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APES Ch 6 Flashcards

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5637418774biotaThe sum total of all organisms. The term usually is applied to the settings of natural ecosystems.0
5637418775biological wealthThe life sustaining combination of commercial, scientific, and aesthetic values imparted to a region by its biota.1
5637418776biodiversityThe variety of living things found in the natural world. The concept usually refers to the different species but also includes ecosystems and the genetic diversity within a given species.2
5637418777instrumental valueThe value that living organisms or species have by virtue of their benefit to people; the degree to which they benefit humans.3
5637418778intrinsic valueThe value that living organisms or species have in their own right; in other words, organisms and species do not have to be useful to have value.4
5637418779genetic bankThe concept that natural ecosystems with all their species serve as a repository of genes that may be drawn upon to improve domestic plants and animals and to develop new medicines.5
5637418780ecotourismThe enterprises involved in promoting tourism of unusual or interesting ecological sites.6
5637418781endemic speciesA species that is found in only one habitat and that is therefore vulnerable.7
5637418782HIPPCOAn acronym for the major threats to biodiversity: Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, Population, Climate change and Overexploitation.8
5637418785pollutionThe presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that because of its chemical composition or quantity, prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable environmental and health effects.9
5637418787climate changeChange in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades10
5637418788overexploitationPractice of harvesting or hunting to such a degree that remaining individuals may not be able to replenish the population11
5637418789edgesBreaks between habitats that may expose sensitive species to predators.12
5637418790aquacultureA propagation or rearing of any aquatic organism in a more or less artificial system.13
5637418791taxonomyThe science of identifying and classifying organisms according to their presumed natural relationships.14
5637418792Animal Damage ControlAct that allows the USDA's Wildlife Services to kill coyotes, mountain lions, and other predators responsible for livestock death or crop destruction15
5637418793Wildlife ServicesAgency within the US Department of Agriculture that removes "nuisance" animals for landowners; the agency dispatches more than 2 million animals and birds annually.16
5637418794Lacey Act(1900) Federal law that prohibits importing, exporting, transporting, selling, receiving, accquiring, or purchasing of plants, animals or fish without a federal permit. Requires that we restore areas that a species was close to becoming extinct17
5637418795Endangered Species Act(1973) Federal law that identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations18
5637418796Northwest Forest Plan(1994) A series of federal policies and guidelines governing land use on federal lands in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It covers areas ranging from Northern California to western Washington. Basically allowed limited logging and let science guide management.19
5637418797International Union for Conservation of NatureIUCN An international organization that maintains a Red List of threatened species worldwide.20
5637418798Convention on Biological Diversity(1992) International treaty that aims to conserve biodiversity, use biodiversity in a sustainable manner, and ensure the fair distribution of biodiversity's benefits. Signed by 158 nations at the Earth Summit in Rio, US has yet to become a party to the treaty.21
5683692045Ecosystem ServicesImportant environmental benefits, such as clean air to breathe, clean water to drink, and fertile soil in which to grow crops, that ecosystems provide.22
5763857377AnthropocentricInterpreting everything in terms of human experience and values; human centered.23
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AP Flashcards

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6634163985political geographythe study of human political organization of the Earth at various geographic levels0
6634211091three scalessupranational, national/country, subnational1
6634241916territorialitycreating ownership over a defined space2
6634272127personal spacethe area we claim as our own territory into which others may not enter without permission3
6634387807sovereigntycontrol a place has over the people and territory within its boundaries4
6634416800statehow political geographers refer to countries5
6634425990statepolitical unit with a permanent population, territorial boundaries that are recognized by other states, effective government, working economy, sovereignty6
6634443663nationa group of people who share a common culture and identify as a cohesive group (language, religion, shared history, and territory make it cohesive)7
6634462474ethnonational conflictconflict occurring between different nations8
6634467158multinational statea state (or country) that includes more than one nation within it's borders9
6634474576nation statea state with only one nation in its borders10
6634494882stateless nationwhen a nation does not have a territory to call its own11
6634626616ethnonationalismemotional attachment to one's nation that occurs when a minority nation within a state feels different from the rest12
6634638645irredentisma movement by a nation to reunite its parts when they have spread across other borders13
6634651549buffer zoneexists when two or more countries sit between two larger countries in conflict14
6634748502shatterbeltsa state or group of states that exists within a sphere of competition between larger states and is often culturally, economically, and politically fragmented and splintered15
6635114435geometricstraight line boundaries that do to relate to the cultural or physical features of the territories involved16
6635125236physicalboundaries that separate territory by features in the landscape17
6635131268culturalboundaries that mark changes in landscape, like religion or language18
6635140778frontiersregions where boundaries are very thinly or weakly developed, zones where territoriality is unclear and not well established19
6635152252antecedentboundaries that existed before human cultures developed into their current forms20
663516072721
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AP Chemistry Chapter 5 Flashcards

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5135820081Different forms of energypotential or kinetic. Potential energy comes in forms that are stored including — chemical, gravitational, mechanical, and nuclear. Kinetic energy forms are doing work — like electrical, heat, light, motion, and sound.0
5135822163Units in which energy is expressed1 cal = 4.184 J 1 J = 1 km m2 / s21
5135824756First law of thermodynamicsThe law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.2
5135831233How is the change of internal energy related to the exchanges of heat and word between a system and its surrounding?3
5135833838State function and its importance to themodynamics4
5135833839Enthalpya thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system. It is equal to the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and volume. the change in enthalpy associated with a particular chemical process. H=E+PV5
5135836985Enthalpy DiagramEndo +++++6
5137095704Enthalpy DiagramExo ------7
5135836986Heat Capasitythe number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree.8
5137101607Internal energythe change in internal energy, ΔE, is the final energy of the system minus the initial energy of the system: ΔE = Efinal − Einitial9
5135839707Specific heatthe heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree).10
5137115235For q - means... + means...+ system gains heat - system loses heat11
5137116796For w - means... + means...+ work done on system - work done by system12
5135843611Hess's Lawstates that regardless of the multiple stages or steps of a reaction, the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes. This law is a manifestation that enthalpy is a state13
5135845832Standard Statethe change in enthalpy when one mole of a substance in the standard state (1 atm of pressure and 298.15 K) is formed from its pure elements under the same conditions.14
5135848535Standard states for C, H, & OC = 0 H = gas O = gas15
5135850899Standard heat of formation and which chemical reaction?The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the compound from its constituent elements, with all substances in their standard states at 1 atmosphere (1 atm or 101.3 kPa). =heat transferred/mass change16
5137683876Specific heat for water4.184 J/g-K17
5137061095Is work a state function? Why or why not?No, it doesn't produce heat18
5137063858What is an example of state function?19
5137631032Work equationw = -PΔV20
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Nonfiction Terms Pre-AP Flashcards

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7139312248Author's PurposeHis/Her reason for writing. Authors tend to write with one or more of these in mind: to entertain, to persuade, or to enlighten.0
7139312249FactA statement that can be proven true or false1
7139312250OpinionA statement that expresses a person's belief or attitude.2
7139312251EssayA short nonfiction work that addresses a specific subject.3
7139312252Descriptive EssaySeeks to convey an impression about a person, place, or object.4
7139312253Narrative EssayTells a true story5
7139312254Expository EssayGives information, discusses ideas, or explains a process.6
7139312255Persuasive EssayTries to convince readers to do something or accept the writer's point of view7
7139316751Synthesis EssayUses sources of information to support the writer's point of view8
7139312256BiographyThe story of a life from another person's perspective9
7139312257AutobiographyTHe writer's own story, describing notable events of his or her life.10
7139312258AllusionA reference to another literary, artistic, historical, or musical work.11
7139312260SummarizingBriefly stating the main points and key details of a work in your own words.12
7139312261Assertion/ViewpointCan be an author's opinion, claim, hypothesis, or conclusion. It makes a statement followed by supporting evidence.13
7139312262JargonThe specialized or technical vocabulary of a particular group.14
7139312263DialectThe form a spoken language used in a certain region.15
7139312266SatireA literary device used to ridicule or make fun of human weaknesses.16
7139312267AnecdoteA brief story told to make a point or to entertain.17
7139312269GeneralizationA broad conclusion emphasizing common rather than specific details.18
7139312270Main IdeaThe central idea in the piece of writing19
7139312271Supporting DetailsUsed to furnish evidence, describe a process, or create an impression; they back up a writer's opinions or describe a process.20
7139312272LeadThe opening paragraphs of a news story and contains essential information. It usually tells who, what, where, when, why, and how.21
7139312273Rhetorical QuestionA question asked for effect and to make a statement or point.22
7139312274BiasA mental leaning, inclination, prejudice, or bent.23
7139312275Deductive ReasoningA pattern of thought that proceeds from the know to the unknown general to the specific, or from a premise to a logical conclusion.24
7139312276Inductive ReasoningA way of thinking that begins with specific details and goes to a general or logical conclusion.25
7139312277CredibilityThe quality or being believable or trustworthy.26
7139312278RhetoricThe study and art of using language effectively. It also has a negative connotation of empty or pretentious language meant to waffle, stall, or even deceive.27
7139312279ToneThe way a writer expresses his or her regard for a subject, audience, or self through word choice, sentence structures, and what is actually said, the writer conveys an attitude and sets a prevailing spirit. It can be serious, distant, angry, sincere, and sympathetic.28
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AP Vocabulary List 14 Flashcards

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5986937349countenanceappearance, especially the look or expression of the face; visage0
5986937350depositionthe giving of testimony under oath; removal from an office or position1
5986938641discursivepassing aimlessly from one subject to another; digressive; rambling2
5986939936epigramany witty, ingenious, or pointed saying tersely expressed; a remark expressing an idea in a clever or amusing way3
5986939937feignto represent fictitiously; put on an appearance of4
5986939938interpolateto introduce between other things or parts; interject; interpose5
5986942495laconicusing few words; concise6
5986942496miendemeanor that demonstrates character, a person's look or manner indicating their character or mood7
5986942506veracitytruthfulness8
5986943833wrydevious in course or purpose; contrary; perverse; twisted; crooked9
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AP Human Geography, Industry Flashcards

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6451415692AgglomerationA process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.0
6451415693Break of Bulk pointA location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.1
6451415694Bulk reducing industriesAn industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.2
6451415695Bulk gaining industriesIndustries whose products weigh more after assembly than they did previously in their constituent parts. Such industries tend to have production facilities close to their markets.3
6451415696Cottage IndustryManufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.4
6451415697Compressed modernityrapid economic and political change that transformed the country into a stable nation with democatizing political institution, a growing economy, and an expanding web of nongovernmental institutions5
6451415698Conglomerate corporationsa firm that is comprised of many smaller firms that serve several different functions6
6451415699DeglomerationThe process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition.7
6451415700Deindustrializationprocess by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment8
6451415701Distance decayThe declining intensity of any activity, process, or function with increasing distance from its point of origin9
6451415702Friction of distanceThe increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance10
6451415703Footloose industrycompany with no allegiance or ties to a country or location that can move its primary location11
6451415704Industrial RevolutionA series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.12
6451415705Fordist productionform of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly13
6451415706Labor Intensive IndustryAn industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.14
6451415707MaquiladoraFactories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.15
6451415708New international division of laborTransfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.16
6451415709Outsourcingremoves work from one company and sends it to another company- so the work can be completed at a lower cost17
6451415710Post Fordist productionAdoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.18
6451415711Right-to-work-stateA U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.19
6451415712Post industrial societiesa society based on information, services and high technology, rather than raw materials and manufacturing20
6451415713Newly industrializing countrycountries in the transition stage between developing and developed countries. Newly industrializing countries typically have rapidly growing economies.21
6451415714Single market manufacturerslocated near the market--save money on transportation. Make products sold primary in one location22
6451415715Site factorsLocation factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.23
6451415716Space-time compressionThe reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems24
6451415717Special Economic ZonesIn 1979, the Chinese government set up these zones on the coast near Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Improved transportation, lower taxes, and other incentives attracted investments from foreign businesses. They helped stimulate innovation and helped China grow economically.25
6451415718Sustainable developmentDevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.26
6451415719Trading blocksa group of countries that join together in some form of agreement in order to increase trade between them and/or to gain economic benefits from cooperation on some level.27
6451415720NAFTANorth American Free Trade Agreement, a trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.28
6451415721Watt, James(1736-1819) Improved upon Newcomen's steam engine. Watt's steam engine would be the power source of the Industrial Revolution.29
6451415722Weber, AlfredGerman geographer who was a major theorists of industrial location. He devised a model of how to understand industrial locations in regard to several factors, including labor supply, markets, resource location, and transpiration.30
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AP Test Flashcards

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9960742785AcculturationAdoption of cultural traits by one group under the influence of another0
9960767299Architectural StructureThe style of a particular culture or society building's, which varies dramatically over space and time1
9960786218Artifacts, Mentifacts, and sociofacts-material objects representing a culture -ideals that represent a culture -relationships and patterns with cultures2
9960811400BuddhismSixth century BC origination. Many traditions from Hinduism. East Asia mostly.3
9960825406Built EnvironmentRefers to spaces that have been modified by human activity.4
9960837448Charter GroupThe first ethnic group to establish cultural norms in an area5
9960848706Christian Denominations in the USUpper midwest is mostly lutheran midland states are predominantly methodist spanish catholicism in the south mormonism is dominant in Utah and surrounding parts The west is very mixed religion6
9960874211ChristianityMost widespread religion. Monotheistic religion with origins in Judaism. (Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and Roman Catholic)7
9960896168ConfucianismRelationships between all living things and therefore stresses harmony or balance through the following of particular standard or processes.8
9960915711Countering Language ExtinctionNative languages are trying to be revived from home countries. ex: Ireland and Wales9
9960932303Culture AssimilationWhen integration of a new arrivals into the economic and cultural mainstream of a host city is complete (Behavioral and Structural)10
9960956825Cultural ImperialismDominance of one culture over another11
9960962979Culture TraitsSpecific Customs that are part of everyday life. ex: language, religion, ethnicity, and social institutions.12
9960986255CultureAl he ideas, practices, and material objects associated with a particular group of people.13
9960994433DenominationsSubgroups of a larger beliefs system that have slightly different rituals or interpretations from other subgroups14
9961007109DialectsGeographically distinct versions of a single language that vary somewhat from the parent forms.15
9961023166DiasporaExperiences of people who came from a common ethnic background but live in different regions or ethnic neighborhoods16
9961032827DiffusionProcess by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or group across space.17
9961045924Environmental DeterminismCulture traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions18
9961055711Ethnic Cleansing and Genocidethe effort to rid a country or region of everyone of a particular ethnicity through forced migration or genocide which is permitted to kill off a whole ethnic group.19
9961067162Ethnic EnclavesA relatively small area occupied by a distinct culture or ethnicity, which largely results from chain migration. ex: Chinatown20
9961092121Ethnic IslandsSmall, rural areas settled by a single ethnic group as opposed to ethnic neighborhoods or enclaves, which are urban.21
9961105484Ethnic NeighborhoodsConcentration of people from the same ethnicity in certain pockets of the city. Ghettos are when these people are forced to live in certain parts of cities.22
9961121675Ethnic ProvincesWhen entire regions become associated with ethnic or racial aggregations.23
9961128331EthnicityRefers to a group of people who share a common identity.24
9961138584EthnocentrismTendency to evaluate other cultures against the standards of ones own, implying superiority to one's ethnic group.25
9963941132Folk CultureCultural practices that form the sights, smells, sounds, and rituals of everyday existence in traditional societies in which they developed26
9963952567Fundamentalism vs Extremism-strict and literal adherence to a set of beliefs/principles -violent fundamentalism27
9963965854Gender and Sexsocially created distinction between masculinity and felinity, while connotes biological differences between males and females28
9963975153Global vs Ethnic Religionsglobal- numerous members widespread(Christianity) Ethnic- religions appeal to small groups of people with common heritage(Hinduism)29
9963991604HinduismAn ethnic religion tied to Indian culture. Oldest major religion. Caste system is an important aspect30
9964011509Indo-European Language FamilyLanguage trees start with major language branches and then extend down from there. English comes from a germanic branch of indo European. Spanish comes from a latin branch of indo-european31
9964038125Interfaith Boundaries and Intrafaith Boundariesinter- refers to boundaries between the worlds major faiths intra- refers to boundaries within single major faith32
9964050018IslamMonotheistic religion stemming from Judaism. Allah and Muhammad was Allah's prophet. centered around southwest Asia and North Africa33
9964051825IslamismMoral conservationism, literalism, and an attempt to enforce Islamic values in all aspects of life34
9964082029JudaismFirst monotheistic religion. based on a sense of ethnic identity. Most jews live in Israel and the US35
9964121232KinshipTypically describes a relationship based on blood or marriage36
9964127661Landscape as a textThe idea that landscapes, like books, can be written and read37
9964139085LanguageOne the oldest, most geographically diverse, and most complex cultural traits on Earth. Estimated about 5000 remaining languages, with Africa and Asia being most linguistically diverse.38
9964175414Language DominanceDevelopment of alphabets and resulting literacy traditions contributed to dominance of particular language and cultures across the globe39
9964186111Language ExtinctionOccurs when a language is no longer in use by any living people40
9964193438language familiescollection of many languages, all of which came from the same original tongue but have different characteristics41
9964198292Language groupsA set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar charachteristics42
9964207993Lingua FranceExtremely simple language that combines aspects of two or more complex languages, usually for purpose of trade. (English)43
9964221178Monotheistic vs polytheisticMono- Believes in only one god Poly- Believes in multiple gods or more than one44
9964228620Official LanguageLanguage in which all government business occurs. Countries can have more than one official language.45
9964315440Pidgins and CreolesWhen tow groups of people with different languages meet, a new language may result with characteristics from both languages Creoles are languages that were pigeons but were used frequently enough to become a creole46
9964334568placelessnessLoss of distinct local features in favor of standardized landscapes47
9964351954pop cultureconveys a notion of culture productions fueled by mass media and consumerism48
9964363321Possibilismpeople control their own destinies and deal with various environmental factors in ways that are dynamic49
9964373160Religionhas a value system, includes some notion of the sacred, and includes ides about the place of humans beings in the universe.50
9964385716Sacred SpacesAreas or places or religion or spiritual significance51
9964390082SegregationMeasure of the extent in which members of a particular minority ethnic group are not informally distributed among the total population52
9964405926Sense of PlaceTerm used to connote attachment to and comfort in a particular place.53
9964422303Shamanism and AnimismLocal religion types, associated with particular places -fills certain jobs and conduits to the supernatural world -the world as being infused with spiritual and supernatural powers54
9964448320Social distanceMeasure of the perceived differences between an immigrant ethnic group and the charter or host society55
9964454388Spread of IslamSaudi Arabia to surrounding areas. Then diffused by relocation to Indonesia and Malaysia. Still continues to grow through relocation diffusion.56
9964474541SyncretismTh development of a new cultural trait as a result of the fusion of two distinct but interacting cultures.57
9964483200TerritorialityDescribes the attachment of individuals or social groups to a specific location to territory58
9964491708ToponymyThe names different cultures give to various features of the Earth, including settlements, terrain features, streams, and other land features.59
9964510381topophilia"love of place"60
9964525073Universalizing vs Local religionsUniversal religions claim global applicability and actively set new converts local religions are specific to certain areas61
9964536597Vernacular RegionsA perceptual religion defined by perceived unique physical and cultural characteristics in that area62
9964561198Worlds Major ReligionsHindu Islam Christianity Buddhism Traditional and Shamanist63
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AP, Medien und Kultur Flashcards

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5980674675der Bildschirm, e(TV) screen0
5980674693die Fernsehserie, nTV series1
5980676336die Folge, nthe episode2
5980679590die Leinwand, (Leinwände)the movie screen3
5980679591der Radiosender, -the radio station4
5980681287der Runkfunkradio; broadcasting5
5980682887die Sendung, enthe TV program6
5980685694der Untertitel, -the subtitle7
5980691646auf/nehmento record (audio)8
5980693538auf/zeichnento record (video)9
5980693539drehento film10
5980695444ein Interview führento conduct an interview11
5980697583die aktuellen Ereignissecurrent events12
5980697584die Fernsehwerbung, enTV advertisement13
5980699697die Werbung, enadvertisement14
5980699968die Zensurcensorship15
5980702298auf dem Laufenden bleibento keep up with (news)16
5980704645sich informieren (über + Akk)to get/to stay informed (about)17
5980711207auf dem neuesten Stand sein/bleibento be/to keep up-to-date18
5980714127einflussreichinfluential19
5980715976objektivimpartial; unbiased20
5980717349subjektivpartial; biased21
5980719201der Journalist, en/die Journalistin, nenthe jounalist22
5980724423der Redakteur, e/die Redakteurin, nenthe editor23
5980726888der Schauspieler, -/die Schauspielerin, nenthe actor/actress24
5980726889die Anzeige, nthe newspaper ad25
5980728608die Pressefreiheitfreedom of the press26
5980729981die Schlagzeile, nthe headline27
5980729982abonnierento subscribe28
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AP Psychology - Treatment Flashcards

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6419758515eclectic approachan approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.0
6419758516psychotherapytreatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.1
6419758517psychoanalysisFreud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.2
6419758518resistancein psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.3
6419758519interpretationin psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.4
6419758520transferencein psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).5
6419758521psychodynamic therapytherapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.6
6419758523client-centered therapya humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)7
6419758524active listeningempathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.8
6419758525unconditional positive regarda caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.9
6419758526behavior therapytherapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.10
6419758527counterconditioninga behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.11
6419758528exposure therapybehavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.12
6419758529systematic desensitizationa type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.13
6419758530virtual reality exposure therapyAn anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.14
6419758531aversive conditioninga type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).15
6419758532token economyan operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.16
6419758533cognitive therapytherapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.17
6419758534cognitive-behavioral therapya popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).18
6419758535family therapytherapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.19
6419758539biomedical therapyprescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.20
6419758540psychopharmacologythe study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior21
6419758541antipsychotic drugsdrugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder22
6419758543antianxiety drugsdrugs used to control anxiety and agitation23
6419758544antidepressant drugsdrugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters24
6419758545eletroconvulsive therapy (ECT)a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient25
6419758546repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity26
6419758547psychosurgerysurgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior27
6419758548lobotomya now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain28
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