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AP Biology Genetic Vocabulary Flashcards

6214393819	crossing over	Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.	0
6214393820	law of independent assortment	One of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes	1
6214393821	law of segregation	(genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes	2
6214393822	random fertilization	source of genetic variation caused by the unlimited number of possible sperm & egg combinations	3
6214393823	heterozygous	An organism that has two different alleles for a trait	4
6214393824	monohybrid cross	A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits	5
6214393825	dihybrid cross	A cross between two individuals, concentrating on two definable traits	6
6214393826	allele	An alternative form of a gene.	7
6214393827	gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). Codes for RNA, polypeptides, and proteins	8
6214393828	synapsis	Pairing of homologous chromosomes. homologous chromosomes loosely pair up -align gene by gene -get together with homologous pair	9
6214393829	dominant allele	An allele that will determine phenotype if just one is present in the genotype	10
6214393830	recessive allele	An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present	11
6214393831	phenotype	An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.	12
6214393832	genotype	An organism's genetic makeup (alleles for a particular gene)	13
6214393833	test cross	the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype	14
6214393834	rule of multiplication	A statistical rule stating that the probability of two independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities.	15
6214393835	rule of addition	A statistical rule stating that the probability of either of two independent (and mutually exclusive) events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities minus the probability of them both occurring together.	16
6214393836	complete dominance	A relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another	17
6214393837	incomplete dominance	A type of inheritance in which two contrasting alleles contribute to the individual a trait not exactly like either parent; blending inheritance.	18
6214393838	codominance	Both alleles are equally expressed	19
6214393839	multiple alleles	three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait (but each individual only has 2)	20
6214393840	pedigree	A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family	21
6214393843	Sickle cell	A human genetic disease of red blood cells caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; creating sickle shaped red blood cells that collect in vessels causing pain and reduced gas exchange	22
6214393844	lethal dominant allele	having a single dominant allele results in death	23
6214393846	sex-linked genes	a gene that is carried on the X or Y chromosome	24
6214393847	X chromosome	The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.	25
6214393848	Y chromosome	The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child	26
6214393850	Hemophilia	A sex-linked hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding	27
6214393851	X-inactivation	a process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is randomly inactivated creating a Barr body	28
6214393852	Barr Body	The inactivated X chromosome	29
6214393853	Genetic recombination	the regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents	30
6214393854	linkage map	A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.	31
6214393855	map unit	in chromosome mapping, an increment of 1 percent in the frequency of crossing-over	32
6214393856	nondisjuction	Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.	33
6214393857	aneuploidy	A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.	34
6214393858	polyploidy	Condition in which an organism has extra full sets of chromosomes	35
6214393859	trisomy	3 copies of a chromosome	36
6214393860	monsomy	Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number	37
6214393861	mutation	an event that changes the nucleotide sequence in a gene, creating a novel sequence which may have no function or a new function	38
6214393862	point mutation	Gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides	39
6214393863	deletion	(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.	40
6214393864	duplication	An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.	41
6214393865	inversion	(genetics) a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed	42
6214393866	translocation	Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome	43
6214393868	Down Syndrome	A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.	44
6214393871	true breeding	If an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, we say that this organism bred true with respect to that characteristic.	45
6214393872	linked genes	Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together.	46
6214393873	carrier	A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype.	47
6214393874	G1	First stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is diploid.	48
6214393875	G0	Cell is performing its normal functions, but has left the cell cycle and is not dividing. Does not pass the G1 checkpoint	49
6214393876	S phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	50
6214393877	G2	Last stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is diploid.	51
6214393878	Interphase	Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases	52
6214393883	cytokinesis	At the end of telophase, actin fibers form an equator around the cell and contract, separating the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.	53
6214393884	centriole	A paired cluster of microtubules near the nucleus in animal cells. This organelle organizes spindle fibers during mitosis.	54
6214393885	centromere	Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach to one another. Contains the kinetochore.	55
6214393886	kinetochore	A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.	56
6214393887	spindle fibers	Made of microtubules that connect centrioles to kinetochores of chromosomes and that separate sister (mitosis) or homologous (meiosis) chromosomes during cell division	57
6214393888	chromosome	A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.	58
6214393889	chromatid	One of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome.	59
6214393890	haploid	A cell with only one copy of each chromosome.gamete -contains a single set of chromosomes -n	60
6214393891	diploid	A cell with two copies of each chromosome.has two sets of chromosomes -human # is 46 -2n	61
6214393892	karyotype	Micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size	62
6214393893	cancer	Disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth; A disease in which the body cells grow & divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.	63
6214393894	metastisis	spread of cancer cells	64
6214393895	genome	consists of all the DNA in a cell -holds specific genetic traits	65
6214393896	somatic cells	have two sets of chromosomes -go through mitosis -nonreproductive body cells	66
6214393897	gametes	have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells -go through meiosis -reproductive cells	67
6214393899	cleavage furrow	formed in eukaryotic cells during late telophase and cytokinesis	68
6214393900	cell plate	forms in plant cells during cytokinesis	69
6214393901	binary fission	prokaryotic method of reproduction and cell division -chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively more apart	70
6214393903	checkpoints	where the cell cycle stops until a go ahead signal is received -G1 is the most important for many cells	71
6214393904	growth factors	proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide	72
6214393905	density dependent inhibition	crowded cells stop dividing	73
6214393906	tumors	masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue -formed by cancer cells	74
6214393907	benign tumor	-lump of abnormal cells remaining only at the original site of the cancer	75
6214393908	malignant tumor	invade surrounding tissue	76
6214393910	46	What is the chromosome number for humans?	77
6214393911	homologous chromosomes	2 chromosomes in each pair -same length and shape -carry genes controlling the same inherited characters	78
6214393912	fertilization	the union of gametes (sperm and egg)	79
6214393913	zygote	fertilized egg -one set of chromosomes from each parent -diploid cell produces somatic cells by mitosis	80
6214393915	homozygous	An organism that has identical alleles for a trait	81
6214393916	Genetics	study of how characteristics are passed from parent to offspring	82
6214393917	Gregor Mendel	The "father of genetics"	83
6214393918	heredity	the passing of characteristics from parents to offspring	84
6214393919	trait	a genetically determined characteristic	85
6214393920	molecular genetics	type of genetics that studies the genes & chromosomes of an organism	86
6214393921	hybrid	another name for a heterozygous genotype	87
6214393922	probabilty	the chance of some event happening	88
6214393923	generation	a span of time between the birth of parents & the birth of their offspring	89
6214393924	P (parent) generation	the generation of true-breeding plants	90
6214393925	F1 generation	offspring of a cross between the P generation	91
6214393926	F2 generation	offspring of a cross between the F1 generation	92
6214393927	cell	basic unit of life	93
6214393928	cell cycle	an ordered sequence of events that includes when a eukaryotic cell is first formed to until it divides into two cells	94
6214393929	mitosis	the process by which the nucleus of a cell divides into two nuclei	95
6214393930	meiosis	the production of gamete cells	96
6214393931	sister chromatid	the two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell	97
6214393932	tetrad	a paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids	98
6214393933	punnett square	a tool used to solve probability problems	99
6214393934	sex chromosome	a chromosome that determines whether on individual is a male or female	100
6214393935	autosome	a chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism	101
6214393936	sex influenced trait	a trait expressed in one sex but not the other	102
6214393937	chromatin	the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.	103
6214393938	asexual	not involving the fusion of gametes.	104
6214393939	sexual	the fusion of gametes	105
6214393940	chiasmata	a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands.	106
6214393941	centrosome	an organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.	107
6214393942	cyclins	proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes.	108
6214393944	variation	a change or difference in condition, amount, or level, typically with certain limits.	109

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The Judiciary (AP Gov) Flashcards

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7870948324	judicial review	The power of courts to examine the constitutionality of laws and executive actions	0
7870948325	judicial restraint	The view that judges should defer to elected institutions when making rulings	1
7870948326	judicial activism	The view that judges should discern the general principles underlying laws or the Constitution and apply them to modern circumstances	2
7870948327	Supreme Court	Established in Article III of the Constitution	3
7870948328	district courts	The lowest federal courts; have original jurisdiction; may hold trials	4
7870948329	courts of appeals	Federal courts that hear appeals from district courts; no trials.	5
7870948330	litmus test	An examination of the political ideology of a nominated judge that the president or senators may use to determine eligibility of the judge	6
7870948331	federal-question cases	Cases concerning the Constitution, federal laws, or treaties	7
7870948332	diversity cases	Cases involving citizens of different states who can bring suit in federal courts	8
7870948333	plaintiff	The party that initiates a lawsuit	9
7870948334	standing	the right of a person or party to initiate a case in the courts because he/she has been impacted by the issue in question	10
7870948335	brief	A written statement by an attorney that summarizes the case and the laws and rulings that support it	11
7870948336	amicus curiae	A Latin term meaning "friend of the court." Refers to interested groups or individuals, not directly involved in a suit, who may file legal briefs in support of one side.	12
7870948337	per curium opinion	A brief, unsigned court opinion	13
7870948338	opinion of the court	A signed opinion of the majority of the Supreme Court	14
7870948339	concurring opinion	A signed opinion in which one or more members agree with the majority view but for different reasons	15
7870948340	dissenting opinion	A signed opinion in which one or more justices disagree with the majority view	16
7870948341	stare decisis	"Let the decision stand," or allowing prior rulings to control the current case; deferring to precedent	17
7870948342	political question	A doctrine developed by the federal courts and used as a means to avoid deciding some cases, principally those involving conflicts between the president and Congress.	18
7870948343	remedy	A judicial order enforcing a right or redressing a wrong.	19
7870948344	adversarial system	A system of justice in which advocates for opposing parties each do their best to present evidence and arguments to the benefit of their respective clients; presiding judges are neutral and passive.	20
7870948345	dual court system	The separate but interrelated court system of the United States, made up of the courts on the national level and the courts on the state level.	21
7870948346	rule of four	A rule of the United States Supreme Court that the Court will not issue a writ of certiorari unless at least four justices approve of the decision to hear the case.	22
7870948347	writ of certiorari	A decision by the Supreme Court to hear an appeal from a lower court	23
7870948348	solicitor general	A presidential appointee and the third-ranking office in the Department of Justice. This official is in charge of the appellate court litigation of the federal government.	24
7870948349	dual sovereignty	A doctrine holding that state and federal authorities can prosecute the same person for the same conduct. Each authority prosecuting under its own law	25
7870948350	Jurisdiction	The power to make legal decisions and judgments	26
7870948351	case law or common law	Law established by the outcome of former cases; based on precedent	27
7870948352	Checks upon the Judiciary	the president appoints federal judges, and the Senate confirms them; the House may impeach federal judges and the Senate may convict	28
7870948353	Senatorial courtesy	An unwritten tradition whereby nominations for trial level federal judicial posts is not confirmed if they are opposed by a senator from the state in which the nominee will serve.	29
7871054824	writ of habeas corpus	a court order that a person being held in custody must be brought in front of a court along with a justification for holding him/her	30
7871128741	right to privacy	NOT enumerated in the Constitution; established in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965); implied by several amendments including the 4th, 9th, and 14th	31

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AP Literature: Character: Prose Flashcards

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9802829412	Antagonist	Character in a story or poem who opposes the main character (protagonist). Sometimes the antagonist is an animal, an idea, or a thing.	0
9802829413	Character	(1) Any of the persons involved in a story or play [sense 1] (2) The distinguishing moral qualities and personal traits of a character [sense 2]	1
9802831554	Characterization	The process of conveying information about characters	2
9802831555	Deuteragonist	The second most important character, after the protagonist, often a foil or eventual antagonist	3
9802835076	Direct presentation of character	A method of characterization in which the author, by exposition or analysis, tells us directly what a character is like, or has someone else in the story do so	4
9802835077	Dynamic character	A character (sense 1) who during the course of a story undergoes a permanent change in some aspect of character (sense 2) or outlook.	5
9802838086	Flat character	A character (sense 1) whose character (sense 2) is summed up in one or two traits	6
9802838087	Foil	A character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight various features of that other character's personality, throwing these characteristics into sharper focus.	7
9802838088	Hero	A man who is endowed with great courage and strength, celebrated for bold exploits, and favored by the gods	8
9802838089	Hubris	Overbearing and excessive pride	9
9802841098	Indirect presentation of character	That method of characterization in which the author shows us a character in action, compelling us to infer what the character is like from what is said or done by the character	10
9802841099	Protagonist	The main character of a novel, play, or film	11
9802846294	Round character	A character (sense 1) whose character (sense 2) is complex and many sided.	12
9802846295	Static character	A character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as at the beginning.	13
9802849213	Stock character	A stereotyped character	14
9802849214	Tragic flaw	A flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings the protagonist to ruin or sorrow	15

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AP Biology Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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6212168220	Transcription	Process that converts DNA Nucleic Acid language into RNA Nucleic Acid language.	0
6212168221	RNA Structure	• Ribose sugar. • Nitrogen bases: Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine. • Single stranded.	1
6212168222	Types of RNA	• mRNA • tRNA • rRNA • siRNA	2
6212168223	Template Strand	Transcribed DNA strand; the strand of DNA that is temporarily paired with the RNA.	3
6212168224	Coding Strand	Untranscribed DNA strand; same sequence as RNA.	4
6212168225	Transcription Bubble	Where DNA unzips for transcription to begin.	5
6212168226	RNA Polymerase I	Only transcribes rRNA genes; makes ribosomes.	6
6212168227	RNA Polymerase II	Transcribes genes into mRNA.	7
6212168228	RNA Polymerase III	Only transcribes tRNA genes.	8
6212168229	Promoter Region	Binding site before beginning of gene; for RNA Polymerase and transcription factors.	9
6212168230	TATA Box Binding Site	A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.	10
6212168231	Enhancer Region	Binding site far upstream of gene. Turns transcription on HIGH.	11
6212168232	Initiation Complex	Transcription factors bind to promoter region. Trigger the binding of RNA Polymerase to DNA.	12
6212168233	Exons	The real gene; expressed/coding DNA.	13
6212168234	Introns	The junk genetic material; INbetween sequence.	14
6212168235	mRNA Splicing	Post-transcriptional processing; edits out introns.	15
6212168236	Pre-mRNA	Primary transcript of the process.	16
6212168237	Mature mRNA	The final product of mRNA splicing.	17
6212168238	snRNPs	Small nuclear RNA; proteins. Responsible for splicing RNA.	18
6212168239	Spliceosome	Several snRNPs. Recognize splice site sequence. "Cut and paste" gene.	19
6212168240	Alternative Splicing	Alternative mRNAs produced from same gene; different segments treated as exons.	20
6212168241	Post-Transcriptional Processing	Need to protect mRNA on its trip from nucleus to cytoplasm; enzymes in cytoplasm attack mRNA.	21
6212168242	mRNA Caps	5' GTP Cap and Poly-A Tail; longer tail, mRNA lasts longer: produces more protein.	22
6212168243	Reading Frame	Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct groupings. If a single base is added or lost, it throws off the entire reading frame.	23
6212168244	Translation	From nucleic acid language to amino acid language.	24
6212168245	Codon	A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.	25
6212168246	Start Codons	AUG and Methionine.	26
6212168247	Stop Codons	UGA, UAA, and UAG.	27
6212168248	Anti-Codon	Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.	28
6212168249	tRNA	Transfer RNA: follows its complementary codon, carries a specific attached amino acid.	29
6212168250	Ribosomes	Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon. Organelle/enzyme hybrid.	30
6212168251	Structure of Ribosomes	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Large and small subunits.	31
6212168252	A Site	Holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain.	32
6212168253	P Site	Holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain.	33
6212168254	E Site	Exit site. Empty tRNA leaves ribosome from exit side.	34
6212168255	Initiation	Brings together mRNA, ribosome subunits, initiator tRNA.	35
6212168256	Elongation	Adding amino acids based on codon sequence.	36
6212168257	Termination	End codon.	37
6212168258	Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes	Translation and transcription coupled, translation begins before transcription is completed.	38

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La Famille AP French Flashcards

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7349601558	aîné	older	0
7349601559	cadet	younger	1
7349601560	l'enfant adopté	adopted child	2
7349601561	le fils adoptif	adopted son	3
7349601562	la fille adoptive	adopted daughter	4
7349601563	l'enfant unique	only child	5
7349601564	le fils unique	only boy	6
7349601565	la fille unique	only girl	7
7349601566	la famille éclatée	the broken family	8
7349601567	la famille monoparentale	single-parent family	9
7349601568	la famille nombreuse	large family	10
7349601569	la famille recomposée	blended family	11
7349601570	la famille nucléaire	immediate (nuclear) family	12
7349601571	la femme au foyer	housewife	13
7349601572	l'homme au foyer	house "husband" #equality #genderroles	14
7349601573	les liens familiaux	family ties	15
7349601574	fonder un foyer	to start a family	16
7349601575	l'âge de consentement	the age of consent (more than half of our class! woah!)	17
7349601576	la cellule familiale	family unit	18
7349601577	la cohabitation	the act of living together	19
7349601578	cohabiter	to cohabit	20
7349601579	la vie en couple	life as a couple	21
7349601580	le conflit conjugal	Marital strife	22
7349601581	épouser	to marry	23
7349601582	l'esprit de famille	family spirit	24
7349601583	le foyer	the home, household	25
7349601584	le ménage	house work	26
7349601585	majeur	of age (18+)	27
7349601586	mineur	minor (under 18)	28
7349601587	les moeurs	customs, habits	29
7349601588	l'union libre	common-law union	30
7349601589	la structure familiale	familial structure	31
7349601590	la vie affective	emotional life	32
7349601591	le contrat de mariage	pre-nuptial, marriage contract	33
7349601592	s'unir	to unite, to join	34
7349601593	veuf/veuve	widow/ widower	35
7349601594	vivre ensemble	to live together	36
7349601595	le copain, la copine	friend/buddy (male, female)	37
7349601596	mon copain, ma copine	My (male) buddy, my (female) buddy	38
7349601597	s'entendre bien avec	to get along well with	39
7349601598	s'entendre mal avec	to get along poorly with	40
7349601599	dialoguer avec	to communicate with	41
7349601600	une dispute	an argument	42
7349601601	un environnement stable	stable environment	43
7349601602	une échelle des valeurs	value system	44
7349601603	élever	to raise, to bring up	45
7349601604	étouffant	sweltering, stuffy	46
7349601605	l'excès d'autorité	excessive authority	47
7349601606	la fermeté	the firmness, confidence, resolve	48
7349601607	les frictions parents-enfants	parent-child conflicts	49
7349601608	l'hostilité	hostility	50
7349601609	l'incompréhension	incomprehension	51
7349601610	indulgent	lenient	52
7349601611	mépriser	to despise	53
7349601612	mûr	wall	54
7349601613	les jeunes désœuvrés	young people with nothing to do, unemployed	55
7349601614	la transmission des valeurs traditionnelles	the passing on of traditional values	56
7349601615	accorder l'autonomie à	grant autonomy to	57
7349601616	s'enfermer dans la chambre	to get sick in the room	58
7349601617	l'ouverture	opening	59
7349601618	protecteur, protectrice à l'excès	over-protective	60
7349601619	les rapports	relationships	61
7349601620	rebelle	rebellious	62
7349601621	se rebeller contre	to rebel against	63
7349601622	rechigner	to do something grudgingly, to bulk	64
7349601623	le reproche	reproach	65
7349601624	respecter	to respect	66
7349601625	se révolter	to revolt	67
7349601626	un sentiment	sentiment	68
7349601627	crier	to shout, to cry out	69
7349601628	se disputer	to argue	70
7349601629	se fâcher contre	to get angry with someone	71
7349601630	vexer	to vex	72
7349601631	en vouloir à	to hold a grudge against	73
7349601632	gronder	to scold	74
7349601633	engueuler	reflexive: to argue, normal: to tell off, give hell (answer is normal)	75
7349601634	s'inquièter de	to worry about	76
7349601635	se faire du souci pour	To be concerned about	77
7349601636	se calmer	to calm down	78
7349601637	embrasser	to kiss	79
7349601638	faire confiance à	to trust, rely on	80
7349601639	s'habituer à	to get used to	81
7349601640	se marier avec, à	to get married to (in answer: ___ with, to)	82
7349601641	divorcer	to divorce	83
7349601642	se solder par un divorce	to settle for a divorce	84
7349601643	verser une pension alimentaire	to pay alimony	85
7349601644	se sentir à l'aise, se sentir mal à l'aise	to feel at ease, to not feel at ease	86
7349601645	soutenir	to support	87
7349601646	supporter	to put up with	88
7349601647	autoritaire	bossy, authoritarian	89
7349601648	juste	fair, just	90
7349601649	impartial(e)	impartial	91
7349601650	être de bonne humeur, mauvaise humeur	to be in a good mood, bad mood	92
7349601651	être facile/dificile à vivre	to be easy/hard to get along with	93
7349601652	super	super	94
7349601653	génial	great	95
7349601654	l'intimité	1. privacy 2. intimacy	96
7349601655	le colocataire	housemate, roommate	97
7349601656	déménager	to move (out)	98
7349601657	emménager	to move in	99
7349601658	s'installer	to establish/place oneself	100
7349601659	louer	to rent	101
7349601660	le loyer	rent	102
7349601661	la location	the rental	103
7349601662	les charges	utility charges	104
7349601663	la facture	the bill	105
7349601664	les frais	expenses	106
7349601665	s'occuper de	to take care of, look after	107
7349601666	faire les tâches ménagères	to do housework	108
7349601667	faire les courses	to go shopping	109
7349601668	faire la cuisine	to cook (PAS cuisiner)	110
7349601669	faire le lessive	to do the laundry	111
7349601670	faire le ménage	to do the housework	112
7349601671	faire la vaisselle	to do the dishes	113
7349601672	passer l'aspirateur	to vacuum	114
7349601673	ranger	to arrange	115
7349601674	repasser	to iron	116
7349601675	sortir la poubelle	to take out the trash	117
7349601676	balayer	to sweep	118
7349601677	essuyer	to wipe	119
7349601678	tondre le gazon/ la pelouse	to mow the lawn	120
7349601679	la caste	the caste (social class)	121
7349601680	vielli	aged	122
7349601681	la famille d'accueil	host or foster family	123
7349601682	un(e) orphelin(e)	an orphan	124
7349601683	un orphelinat	orphanage	125
7349601684	une pupille de la nation	ward of the state	126
7349601685	un citoyen	a citizen	127
7349601686	un hôtel de ville	town hall	128
7349601687	la lune de miel	honeymoon	129
7349601688	la demoiselle d'honneur	bridesmaid	130
7349601689	le témoin	witness	131
7349601690	l'enterrement de vie de jeune fille/garçon	bachelorette/bachelor party	132
7349601691	les noces	the wedding	133
7349601692	la classe moyenne	middle class	134
7349601693	la haute société	upper class	135
7349601694	aisé	comfortable, well-off	136
7349601695	l'union libre	common law	137
7349601696	le/la gosse	kid	138
7349601697	le jumeau	twin (male)	139
7349601698	la jumelle	twin (female)	140
7349601699	un membre de la famille	family member	141
7349601700	l'enfance	childhood	142
7349601701	la jeunesse	youth	143
7349601702	la troisième âge	old age (weird saying)	144
7349601703	la vieillesse	old age (vieux...)	145
7349601704	attendre la majorité	to follow the majority	146
7349601705	les jeunes	The youth	147
7349601706	les adultes	adults	148
7349601707	les grandes personnes	grown-ups	149
7349601708	la maison	house	150
7349601709	agrandir	to enlarge	151
7349601710	rénover	to renovate	152
7349601711	aménager	to set up, to rearrange, to fix	153
7349601712	décorer	to decorate	154
7349601713	réparer	to repair	155
7349601714	la réparation	the repair	156
7349601715	une vieille maison	an old house	157
7349601716	une maison moderne	a modern house	158
7349601717	une maison neuve	a new house	159
7349601718	une villa	country house	160
7349601719	un appartement	appartment	161
7349601720	un immeuble	apartment building	162
7349601721	un HLM	low-income housing	163
7349601722	le grand ensemble	housing complex, estate	164
7349601723	la cité	estate	165
7349601724	le studio	studio (apartment without separating walls)	166
7349601725	contruit en brique, en pierre, en béton	made of brick, stone, concrete	167
7349601726	confortable	comfortable	168
7349601727	propre	clean	169
7349601728	pratique	practical	170
7349601729	sale	dirty	171
7349601730	en bon état	in good shape/condition	172
7349601731	luxueux	luxurious	173
7349601732	modeste	modest	174
7349601733	a l'extérieur	on the outside	175
7349601734	a l'intérieur	on the inside	176
7349601735	le toit	the roof	177
7349601736	la tuile	tile	178
7349601737	une ardoise	a slate	179
7349601738	une antenne	antenna	180
7349601739	une antenne parabolique	satellite dish	181
7349601740	la façade	the exterior	182
7349601741	la cour	courtyard	183
7349601742	la terrasse	terrace	184
7349601743	donner sur	to look out on	185
7349601744	aller dehors	to go outside	186
7349601745	le/la concierge	concierge; someone who maintains	187
7349601746	l'entrée principal	main entrance	188
7349601747	le seuil	the threshold	189
7349601748	la sonnette	doorbell	190
7349601749	l'entrée	the entrance	191
7349601750	le vestibule	vestibule	192
7349601751	le rez-de-chaussée	first floor	193
7349601752	le premier étage	second floor	194
7349601753	en bas	downstairs	195
7349601754	en haut	upstairs	196
7349601755	la cave	basement, cellar	197
7349601756	le grenier	attic	198
7349601757	le sous-sol	basement	199
7349601758	la mansarde	attic room	200

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AP Review: British Colonies Flashcards

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6535337696	Restoration Colonies	Colonies founded under Charles II including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the Carolinas	0
6535354872	Proprietorships	the King granted the colony's land to leaders who owned all the land and ruled them as they wished as long as they were loyal to England	1
6535362332	Carolina Colony	Given to proprietors, the colony passed a constitution that legally abolished the Church of England and created serfs to work for a few nobles	2
6535372399	Pennsylvania	Founded by William Penn, a quaker, the colony was a religious refuge for Quakers and guaranteed religious freedom	3
6535380693	The Frame of Government (1681)	Constitution of Pennsylvania, created religious freedom with no state church and political equality by allowing all free property owning men the right to vote	4
6535395442	The Navigation Acts	First passed in 1651, these acts required that colonial goods be carried on English or English colonial ships and banned foreign traders, meant to boost English economy's benefit from colonies	5
6535408925	The Dominion of New England	In 1686, English government merged Connecticut and Rhode Island with Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony to form a new colony more easily governed from England	6
6535418564	The Glorious Revolution	The English revolted against Catholic King James II and put in place protestant monarchs William and Mary who ruled as "constitutional monarchs" sharing power with parliament	7
6535437481	The Middle Passage	The dangerous and brutal trip across the Atlantic from African slave markets to slave plantations in the Americas in the 1600s and 1700s	8
6535446949	The Stono Rebellion	A slave revolt in South Carolina in which African slaves killed whites until they were repressed by the colony's militia in 1739	9
6535458586	Salutary Neglect	British policy of allowing self-rule in American colonies in exchange for increasing trade and import revenue from colonial economy. Over time, this led to power of representative assemblies in British colonies.	10
6535473446	Mercantilism	System of political economy based on government regulation, including laws that controlled colonial commerce to enrich the home country.	11
6535483158	Robert Walpole	Whig leader in British Parliament who ruled through patronage that exchanged favors for government offices. Patronage officials knew little and did little about colonies.	12

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AP Vocabulary List 20 Flashcards

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6166298396	brevity	shortness of time or duration; expressing in few words; terseness	0
6166298397	copious	large in quantity or number; abundant; plentiful	1
6166298398	gout	an acute disease characterized by painful inflammation of the joints; a mass or splash, as of blood; spurt	2
6166300003	habiliments	clothes or clothing; uniforms	3
6166300004	irksome	annoying; irritating; exasperating; tiresome	4
6166301734	ponderous	of great weight; heavy; massive; awkward or unwieldy	5
6166301735	scrupulous	having or showing a strict regard for what one considers right; principled	6
6166301736	sundry	various or diverse	7
6166302918	timorous	full of fear; fearful; timid	8
6166302919	transcendent	going beyond ordinary limits; surpassing; exceeding	9

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AP 2017 Flashcards

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7289145664	digraph	2 letters that make 1 sound	0
7289154028	base word (BW)	the simplest form of an English word	1
7289155554	derivative	a base word + a suffix	2
7289158268	suffix	a letter or letters added to the end of a base word to change the way it is used	3
7289163437	-ing	present tense	4
7289163438	-s	plural	5
7289189330	-less	without	6
7289190308	-ness	quality of, or having	7
7360678042	trigraph	three letters that make one sound	8
7360684183	-ed	past tense	9
7360687309	-ful	full of; amount needed to fil	10
7360693722	mis-	wrongly	11
7360698527	un-	opposite; not	12
7360713873	what three sounds does suffix -ed make?	(e)(d), (t), (d)	13
7360722884	syllable	a word, or part of a word, with one vowel sound	14
7362354571	accent	putting stress on a word or part of a word (mouth open wider; voice louder and higher; hold sound longer)	15

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AP Psychology Personality Flashcards

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7252158498	Sigmund Freud	Founder of psychoanalysis Originally a medical doctor and found that his patients were suffering from an illness with psycho-logical causes This led him to develop theories of the unconscious mind, psycho-sexual development and Psychoanalysis	0
7252158499	Psychoanalytic Theory	Psychologist: Sigmund Freud Behavior is due to unconscious motives and conflicts Early childhood experiences determine personality	1
7252158500	Unconscious Mind	-foundation for the psychoanalytic theory -controls the phenomena of repressed feelings, automatic skills, subliminal perceptions, thoughts, habits and automatic reactions as well as possibly holding emotional complexes, phobias and desires.	2
7252158501	Id	located in the unconscious present at birth Ruled by the "Pleasure Principle" and has no values, morality, or logic (animal instincts)	3
7252158502	Ego	located in both conscious, & unconscious Developed after birth, the self Ruled by the "Reality Principle" and balances the id and superego by being organized, rational, and postponing gratification	4
7252158503	SuperEgo	located in both conscious, & unconscious developed by age 5 Ruled by the "Morality Principle" and is the opposite of the Id because it is the internal, parental voice with rules and values	5
7252158506	Psychosexual Development	- sequential and discontinuous stages with changing erogenous zone and conflict in each stage if conflict is not successful resolved, the result is fixation O.A.P.L.G (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital)	6
7252158507	Oral stage	Age: 0-1 Erogenous Zone: Mouth Task: Oral Activities (sucking, chewing, biting, etc) Fixation: Smoking, Over-eating	7
7252158508	Anal stage	Age: 1-3 Erogenous Zone: Anus Task: Potty Training Fixation: Anal retentive or Anal Expulsive	8
7252158509	Latency stage	Age: 6 to puberty Erogenous Zone: None Task: develop relationships with same sex peers to strengthen gender identity Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage	9
7252158510	Phallic stage	Age: 3-5 Erogenous Zone: Genitals Task: Gender Identity Fixation: Narcissism, Homosexuality	10
7252158511	Genital stage	Age: Puberty to death Erogenous Zone: Genitals Task: Find a hetero-sexual relationship Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage but old conflicts will arise	11
7252158512	Penis Envy	Freudian theory that girls become upset and scarred because because they don't have a penis and a penis is a key to being successful. Phallic Stage	12
7252158513	Electra Complex	girls sexually desire dad and hate mom but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development	13
7252158514	Oedipus Complex	boys sexually desire mom and hate dad but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development	14
7252158515	Defense mechanisms	- extreme measures protect the ego from threats; operate unconsciously and deny, falsify, or distinct reality - not successful coping strategies because they do not remove stressors	15
7252158516	Neo-Freudians	Jung, Horney, Adler Believed that Freud put too much emphasis on sex and there needed to be more emphasis on social factors	16
7252158517	Collective unconscious	Psychologist: Carl Jung Defined: A warehouse of "instinctive memories" passed down to each generation and all humans share and is made up of archetypes	17
7252158518	Archetypes	Defined: Inherited universal concepts that create the Collective Unconscious Examples: Anima v. Animus, Mother v. Father, Persona v. Shadow, Hero v. Villain	18
7252158519	Basic Anxiety	Psychologist: Karen Horney anxiety that is created by being born helpless. Most overcome this, those who don't develop neurotic personalities- aggressive, compliant, or withdrawn	19
7252158520	Womb envy	Psychologist: Karen Horney Defined: women do not suffer from "penis envy" but are envious of male's superior status. Men are envious of a women's ability to have children and therefore, they compensate with other forms of achievement.	20
7252158521	Inferiority Complex	Psychologist: Alfred Adler Defined: people who compensate for feelings of inferiority (feeling like they're less than other people, not as good as others, worthless, etc.) by acting ways that make them appear superior.	21
7252158522	Projective Tests	Description: Provide ambiguous stimuli in order to trigger the projection of one's inner dynamics Strengths: Provide lots of information Weaknesses: highly subjective and has low reliability Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test, & Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Draw a Person test	22
7252158523	Rorschach Inkblot Test	seeks to identify people's inner feelings and conflicts by analyzing their interpretations of 10 inkblots. Critics question the validity and reliability of the tests.	23
7252158524	Thematic Apperception Test	people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them. Presumably, their accounts reflect their interests and inner feelings.	24
7252158525	Humanistic Psychologists	Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow Description: People develop their personality by trying to reach their full potential Strengths: model was built in a therapy setting Weaknesses: concepts are vague and subjective, individualistic and western based and naive because it fails to appreciate the reality of our capacity for evil	25
7252158526	Self-Concept	Psychologist: Carl Rogers Goal: Actualizing Tendency (full potential) Theory: A person has who they are, Real Self, and who they want to be, Ideal Self and a successful persoanlity has congruence People need genuineness (honesty), unconditional positive regard (love), and empathy (understanding) to develop a good persoanlity	26
7252158527	Congruence	A person's Real Self and Ideal Self can merge together Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory	27
7252158528	Incongruence	When a person's Real Self and Ideal self do not match, causing anxiety. Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory	28
7252158529	Unconditional positive regard	Defined: receiving acceptance, value, and love from others without requirements Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality	29
7252158530	Empathy	People will try to understand one's feelings and mirror it back to them Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality	30
7252158531	Hierarchy of Needs	Psychologist: Abraham Maslow Description: Pyramid	31
7252158532	Trait Theories	Description: focuses on identifying how people typically behave but does NOT explain how personality developed Strengths: based on empirical evidence with factor analysis Weaknesses: people might behave differently based on the situation they are experiencing Tests: 16 Personality Factors (16 PF), 3 Dimensions, and Myers Briggs	32
7252158533	Factor analysis	- a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups of items, to simplify a long list of items into a small number of dimensions -used with trait theories	33
7252158534	Self-Report Inventories	Description: a questionnaire which is used to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors Strengths: empirically derived Weaknesses: social desirability-people can lie and manipulate the information Tests: MMPI, CPI, 16 PF	34
7252158535	MMPI	Most extensively researched personality inventory. Used to assess mental health professions (police, nurses, doctors, pilots)	35
7252158536	Big Five Trait Theory	Psychologists: McCrae and Costa Description: OCEAN or CANOE Significance: traits are stable in adulthood, heritability accounts for 50% of personality and can be used to predict other personal attributes	36
7252158537	Openess	characteristics such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests	37
7252158538	Conscientiousness	include high levels of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors.	38
7252158539	Extraversion	characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressivenes	39
7252158540	Agreeableness	includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection and other pro-social behaviors.	40
7252158541	Neuroticism	characterized by sadness, moodiness and emotional instability	41
7252158542	Social Cognitive Approach to Personality	Description: Personality is influenced between the interaction of a person's traits (including their thinking) and their social context Strengths: based on empirical evidence Weaknesses: minimizes the importance of one's inner traits, emotions, and unconscious motives Examples: Reciprocal Determinism, Locus of Control Psychologists: Bandura	42
7252158543	Reciprocal determinism	Psychologist: Bandura Defined: Personality is developed by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. How it works: Everyone has a "self-system" of skills abilities and attitudes Self-Efficacy is what can change the system	43
7252158544	External Locus of Control	The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate Effects: Pessimism and often learned helplesses	44
7252158545	Internal Locus of Control	The perception that you control your own fate Effects: Optimism Optimism leads to longer lives with less illnesses but excessive optimism can also lead us to be blind to risks and overconfidence	45
7252158546	Self- efficacy	Defined: the belief in your own ability to deal with different situations and accomplish specific goals It is NOT self esteem which is your general sense of self worth Consequences: people with high self-efficacy are able to succeed because they have an internal locus of control	46

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AP Psychology Flashcards

I wanna be cool

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8256990760	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
8256990761	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
8256990762	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
8256990763	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
8256990764	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
8256990765	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
8256990766	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
8256990767	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
8256990768	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
8256990769	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
8256990770	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
8256990771	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
8256990772	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
8256990773	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
8256990774	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
8256990775	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
8256990776	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
8256990777	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
8256990778	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
8256990779	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
8256990780	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
8256990781	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
8256990782	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
8256990783	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
8256990784	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
8256990785	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
8256990786	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
8256990787	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
8256990788	theory	general idea being tested	28
8256990789	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
8256990790	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
8256990791	mode	appears the most	31
8256990792	mean	average	32
8256990793	median	middle	33
8256990794	range	highest - lowest	34
8256990795	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
8256990796	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
8256990797	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
8256990798	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
8256990799	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
8256990800	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
8256990801	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
8256990802	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
8256990803	neuron		43
8256990804	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
8256990805	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
8256990806	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
8256990807	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
8256990808	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
8256990809	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
8256990810	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
8256990811	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
8256990812	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
8256990813	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
8256990814	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
8256990815	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
8256990816	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
8256990817	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
8256990818	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
8256990819	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
8256990820	master gland	pituitary gland	60
8256990821	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
8256990822	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
8256990823	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
8256990824	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
8256990825	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
8256990826	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
8256990827	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
8256990828	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
8256990829	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
8256990830	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
8256990831	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
8256990832	hippocampus	process new memory	72
8256990833	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
8256990834	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
8256990835	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
8256990836	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
8256990837	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
8256990838	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
8256990839	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
8256990840	occipital lobe	vision	80
8256990841	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
8256990842	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
8256990843	Broca's area	speaking words	83
8256990844	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
8256990845	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
8256990846	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
8256990847	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
8256990848	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
8256990849	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
8256990850	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. (e.g. At a cocktail party)	90
8256990851	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
8256990852	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
8256990853	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
8256990854	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
8256990855	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
8256990856	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
8256990857	rods	Black and white	97
8256990858	cones	color	98
8256990859	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
8256990860	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
8256990861	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
8256990862	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
8256990863	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
8256990864	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
8256990865	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
8256990866	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
8256990867	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
8256990868	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
8256990869	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
8256990870	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
8256990871	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
8256990872	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
8256990873	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
8256990874	perception =	mood + motivation	114
8256990875	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
8256990876	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
8256990877	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
8256990878	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
8256990879	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
8256990880	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
8256990881	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
8256990882	insomnia	can't sleep	122
8256990883	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
8256990884	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
8256990885	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
8256990886	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
8256990887	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
8256990888	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
8256990889	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
8256990890	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
8256990891	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
8256990892	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
8256990893	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
8256990894	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
8256990895	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
8256990896	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
8256990897	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
8256990898	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
8256990899	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
8256990900	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
8256990901	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
8256990902	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
8256990903	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
8256990904	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
8256990905	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
8256990906	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
8256990907	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
8256990908	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
8256990909	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
8256990910	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
8256990911	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
8256990912	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
8256990913	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
8256990914	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
8256990915	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
8256990916	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
8256990917	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
8256990918	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
8256990919	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
8256990920	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
8256990921	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
8256990922	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
8256990923	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
8256990924	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
8256990925	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
8256990926	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
8256990927	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
8256990928	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
8256990929	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
8256990930	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
8256990931	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
8256990932	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
8256990933	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
8256990934	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
8256990935	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
8256990936	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
8256990937	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
8256990938	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
8256990939	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
8256990940	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
8256990941	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
8256990942	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
8256990943	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
8256990944	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
8256990945	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
8256990946	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
8256990947	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
8256990948	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
8256990949	encoding	information going in	189
8256990950	storage	keeping information in	190
8256990951	retrieval	taking information out	191
8256990952	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
8256990953	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
8256990954	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
8256990955	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
8256990956	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
8256990957	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
8256990958	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
8256990959	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
8256990960	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
8256990961	implicit memory	naturally do	201
8256990962	explicit memory	need to explain	202
8256990963	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
8256990964	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
8256990965	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
8256990966	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
8256990967	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
8256990968	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
8256990969	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
8256990970	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
8256990971	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
8256990972	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
8256990973	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
8256990974	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
8256990975	priming	association (setting you up)	215
8256990976	context	environment helps with memory	216
8256990977	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
8256990978	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
8256990979	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
8256990980	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
8256990981	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
8256990982	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
8256990983	children can't remember before age __	3	223
8256990984	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
8256990985	prototypes	generalize	225
8256990986	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
8256990987	against problem-solving	fixation	227
8256990988	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
8256990989	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
8256990990	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
8256990991	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
8256990992	grammar is _________	universal	232
8256990993	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
8256990994	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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