6686276487	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
6686276488	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
6686276489	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
6686276490	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
6686276491	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
6686276492	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
6686276493	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
6686276494	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
6686276495	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
6686276496	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
6686276497	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
6686276498	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
6686276499	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
6686276500	theory	general idea being tested	28
6686276501	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
6686276502	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
6686276503	mode	appears the most	31
6686276504	mean	average	32
6686276505	median	middle	33
6686276506	range	highest - lowest	34
6686276507	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
6686276508	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
6686276509	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
6686276510	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
6686276511	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
6686276512	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
6686276513	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
6686276514	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
6686276515	neuron		43
6686276516	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
6686276517	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
6686276518	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
6686276519	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
6686276520	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
6686276521	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
6686276522	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
6686276523	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
6686276524	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
6686276525	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
6686276526	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
6686276527	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
6686276528	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
6686276529	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
6686276530	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
6686276531	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
6686276532	master gland	pituitary gland	60
6686276533	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
6686276534	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
6686276535	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
6686276536	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
6686276537	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
6686276538	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
6686276539	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
6686276540	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
6686276541	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
6686276542	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
6686276543	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
6686276544	hippocampus	process new memory	72
6686276545	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
6686276546	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
6686276547	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
6686276548	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
6686276549	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
6686276550	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
6686276551	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
6686276552	occipital lobe	vision	80
6686276553	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
6686276554	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
6686276555	Broca's area	speaking words	83
6686276556	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
6686276557	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
6686276558	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
6686276559	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
6686276560	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
6686276561	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
6686276562	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
6686276563	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
6686276564	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
6686276565	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
6686276566	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
6686276567	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
6686276568	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
6686276569	rods	night time	97
6686276570	cones	color	98
6686276571	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
6686276572	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
6686276573	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
6686276574	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
6686276575	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
6686276576	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
6686276577	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
6686276578	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
6686276579	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
6686276580	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
6686276581	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
6686276582	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
6686276583	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
6686276584	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
6686276585	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
6686276586	perception =	mood + motivation	114
6686276587	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
6686276588	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
6686276589	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
6686276590	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
6686276591	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
6686276592	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
6686276593	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
6686276594	insomnia	can't sleep	122
6686276595	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
6686276596	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
6686276597	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
6686276598	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
6686276599	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
6686276600	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
6686276601	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
6686276602	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
6686276603	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
6686276604	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
6686276605	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
6686276606	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
6686276607	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
6686276608	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
6686276609	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
6686276610	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
6686276611	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
6686276612	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
6686276613	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
6686276614	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
6686276615	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
6686276616	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
6686276617	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
6686276618	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
6686276619	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
6686276620	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
6686276621	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
6686276622	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
6686276623	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
6686276624	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
6686276625	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
6686276626	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
6686276627	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
6686276628	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
6686276629	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
6686276630	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
6686276631	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
6686276632	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
6686276633	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
6686276634	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
6686276635	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
6686276636	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
6686276637	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
6686276638	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
6686276639	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
6686276640	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
6686276641	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
6686276642	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
6686276643	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
6686276644	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
6686276645	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
6686276646	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
6686276647	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
6686276648	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
6686276649	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
6686276650	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
6686276651	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
6686276652	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
6686276653	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
6686276654	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
6686276655	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
6686276656	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
6686276657	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
6686276658	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
6686276659	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
6686276660	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
6686276661	encoding	information going in	189
6686276662	storage	keeping information in	190
6686276663	retrieval	taking information out	191
6686276664	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
6686276665	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
6686276666	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
6686276667	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
6686276668	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
6686276669	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
6686276670	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
6686276671	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
6686276672	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
6686276673	implicit memory	naturally do	201
6686276674	explicit memory	need to explain	202
6686276675	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
6686276676	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
6686276677	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
6686276678	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
6686276679	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
6686276680	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
6686276681	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
6686276682	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
6686276683	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
6686276684	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
6686276685	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
6686276686	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
6686276687	priming	association (setting you up)	215
6686276688	context	environment helps with memory	216
6686276689	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
6686276690	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
6686276691	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
6686276692	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
6686276693	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
6686276694	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
6686276695	children can't remember before age __	3	223
6686276696	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
6686276697	prototypes	generalize	225
6686276698	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
6686276699	against problem-solving	fixation	227
6686276700	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
6686276701	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
6686276702	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
6686276703	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
6686276704	grammar is _________	universal	232
6686276705	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
6686276706	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

Powered by Quizlet.com

la technologie - AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9611300621	de haute technologie	high tech	0
9611300624	innovateur	innovative	1
9611300625	séduire	to appeal to	2
9611300626	sophistiqué	sophisticated	3
9611300627	s'abonner	to suscribe	4
9611300628	hebdomadaire	weekly	5
9611300629	quotidien	daily	6
9611300630	un chercheur	researcher	7
9611300631	la réussite	success	8
9611300632	le progrès	progress	9
9611300634	suivre le mouvement	to jump on the bandwagon	10
9611300635	Les OGM	GMO's	11
9611300637	une découverte	discovery	12
9611300640	le clonage	cloning	13
9611300641	la génétique	genetics	14
9611300644	le logicel	software	15
9611300647	un(e) scientifique	scientist	16
9611320246	un écran	a screen	17
9611320247	accro	addicted	18
9611772593	un sévrage	to go cold turkey, stop using a drug	19
9611772594	désintoxication	detox	20
9612071071	numérique	digital	21
9612071072	des jeux-vidéos	video games	22
9612128612	dépendance	a dependence	23
9612128613	le dopage	doping	24
9612136772	informatique	computer science	25
9612217783	faciliter	to make easier	26
9612221964	des données	information, data	27
9612239637	fausses nouvelles	fake news	28
9612261780	réseaux sociaux	social networks	29
9612315367	pirater	to hack	30
9612319706	un micro-ondes	a microwave	31
9612321642	un ordinateur	a computer	32
9644472956	allumer	to turn on	33
9644472957	éteindre	to turn off	34

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Chapter 13 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8089166873	Interest Group	An organized group of individuals or organizations that makes policy-related appeals to government	0
8089170640	Pluralism	The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government. The outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation.	1
8089179687	Selective benefits	Benefits that do not go to everyone but, rather, are distributed selectively only to those who contribute to the group enterprise.	2
8089183809	Lobbying	An attempt by a group to influence the policy process through persuasion of government officials.	3
8089190681	Going Public	The act of launching a media campaign to build popular support.	4
8089194368	Initiative	A process by which citizens may petition to place a policy proposal on the ballot for public vote.	5

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Term Set 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7421561375	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant letters (or sounds) in two or more different words across successive sentences, clauses, or phrases	0
7421565797	Alliteration Example	Example: "Somewhere at this very moment a child is being born in America. Let it be our cause to give that child a happy home, a healthy family, and a hopeful future." -- Bill Clinton, 1992 Democratic National Convention Acceptance Address	1
7421568636	Anaphora	Repetition of the same group of words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or paragraphs	2
7421572495	Anaphora Example	Example: "We are a people in a quandary about the present. We are a people in search of our future. We are a people in search of a national community." -- Barbara Jordan, 1976 Democratic Convention Keynote Address	3
7421573931	Anecdote	Short and amusing or interesting account depicting a real incident or person used to support a speaker's argument	4
7421579339	Ad Hominem	Logical fallacy in which a writer attacks an opponent's character	5
7421587101	Expletive	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the figure.	6
7421593383	Asyndeton	Figure of omission in which normally occurring conjunctions (and, or, but, for, nor, so, yet) are intentionally omitted in successive phrases, or causes.	7
7421597376	Oxymoron	Figure that binds together TWO words that are ordinarily contradictory; a TWO WORD paradox; two words with contrary or apparently contradictory meanings occurring next to each other, and, which, nonetheless, evoke some measure of truth; the figure conjures a new way of seeing or understanding, a novel meaning.	8
7421600547	Personification	A figure of speech in which an animal, an object, a force of nature, or an idea is given human characteristics.	9
7421603580	Personification	the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.	10
7421605933	Antithesis Example	Example: "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!" -- Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream	11
7421615994	Parallelism	Making two or more words, phrases, or clauses equal in part of speech or grammatical structure	12
7421617934	Parallelism Example	Example: We have seen the state of our Union in the endurance of rescuers, working past exhaustion. We've seen the unfurling of flags, the lighting of candles, the giving of blood, the saying of prayers -- in English, Hebrew, and Arabic." George W. Bush, 9-2001 Address to the Nation on Terrorism	13
7421621837	Non Sequitur	An argument in which the conclusion does not follow from the premises	14
7421627053	Hyperbole	Intentional and extreme exaggeration.	15
7421631521	Polysyndeton	Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (and, or, but, for, nor, so, yet) not normally found in successive words, phrases, or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses.	16
7421633972	Enumeratio	Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something	17
7421637070	Rhetorical Question	A question that is asked merely for effect with no obvious answer expected	18
7421639364	Diction	Word choice	19
7421642026	Imagery	Word pictures designed to appeal to the senses	20
7421650234	Antithesis	A seemingly contradictory or absurd statement that may actually express some truth	21
7421652483	Syntax	Sentence length, type, and structure	22
7421655796	Concession	Acknowledgement of other points of view in an argument by yielding or compromising in some way	23

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology - Personality Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images

6661557210	personality	an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	0
6661557211	free association	in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.	1
6661557212	psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.	2
6661557213	unconscious	according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.	3
6661557214	id	a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.	4
6661557215	ego	the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.	5
6661557216	superego	the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.	6
6661557217	psychosexual stages	the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.	7
6661557218	Oedipus complex	according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.	8
6661557219	identification	the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.	9
6661557220	fixation	(1) the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. (2) according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.	10
6661557221	defense mechanisms	in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.	11
6661557222	repression	basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness	12
6661557223	regression	allows us to retreat to an earlier, more infantile stage of development	13
6661557224	reaction formation	the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites	14
6661557225	projection	disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others	15
6661557226	rationalization	occurs when we unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions	16
6661557227	displacement	diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings	17
6661557228	sublimation	the transformation of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motivations	18
6661557229	denial	protects the person from real events that are painful to accept, either by rejecting a fact or its seriousness	19
6661557230	collective unconscious	a common reservoir of images derived from our species' universal experiences	20
6661557231	projective test	a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics	21
6661557232	Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)	a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes	22
6661557233	Rorschach inkblot test	the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.	23
6661557234	self-actualization	according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.	24
6661557235	unconditional positive regard	a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.	25
6661557236	self-concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	26
6661557237	trait	a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.	27
6661557238	personality inventory	a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.	28
6661557239	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.	29
6661557240	empirically derived test	a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.	30
6661557241	social-cognitive perspective	views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.	31
6661557242	reciprocal determinism	the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.	32
6661557243	personal control	the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.	33
6661557244	external locus of control	the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.	34
6661557245	internal locus of control	the perception that you control your own fate.	35
6661557246	positive psychology	the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.	36
6661557247	self	in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.	37
6661557248	spotlight effect	overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).	38
6661557249	self-esteem	one's feelings of high or low self-worth.	39
6661557250	self-serving bias	a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.	40
6661557251	individualism	giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.	41
6661557252	collectivism	giving priority to goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.	42
6661557253	learned helplessness	A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.	43
6661557254	Terror-management theory	a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death	44