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AP Language Vocab #12 Flashcards

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9670275005Microcosm,nSomething that is seen as a small version of something muchh larger0
9670275006Obfuscate,vTo make something more difficult to understand1
9670275007Pervasive,adjExisting in every part of something2
9670275008Plausible,adjPossible true, realistic3
9670275009Presage,vTo give or be a sign of something that might happen (a hint)4
9670275010Revile,vTo speak in a very critical or insulting way5
9670275011Sagacious,adjShowing an ability to understand difficult idea and situations to make good decisions6
9670275012Sapient,adjPossessing great understanding7
9670275013Scathing,adjVery harsh, brutal8
9670275014Surmount,vTo deal with a problem successfully9
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AP English Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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7142758038AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.0
7142765280AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.1
7142766019Lexical AmbiguityA word in a word, phrase, sentence, or passage has two or more possible meanings. Often used to create puns or wordplay. Ex: I'll give you a ring tomorrow. (Ambiguous because: Are you giving someone jewelry or a call?)2
7142770450Syntactic Ambiguitythe structure of a phrase, sentence, or passage creates multiple meanings. Ex: A newspaper headline reading: "Miners refuse to work after death." (Ambiguous because: Are they working after they, themselves, have died? Or Was there another death that caused the miners to boycott?)3
7142773836AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them, used to explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Ex: Green is to go as red is to stop.4
7142777053AnaphoraThe repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or phrases. Ex: Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream:" "And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania. Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado...."5
7142778622AnastropheThe inversion or reversal of the usual order of words. Ex: Echoed the hills.6
7142778623AntithesisThe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.7
7142782648AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.8
7142782649ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. Ex: In "Sound of Silence," Paul Simon sings: "Hello, darkness, my old friend."9
7142783507AppositiveA phrase that renames or modifies another noun right beside it. Ex: My favorite place to visit is Mt. Washington, in New Hampshire, but I only like to go there with Julia, my best friend.10
7142783508AssonanceThe repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usually in successive or proximate words. Ex: "...When at once I saw a crowd, / A host, of golden daffodils; / Beside the lake, beneath the trees, / Fluttering and dancing in the breeze" (from William Wordsworth's "Daffodils"; "o" then "e" sounds.)11
7142784137AsyndetonA syntactical structure in which conjunctions are omitted in a series, usually producing a more rapid pace. Ex: "Veni, vidi, veci."12
7142784860ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.13
7142785402ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes. Ex: the denotation of a house and home are the same: a building for living. The connotation of a house is more cold and detached; the connotation of a home is inviting, warm, and safe14
7142785767DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. Ex: the denotation of a house and home are the same: a building for living. The connotation of a house is more cold and detached; the connotation of a home is inviting, warm, and safe15
7142786229DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choice, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. Some examples of ways to describe diction are: formal or informal and ornate or plain.16
7142786293DialectThe language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group.17
7142787452EpistropheThe repetition of a phrase at the end of successive sentences or phrases. Ex: "I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth."18
7142787915EuphemismMore agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Ex: Saying someone "passed away" instead of "died"19
7142804599Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.20
7142805177Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.21
7142806491Figure of SpeechA generic term for a device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Ex: apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.22
7142806492HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Ex: "You should learn this by now. We've done this a million times before."23
7142807142IdiomA common piece of figurative language understood to mean something different from its literal meaning; often idioms are used in colloquial speech Ex: "pulling your leg" means to make fun of someone; it has nothing to do with actual leg pulling.24
7142807596ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory.25
7142808452InvectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. Ex: In Monty Python's "The Architect Sketch," John Cleese's character says, "This is just the sort of blinkered philistine pig-ignorance I've come to expect from you non-creative garbage..."26
7142809184IronyThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.27
7142809185Jargona set of words and phrases that are used and understood by people in the same occupation or profession Ex: Navy jargon includes "deck" for floor, "hatch" for door, "grunt" for Marine, "rack" for bed, "gonk" for sleep. Therefore, a person in the Navy may say to another Navy person: "If you look through that hatch, you'll see the visiting Grunt having a gonk on the deck instead of his rack."28
7142811894JuxtapositionThe location of one thing adjacent to another to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some purpose. Ex: placing the tallest and the shortest people in a room next to each other to highlight the variety of height29
7142812447LitotesA form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. Ex: "Not a bad idea," or "Not many"30
7142812448MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful. Ex: "You are my sunshine."31
7142813916MetonymyA figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. Ex: a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy32
7142813963MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, characters, and events can affect the mood.33
7142814686OxymoronA figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Ex: "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."34
7142814715ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. Ex: The beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times...."35
7142815560PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader. Ex: "The donuts on the table were calling out to me, urging me to ignore my carrot sticks."36
7142815890Point of ViewThe perspective from which a narrative is told. There are three general divisions of point of view, and many subdivisions within those.37
7142817347First Person P.O.V.Tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character.38
7142817954Second Person P.O.V.Tells the story as if the narrator was talking directly to the audience, using second person pronouns "you," "your"39
7142819835Third Person P.O.V.Relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it," as if the narrator is not involved in any of the story. 1. The narrator may know the thoughts and feelings of the characters (third person omniscient) 2. or the narrator may only know what can be literally observed (third person objective)40
7142822020PolysyndetonUsing many conjunctions, usually to add emphasis or create an overwhelming affect. Ex: "It's got everything from Cocoa and the graphics and it's got core animation built in and it's got the audio and video that OSX is famous for. It's got all the stuff we want." - From Steve Jobs Keynote Address, Macworld 200741
7142822050ProseA generic term to reference any writing that is non-poetry; includes both fiction and nonfiction42
7142823306RefutationA generic term to reference any writing that is non-poetry; includes both fiction and nonfiction43
7142823396RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.44
7142826306RhetoricThe principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.45
7142827673"Rule of Three"a writing principle that suggests that ideas feel more complete and easier to understand when done in "threes" versus another number. (Basically, things should happen in "threes".) This can be on a "macro" level with the whole text or "micro" level, in individual sentences. Ex: "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" in the Declaration of Independence Ex: The fire safety motto: Stop, drop, and roll. NB: While "Rule of Three" does not have to follow a particular structure, there are 2 general structures of effective "Rule of Three" usage: a. Establish conflict, build conflict, resolve conflict - This structure deals with the Rule of Three in the "big picture" of a work. The first object will create/establish the conflict in the work, the second will continue it, and the third resolve or fix it. Ex: In "The Three Little Pigs" - The wolf tries to knock the first house down and succeeds, causing the scared pig resident to run to his brother's house (establish conflict), moves to the next and succeeds, causing both pigs to go to the third house (continuing the conflict), but he can't knock down the third house and the pigs win (resolve conflict) b. Similar, similar, different - the first two elements are similar to each other and the third is different Ex: In "the Three Little Pigs" - The wolf knocks down the first two houses (similar) but fails on the third (different) Ex: "We must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again." - Barack Obama's Inaugural Speech (pick up and dust off are similar to "getting up", "begin again" is more active and forward thinking so it's different.)46
7142827704SarcasmInvolves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.47
7142828931SchemeAny figure of speech that deals with word order, syntax, letters, and sounds, rather than the meaning of words. Ex: parallelism, asyndeton, assonance, repetition, epistrophe, anaphora NB: A pneumonic device to help you remember trope vs. scheme: You need to TRy to figure out a TRope, because they're not literal. A Scheme deals more with Sounds and Syntax.48
7142830222SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.49
7142829785StyleAn evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Style can evaluate a single author's choices or the choices of authors during a particular period (ie, the Victorian style).50
7142830253SyllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion if each of the two premises is valid. Ex: A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: • major premise: All men are mortal. • minor premise: Socrates is a man. • conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. NB: Similar to the math commutative property. (If A, B, and C are true, then if A=B and B=C, then A=C.)51
7142831100Symbol/SymbolismAn object that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete--such as an object, action, character, or scene--that represents something more abstract. Ex: sunlight can symbolize happiness. Ex: In Fahrenheit 451, books symbolize knowledge and free thinking.52
7142836625SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Ex: "Wheels" can refer to a whole vehicle. "Hired hands" can be used to refer to workmen.53
7142836626SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words.54
7142837488ThesisIn expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.55
7142897610ToneThe author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Ex: Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber.56
7142897611TropeAny figure of speech in which words are used in ways different from their literal meanings; usually there is a shift from the literal meaning of the word to a non-literal meaning. Ex: Common types of tropes include: metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, personification, hyperbole, litotes, irony, oxymoron, onomatopoeia, etc. NB: A pneumonic device to help you remember trope vs. scheme: You need to TRy to figure out a TRope, because they're not literal. A Scheme deals more with Sounds and Syntax.57
7142899254UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact, presenting something as less significant than it is. Ex: The valedictorian of a school saying he is "a little smart."58
7142898694WitIntellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks.59
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AP Language Literary Terms Flashcards

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4842720306Cumulative (Loose) Sentencebegins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause. Ex.) He might consider paying the higher fees at a private university, if the teacher/ student ratio is small, if the teachers are highly qualified, and if the job placement rate is high.0
4842720307Periodic Sentencea sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense. Ex.) Unable to join the others at the dance because of my sprained ankle, I went to a movie.1
4842720308Litotesa figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement. Ex.) When asked how someone is doing, that person might respond, "I'm not bad." In fact, this means that the person is doing fine or even quite well. The extent to which the litotes means the opposite is dependent on context. The person saying "I'm not bad," may have recently gone through a divorce and is trying to reassure his friend by saying that things are okay.2
4842720309Warrantexpresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.3
4842720310Ethosan appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.4
4842720311Pathosan appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.5
4842720312Logosan appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.6
4842720313Concessionan acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity if the opposing argument. Ex.) Lou Gehrig concedes what some of his listeners may think—that his bad break is a cause for discouragement or despair.7
4842720314SyllogismA logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.8
4842720315Major premisecontains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion.9
4842720316Minor premisecontains the term that is the subject of the conclusion.10
4842720317Inductionthe Latin inducere, "to lead into," induction is a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization. Ex.) Regular exercise promotes weight loss. Exercise lowers stress levels. Exercise improves mood and outlook. Generalization: Exercise contributes to better health.11
4842720318Deductiona logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism: Ex.) Major premise- Exercise contributes to better health. Minor premise- Yoga is a type of exercise. Conclusion- Yoga contributes to better health.12
4842720319EnthymemeEssentially a syllogism with one of the premises implied, and taken for granted as understood. Ex.) You should take her class because I learned so much from her last year. (Implied premise: If you take her class, you will learn a lot too).13
4842720320Equivocationa fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language.14
4842720321Refutationa denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, a refutation often follows a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. One of the stages in classical oration, usually following the confirmation, or proof, and preceding the conclusion, or peroration. Ex.) Lou Gehrig refutes that his bad break is a cause for discouragement by saying that he has "an awful lot to live for!"15
4842720322Epanalepsisa figure of speech defined by the repetition of the initial word (or words) of a clause or sentence at the end of that same clause or sentence. Ex.) In times like these, it is helpful to remember that there have always been times like these.16
4842720323Dictiona speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message.17
4842720324Similea figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though. Ex.) Zoos are pretty, contained, and accessible...Sort of like a biological Crabtree & Evelyn basket selected with you in mind.18
4842720325Metaphorfigure of speech that compares two things without using like or as. Ex.) And if a beachhead of a cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion.19
4842720326Anaphorathe intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect. Ex.) We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on the end. We shall fight in France. We shall fight on the seas and oceans.20
4842720327Epistropherepetition of a concluding word or word endings. When the epistrophe focuses on sounds rather than entire words, we normally call it rhyme. Epistrophe is an example of a rhetorical scheme. Ex.) "He's learning fast, are you learning fast?"21
4842720328Synecdochea rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part. Ex.) "Twenty eyes watched our move." "All hands on deck."22
4842720329RhetoricAristotle defined rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.23
4842720330Rhetorical Trianglewriter-context-audience24
4842720331Allusionbrief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art. Ex.) Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah.25
4842720332Hyperboledeliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point. Ex.) My first and last name together generally served the same purpose as a high brick wall.26
4842720333Personificationattribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea. Ex.) ...with history the final judge of our deeds...27
4842720334AlliterationRepetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence. Ex.) Let us go forth to lead the land we love.28
4842720335Asyndetonomission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words. Ex.) We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.29
4842720336Polysyndetonthe deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words. Ex.) I paid for my plane ticket and the taxes, and the fees, and the charge for the checked bags and five dollars for a bottle of water.30
4842720337Parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. Ex.) Let both sides explore... Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals...Let both sides seek to invoke...Let both sides unite to heed...31
4842720338Antithesisopposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction. Ex.) We shall support any friend, oppose any foe.32
4842720339Enumerationto mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list33
4842720340Rhetorical QuestionFigure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid?34
4842720341Chiasmusthe reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. Ex.) He went to the country, the country went to him.35
4842720342RebuttalIn the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.36
4842720343Fallacy of Argumenta flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect.37
4842720344Ad Hominem Argumenta fallacy of argument in which the writer's claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his or her character.38
4842720345Bandwagon Appeala fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.39
4842720346Begging the Questiona fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute. Ex.) Rita can't be the bicycle thief; she's never stolen anything.40
4842720347Periphrasisthe substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or conversely the use of a proper name as a shorthand to stand for qualities associated with it. Ex.) in the TV show "Dinosaurs" the infant dino called his father "Not-the-Mama."41
4842720348Anecdotea brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.42
4842720349Modes of DisclosureExposition- illustrates a point Narration- tells a story Description- creates a sensory image Argumentation- takes a position on an issue and defends it.43
4842720350Examplea specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic.44
4842720351Contrast/ Comparisona method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination45
4842720352Cause and Effectestablishes a relationship: B is the result of A. The cause-and-effect essay can emphasize the cause and effect, or can treat both equally.46
4842720353Classificationseparates items into major categories and details the characteristics of each group is placed within the category.47
4842720354Processsimply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done.48
4842720355Definitionidentifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class. There are several types of definitions: physical, historical, emotional, psychological, and relationship(s) to others.49
4842720356Narrationis nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end.50
4842720357Descriptionwriting that appeals t the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings.51
4842720358Dogmatism`a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.52
4842720359Either-or-choicea fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.53
4842720360False authoritya fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials.54
4842720361Faulty casualitya fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, this forms the basis of many superstitions.55
4842720362Hasty generalizationa fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.56
4842720363Non sequitora fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another.57
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AP English Language and Composition, Barron's Glossary Terms Flashcards

"The list that follows is made up of words and phrases used by scholars, critics, writers--in fact, all literate people--to exchange ideas and information about language. Most of the words and phrases have appeared in recent years in the multiple-choice or essay sections of AP Language and Composition exams.

Terms : Hide Images
6618967576abstract(n.) An abbreviated synopsis of a longer work of scholarship or research. (adj.) Dealing with or tending to deal with a subject apart from a particular or specific instance.0
6618967577ad hominemDirected to or appealing to feelings or prejudices instead of to intellect or reason.1
6618967578adageA saying or proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language.2
6618967579allegoryA story in which a second meaning is to be read beneath the surface.3
6618967580alliterationThe repetition of one or more initial consonants in a group of words or lines in a poem.4
6618967581allusionA reference to a person, place, or event meant to create an effect or enhance the meaning of an idea.5
6618967582ambiguityA vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings or interpretations.6
6618967583anachronismA person, scene, event or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era.7
6618967584analogyA comparison that points out similarities between two dissimilar things; a passage that points out several similarities between two unlike things is called an extended analogy.8
6618967585anecdoteA brief explanation, summary, or evaluation of a text or work of literature.9
6618967586annotationA brief explanation, summary, or evaluation of a text or work of literature.10
6618967587antagonistA character or force in a work of literature that, by opposing the protagonist, produces tension or conflict.11
6618967588antecedentA word to which a pronoun refers.12
6618967589antithesisA rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences.13
6618967590aphorismA short, pithy statement of a generally accepted truth or sentiment.14
6618967591ApollonianIn contrast to Bionysian, it refers to the most noble, godlike qualities of human nature and behavior.15
6618967592apostropheA locution that addresses a person or personified thing not present.16
6618967593arch(adj.) Characterized by clever or sly humor, often saucy, playful, and somewhat irreverent.17
6618967594archetypeAn abstract or ideal conception of a type; a perfectly typical example; an original model or form.18
6618967595assonanceThe repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words in prose or poetry.19
6618967596bardA poet; in olden times, a performer who told heroic stories to musical accompaniment.20
6618967597bathosInsincere or overdone sentimentality.21
6618967598belle-lettresA French term for the world of books, criticism, and literature in general.22
6618967599bibliographyA list of works cited or otherwise relevant to a particular subject.23
6618967600bombastInflated, pretentious language.24
6618967601burlesqueA work of literature meant to ridicule a subject; a grotesque imitation.25
6618967602cacophonyGrating, inharmonious sounds.26
6618967603canonThe works considered the most important in a national literature or period; works widely read and studied.27
6618967604caricatureA grotesque or exaggerated likeness of striking qualities in persons and things.28
6618967605carpe diemLiterally, "seize the day"; "enjoy life while you can," a common theme in life and literature.29
6618967606circumlocutionLiterally, "talking around" a subject; i.e., discourse that avoids direct reference to a subject.30
6618967607classicA highly regarded work of literature or other art form that has withstood the test of time.31
6618967608classical, classicismDeriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity, and restraint.32
6618967609clauseA structural element of a sentence, consisting of a grammatical subject and a predicate.33
6618967610independent clausessometimes called main clauses, ay stand on their own as complete sentences34
6618967611dependent clausesare used as nouns or modifiers, are incomplete sentences and cannot stand alone grammatically; they are sometimes called subordinate clauses; those that function as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs are known, respectively, as adjective, noun, and adverbial clauses35
6618967612climaxThe high point, or turning point, of a story or play.36
6618967613comparison and contrastA mode of discourse in which two or more things are compared and contrasted. Comparison often refers to similarities, contrast to differences.37
6618967614conceitA witty or ingenious thought; a diverting or highly fanciful idea, often stated in figurative language.38
6618967615concrete detailA highly specific, particular, often real, actual, or tangible detail; the opposite of abstract.39
6618967616connotationThe suggested or implied meaning of a word or phrase.40
6618967617consonanceThe repetition of two or more consonant sounds in a group of words or a unit of speech or writing.41
6618967618critiqueAn analysis or assessment of a thing or situation for the purpose of determining its nature, limitations, and conformity to a set of standards.42
6618967619cynicOne who expects and observes nothing but the worst of human conduct.43
6618967620deductive reasoningA method of reasoning by which specific definitions, conclusions, and theorems are drawn from general principles.44
6618967621denotationThe dictionary definition of a word.45
6618967622dénouementThe resolution that occurs at the end of a narrative or drama, real or imagined.46
6618967623descriptive detailGraphic, exact, and accurate presentation of the characteristics of a person, place, or thing.47
6618967624deus ex machinaIn literature, the use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem.48
6618967625dictionThe choice of words in oral and written discourse.49
6618967626didacticHaving an instructive purpose; intending to convey information or teach a lesson, usually in a dry, pompous manner.50
6618967627digressionThat portion of discourse that wanders or departs from the main subject or topic.51
6618967628DionysianAs distinguished from Apollonian, the word refers to sensual, pleasure-seeking, impulses.52
6618967629dramatic ironyA circumstance in which the audience or reader knows more about a situation than a character.53
6618967630elegyA poem or prose selection that laments or meditates on the passing or death of someone or something of value.54
6618967631ellipsisThree periods (...)indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation.55
6618967632elliptical constructionA sentence containing a deliberate omission of words.56
6618967633empathyA feeling of association or identification with an object or person.57
6618967634epicA narrative poem that tells of the adventures and exploits of a hero.58
6618967635epigramA concise but ingenious, witty, and thoughtful statement.59
6618967636euphonyPleasing, harmonious sounds.60
6618967637epithetAn adjective or phrase that expresses a striking quality of a person or thing; Can also be used to apply to vulgar or profane exclamations.61
6618967638eponymousA term for the title character of a work of literature.62
6618967639euphemismA mild or less negative usage for a harsh or blunt term.63
6618967640exegesisA detailed analysis or interpretation of a work of prose or poetry.64
6618967641exposéA factual piece of writing that reveals weaknesses, faults, frailties, or other shortcomings.65
6618967642expositionThe background and events that lead to the presentation of the main idea or purpose of an essay or other work; setting forth the meaning or purpose of a piece of writing or discourse.66
6618967643explicationThe interpretation or analysis of a text.67
6618967644extended metaphorA series of comparisons between two unlike objects.68
6618967645fableA short tale, often with nonhuman characters, from which a useful lesson or moral may be drawn.69
6618967646fallacy, fallacious reasoningAn incorrect belief or supposition based on faulty data, defective evidence, false information, or flawed logic.70
6618967647fantasyA story containing unreal, imaginary features.71
6618967648farceA comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose.72
6618967649figure of speech, figurative languageIn contrast to literal language, figurative language implies meanings.73
6618967650frameA structure that provides a premise or setting for a narrative or other discourse.74
6618967651genreA term used to describe literary forms, such as novel, play, and essay.75
6618967652harangueA forceful sermon, lecture, or tirade.76
6618967653homilyA leture or sermon on a religious or moral theme meant to guide human behavior.77
6618967654hubrisExcessive pride that often affects tone.78
6618967655humanismA belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity.79
6618967656hyperboleOverstatement; gross exaggeration for rhetorical effect.80
6618967657idyllA lyric poem or passage that describes a kind of ideal life or place.81
6618967658imageA word or phrase representing that which can be seen, touched, tasted, smelled, or felt.82
6618967659imagerythe use of images in speech and writing.83
6618967660indirect quotationA rendering of a quotation in which actual words are not stated but only approximated or paraphrased.84
6618967661inductive reasoningA method of reasoning in which a number of specific facts or examples are used to make a generalization.85
6618967662inferenceA conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or some other specific data.86
6618967663invectiveA direct verbal assault; a denunciation; casting blame on someone or something.87
6618967664ironyA mode of expression in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated, often implying ridicule or light sarcasm; a state of affairs or events that is the reverse of what might have been expected.88
6618967665kenningA device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities.89
6618967666lampoonA mocking, satirical assault on a person or situation.90
6618967667litotesA form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity.91
6618967668loose sentenceA sentence that follows the customary word order of English sentences, i.e., subject-verb-objects. The main idea of the sentence is presented first and is then followed by one or more subordinate clauses.92
6618967669lyrical prosePersonal, reflective prose that reveals the speaker's thoughts and feelings about the subject.93
6618967670malapropismA confused use of words in which the appropriate word is replaced by one with a similar sound but inappropriate meaning.94
6618967671maximA saying or proverb expressing common wisdom or truth.95
6618967672melodramaA literary form in which events are exaggerated in order to create an extreme emotional response.96
6618967673metaphorA figure of speech that compares unlike objects.97
6618967674extended metaphorWhen several characteristics of the same objects are compared98
6618967675metaphorical allusionA metaphor referring to a particular person, place, or thing99
6618967676metaphysicalA term describing poetry that uses elaborate conceits, expresses the complexities of love and life, and is highly intellectual. More generally, it refers to ideas that are neither analytical nor subject to empirical verification; that is, ideas that express an attitude about which rational argument is impossible.100
6618967677metonymyA figure of speech that uses the name of one thing to represent something else with which it is associated.101
6618967678Middle EnglishThe language spoken in England roughly between 1150 and 1500 A.D.102
6618967679mock epicA parody of traditional epic form.103
6618967680mock solemnityFeigned or deliberately artificial seriousness, often for satirical purposes.104
6618967681modeThe general form, pattern, and manner of expression of a piece of discourse.105
6618967682montageA quick succession of images or impressions used to express an idea.106
6618967683moodThe emotional tone or prevailing atmosphere in a work of literature or other discourse. In grammar, it refers to the intent of a particular sentence.107
6618967684indicative moodused for statements of fact108
6618967685subjunctive moodused to express doubt or a conditional attitude109
6618967686imperative moodgive commands110
6618967687moralA brief and often simplistic lesson that a reader may infer from a work of literature.111
6618967688motifA phrase, idea, or event that through repetition serves to unify or convey a theme in an essay or other discourse.112
6618967689muse(n.) One of the ancient Greek goddesses presiding over the arts; the imaginary source of inspiration for an artist or writer. (v.) To reflect deeply; to ponder.113
6618967690mythAn imaginary story that has become an accepted part of the cultural or religious tradition of a group of society.114
6618967691narrativeA form of verse or prose (both fiction and nonfiction) that tells a story. A storyteller may use any number of narrative devices, such as skipping back and forth in time, ordering events chronologically, and ordering events to lead up to a suspenseful climax.115
6618967692naturalismA term often used as a synonym for realism; also a view of experience that is generally characterized as bleak and pessimistic.116
6618967693non sequiturA statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before.117
6618967694objective(adj.) Of or relating to facts and reality, as opposed to private and personal feelings and attitudes.118
6618967695odeA lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.119
6618967696Old EnglishThe Anglo-Saxon language spoken from approximately 450 to 1150 A.D. in what is now Great Britain.120
6618967697omniscient narratorA narrator with unlimited awareness, understanding, and insight of characters, setting, background, and all other elements of the story.121
6618967698onomatopoeiaThe use of words whose sounds suggest their meaning.122
6618967699oxymoronA term consisting of contradictory elements juxtaposed to create a paradoxical effect.123
6618967700parableA story consisting of events from which a moral or spiritual truth may be derived.124
6618967701paradoxA statement that seems self-contradictory but is nevertheless true.125
6618967702parallel structureThe structure required for expressing two or more grammatical elements of equal rank. Coordinate idea,s compared and contrasted ideas and correlative constructions call for parallel construction.126
6618967703parodyAn imitation of a work meant to ridicule its style and subject.127
6618967704paraphraseA version of a text put into simple, everyday words or summarized for brevity.128
6618967705pastoralA work of literature dealing with rural life.129
6618967706pathetic fallacyFaulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or nonhuman objects.130
6618967707pathosThat element in literature that stimulates pity or sorrow.131
6618967708pedanticNarrowly academic instead of broad and humane; excessively petty and meticulous.132
6618967709periodic sentenceA sentence that departs from the usual word order of English sentences by expressing its main thought only at the end. In other words, the particulars in the sentence are presented before the idea they support.133
6618967710personaThe role or facade that a character assumes or depicts to a reader or other audience.134
6618967711personificationA figure of speech in which objects and animals are given human characteristics.135
6618967712plotThe interrelationship among the events in a story136
6618967713plot linethe pattern of events, including exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution137
6618967714point of viewThe relation in which a narrator or speaker stands to a subject of discourse.138
6618967715internal POVA matter discussed in the first person has this139
6618967716external POVan observer uses this140
6618967717predicatethe part of a sentence that is not the grammatical subject. It often says something about the subject141
6618967718predicate nominativeA noun that provides another name for the subject142
6618967719proseAny discourse that is not poetry143
6618967720prose poema selection of prose that, because of its language or content, is poetic in nature144
6618967721proverbA short pithy statement of general truth that condenses common experience into memorable form.145
6618967722pseudonymA false name or alias used by writers.146
6618967723pulp fictionNovels written for mass consumption, often emphasizing exciting and titillating plots.147
6618967724punA humorous play on words, using similar-sounding or identical words to suggest different meanings.148
6618967725realismThe depiction of people, things, and events as they really are without idealization or exaggeration for effect.149
6618967726rebuttal/ refutationThe part of discourse wherein opposing arguments are anticipated and answered.150
6618967727reiterationRepetition of an idea using different words, often for emphasis or other effect.151
6618967728repetitionReuse of the same words, phrases, or ideas for rhetorical effect, usually to emphasize a point.152
6618967729retractionThe withdrawal of a previously stated idea or opinion.153
6618967730rhetoricThe language of a work and its style; words, often highly emotional, used to convince or sway an audience.154
6618967731rhetorical modeA general term that identifies discourse according to its chief purpose. Includes exposition, argumentation, description, and narration.155
6618967732expositionto explain, analyze, or discuss an idea156
6618967733argumentationto prove a point or to persuade157
6618967734descriptionto recreate or present with details158
6618967735narrationto relate an anecdote or story159
6618967736rhetorical questionA question to which the audience already knows the answer; a question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.160
6618967737rhetorical stanceLanguage that conveys a speaker's attitude or opinion with regard to a particular subject.161
6618967738rhymeThe repetition of similar sounds at regular intervals, used mostly in poetry but not unheard of in prose.162
6618967739rhythmThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that make up speech and writing.163
6618967740romanceAn extended narrative about improbable events and extraordinary people in exotic places.164
6618967741sarcasmA sharp, caustic attitude conveyed in words through jibes, taunts, or other remarks; differs from irony, which is more subtle.165
6618967742satireA literary style used to poke fun at, attack, or ridicule and idea, vice, or foible, often for the purpose of inducing change.166
6618967743sentence structureThe arrangement of the parts of a sentence. A sentence may be simple, compound, or complex. Sentences may also contain any of these structures in combination with each other. Each variation leaves a different impression on the reader, and along with other rhetorical devices, may create a countless array of effects.167
6618967744simple sentenceone subject and one verb168
6618967745compound sentencetwo or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction169
6618967746complex sentencean independent claus plus one or more dependent clauses170
6618967747sentimentA synonym for view or feeling; also a refined and tender emotion in literature.171
6618967748sentimentalA term that describes characters' excessive emotional response to experience; also nauseatingly nostalgic and mawkish.172
6618967749settingAn environment that consists of time, place, historical milieu, and social, political, and even spiritual circumstances.173
6618967750simileA figurative comparison using the words like or as.174
6618967751stream of consciousnessA style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind.175
6618967752styleThe manner in which an author uses and arranges words, shapes ideas, forms sentences, and creates a structure to convey ideas.176
6618967753stylistic devicesA general term referring to diction, syntax, tone, figurative language, and all other elements that contribute to the "style" or manner of a given piece of discourse.177
6618967754subject complementThe name of a grammatical unit that is comprised of predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives.178
6618967755subjective(adj.) Of or relating to private and personal feelings and attitudes as opposed to facts and reality.179
6618967756subtextThe implied meaning that underlies the main meaning of an essay or other work.180
6618967757syllogismA form of deductive reasoning in which given certain ideas or facts, other ideas or facts must follow. (think transitive property)181
6618967758symbolismThe use of one object to evoke ideas and associations not literally part of the original object.182
6618967759synecdocheA figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole or the whole signifies the part. When the name of a material stands for the thing itself, that, too, is this.183
6618967760syntaxThe organization of language into meaningful structure; every sentence has a particular this, or pattern of words.184
6618967761themeThe main idea of meaning, often an abstract idea upon which an essay or other form of discourse is built.185
6618967762thesisThe main idea of a piece of discourse; the statement or proposition that a speaker or writer wishes to advance, illustrate, prove, or defend.186
6618967763toneThe author's attitude toward the subject being written about. This is the characteristic emotion that pervades a work or part of a work -- the spirt or quality that is the word's emotional essence.187
6618967764tragedyA form of literature in which the hero is destroyed by some character flaw or by a set of forces that cause the hero considerable anguish.188
6618967765transitionA stylistic device used to create a link between ideas. These often endow discourse with continuity and coherence.189
6618967766tropeThe generic name for a figure of speech such as image, symbol, simile, and metaphor.190
6618967767understatementA restrained statement that departs from what could be said; a studied avoidance of emphasis or exaggeration, often to create a particular effect.191
6618967768verbal ironyA discrepancy between the true meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words.192
6618967769verseA synonym for poetry; also a group of lines in a song or poem; also a single line of poetry.193
6618967770verisimilitudeSimilar to the truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life as it is or could have been.194
6618967771voiceThe real or assumed personality used by a writer or speaker.195
6618967772active voice(refers to the use of verbs) A verb is in this when it expresses an action performed by its subject. Stylistically, this leads to more economical and vigorous writing.196
6618967773passive voice(refers to the use of verbs) A verb is in this when it expresses an action performed upon its subject or when the subject is the result of the action.197
6618967774whimsyAn object, device, or creation that is fanciful or rooted in unreality.198
6618967775witThe quickness of intellect and the power and talent for saying brilliant things that surprise and delight by their unexpectedness; the power to comment subtly and pointedly on the foibles of the passing scene.199
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AP Spanish Language: Essential Verbs Flashcards

What it says

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9197626283Abastecerto supply0
9197626284Abrazarto embrace1
9197626285Acostumbrarseto get used to2
9197626286Acercarse ato get close to3
9197626287Adivinarto guess4
9197626288Advertirto warn5
9197626289Alejarse deto go away from6
9197626290Afligirseto grieve7
9197626291AgarrarTo grab8
9197626292Agotarseto run out9
9197626293Aguantarto tolerate10
9197626294Alejarseto move away11
9197626295Alquilarto rent12
9197626296Amenazarto threaten13
9197626297Apoderarseto seize14
9197626298Aprovecharto take advantage of15
9197626299Arrepentirseto repent16
9197626300Arrojarto throw17
9197626301Asegurarto ensure18
9197626302Atropellarto run over19
9197626303Aumentarto increase20
9197626304Brotarto sprout21
9197626305Calentarto heat22
9197626306Capturarto capture23
9197626307Carecerto lack24
9197626308Cazarto hunt25
9197626309Cederto yield26
9197626310Combatirto combat27
9197626311Compartirto share28
9197626312Comprobarto prove29
9197626313Confiarto trust30
9197626314Convertirseto turn into31
9197626315Criarto raise32
9197626316Cumplirto comply33
9197626317Debilitarto weaken34
9197626318Demandarto sue35
9197626319Derrotarto defeat36
9197626320Derrumbarseto collapse37
9197626321Desarrollarto develop38
9197626322Desempeñarto play39
9197626323Desgastarto wear out40
9197626324Desilusionarto disappoint41
9197626325Deslizarto slide42
9197626326Despejarseto clear up43
9197626327Desplazarseto travel44
9197626328Desprenderseto take off45
9197626329Destacarseto stand out46
9197626330Devolverto return47
9197626331Dispararto shoot48
9197626332Echarto throw49
9197626333Emocionarseto get excited50
9197626334Empacarto pack51
9197626335Empeorarto worsen52
9197626336Empujarto push53
9197626337Enamorarse de Encerrarseto fall in love54
9197626338Enfrentarseto face55
9197626339Enterarseto find out56
9197626340Entrenarto train57
9197626341Entrevistarto interview58
9197626342Esforzarseto strive59
9197626343Esparcirto spread60
9197626344Evitarto avoid61
9197626345Exigirto require62
9197626346Florecerto flourish63
9197626347Fomentarto promote64
9197626348Fortalecerto strengthen65
9197626349Gozarto enjoy66
9197626350Helarto freeze67
9197626351Impedirto prevent68
9197626352Imponerto impose69
9197626353Indagarto inquire70
9197626354Inscribirseto register71
9197626355Invertirto invest72
9197626356Jubilarseto retire73
9197626357Lastimarse/Lesionarto be injured74
9197626358Mejorarto improve75
9197626359Permanecerto remain76
9197626360Perseguirto pursue77
9197626361Prevenirto prevent78
9197626362Quejarseto complain79
9197626363Reclamarto claim80
9197626364Remontarseto go back in time81
9197626365Rendir/Rendirseto surrender82
9197626366Reposarto rest83
9197626367Reprobarto fail84
9197626368Reginarseto resign85
9197626369Sobrarto be left over86
9197626370Sobresalirto excel87
9197626371Sobrevivirto survive88
9197626372Solicitarto request89
9197626373Solucionarto solve90
9197626374Sonarto dream91
9197626375Soplarto blow92
9197626376Soportarto tolerate93
9197626377Sostenerto hold94
9197626378Subastarto auction95
9197626379Tallarto carve96
9197626380Tambalearseto stagger97
9197626381Trasladarseto move98
9197626382Triunfarto succeed99
9197626383Tropezarseto trip100
9197626384Turbarto disturb101
9197626385Velarto guard102
9197626386Vislumbrarto glimpse103
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AP Language Terms Pre-Assessment Flashcards

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10375076965Cumulative (Loose) Sentencebegins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause.0
10375076966Periodic Sentencea sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense.1
10375076967Litotes/Understatementa figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement.2
10375076968Warrantexpresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.3
10375076969Ethosan appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.4
10375076970Pathosan appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.5
10375076971Logosan appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.6
10375076972Concessionan acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.7
10375076973SyllogismA logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.8
10375076976Inductiona logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.9
10375076977Deductiona logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise).10
10375076979Refutationa denial of the validity of an opposing argument.11
10375076981Similea figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though.12
10375076982Metaphorfigure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like or as.13
10375076983Anaphorathe intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect.14
10375076984Rhetoricit is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.15
10375076985Rhetorical Trianglespeaker-subject-audience16
10375076986Allusionbrief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art.17
10375076987Hyperboledeliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point.18
10375076988Personificationattribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.19
10375076989Asyndetonomission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.20
10375076990Polysyndetonthe deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words.21
10375076991Parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.22
10375076992Antithesisopposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction.23
10375076993Enumerationto mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list24
10375076994Rhetorical QuestionFigure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid?25
10375076995Chiasmusthe reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. Ex.) He went to the country, the country went to him.26
10375076996RebuttalIn the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.27
10375076997Fallacy of Argumenta flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect.28
10375076998Bandwagon Appeala fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.29
10375076999Begging the Questiona fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute.30
10375077000Anecdotea brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.31
10375077001Modes of DisclosureExposition- illustrates a point Narration- tells a story Description- creates a sensory image Argumentation- takes a position on an issue and defends it.32
10375077002Examplea specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic.33
10375077003Contrast/ Comparisona method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination34
10375077004Cause and Effectestablishes a relationship: B is the result of A.35
10375077005Classificationseparates items into major categories and details the characteristics of each group is placed within the category.36
10375077006Processsimply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done.37
10375077007Definitionidentifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class.38
10375077008Narrationis nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end.39
10375077009Descriptionwriting that appeals to the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings.40
10375077014Hasty generalizationa fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.41
10375077015Non sequitora fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another.42
10375077034AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.43
10375077035AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").44
10375077036AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.45
10375077037AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.46
10375077038AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.47
10375077039AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.48
10375077040Antithesisthe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.49
10375077041AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.)50
10375077042ApostropheA prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.51
10375077044Caricaturea verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.52
10375077045ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.53
10375077046Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.54
10375077048ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.55
10375077049DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.56
10375077050DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.57
10375077051DidacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching."58
10375077052EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT59
10375077053Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.60
10375077054Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid61
10375077055Figure of speechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement62
10375077056GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.63
10375077058HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.")64
10375077059ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.65
10375077060Inference/inferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.66
10375077061Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.67
10375077062Irony/ironicThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.68
10375077063Loose sentence/non-periodic sentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.69
10375077064MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.70
10375077065MetonymyA figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.71
10375077066MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.72
10375077067NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.73
10375077068onomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.74
10375077069OxymoronOxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.75
10375077070ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.76
10375077071Parallelismthe use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.77
10375077072ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.78
10375077073PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).79
10375077074Periodic sentenceThe opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.80
10375077075PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.81
10375077076Point of viewIn literature, the perspective from which a story is told.82
10375077077Prosewritten or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.83
10375077078RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.84
10375077079RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.85
10375077080SarcasmInvolves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.86
10375077081SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.87
10375077082Subordinate clauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, this clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.88
10375077083SyllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.89
10375077084Symbol/symbolismGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else.90
10375077085SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.91
10375077086ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.92
10375077087ThesisThe sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.93
10375077088ToneDescribes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.94
10375077089TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, effectively signal a shift from one idea to another.95
10375077090Understatementthe ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is.96
10375077091Witin modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights.97
10375077092Slippery SlopeThis is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events.98
10375077093straw manWhen a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak.99
10375077094EthosAn appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.100
10375077095JuxtapositionMaking on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite.101
10375077098Rhetorical QuestionA question whose answer is assumed.102
10375077099SimileA critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance.103
10375077100rhetorical appealthe persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos.104
10375077101descriptive detailWhen an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description.105
10375077103narrative devicesThis term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing it creates a desired effect. On the essay portion of the exam, this term may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.106
10375077104narrative techniquesThe style of telling the "story," even if the passage is nonfiction. Concentrate on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writer's technique.107
10375077105Ad hominem argumentAn argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue108
10375077106AnaphoraFigure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial words over successive phrases or clauses109
10375077107AnecdoteA brief story that illustrates or makes a point110
10375077108Appeal to authorityA fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.111
10375077109Argumentationone of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.112
10375077110AssonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity113
10375077111AsyndetonA series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction).114
10375077112toneA speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.115
10375077113audienceOne's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.116
10375077114Balanced sentenceA sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast117
10375077115Begging the questionOften called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.118
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AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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10433213407AnalogyA comparison between two objects or events.0
10433219327AnthimeriaThe usage of a word in a new grammatical form, most often the usage of a noun as a verb.1
10433251442Hyperboledeliberate exaggeration of a person, thing, quality, event to emphasize a point external to the object of exaggeration; intentional exaggeration for rhetorical effect.2
10433252095LitotesUnderstatement, for intensification, by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed.3
10433253864Rhetorical QuestionFigure which asks a question, not for the purpose of further discussion, but to assert or deny an answer implicitly; a question whose answer is obvious or implied.4
10433255866IronyA discrepancy between a literal statement and the speaker's attitude or intent.5
10433256356MetonymySubstitution of one word for another which it suggests.6
10433257489SynecdocheFigure of comparison in which a word standing for part of something is used for the whole of that thing or vice versa; any part or portion or quality of a thing used to stand for the whole of the thing or vice versa -- genus to species or species to genus.7
10433258437PersonificationFigure which represents abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities, including physical, emotional, and spiritual; the application of human attributes or abilities to nonhuman entities.8
10433258438PeriphrasisExpressing an idea with more words than are strictly necessary9
10433260485PunA play on words10
10433260486OxymoronFigure that binds together TWO words that are ordinarily contradictory; a TWO WORD paradox; two words with contrary or apparently contradictory meanings occurring next to each other, and, which, nonetheless, evoke some measure of truth; the figure conjures a new way of seeing or understanding, a novel meaning.11
10433262123ApostropheA sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present.12
10433262811ParadoxFigure that employs an apparent contradiction which, nonetheless, evokes some measure of truth; a statement which seems at one level to be nonsensical because it moves against a normalcy. At another level, however, the figure conjures a new way of seeing or understanding, a novel meaning.13
10442972939ParallelismFigure of balance identified by a similarity in the syntactical structure of a set of words in successive phrases, clauses, sentences; successive words, phrases, clauses with the same or very similar grammatical structure.14
10442988286ZeugmaTwo different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them.15
10442993141AntithesisFigure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences.16
10443001846AntimetaboleFigure of emphasis in which the words in one phrase or clause are replicated, exactly or closely, in reverse grammatical order in the next phrase or clause; an inverted order of repeated words in adjacent phrases or clauses (A-B, B-A).17
10443007879AnaphoraFigure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial word(s) over successive phrases or clauses.18
10443010703parenthesisAn insertion of material that interrupts the typical flow of a sentence.19
10443013767AppositiveA word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.20
10443020611Ellipsisthree periods (...) indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation21
10443018281AsyndetonFigure of omission in which normally occurring conjunctions (and, or, but, for, nor, so, yet) are intentionally omitted in successive phrases, or clauses; a string of words not separated by normally occurring conjunctions.22
10446588389AlliterationFigure of emphasis that occurs through the repetition of initial consonant letters (or sounds) in two or more different words across successive sentences, clauses, or phrases.23
10446596676AssonanceFigure of repetition in which different words with the same or similar vowel sounds occur successively in words with different consonants; two or more words with similar vowel sounds sandwiched between different consonants.24
10446609734EpistropheEnding several sentences or clauses with the same word25
10446614767ClimaxFigure of repetition in which words or phrases or sentences are arranged in order of increasing intensity or importance, often in parallel construction; words or phrases arranged by degrees of increasing significance.26
10446621726AnadiplosisFigure of repetition that occurs when the last word or terms in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of the next sentence, clause, or phrase.27
10447248363AllegoryDescription of a subject under the guise of some other subject of aptly suggestive resemblance, in which properties and circumstances attributed to the apparent subject really refer to the subject they are meant to suggest; essentially a narrative strategy based on an extended or continued metaphor, often a story in which characters represent abstract ideas or moral values.28
10447249247AllusionFigure of explication using a brief or casual reference to a famous person, group, historical event, place, or work of art.29
10447253035AmbiguityThe quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness.30
10447253945AphorismA brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.31
10447255128ColloquialismA word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation.32
10447257598Connotationan idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.33
10447259223DenotationThe dictionary definition of a word34
10447262125Dialecta form of language spoken by people in a particular region or group35
10447264114Didacticinstructive36
10447266485Genrea major category37
10447267285homilya sermon38
10447268077imageryDescription that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)39
10447268802jargonspecial words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.40
10447274808Mooda temporary state of mind or feeling.41
10447275237parodya work which imitates another in a ridiculous manner42
10447276071pedanticA pedant is a person who is excessively concerned with formalism, accuracy, and precision, or one who makes an ostentatious and arrogant show of learning.43
10447276632periodic sentences44
10447277829Point of Viewthe perspective from which a story is told45
10447278597Sarcasmwitty language used to convey insults or scorn46
10447294887SatireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies, in a serious or humorous way.47
10447308935semanticsSemantics is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning, in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics48
10447309743StyleA basic and distinctive mode of expression.49
10447311538Syllogisma kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.50
10447312668SymbolA thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.51
10447712507themeCentral idea of a work of literature52
10447717106thesisthe primary position taken by a writer or speaker53
10447802521ToneAttitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character54
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AP World History Periodization 1 Flashcards

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4787140667Paleolithic Eraof, relating to, or denoting the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used.0
4787142082Neolithic Eraof, relating to, or denoting the later part of the Stone Age or agricultural revolution, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.1
4787146704Hunting and GatheringSocieties- Men hunted and women gathered. People went from place to place and did not settle often2
4787152189CultureA group that is distinct from another group. Has different ways of dressing's or beliefs3
4787155883Neolithic RevolutionAlso known as the Agrarian Revolution, this is when groups of people settled and started the agricultural stage4
4787161079DomesticationThis is when people started to use animals as labor and food. People also did the same with plants with growing the same crop more than once5
4787166361CivilizationThis is when different groups of people settled in the same area. They traded with one another for what they needed. They all worked together to survive6
4787174216MesopotamiaThis is where one of the first earliest society's known was. This is where groups of people started to settle together.7
4787179409Cultural DiffusionWith population movement, people spread their culture to new areas8
4787182930PolytheismBelief in more than one god9
4787184330MonotheismBelief in one god10
4787186252Indo-EuropeansMost likely the first language family. Spoken by people from Europe to Northern India11
4787191871Patriarchal SocietiesSocieties that were dominated by men. These societies came in the Neolithic era12
4787194629Pastoralists-A type of agriculture that uses animals for traveling, holding things, and food13
4787199481EthnocenctrismEvaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and custom's of one's own culture14
4787210963Dynastic CycleAn important political theory in Chinese history. Every new ruler goes through a culture cycke15
4787215291"Man date of Heaven"A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source like finding new land16
4787224451"Son of Heaven"Originating from the ancient Han Chinese emperors and subsequently adopted by other East Asian monarchs founded on the theoretical principle of the cosmic Mandate of Heaven17
4787348204Shang DynastyFirst recorded Chinese history. Started from the mid-18th century to the mid-16th century B.C.E.18
4787354844Qin Shi HuangdiWas the First Emperor of Qin. Was the founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of China19
4787359812LegalismExcessive adherence to law or formula. What rules to follow and obey by20
4787364886BureaucracyA system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives21
4787370526ConfucianismA system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and development by Mencius22
4787378592Filial PietyIs a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors23
4787381038DaoismAlso known as Taoism. Is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin with an emphasis on living in harmony24
4787388138Han dynastyIt was the second imperial dynasty in China. Spanning over 4 centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history25
4787395658Civil Service ExamAre examinations implemented in various countries for recruitment and admission to the civil service26
4787401970MeritocracyA government or the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability27
4787404839"Mean People"The people with the lowest status, did unskilled jobs, wore a green scarf to show their status, punished harsher for crimes, and at the lowest part of the caste system28
4787412864Great Silk RoadAlso known as Silk Routes. An ancient network routes that for centuries were central to culture interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting west and east from China to the Mediterranean Sea.29
4787427800SubcontinentThose land masses on different tectonic plates from the rest of the continent30
4787429872Caste SystemA system that rates people on their job. The lower you are, the less power you have, the higher you are, the more power you have31
4787435245DharmaIt is the principle of cosmic order32
4787437962ReincarnationPhilosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different physical body or form after each biological death33
4787446091Sidd Hartha GautamaWas the leader and founder of a sect of wanderer Sramanas. After his death, the community he founded slowly evolved into a religious-like movement as a state religion in India as Buddhism during the 3rd century B.C.E.34
4787456924BuddhismIs a religion that has a variety of traditions, beliefs, and spiritual practices. It originated in India35
4787463463Maurya DynastyAlso known as the Mauryan Empire. Extensive Iron Age historical power in ancient India from 322-185 B.C.E.36
4787469372Gupta DynastyFounded by Sri Gupta. An ancient India empire from 320-550 C.E37
4787488501Chandragupta MauryaWas the founder of the Maurya Empire and the first emperor to unify north and southwest of present day India38
4787494635AshokaHe was an Emperor which lived from 304-232 B.C.E. and was the 3rd ruler of the world's largest empires at its time39
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AP World History Chapter 29 Flashcards

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9640575053Archduke Franz FerdinandHeir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War I.0
9640598634Sarajevoadministrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 proved to be the spark that started World War I.1
9640667203Western Frontfront established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.2
9640717324Nicholas IITsar of Russia 1894 to 1917; forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution 1917.3
9640797994GallipoliPeninsula south of in Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 victory over Australia and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I.4
9640831329Armenian genocideAssault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.5
9640867334Eastern Frontmost mobile of the fronts established during WWI; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia.6
9640876610Adolf HitlerNazi leader of Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for genocide of all European Jews.7
9666144223Georges ClemenceauFrench prime minister in the last years of World War I and during the Versailles Conference of 1919, pushed for heavy reparations from Germans.8
9666144224David Lloyd GeorgePrime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed.9
9666145184self-determinationRight of people in a region to choose their own political system and leaders.10
9666308797League of NationsInternational diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.11
9666308296National Congress PartyGrew out of regional association of Western educated Indians; originally centered in cities are Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period12
9666424241B.G. Tilak1854- 1920 believed nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement.13
9666434134Morley-Minto ReformsProvided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.14
9666447579Montagu-Chlemsford reformsIncrease the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.15
9666459260Rowlatt ActPlaced severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chlemsford reforms of 1919.16
9666467165Mohandas Gandhi1869-1948, led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British empire after WWI; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.17
9666467166satyagrahaliterally "truth force" strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout colonized world and in the U.S.18
9666485743Lord Cromer1841-1917, British Consul-General in khedival Egypt from 1883 to 1907; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime.19
9666497411effendiclass of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.20
9666503918Dinshawai incidentclash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidently shot by army officers hunting pigeons, led to Egyptian protest movement.21
9666520272AtaturkAKA Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western methods.22
9666528952HusseinSheriff of Mecca from 1908 to 1917 independence; used British promise to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain's failure to keep promise; died 1931.23
9666528953mandatesgovernment entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain and France assumed control in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon and Palestine after 1922.24
9666531799Zionismmovement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s whose leaders argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine.25
9666532651Balfour DeclarationBritish minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish homeland in Palestine issued in 1917.26
9666533618Leon Pinkser1821-1891 European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.27
9666534452Theodor HerzlAustrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state.28
9666535263Alfred Dreyfus1859-1935 French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans, his mistreatment and exile to Devil's island provided flash-point for years of bitter debate between left and right in France.29
9666536676World Zionist OrganizationFounded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state.30
9666651616Wafd partyEgyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles Treaty negotiations following WW1; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.31
9666665735Marcus GarveyAfrican American political leader, had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.32
9666670707W. E. B. Du Boisone of the most influential African American intellectuals and spokesmen of the 20th century. His extensive and widely read writings on the plight of blacks in American society and critiques of racism were foundational to both civil rights movements in the U.S. and African resistance to colonialism.33
9666666354pan-africanOrganization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after WWI.34
9666667099negritudeliterary movement in Africa, attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of Africa nationalist movements.35
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AP World History-Intro Vocab Flashcards

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10299232310absolutisma form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)0
10299232311agriculturethe science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.1
10299232312aristocracythe highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices.2
10299232809bureaucracya system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives3
10299232810cheifdoma form of political organization strikingly different in several basic respects from the tribal polity.4
10299232811city-statea city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.5
10299233185civilizationthe stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.6
10299233186coerced laborforced labor7
10299233554colonialismthe policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.8
10299233555contextualizationplace or study in context.9
10299233890conquestthe subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by use of military force.10
10299233891coupthe sudden, violent overthrow of an existing government by a small group.11
10299233892demographySTUDY OF HUMAN POPULATIONS, SUCH AS: study subjects such as the geographical distribution of people, birth and death rates, socioeconomic status, and age and sex distributions in order to identify the influences on population growth, structure, and development.12
10299234436diasporathe dispersion of the Jews beyond Israel13
10299234437deitysupernatural being, like a god or goddess, that is worshipped by people who believe it controls or exerts force over some aspect of the world.14
10299235201diffusionthe spreading of something more widely.15
10299235202divineof, from, or like God or a god.16
10299235203dynastya line of hereditary rulers of a country.17
10299235883economicsocial science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.18
10299235884empirean extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.19
10299236534epidemica widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.20
10299236535feudalismA political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land21
10299237038foragerA member of a culture in which food is obtained by hunting, fishing, and foraging rather by agriculture or animal husbandry.22
10299237039genocidethe deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.23
10299237040globalizationthe process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.24
10299237926imperialisma policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.25
10299237927ideologya system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.26
10299238189indenturedbind (someone) by an indenture as an apprentice or laborer.27
10299238190servanta person who came to America and was placed under contract to work for another over a period of time,28
10299238191interregionalrelatinɡ to or occurring between different regions.29
10299238729kingdoma country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen.30
10299238730matrilinealof or based on kinship with the mother or the female line.31
10299239276medievalrelating to the Middle Ages32
10299239619merchanta person or company involved in wholesale trade, especially one dealing with foreign countries or supplying merchandise to a particular trade.33
10299240040mercantilismbelief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.34
10299240405monotheismbelieving there is only one god35
10299240406nation-statea sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.36
10299241184neolithicrelating to or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.37
10299241185nomada member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock.38
10299241780pandemic(of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world.39
10299241781papacythe office or authority of the Pope.40
10299242266politicalrelating to the government or the public affairs of a country.41
10299242267pastoralused for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle.42
10299242820patriarchalrelating to or characteristic of a system of society or government controlled by men.43
10299242821philosophythe study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.44
10299243220periodizationis the process or study of categorizing the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time in order to facilitate the study and analysis of history.45
10299243221polytheismthe belief that there is more than one god46
10299243675primary sourcean eyewitness account An original source that informs directly, not through another person's explanation or interpretation. The firsthand account. Ex. Pictures, manuscripts, etc.47
10299243676rebellionan act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler.48
10299244204reformmake changes in (something, typically a social, political, or economic institution or practice) in order to improve it.49
10299244205revolutiona forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.50
10299244978revoltrise in rebellion.51
10299244979ruralin, relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town.52
10299245259secondary sourceMaterials created through the assimilation and synthesis of various primary and other secondary materials.53
10299245260serfAn agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate54
10299245261shamanA person who is regarded to have access to the spiritual world. A human being who contacts and attempts to manipulate the power of spirits for the tribe or group55
10299245262specializationthe process of concentrating on and becoming expert in a particular subject or skill.56
10299245959syncretismTraditions that borrow from both the past and the present. The combining of different, often contradictory beliefs57
10299245960synthesiscombination or composition, in particular.58
10299245961theocracya system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.59
10299246145urbanin, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town.60
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