Flashcards
AP Psych - Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8373371767 | developmental psychology | the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life | 0 | |
| 8373371768 | Continuity vs stages | is development a gradual process or a sequence of stages | 1 | |
| 8373371769 | stability vs change | do our early personality traits continue through life or do we become different with age | 2 | |
| 8373371770 | zygote | fertilized egg cell | 3 | |
| 8373371771 | embryo | shows differentiation | 4 | |
| 8373371772 | fetus | the forming baby | 5 | |
| 8373371773 | teratogens | things that can harm the baby (drugs) | 6 | |
| 8373371774 | fetal alcohol syndrome | excessive amounts of alcohol during pregnancy can have psychical and mental defects on the baby | 7 | |
| 8373371775 | rooting reflex | helps a baby locate food | 8 | |
| 8373371776 | moro (startle) reflex | spreading out arms when feeling of falling | 9 | |
| 8373371777 | habituation | get used to it | 10 | |
| 8373371778 | maturation | biological growth process that enables an orderly progression of our abilities and behaviors | 11 | |
| 8373371779 | schema | mental molds into which we pour our experiences | 12 | |
| 8373371780 | assimilation | adjust new information to fit our current schema | 13 | |
| 8373371781 | accomodation | adjust our schema into fitting new information | 14 | |
| 8373371782 | cognition | understanding through experiences | 15 | |
| 8373371783 | sensorimotor stage | experiencing the world through senses and actions | 16 | |
| 8373371784 | object permanence | if an object is not visible, it doesn't exist (toy under a blanket) (sensorimotor) | 17 | |
| 8373371785 | preoperational stage | representing things with words and images (intuitive reasoning) | 18 | |
| 8373371786 | conservation | (concrete operational) the changing form of an object does not change its amount | 19 | |
| 8373371787 | egocentrism | (preoperational) children cannot perceive things from anothers point of view | 20 | |
| 8373371788 | theory of mind | children develop the ability to understand anothers mental state | 21 | |
| 8373371789 | autism | children do not follow typical patterns of development | 22 | |
| 8373371790 | concrete operational stage | thinking logically and performing arithmetic operations | 23 | |
| 8373371791 | formal operational stage | abstract reasoning | 24 | |
| 8373371792 | Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory | How behaviors are affected by social and cultural factors | 25 | |
| 8373371793 | internalization | Characteristics of other people are assimilated into your own self | 26 | |
| 8373371794 | stranger anxiety | Form of distress that children experience when exposed to someone unfamiliar | 27 | |
| 8373371795 | secure attachment | relaxed and encouraging parenting leads to basic trust and positive self concept | 28 | |
| 8373371796 | insecure attachment | a child avoids a caregiver which can lead to low self-confidence and stranger anxiety | 29 | |
| 8373371797 | critical point | Turning point in someone's behavior | 30 | |
| 8373371798 | imprinting | Newborns attachment to a parent | 31 | |
| 8373371799 | basic trust | belief that the world is a safe place to explore | 32 | |
| 8373371800 | self-concept | independence and self confidence promoted by secure attachment | 33 | |
| 8373371801 | authoritarian parenting | high control, low warmth | 34 | |
| 8373371802 | authoritative parenting | high control, high warmth (best for positive self-concept) | 35 | |
| 8373371803 | permissive parenting | low control, high warmth | 36 | |
| 8373371804 | neglectful parenting | low control, low warmth | 37 | |
| 8373371805 | adolescence | life between childhood and adulthood | 38 | |
| 8373371806 | puberty | sexual maturation | 39 | |
| 8373371807 | primary sex characteristics | development of reproductive organs and external genitalia | 40 | |
| 8373371808 | secondary sex characteristics | development of non-reproductive traits (breasts and hips for females, deepening voice and facial hair for males) | 41 | |
| 8373371809 | menarche | first menstral cycle | 42 | |
| 8373371810 | preconventional morality | moral thinking based on gaining rewards and avoiding punishments | 43 | |
| 8373371811 | conventional morality | moral thinking based on social laws and approval | 44 | |
| 8373371812 | postconventional morality | moral thinking based on personal ethics and standards | 45 | |
| 8373371813 | eriksons stages of psychosocial development | infancy, toddlerhood, preschooler, elementary school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood | 46 | |
| 8373371814 | identity | teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form a single identity (leads to forming close relationships) | 47 | |
| 8373371815 | intimacy | forming close relationships | 48 | |
| 8373371816 | emerging adulthood | spans ages 18-25 where young adults may live with their parents, attend college or work | 49 | |
| 8373371817 | menopause | at around age 50, during middle adulthood, menstruation ends | 50 | |
| 8373371818 | alzheimers disease | disease caused by decreasing Ach that increases with age | 51 | |
| 8373371819 | cross-sectional study | testing multiple groups at once | 52 | |
| 8373371820 | longitudinal study | testing one group over a span of time | 53 | |
| 8373371821 | crystallized intelligence | accumulated knowledge and skills do not decline with time | 54 | |
| 8373371822 | fluid intelligence | ability to reason speedily declines with time | 55 | |
| 8373371823 | social clock | cultural time for events to occur (marriage by 28, kids by 30) | 56 | |
| 8373371824 | competent reflex | baby is already born with certain traits | 57 | |
| 8373371825 | sensorimotor traits | object permanence, stranger anxiety | 58 | |
| 8373371826 | preoperational traits | pretend play, egocentrism | 59 | |
| 8373371827 | concrete operational traits | conservation, math | 60 | |
| 8373371828 | formal operational traits | logic, mature reasoning | 61 | |
| 8373371829 | infancy stage | trust vs mistrust | 62 | |
| 8373371830 | toddlerhood stage | autonomy vs shame and doubt | 63 | |
| 8373371831 | preschooler stage | initiative vs guilt | 64 | |
| 8373371832 | elementary school stage | competence vs inferiority | 65 | |
| 8373371833 | adolescence stage | identity vs role confusion | 66 | |
| 8373371834 | young adulthood stage | intimacy vs isolation | 67 | |
| 8373371835 | middle adulthood stage | generativity vs stagnation | 68 | |
| 8373371836 | late adulthood stage | integrity vs dispair | 69 | |
| 8373371837 | selective pruning | use it or lost it | 70 | |
| 8373371838 | Piaget | Made a systematic study of cognitive development | 71 | |
| 8373371839 | Kohlberg | sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children (found stages of moral development) | 72 |
AP English "AB" vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7325160269 | archetype | original model that's widely imitated | 0 | |
| 7325163848 | apathy | insensibility to emotion; lack of effort | 1 | |
| 7325165765 | antithesis | exact opposite | 2 | |
| 7325167365 | ado | unnecessary activity | 3 | |
| 7325170137 | absolve | to free from sin or blame | 4 | |
| 7325175022 | acquiesce | to comply or submit | 5 | |
| 7325195907 | bureaucracy | administration characterized by the excessive procedure and routine | 6 | |
| 7325199794 | bedlam | scene of great uproar;asylum | 7 | |
| 7325201996 | barring | excluding by exception | 8 | |
| 7325208969 | burgeon | to sprout; to grow; to blossom and flourish | 9 | |
| 7325211758 | bilious | having a nasty temper | 10 | |
| 7325215491 | bleak | without hope | 11 | |
| 7325285107 | acute | very refined or sharp | 12 | |
| 7325294473 | acrimonious | bitter | 13 | |
| 7325296565 | admonish | to warn of fault; usually in a mean tone | 14 | |
| 7325300278 | brevity | shortness of duration | 15 | |
| 7325305320 | brandish | to wave or shake as a weapon | 16 | |
| 7325309141 | bolster | to support | 17 | |
| 7325311567 | accost | to confront boldly | 18 | |
| 7325313848 | austere | severely simple; unadorned | 19 | |
| 7325323467 | baleful | malignant; threatening | 20 | |
| 7325328951 | beleaguer | to surround with troubles | 21 | |
| 7325332656 | ascetic | a person who deliberately chooses to live a plain and simple life | 22 | |
| 7325344533 | aggrandize | to exaggerate, put on a false front, and make something look greater than it really is | 23 | |
| 7325363647 | bequeath | to hand down | 24 | |
| 7325363648 | bauble | a showy, usually cheap, ornament; knickknack | 25 | |
| 7325375665 | aloof | distant; disinterested | 26 | |
| 7325380598 | ad hominem | appealing to one's prejudices, emotions, or special interests rather than to one's intellect or reason | 27 | |
| 7325393285 | blatant | completely obvious | 28 | |
| 7325395755 | belittle | to attack or make lower in significance | 29 | |
| 7325399513 | belligerent | warlike; eager to fight | 30 | |
| 7325399514 | bemoan | to complain | 31 | |
| 7325401307 | balk | to stop, as at an obstacle, and refuse to proceed or to do something specified | 32 | |
| 7325402918 | auspicious | favoring success | 33 | |
| 7325402919 | ambiguous | having an unclear or double meaning | 34 | |
| 7325419091 | anomaly | something different, abnormal, peculiar, or not easily classified | 35 | |
| 7325419092 | ambsace | something worthless or unlucky | 36 | |
| 7325421925 | beseech | to beg | 37 | |
| 7325424338 | banal | lacking originality or freshness | 38 | |
| 7325426261 | adhere | to stick to; to fasten | 39 | |
| 7325428370 | acumen | keen insight | 40 | |
| 7325428371 | bravado | an aggressive display of boldness | 41 | |
| 7325429952 | boorish | rude | 42 | |
| 7325431704 | aesthetic | visual beauty | 43 | |
| 7325435835 | ambivalence | the state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes | 44 | |
| 7325457903 | benevolent | kind | 45 | |
| 7325460544 | brusque | somewhat rough in manner or speech | 46 | |
| 7325465116 | blasphemy | the act of insulting religion or anything held dearly to a person | 47 | |
| 7325470024 | assuage | to relieve or ease | 48 | |
| 7325473346 | allude | to refer by suggestion | 49 |
AP Government - Bureaucracy Flashcards
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| 6571173495 | Patronage | One of the key inducements used by machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone. | 0 | |
| 6571173496 | Spoils System | The old system of giving government jobs to friends and political allies regardless of their qualifications | 1 | |
| 6571173497 | Pendleton Civil Service Act | Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage. | 2 | |
| 6571173498 | Merit Principle | The idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to produce administration by people with talent and skill. | 3 | |
| 6571173499 | Hatch Act | A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics. | 4 | |
| 6571173502 | Bureaucracy | According to Max Weber, the hierarchical authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on the merit principle, and behaves with impersonality. Bureaucracies govern modern states. It is the term for the hundreds of agencies within the executive branch. | 5 | |
| 6571173503 | Independent Regulatory Agency | responsible for some sector of the economy, making and enforcing rules supposedly to protect the public interest. It also judges disputes over these rules. e.g. The Interstate Commerce Commission, Federal Reserve Board, Securities Exchange Commission are examples. | 6 | |
| 6571173504 | Governmental Corporations | A government organization that provides a service that could be provided by the private sector and typically charges for its services. The U.S. Postal Service, Corporation for Public Radio, and Amtrak are examples. | 7 | |
| 6571173505 | Independent Executive Agency | The government not accounted for by cabinet departments, independent regulatory agencies, and government corporations. Its administrators are typically appointed by the president and serve at the president's pleasure. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and General Services Administration are examples. | 8 | |
| 6571173506 | Whistle Blower Protection Act | The law that created the Office of Special Counsel, charged with investigating complaints from bureaucrats that were punished after reporting to Congress about waste, fraud, or abuse in their agencies. | 9 | |
| 6571173507 | Standard Operating Procedures | these procedures are used by bureaucrats to bring uniformity to complex organizations. Uniformity improves fairness and makes personnel interchangeable. | 10 | |
| 6571173508 | Deregulation | The lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer. | 11 | |
| 6571173509 | Executive Orders | Regulations originating from the executive branch. Executive orders are one method presidents can use to control the bureaucracy; more often, though, presidents pass along their wishes through their aides. | 12 | |
| 6571173510 | Iron Triangles | Entities composed of bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees, which have dominated some areas of domestic policymaking. These are characterized by mutual dependency, in which each element provides key services, information, or policy for the others. | 13 | |
| 6571173511 | Expenditures | Federal spending of revenues. Major areas such as spending are social services and the military. | 14 | |
| 6571173512 | Incrementalism | The belief that the best predictor of this year's budget is the last year's budget, plus a little bit more. | 15 | |
| 6571173513 | Entitlements | Benefits to which every eligible person has a legal right and that the government cannot deny. | 16 | |
| 6571173514 | House Ways and Means Committee | The House of Representatives committee that, along with the Senate Finance Committee, writes the tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole. | 17 | |
| 6571173515 | Senate Finance Committee | The Senate committee that, along with the House Ways and Means Committee, writes the tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole. | 18 | |
| 6571173518 | Office of Personnel Management | In charge of hiring for most federal agencies, director is appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. It has elaborate rules about hiring, promotion, working conditions, and firing | 19 | |
| 6571173520 | Congressional Budget Office (CBO) | Advises Congress on the probable consequences of its decisions, forecasts revenues, and is a counterweight to the president's OMB. | 20 | |
| 6571173521 | Authorization | Legislative permission to begin or continue a government program or agency; may grant permission to spend a certain amount of money, but that money is not available until it is appropriated | 21 | |
| 6571173523 | Budget Sequestration | The automatic spending cuts to United States federal government spending in particular categories of outlays as an austerity fiscal policy as a result of Budget Control Act of 2011 | 22 | |
| 6571173524 | Issue Networks | Complex systems of relationships between groups that influence policy, including elected leaders, interest groups, specialists, consultants, and research institutes | 23 | |
| 6571173526 | Department of Agriculture | Cabinet Department - began in 1862 under Lincoln. has jurisdiction over anything food related including food stamps program, school lunch programs, and meals on wheels. | 24 | |
| 6571173527 | Department of Commerce | Cabinet Department - provides assistance to American businesses, issues patents and trademarks, conducts the national census, and maintains official weighs and measures | 25 | |
| 6571173528 | Department of Defense | Cabinet Department - entrusted with formulating military policies and maintaining American military forces. Its top official is a civilian. It is headquartered in the Pentagon. | 26 | |
| 6571173529 | Department of Energy | Cabinet Department - plans energy policy and researches alternative power sources | 27 | |
| 6571173530 | Department of the Interior | Cabinet Department - protects public land and natural resources and handles relations with Native Americans | 28 | |
| 6571173531 | Department of Justice | Cabinet Department - federal department responsible for enforcing federal laws (includes FBI, Civil Rights Division, Antitrust Division, Drug Enforcement Administration...) - Attorney General | 29 | |
| 6571173532 | Department of Labor | Cabinet Department - protects the rights of workers, safe working environments, OSHA, enforce minimum wage | 30 | |
| 6571173533 | Department of State | Cabinet Department - staffs embassies and handles foreign affairs | 31 | |
| 6571173534 | Department of Transportation | Cabinet Department - regulates all aspects of American Transportation needs including airlines A department of the federal executive branch responsible for the national highways and for railroad and airline safety. It also manages Amtrak and the national railroad system. | 32 | |
| 6571173535 | Department of Treasury | Cabinet Department - prints and mints all paper currency and coins in circulation through the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the United States Mint. The Department also collects all federal taxes through the Internal Revenue Service, and manages U.S. government debt instruments. | 33 | |
| 6571173536 | Department of Veteran's Affairs | Cabinet Department - a federal agency that administers Benefits provided by law for veterans of the armed forces. | 34 | |
| 6571173537 | Department of Health and Human Services | Cabinet Department - administrative unit of the federal government with four major service divisions and many different sections. Includes the Public Health Services, CDC, NIH, FDA, Center for Medicare/Medicaid Services, and Health Resources Administration and oversees Obamacare | 35 | |
| 6571173538 | Department of Housing and Urban Development | Cabinet Department - increased federal aid to low-income apartment renters and built more federal housing projects. Part of Johnson's War on Poverty. | 36 | |
| 6571173539 | Department of Education | Cabinet Department - manages federal education programs, oversees educational grants to the states. | 37 | |
| 6571173540 | Department of Homeland Security | Cabinet Department -formed in 2002 from the combination of 22 departments and agencies, the Department works to improve the security of the United States. They cover the areas of customs, border, and immigration enforcement; emergency response to natural and man-made disasters; anti-terrorism work; and cyber-security. | 38 |
AP Vocab 4: Rhetoric Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5687108846 | Admonition | cautionary advice about something imminent; a firm rebut....warning or correcting someone. EX: Be careful; you better slow down, there's a stop sign! Beware the Ides of March!! |  | 0 |
| 5687114849 | Allegory | form of metaphor, but through action; an abstract/spiritual meaning through concrete form EX: Harry Potter dies and comes back to life (Jesus); Cupid is an allegorical reference for love |  | 1 |
| 5687121782 | Allusion | Instance of an indirect reference; historical, mythological, religious or literary. When you bring up a reference to help people understand your meaning. EX: I was surprised his nose wasn't growing like Pinocchio. |  | 2 |
| 5687121783 | Anachronism | Something that's out of chronological time; something referenced at a time when it could not have existed or occurred. Using terms that don't fit in the time period. EX: Abe Lincoln ended slavery by sending many texts and tweets with his new iphone. |  | 3 |
| 5687131755 | Analogy | Resemblance in some particulars between things otherwise unlike. EX: The relationship between them began to thaw. (This means that the relationship was changing.) |  | 4 |
| 5687138984 | Anaphora | Repetition of the same words or phrase at the start of a clause. Repeating the same word at the beginning of each section of the sentences. EX: "I have a dream" |  | 5 |
| 5687138985 | Anecdote | a short story (mostly narrative and amusing) that illuminates a larger meaning. EX: Before beginning a lecture on why staying out late is inappropriate, a father tells his daughter about a scary incident he had one time when he stayed out too late. |  | 6 |
| 5687142143 | Antithesis | the rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences EX: Give me liberty or give me death. They promised freedom and provided slavery. |  | 7 |
| 5687147919 | Aphorism | Strong statement of advice. EX: An apple a day keeps the doctor away; "Expect nothing. Live frugally on surprise." |  | 8 |
| 5687150933 | Apostrophe | When a writer breaks off and directs speech to an imaginary or abstract idea. EX: If you're talking to death, like, "Oh, Death...how dare you kill me..." |  | 9 |
| 5687154432 | Asyndeton | Omitted conjunctions (fanboys) in between words phrases or clauses. EX: The blue and black silver stars... I came, I saw, I conquered |  | 10 |
| 5687166718 | Chiasmus | When you have two sentences, the second if which switches the order of the clauses. EX: Don't sweat the petty things and don't pet the sweaty things. |  | 11 |
| 5687166719 | Colloquial | Using common, or stereotypical language. EX: Their Eyes Were Watching God ('nuff said); y'all; slang words; "Raining cats and dogs." |  | 12 |
| 5687166720 | Diction | Author's specific word choice EX: When trying to connect directly to the audience, the writer used more of a colloquial diction. |  | 13 |
| 5687182341 | Hyperbole | Extravagant exaggeration EX: I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse. I told you a million times: Don't exaggerate! |  | 14 |
| 5687187837 | Idiosyncrasy | a behavior or mannerism which is viewed as odd or specific to the person EX: Talking to yourself; putting your arm over your head when you're thinking; Colton clicking pen |  | 15 |
| 5687190986 | Irony | an outcome of events contrary to what was, or might have been, expected. EX: Sally, who was the most shy and quiet student in high school, decided to be a teacher. |  | 16 |
| 5687195086 | Jargon | Use of technical terms based on an expertise or profession. EX: Your brake pad is corroded and you need new pistons. |  | 17 |
| 5687198957 | Objective | a statement uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices EX: Snapple facts, leopards can carry twice their body weight, dolphins always sleep with one eye open |  | 18 |
| 5687206229 | Onomatopoeia | A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. EX: Buzz hiss hum crack whinny murmur |  | 19 |
| 5687206230 | Paradox | a statement that seems contradictory but may probably be true. EX: War protestors in the 1960's would "fight for peace" |  | 20 |
| 5687210689 | Subjective | Proceeding from or taking place in a person's mind rather than the external world; opinion-based EX: English & History are more subjective classes than Math & Science. |  | 21 |
| 5687211453 | Syllogism | A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion EX: All humans are mortal (major), I am a human (minor), therefore, I am mortal (conclusion). |  | 22 |
| 5687216662 | Syntax | The way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences; sentence structures and how it influences the way the reader receives a particular piece of writing. EX: Sometimes authors use extended syntax to show reflective thought. |  | 23 |
| 5687220280 | Understatement | to state or present with restraint especially for effect. EX: Saying "I'm a little tired" after working a 24 hour day would be an understatement. |  | 24 |
| 5687221730 | Zeugma | the use of a word to govern two or more words usually in such a manner that it applies to each in a different sense or makes sense with only one EX: The woman opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. |  | 25 |
AP French Persuasive Essay Flashcards
vocab for the essay
Terms : Hide Images
| 6740011699 | À mon avis | in my opinion | 0 | |
| 6740011700 | Il paraît que | it seems that | 1 | |
| 6740011701 | je crois que/je trouve que | I believe (not subjunctive) | 2 | |
| 6740011702 | Par contre | on the other hand | 3 | |
| 6740011703 | il/elle a raison | he or she is right | 4 | |
| 6740011704 | l'auteur a tort | the author is wrong | 5 | |
| 6740011705 | déduire | to deduce | 6 | |
| 6740011706 | expliquer | to explain | 7 | |
| 6740011707 | extrapoler | extrapolate | 8 | |
| 6740011708 | formuler | to express an opinion | 9 | |
| 6740011709 | justifier | to justify | 10 | |
| 6740011710 | montrer | to show | 11 | |
| 6740011711 | résumer | to summarize | 12 | |
| 6740011712 | soutenir | support | 13 | |
| 6740011713 | à titre d'exemple | to quote an example | 14 | |
| 6740011714 | c'est une question de | it is a question of | 15 | |
| 6740011715 | En ce cas-là | in that case | 16 | |
| 6740011716 | en conséquence | as a result | 17 | |
| 6740011717 | le fait est que | the fact is that | 18 | |
| 6740011718 | au contraire | quite the opposite | 19 | |
| 6740011719 | cela dit | that said | 20 | |
| 6740011720 | cela a l'air d'être | that appears to be | 21 | |
| 6740011721 | d'une part, d'autre part | on one hand, on the other hand | 22 | |
| 6740011722 | en réalité | in reality | 23 | |
| 6740011723 | cependant | however | 24 | |
| 6740011724 | par contre | on the other hand | 25 | |
| 6740011725 | bien que | although (subj) | 26 | |
| 6740011726 | tandis que | while (no subj) | 27 | |
| 6740011727 | donc | therefore | 28 | |
| 6740011728 | En somme, | All in all, | 29 | |
| 6740011729 | En gros, | Basically, | 30 | |
| 6740011730 | En conclusion | In conclusion | 31 | |
| 6740011731 | pour toutes ces raisons | for all these/those reasons | 32 | |
| 6740011732 | à l'exception de | except for | 33 | |
| 6740011733 | tout d'abord | first | 34 | |
| 6740011734 | d'ailleurs | besides | 35 | |
| 6740011735 | de plus | moreover | 36 | |
| 6740011736 | en fait | in fact | 37 | |
| 6740011737 | D'après le texte | According to the text | 38 | |
| 6740011738 | D'après la source numéro 2, | According to Source number 2 | 39 | |
| 6740011739 | Dans le graphique, on voit... | In the graph, we see.. | 40 | |
| 6740011740 | Selon le texte, le clip audio, l'auteur | According to the text, the audio clip, the author | 41 | |
| 6740011741 | En deuxième lieu | Secondly | 42 | |
| 6740011742 | Sinon | Otherwise | 43 | |
| 6740011743 | Malgré tout | In spite of everything | 44 | |
| 6740011744 | Pourtant | However | 45 | |
| 6740011745 | Au lieu de cela | Instead of that | 46 | |
| 6740011746 | Cependant | However | 47 | |
| 6740011747 | Puisque | Since (no subj) | 48 | |
| 6740011748 | Il est possible que | It is possible that (subj) | 49 | |
| 6740011749 | Naturellement | Naturally | 50 | |
| 6740011750 | Certainement | Certainly | 51 | |
| 6740011751 | En effet | In effect, indeed | 52 | |
| 6740011752 | Il faut constater que | It must be noted that | 53 | |
| 6740011753 | D'après la source deux | According to source two | 54 |
AP Biology Respiration Flashcards
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Terms : Hide Images
| 5724765281 | Fermentation | -catabolic process that partially degrades sugars w/o oxygen -regenerates NAD+ by transferring electron from NADH to pyruvate -use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate-net production of 2 ATP w/ substrate level phosphorylation -NAD+ is oxidizing agent that accepts electrons from food in glycolysis -final electron acceptor is organic molecule |  | 0 |
| 5724765282 | Aerobic Respiration | -oxygen consumed as reactant along w/ organic fuel -use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate-net production of 2 ATP w/ substrate level phosphorylation -citric acid cycle-oxidation of pyruvate bigger ATP pay off releases carbon dioxide - electron transport system - uses a chemiosmotic gradient to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation -final electron acceptor is oxygen |  | 1 |
| 5724765283 | Anaerobic Respiration | -process of using substances other than oxygen as reactants to harvest chemical energy w/o oxygen -use electron transport chain but don't use oxygen as final electron acceptor | 2 | |
| 5724765284 | Cellular Repsiration | -C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat) |  | 3 |
| 5724765285 | Redox Reactions | reactions w/ electron transfer and energy movement | 4 | |
| 5724765286 | Oxidation | loss of electrons from one substance | 5 | |
| 5724765287 | Reduction | addition of electrons to another substance | 6 | |
| 5724765288 | Reducing Agent | electron donor | 7 | |
| 5724765289 | Oxidizing Agent | electron acceptor | 8 | |
| 5724765290 | NAD+ | -coenzyme electron acceptor -oxidizing agent in respiration | 9 | |
| 5724765291 | Glycolysis | -begins degradation process by breaking glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules +2 ATP w/ substrate-level phosphorylation |  | 10 |
| 5724765292 | Citric Acid Cycle | -completes breakdown of glucose by oxidizing pyruvate to CO2 -CO2 produced represents fragments of oxidized organic molecules -takes place in mitochondrial matrix (eukaryotic) /cytosol (prokaryotic) +2 w/ substrate-level phosphorylation |  | 11 |
| 5724765293 | Acetyl CoA | junction between glycolysis and citric acid cycle 1. pyruvate's carboxyl group (-COO-) removed and given of as molecule of CO2 2. remaining 2-carbon fragment oxidized -> acetate. enzyme transfers extracted electrons to NAD+, storing energy in form of NADH 3. coenzyme A attached to acetate by unstable bond that makes acetyl group very reactive -> acetyl CoA has high potential energy-reaction to yield lower energy products is highly exergonic |  | 12 |
| 5724765294 | Oxidative Phosphorylation | -mode of ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions in electron transport chain-energy released at each step of chain stored in form for mitochondria -uses a chemiosmotic gradient -90% of ATP generated +32-34 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation |  | 13 |
| 5724765295 | Electron Transport Chain | breaks fall of electrons to oxygen in energy releasing steps -consists of molecules (proteins) in inner membrane (eukaryote)/plasma membrane (prokaryote) | 14 | |
| 5724765297 | ATP Synthase | -enzyme in inner membrane of mitochondrion that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic protein -ion pump running in reverse -uses energy of existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis | 15 | |
| 5724765298 | Chemiosmosis | -process in which energy stored as H+ gradient across membrane used to drive cellular work like ATP synthesis -protons move one by one to binding sites of ATP synthase -> spins in way to catalyze production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphatwe |  | 16 |
| 5724765299 | Substrate-Level Phosphorylation | mode of ATP synthesis when enzyme transfers phosphate group from substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding inorganic phosphate to ADP | 17 | |
| 5724765301 | Alcohol Fermentation | -pyruvate converted to ethanol 1. CO2 released from pyruvate-converted to 2-carbon acetaldehyde 2. acetaldehyde reduced by NADH to ethanol-regenerates supply of NAD+ for glycolysis | 18 | |
| 5724765302 | Lactic Acid Fermentation | -pyruvate reduced directly by NADH -> form lactate w/ no release of CO2 -sugar catabolism for ATP production outpaces muscle's supply of oxygen -> cells switch from aerobic respiration to fermentation | 19 | |
| 5724765303 | Obligate Anaerobes | organisms that only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration-cannot survive in presence of oxygen | 20 | |
| 5724765304 | Facultative Anaerobes | -make enough ATP to survive using fermentation or respiration -pyruvate -> 2 alternative catabolic rates -aerobic conditions: pyruvate -> acetyl CoA-oxidation continues in Krebs Cycle -anaerobic conditions: pyruvate diverted from Krebs Cycle-serves as electron acceptor to recycle NAD+ - has to consume sugar at faster rate | 21 |
AP Biology Metabolism Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5724879365 | metabolism | a set of life'sustaining chemical transformations that allow organisms to do things like grow, reproduce, and maintain their structure. |  | 0 |
| 5724879366 | metabolic pathway | a series of chemical reactions where metabolite is modified by these chemical reactions. |  | 1 |
| 5724879367 | catabolic pathways | the set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units. |  | 2 |
| 5724879368 | anabolic pathways | usually requires energy, build new molecules and/or store energy. |  | 3 |
| 5724879369 | bioenergetics | the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms. |  | 4 |
| 5724879370 | energy | can be transferred or converted, but never destroyed. |  | 5 |
| 5724879371 | kinetic energy | energy that is being used. |  | 6 |
| 5724879372 | heat | the measure of the matter's total kinetic energy due the movement of its molecules. |  | 7 |
| 5724879373 | thermal energy | the energy that comes from heat. |  | 8 |
| 5724879374 | potential energy | the amount of energy an object has because of its position/location. |  | 9 |
| 5724879375 | chemical energy | energy that is released in a chemical reaction. |  | 10 |
| 5724879376 | thermodynamics | branch of physics focused on heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. |  | 11 |
| 5724879377 | first law of thermodynamics | energy can be transformed from one form to another, but never created or destroyed. |  | 12 |
| 5724879378 | entropy | the degree of disorder or randomness in a system. |  | 13 |
| 5724879379 | second law of thermodynamics | the total entropy of a system always increases or stays the same over time |  | 14 |
| 5724879380 | free energy | a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a system to do work. |  | 15 |
| 5724879381 | exergonic reaction | a reaction where energy is released. |  | 16 |
| 5724879382 | endergonic reaction | a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive and absorbed. |  | 17 |
| 5724879383 | energy coupling | transfer of energy from catabolism to anabolism. |  | 18 |
| 5724879384 | ATP | composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups. |  | 19 |
| 5724879385 | phosphorylated | to introduce a phosphate group into a compound or molecule. |  | 20 |
| 5724879386 | enzyme | proteins that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur. |  | 21 |
| 5724879387 | catalyst | substance that increases the rate of a reaction |  | 22 |
| 5724879388 | activation energy | the minimum energy that needs to be available to a chemical system with potential reactants for a chemical reaction to happen. |  | 23 |
| 5724879389 | substrate | a molecule on which an enzyme reacts. | | 24 |
| 5724879390 | enzyme-substrate complex | forms when a substrate interacts with the active site of an enzyme. |  | 25 |
| 5724879391 | active site | region on an enzyme where the substrate binds |  | 26 |
| 5724879392 | induced fit | the binding of a substrate or some other molecule to an enzyme causes a change in the shape of the enzyme and its function. |  | 27 |
| 5724879393 | cofactors | assist in enzyme activity. |  | 28 |
| 5724879394 | coenzyme | organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis. |  | 29 |
| 5724879395 | competitive inhibitors | function by binding reversibly to the active site of an enzyme. |  | 30 |
| 5724879396 | noncompetitive inhibitors | inhibiting compound does not compete with the natural substrate for the active site on the enzyme but inhibits reaction by combining with the enzyme-substrate complex after the complex is formed. |  | 31 |
| 5724879397 | allosteric regulation | the regulation of a protein by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the protein's active site. |  | 32 |
| 5724879399 | feedback inhibition | when an enzyme that catalyzes the production of a particular substance in the cell is inhibited when that substance has accumulated to a certain level. |  | 33 |
Drug Quiz AP Psych Flashcards
Psychoactive Drugs
Terms : Hide Images
| 5022979408 | depressants | are psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity. | 0 | |
| 5022979409 | alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opiates. | Among the most widely used depressants are..... | 1 | |
| 5022979411 | alcohol | After caffeine, THIS is the most widely used drug in the United States | 2 | |
| 5022979418 | Opiates | consist of opium and its derivatives and depress the central nervous system's activity and ease pain | 3 | |
| 5022979419 | Opiates | ALSO KNOWN AS NARCOTICS | 4 | |
| 5022979421 | Opiates | The most common OF THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG ARE morphine and heroin | 5 | |
| 5022979422 | Opiates | THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG affect synapses in the brain that use endorphins as their neurotransmitter | 6 | |
| 5022979424 | heroin | highly addictive opiate; users experience craving and painful withdrawal that can include stomach cramps and muscle tremores when the drug becomes unavailable; an overdose leads to respiratory failure | 7 | |
| 5022979425 | Stimulants | are psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity. | 8 | |
| 5022979426 | caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine. | The most widely used stimulants are ...... | 9 | |
| 5022979427 | caffeine | blocks adenosine (a sleep neurotransmitter) | 10 | |
| 5022979428 | Nicotine | one of the most addictive legal drugs; if affects receptors all over the brain; decreases appetite; acts as a stimulant but users report relaxation too | 11 | |
| 5022979432 | Nicotine | Withdrawal from THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG often quickly produces strong, unpleasant symptoms such as irritability, craving, inability to focus, sleep disturbance, and increased appetite. Withdrawal symptoms can persist for months or longer. | 12 | |
| 5022979434 | methamphetamine | Smoked, injected, or swallowed drug is a synthetic stimulant that causes a powerful feeling of euphoria, particularly the first time it is ingested. | 13 | |
| 5022979436 | methamphetamine | releases enormous amounts of dopamine in the brain, producing intense feelings of pleasure. The drug is highly addictive. The extreme high of THIS drug leads to a severe "come down" experience that is associated with strong cravings. | 14 | |
| 5022979437 | Cocaine | is either snorted or injected in the form of crystals or powder. Used this way, it floods the bloodstream rapidly, producing a rush of euphoric feelings that lasts for about 15 to 30 minutes; may increase aggression | 15 | |
| 5022979441 | MDMA | called Ecstasy, X, or XTC | 16 | |
| 5022979442 | MDMA (Ecstasy) | is an illegal synthetic drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. | 17 | |
| 5022979443 | MDMA (Ecstasy) | People have called THIS AMPHETAMINE an "empathogen" because under its influence, users tend to feel warm bonds with others. | 18 | |
| 5022979444 | MDMA (Ecstasy) | produces its effects by releasing serotonin and dopamine; making it a stimulant and hallucinogen | 19 | |
| 5022979447 | Hallucinogens | are psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real. | 20 | |
| 5022979449 | Marijuana | is the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which originated in Central Asia but is now grown in most parts of the world; active ingredient is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) | 21 | |
| 5022979451 | Marijuana | Psychological effects OF THIS DRUG include a mixture of excitatory, depressive, and mildly hallucinatory characteristics that make it difficult to classify the drug; can trigger spontaneous unrelated ideas; distorted perceptions of time and place; increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells, and colors; and erratic verbal behavior. The drug can also impair attention and memory. | 22 | |
| 5022979453 | Marijuana | when used daily in large amounts, THIS DRUG can alter sperm count and change hormonal cycles (just thought this was good for you to know) | 23 | |
| 5022979455 | LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) | Objects change their shapes and glow. Colors become kaleidoscopic and astonishing images unfold. | 24 | |
| 5022979457 | LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) | can influence a user's sense of time so that brief glances at objects are experienced as deep, penetrating, and lengthy examinations, and minutes turn into hours or even days. | 25 | |
| 5022979458 | LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) | A bad trip WITH THIS DRUG can trigger extreme anxiety, paranoia, and suicidal or homicidal impulses. | 26 | |
| 5024356600 | Mescaline (peyote) | less potent than LSD but causes hallucinations by affecting norepinephrine and dopamine; found in cactus | 27 | |
| 5024361545 | LSD | HEAVY stimulation of serotonin receptors | 28 | |
| 5024364562 | Alcohol | mimics GABA in the nervous system and slows you down | 29 | |
| 5024369620 | morphine, heroin, painkillers | mimic endorphins | 30 | |
| 5024380260 | methamphetamine | users become paranoid, can be extremely agitated, have memory loss, insomnia, possible stroke | 31 | |
| 5038677528 | alcohol | Users are less anxious and uninhibited; clumsy | 32 | |
| 5038684938 | Mescaline (peyote) | Users have vivid hallucinations of latticework, spider webs, tunnels, and spirals | 33 | |
| 5038694149 | marijuana | effects depend on mood upon use; reduces nausea; increases appetite; disrupts memory | 34 | |
| 5038709639 | ecstacy | raises body temperature; jaw clenching; insomnia; users experience warmth/connectedness | 35 | |
| 5038711854 | LSD | flashbacks | 36 | |
| 5038721423 | nicotine (in cigarettes) | side effects include impotence, sleep disturbances, cancer, heart disease | 37 | |
| 5038734184 | caffeine | withdrawal leads to headache and irritability; caffeine blocks adenosine (a sleep chemical) | 38 |
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