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AP Government: Judicial Branch Flashcards

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5490604078Majority Decision/Opinion of the Courta signed opinion of a majority of the Supreme Court0
5490604079concurring opiniona signed opinion that one or members agree with the majority view but for different reasons1
5490604087dissenting opiniona signed opinion in which one or more justices disagree with the majority view2
5490604082Rule of Fourif four justices of the nine have to agree that a case is "worthy", they can make a writ of cert for a case3
5490604083writ of certiorarian order by a higher court directing a lower court to send up a case for review4
5490604085Stare decisisallows the precedents set by prior rulings to control the current case, "let the decisions stand"5
5490604088judicial restraint (strict constructionist)a view that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws and the Constitution6
5490604089standingsuggests a solid argument exists for your request to have your case heard (for trial or an appeal)7
5490604090appealpresenting a case again if you are unhappy with your trial, related to its fairness8
5490604093District Courttrial court in the federal justice system, 94 of these9
5490604106appeals courtno original jurisdiction, country has 12 federal circuit courts of appeals and 1 Special Appeals court. This is a panel of 3-5 justices.10
5490604094Supreme Court9 justices have life appointments; final say on any legal matters that come to them. Small caseload since writing of opinions takes a long time and accept few cases.11
5490635767Appellate Jurisdictionthe power of a higher court to review decisions and change outcomes of decisions of lower courts.12
5490604099original jurisdictionlegal right that a court has to receive a case first. i.e. State or District Courts usually have original Jurisdiction, Supreme Court has original jurisdiction when states sue other states and cases involving high-level diplomats13
5490604102judicial activismview that the Constitution is flexible and alive. Courts are called to settle disputes and use judicial review and should do so actively and without restraint14
5490604112doctrine of original intentRelated to the US Constitution, what was the 'intent' of the Founders. What did they mean? Obviously, 'original intent' can be interpreted differently depending on who's talking.15
5490604113Brown v. Board of Education of Topekahuge case that forced all schools to desegregate. overrode Plessy v. Ferguson, a Supreme Court decision that reinforced the concept of "separate but equal".16
5490604115Marbury v. MadisonlMade clear the concept of judicial review, that it is a power of the courts to review Constitutionality of government actions.17
5490604117McCulloch v. Marylandbank case. made clear that banking is a federal power. first time elastic clause was used to extend federal authority.18
5490648449Miranda v. Arizonaestablished that the accused must be informed of their rights before trial, the Miranda Warning19
5490653997Syndicated or Selective Incorporationgradual case by case application of the civil liberties guaranteed by the Bill of Rights to the states using the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment.20
5490653998Right to PrivacyThe 9th Amendment enables rights not in the Constitution to be granted. Supreme Court combined 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Amendment implications into a Right to Privacy in Griswold v. Connecticut (birth control case.) Privacy was also the basis of Roe v. Wade21
5490655475Civil LibertiesBasic freedoms established to everyone by the Bill of Rights. Our shield against government oppression.22
5490653999Civil RightsActive protection of discriminated against groups, "protected classes" by the government. Race, Gender, Disability are the primary classes.23
5490658165Establishment Clause1st Amendment Clause forbidding the establishment of official religions.24
5490660088Free Exercise Clause1st Amendment Clause allowing each person to freely exercise their religious beliefs.25
5490660089Due Process Clause14th Amendment clause stating "nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." - basis of Syndicated Incorporation.26
5490676211Equal Protection Clause14th Amendment clause stating "nor shall any state ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." - basis of Civil Rights protections.27
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AP Psychology - 3B - Vocab Flashcards

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5247842462Lesion- Tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue. * The destruction of tissue ; causing tissue to die0
5247848968Electroencephalogram- An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. * Magnified waves that measure the brains electrical activity1
5247852607CT (Computed Tomography) Scan- A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angels and combined by computer into composite representation of a slice through the body * an X-ray that shows only half a body sliced through the middle2
5247858003PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan- A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. * Determines how the brain processes information.3
5247863829MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Scan- A technique that uses magnetic field and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy. * Shows the brain in detail4
5247871234fMRI (functional MRI)- A technique for revealing blood-flow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans . fMRI scans show brain function. * Shows how each part of the brain works5
5247872909Brainstem-The oldest part and central core of the brain beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions. * In charge of reflexes6
5247874995Medulla- The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.7
5247880210Reticular Formation- A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.8
5247889213Thalamus- The brain sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and Medulla * interprets messages and transmits replies9
5247889214Cerebellum- The "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.10
5247896007Limbic System- Doughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippo campus amygdala and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives. *Controls emotion and commands11
5247900865Amygdala- Two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system * Controls Emotions12
5247904667Hypothalamus- A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is linked to emotion and reward. *Directs eating, drinking, body temperature and is linked to emotion and reward; helps the endocrine system through the pituitary gland.13
5247904668Cerebral Cortex- The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center. * The outside membrane protecting the brain.14
5247907640Glial Cells- Cells in the nervous system that support nourish and protect neurons.15
5247910332Frontal Lobes- Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the four head involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments16
5247913734Parietal Lobes- Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear receives sensory input for touch and body position17
5247918149Occipital Lobes- Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head includes areas that receive information from the visual fields18
5247920503Temporal Lobes- Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears includes the auditory areas each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear19
5247922141Motor Cortex- An area at the rear of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movements20
5247922142Sensory Cortex- Area at the front of the parental lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations21
5247925240Association Areas- Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning remembering thinking and speaking22
5247925241Aphasia- Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area ( impairing speaking) or Wernicke's area ( impairing understanding)23
5247928869Broca's Area- Controls language expression in area usually in the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movement involved in speech24
5247930878Wernicke's Area- Controls language reception of brain area involved in language comprehension and expression usually in the left temporal lobe.25
5247933142Plasticity- The brains ability to change (especially during childhood) by recognizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience26
5247935872Neurogenesis- The formation of new neurons.27
5247939806Corpus Callosum- The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and caring messages between them.28
5247941888Split Brain- A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains to hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them * surgically cutting the brain in two half's; right down the middle29
5247944009Consciousness- Our awareness of ourselves and our environment30
5247946151Cognitive Neuroscience- The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception thinking memory and language) * the study of how the brain acts or process knowledge and understanding through thought.31
5247958528Dual Processing- The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks32
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Mitosis - AP Biology Flashcards

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5384548452G1 PhaseFirst stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is diploid.0
5384548453G0 PhaseCell is performing its normal functions, but has left the cell cycle and is not dividing.1
5384548454S PhaseThe synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.2
5384548455G2 PhaseLast stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is tetraploid.3
5384548456InterphaseCell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases4
5384548457ProphasePhase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, nucleolus disappears, and spindle fibers begin to form.5
5384548458MetaphasePhase of mitosis in which spindle fibers help chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell.6
5384548459AnaphasePhase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.7
5384548460TelophasePhase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell"8
5384548461CytokinesisAt the end of telophase, actin fibers form an equator around the cell and contract, separating the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.9
5384548462CentrioleA paired cluster of microtubules near the nucleus in animal cells. This organelle organizes spindle fibers during mitosis.10
5384548463CentromereRegion of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach to one another. Contains the kinetochore.11
5384548464KinetochoreA specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.12
5384548465Spindle FibersMade of microtubules that connect centrioles to kinetochores of chromosomes and that separate sister (mitosis) or homologous (meiosis) chromosomes during cell division13
5384548466ChromosomeA threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.14
5384548467ChromatidOne of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome.15
5384548468HaploidA cell with only one copy of each chromosome.16
5384548469DiploidA cell with two copies of each chromosome.17
5384548470TetraploidA cell with four copies of each chromosome.18
5384548471KaryotypeMicrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size19
5384548472Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK)A group of protein kinases that are activated by the formation of a complex with a cyclin and are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Only active when bound to a cyclin.20
5384548473CyclinA cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.21
5384548476p53This tumor suppressor gene causes cell cycle arrest in G1, providing time for DNA repair. If repair is successful, cells re-enter the cycle. If unsuccessful, apoptosis. Damage to this protein can cause cancer.22
5384548477Proto-oncogeneA normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene; a gene with a potential to cause cancer but that requires some alteration to become an oncogene.23
5384548478Tumor Suppressor GeneA gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth. Mutations in this gene can cause cancer.24
5384548479KinaseAn enzyme that adds a phosphate group to a protein. Phosphorylation usually activates protein activity.25
5384548480PhosphataseAn enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein. Phosphorylation usually activates protein activity.26
5384555906growth factorsFactors that stimulate the cell to divide.27
5384565273cancerDisorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth; A disease in which the body cells grow & divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.28
5384586562metastisisspread of cancer cells29
5384588818treatments for cancersurgery; radiation; chemotherapy; immunotherapy30
5384614526angiogenesisthe process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply by recruiting new blood vessels31
5384623592normal cell cycle regulatorsadhesion; crowding/density-dependence; growth factors32
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AP HG: Development Flashcards

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6497581770Agricultural labor forcemeasure of the portion of an economy's labor force that participates in agriculture. A high measure is characteristic of an LDC, a low one of an MDC because more technology = less human labor.0
6497581771Calorie consumptionindex of development measured by whether people consume their daily calorie requirements. People in MDCs consume over 130 percent daily, and people in LDCs usually get barely or not enough.1
6497581772Commodity chainseries of links connecting places of production/processing/distribution of a product to be sold.2
6497581773Consumer goodscommodities bought and used by consumers, not manufacturers for producing other goods.3
6497581774Core-periphery modelModel of the distribution of wealth and development. MDC = core, LDC = periphery.4
6497581775Crude birth ratenumber of live births per 1000 people per year per year. Crude = does not take into account age/sex of said 1000 people.5
6497581776Cultural convergencetendency for cultures to become increasingly similar due to diffusion via efficient transportation and communication of ideas/technology. Ex: McDonalds in Dubai, English as a lingua franca, pop culture.6
6497581777Dependency TheoryNotion that resources flow from periphery to wealthy core, enriching latter at expense of the former. $ = power = int' influence = dependent places7
6497581778Developed countrywealthier core country8
6497581779Developmentprocess of improvement in the material conditions of people thru diffusion of knowledge and technology. Involves full realization and application of resources. can be measured by literacy, education, women's rights, life expectancy, GNP per capita, caloric intake, infant mortality rate, economic status...9
6497581780Energy consumptionuse of energy for light/heat/power/raw material input to manufacturing process. Can be measured. Ex: China consumes 1/2 of the worlds coal produced each year.10
6497581781Essential goods and servicesitems and services required to sustain health/life. Goods - food, water, fuel.. Services - hospital, electricity, police/firefighting/emergency responders services... They are not allowed to go on strike or anything because they are essential personnel to the public.11
6497581782Export Processing ZonesEPZ. Zones established in which favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements are made to attract foreign trade and investment12
6497581783Five Year Plansplans introduced by Josef Stalin in 1928 to industrialize the newly formed USSR. They were specified goals set for type/quantity of minerals, manufactured goods, and agricultural commodities as well as the railways, canals, factories, and homes to be built in each part of the country. They were enforced by police.13
6497581784Foreign Direct Investmentinvestment by foreign companies in another country's economy14
6497581785Formal Economy'legal' economy taxed and monitored by gov't, is included in GNP.15
6497581786GenderA socially and culturally constructed set of distinctions between masculine and feminine sets of behaviors that is promoted and expected by society. Male vs Female. vary greatly over time and space.16
6497581787Gender Empowerment MeasureGEM. Compares ability of men/women to participate in economic/political decisions17
6497581788Gender Inequality IndexGII. measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality. UN created. Takes into account labor, empowerment, and reproductive health.18
6497581789Gender Related Development IndexGDI. Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.19
6497581790GISgeographic information system. layers on computer to analyze data. acquired thru remote sensing.20
6497581791GDPGross Domestic Product. total value of all goods/services produced in a country in a year. Doesn't include moving/overseas $.21
6497581792GNPGross National Product, total value of all goods/services with some adjustments, include income received from abroad.22
6497581793HDIHuman Development Index. statistic to rank countries into high, middle, or low development based on economic factor (GDP per capita), social factors (literacy rate + amount of education), and demographic factor (life expectancy).23
6497581794Globalizationincreasing uniformity of the world because of diffusion24
6497581795Infant mortality ratenumber of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1000 live births. High # = LDC.25
6497581796Informal economyuntaxed, unregulated, unmonitored. not included in GNP or GDP.26
6497581797International Monetary Fund188-country organization working to foster int'l money cooperation, financial stability, int'l trade, higher employment, lower poverty, sustainable growth27
6497581798K-economyKnowledge economy. system of economics based on intellectual property (expertise, research, secrets...)28
6497581799Less developed countryperiphery. "emerging."29
6497581800Literacyability to read and write by age 1530
6497581801measures of developmentbenchmark process to achieving optimal health and wellbeing. physicla, biological, social, educational, mental, emotional, economic, cultural components31
6497581802Microcredit programprogram that provides small loans to the poor, especially women, to encourage small business development32
6497581803More developed countrywealthier core country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development33
6497581804NeocolonialismDomination by a powerful usually Western nation of another nation that's politically independent but has a weak economy dependent on trade with the Western nation.34
6497581805NGONon governmental organization: int'l organization operating outside political arena but are still influential upon social/environmental/economic issues. Ex: Greenpeace, Red Cross35
6497581807Physical quality of life indexattempt to measure well-being/quality of life in a country36
6497581808Polarization effectforces of concentration reinforce core growth at expense of periphery37
6497581809Primary sectordirect extraction of resources - agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry38
6497581810ProductivityThe value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.39
6497581811Purchasing Power ParityEconomic theory estimating the amount of adjustment needed on the exchange rate between country's in order for the exchange to be equivalent to each country's purchasing power. Calculated as S=p1/p2. Aka Exchange rate = good x in currency 1/ good x in currency 2.40
6497581812Quaternary sector jobshighly skilled, information based acitivities- management, lawyers, scientific companies41
6497581813Quinary sector jobsleadership in quaternary sector jobs. think like ceo kinda.42
6497581814Raw materialsUnprocessed natural products used in production43
6497581815Relatively developed countryA country that is not exactly considered as a developed country but neither a lesser developed country44
6497581816Rostow's development modelreferred to as rdw only here45
6497581817Stage oneTraditional society- subsistant agriculture, acitivities not helping w/ development like military and religion46
6497581818stage twoInvestment: pre takeoff- limited investment in technology, infrastructure, water, irrigation47
6497581819stage 3Take off/success- limited # of industries are successful to compete globally. Ex: textiles, agriculture. Remainder of economy is still traditional48
6497581820Stage 4Maturity- tech. diffuses, rapid growth, skilled educated labor force49
6497581821stage 5Mass production - shift form heavy industry like steel, energy to consumer goods50
6497581822Scalegraduated range of values for grading size. just a refresher, small scale maps show large land area w/ less detail, large scale maps show small land area w/ much detail51
6497581823secondary sectorportion of economy concerned with manufacturing, processing, assembling raw materials52
6497581824Structural adjustment programprogram to reform economic structure, imposed by int' agencies on ldcs to encourage int'l trade by increasing taxes, lowering gov't spending, charging more, controlling inflation, more private corporations.53
6497581825structural adjustment loansloans granted by international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to countries in the periphery and the semi-periphery in exchange for certain economic and governmental reforms in that country (e.g. privatization of certain government entities and opening the country to foreign trade and investment)54
6497581826technology transferThe diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or retention of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society.55
6497581827technology gapcontrast of tech available in core vs periphery56
6497581828tertiary sectorThe portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.57
6497581829third worldThe developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. includees capitalist venezuela, communist n. korea, rich saudi arabia, poor mali, etc58
6497581830transition economiesplanned economy moving to market-oriented system. Ex: post USSR Russia + satellite states59
6497581831trickle down/spread effectdiffusion of benefits of economic growth and prosperity from core to periphery. opposite is bottom up effect when periphery is made developed first60
6497581832value addedthe gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.61
6497581833world bankA development assistance organization, composed of 185 member countries which are its joint owners, that extends long-term credit to developing country governments for the purpose of promoting economic development and structural changes. It consists of two organizations: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association.62
6497581834world systems theoryWallerstein's theory of the core, semi-periphery, periphery, and external areas. The core benefited the most from the development of a capitalist world economy. THe semi-perihpery was the buffer between the core and periphery. The periphery are states that lack strong central governments or are controlled by other states. External areas are states that maintained their own economic system and for the most part, remained outside of the capitalist world economy63
6497581835world trade organizationWTO. Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly64
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AP Government Chapter 8 Flashcards

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5323557806Party CompetitionThe battle of the parties for the control of public offices.0
5323557807Political PartyA team of men and women seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election.1
5323557808Linkage InstitutionsThe channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the governments policy agenda.2
5323557809Rational-Choice TheoryA popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians.3
5323557810Party ImageThe voter's perception of what the Republicans or Democrats stands for.4
5323557811Party IdentificationA citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other.5
5323557812Ticket SplittingVoting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices.6
5323557813Party MachinesA type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern.7
5323557814PatronageOne of the key inducements used by party machines: a patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone.8
5323557815Closed PrimariesElections to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance with the party can vote for that party's candidates, thus encouraging greater party loyalty.9
5323557816Open PrimariesElections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests.10
5323557817National ConventionThe meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.11
5323557818National CommitteeOne of the institutions that keeps the party operating between the conventions. Composed of representatives from the states and territories.12
5323602783National ChairpersonResponsible for the day-to-day activities of the party and is usually handpicked by the presidential nominee.13
5323616046CoalitionA group of individuals with a common interest on which every political party depends.14
5323627448Party ErasHistorical periods in which a majority of voters cling to the party in power, which tends to win a majority of the elections.15
5323630848Critical ElectionAn electoral earthquake where new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party, Sometimes marked by a national crisis and may require more than one election to bring about a new party era.16
5323640492Party RealignmentThe displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period.17
5323643481New Deal CoalitionA coalition forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. Basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.18
5323652066Party DealignmentThe gradual disengagement of people from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification.19
5323656740Third PartiesElectoral contenders other than the two major parties. Not unusual, but they rarely win elections.20
5323661719Winner-take-all SystemAn electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first in their constituencies.21
5323667461Proportional RepresentationAn electoral system used throughout, most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election.22
5323678179Coalition GovernmentWhen two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature. Quite common in the multiparty systems of Europe.23
5323682446Responsible Party ModelA view about how parties should work, held by some political scientists. According to the model, parties should offer clear choices to the voters, who can then use those choices as cues to their own preferences of candidates. Once in office, parties would carry out their campaign promises.24
5323693209Blue Dog DemocratsFiscally conservative democrats who are mostly from the South and/or rural parts of the United States.25
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Ap Human Geography: Migration Flashcards

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7762691167relocation diffusionThe spread of characteristics from one place to another0
7762691168migrationPermanent movement to a new location1
7762691169mobilityGeneral term for all types of movement from one place to another2
7762691170circulationRepetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis3
7762691171emigrationMigration FROM a location4
7762691172immigrationMigration TO a location5
7762691173net migrationDifference between immigrants and emigrants.6
7762691174voluntary migrationWhen a migrant willing choses to move.7
7762691175Forced MigrationWhen a migrant moves against their will.8
7762691176international migrationPermanent movement from one country to another9
7762691177internal migrationPermanent movement within a country10
7762691178interregional migrationMovement from one region of a country to another region of the same country11
7762691179intraregional migrationMovement within a region12
7762691180counterurbanizationThe process of urban to rural migration; most common in MDCs.13
7762691181urbanizationThe process of rural to urban migration; most common in LDCs.14
7762691182suburbanizationThe process of urban to suburban migration.15
7762691183push factorsConsiderations that persuades someone to move out of current location.16
7762691184pull factorConsiderations that persuades someone to move to a new location.17
7762691185refugeeSomeone forced to migrate to a new country due to political/ environmental factors and who cannot return due to fear of persecution.18
7762691186internally displaced persons (IDP)A forced or reluctant migrant who has fled their home as a refugee but who has not migrated across an international border.19
7762691187asylum seekerSomeone who migrated to a new country to be recognized as a refugee20
7762691188floodplainArea subjected to flooding during a specific number of years based on historic trends21
7762691189guest workerAn immigrant temporarily allowed into a country to obtain work (common in Europe in the 1960s and 70s).22
7762691190intervening obstacleEnvironmental/ political factor that stops migration23
7762691191quotaThe maximum limit on the number of immigrants to a country.24
7762691192brain drainWhen talented professionals from LDCs migrate to MDCs.25
7762691193chain migrationMigration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previoulsy migrated there.26
7762691194unauthorized (or undocumented) ImmigrantsImmigrants who enter without proper documents27
7762691195remittancesMoney sent back home by migrants to family members in home country28
7762691196Regions with the Largest FlowsAsia to Europe Asia to North America Latin America to North America29
7762691197Typical International FlowDeveloping (LDCs) to Developed (MDCs) Countries30
7762691198Types of Intraregional MigrationRural to Urban Urban to Suburban Urban to Rural31
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AP Cognition Flashcards

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5859274169Primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory0
5859274180Cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating1
5859274185Divergent thinkingexpands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)2
5859274186Algorithma methodical, logical rules or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem - contrasts with the usually speeder - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics3
5859274187Heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently - usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms4
5859274188Insighta sudden realization of a problem's solutions - contrasts with strategy-based solutions5
5859274189Confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence6
5859274194Overconfidencethe tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuract of our beliefs and judgments7
5859274195Belief perseveranceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited8
5859274198Phenomein a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit9
5859274199Morphemein a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning - may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)10
5859274206Broca's areacontrols language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements in speech11
5859274207Wernicke's areacontrols language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression - usually in the left temporal lobe12
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AP Human Geography: Population Flashcards

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7502856688Demographystudy of population0
7502859964Population Densitymeasure of the total population relative to land size1
7509402954Arithmetic Population Densityderived by dividing the population by the number of square miles (total area)2
7502864140Physiological Population Densitynumber of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land3
7502867765Population Distributiondescriptions of locations on the earth's surface where individuals or groups live4
7502876681Dot Mapsa map that represents population distribution5
7502879871Megalopolishuge urban agglomoration and major focus of North America's population (20%)6
7502885754Censuspopulation count7
7502889119Doubling Timethe time required for a population to double in size8
7502892562Population Explosionthe rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century9
7502895921Natural Increasethe difference between the number of births and number of deaths10
7502899552Crude Birth Ratethe number of live births per year per 1000 people11
7502902987Crude Death Ratethe number of deaths per year per 1000 people12
7502909540Demographic Transitionshift in population growth13
7502911767Stationary Population Levellevel at which the national population ceases to grow14
7502925127TFRTotal Fertility Rate (must be 2.1 per woman of childbearing age)15
7502930212Replacement Levelthe level at which a population remains stable without immigration16
7536713030Population Compositionstructure of a population in terms of age sex, marital status and education17
7536772527Population Pyramiddisplays the percentages of each age group (male and female)18
7536848344Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population19
7537081912Child Mortality Rate (CMR)a figure that describes the number of children that die between the ages of 1-520
7537088536Life Expectancythe number of years, on average, someone may expect to remain alive21
7537101220Infectious Diseasesresult from an invasion of parasites and their multiplication in the body (malaria)22
7537110276Chronic (Degenerative) Diseasesresult from the maladies of longevity or old age (heart disease)23
7537119343Genetic (Inherited) Diseasescan be traced to our ancestry (hemophilia)24
7537125469Endemica disease that prevails over a small area25
7549933690Expansive Population Policiesencourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase26
7549941903Eugenic Population Policiesdesigned to favor one racial or cultural sector of the population over others27
7549950408Restrictive Population Policiesrange from toleration of officially unapproved means of birth control to prohibition of large families28
7549963647One-Child Policyinstituted in China in the 1970s to drastically reduce the growth rate29
7584520860Japana country whose population is declining as it ages, encourages homogeneity and resists immigration30
7584594744Egypta country where population density is misleading because most of the people are clustered near the Nile River Valley31
7585696708Eurasiathe landmass on which the world's 3 largest population concentrations are found (Europe, East Asia, South Asia)32
7585724418Yellow and Yangtze Riversthe 2 river valleys in China that boast a high population density, where farmers produce food for the major cities33
7585741770Ganges Riverthe river valley in India that boasts the greatest population density34
7585908511Europethe continent on which a high % of people live in cities and towns oriented to coal fields35
7585945708Malthusianismpopulation principle that states while food supplies grown linearly, the population grows exponentially36
7585994537sterilizationIndia used this method (among males) to reduce population growth rates in the 1970s37
7586020895Vectoreda disease which is transmitted by an intermediary from host to victim38
7586056830Evergreen Treethe shape of a population pyramid of poorer countries where birth and death rates remain high39
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