Ap Environmental Science - Population Flashcards
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| 9517333413 | Three types of population distribution | Random, Uniform, Clumped | 0 | |
| 9517333414 | Density Dependent Factor | A factor that influences an individuals probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population (i.e. predation, disease, food supply) | 1 | |
| 9517333415 | Density Independent Factor | A factor that has the same effect on a individual's probability of survival and reproduction at any populations size | 2 | |
| 9517333416 | exponential growth models | occurs when populations are not limited by resources. (J-curve) |  | 3 |
| 9517333417 | logistical growth model | occurs when populations reach a carrying capacity established by a limiting resource and initially experience large growth but then level off. However, they do not exist exactly at carrying capacity. They fluctuate above and below. |  | 4 |
| 9517333418 | Type I, II, III Curves | reproductive strategies of different species. Type I fosters their young, Type II does sorta kinda, and type III straight up ditches their kids |  | 5 |
| 9517333419 | K selective strategies | A species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity (TYPE I) | 6 | |
| 9517333420 | R selective strategies | A species with a high intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to overshoot and quickly die off (TYPE III) | 7 | |
| 9517333421 | Population size | The total number of individuals within a defined area at a given time | 8 | |
| 9517333422 | Population density | The number of individuals per unit area at a given time | 9 | |
| 9517333423 | Population distribution | How individuals are distributed with respect to one another | 10 | |
| 9517333424 | Population age structure | how many individuals fit into age categories. Shown by age structure diagrams |  | 11 |
| 9517333425 | Growth Rate | The number of offspring an individual can produce in a given period of time, minus the deaths of the individual or offspring during the same period | 12 | |
| 9517333426 | Metapopulations | A group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between the populations | 13 | |
| 9517333427 | Competition | The struggle of individuals to obtain a limiting resource | 14 | |
| 9517333428 | Resource partitioning | Where species work together and divide up a resource like birds in a tree-this can reduce competition | 15 | |
| 9517333429 | Predation | The use of one species as a resource by another species | 16 | |
| 9517333430 | Parasites | Type of predation when species live on or in the organism they consume | 17 | |
| 9517333431 | Parasitoids | Type of predation when species lay eggs inside other organisms | 18 | |
| 9517333432 | Mutualism | A type of interspecific interaction where both species benefit | 19 | |
| 9517333433 | Commensalism | A type of relationship in which one species benefits but the other is neither helped nor hurt | 20 | |
| 9517333434 | Keystone Species | Keystone or Busch? Jk nah this is a species that plays a role in its community that is far more important that ints relative abundance might suggest | 21 | |
| 9517333435 | Primary Succession | Occurs on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil. Starts with moss and lichens on the exposed rock and it it progresses to shrubs and plants and eventually restores ecosystem. | 22 | |
| 9517333436 | Secondary Succession | Occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil | 23 | |
| 9517333437 | Community Ecology | The study of the interactions between species in a habitat | 24 | |
| 9517333438 | Competitive exclusion principle | two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist. This explains why resource partitioning takes place so that both can survive | 25 | |
| 9517333439 | Interspecific Competition | When two species compete over one limited resource | 26 | |
| 9517333440 | Intraspecific Competition | When two individuals within the same species compete over one limited resource | 27 | |
| 9517333441 | Factors that determine species richness | Latitude (distance from equator), Time (older the habitat, the higher SR), Habitat size (larger=greater) | 28 | |
| 9517333442 | Theory of Island Biogeography | Explains that both habitat size and distance determine species richness | 29 | |
| 9517333443 | How does the human population not have a food deficit? | Innovation and Technology | 30 | |
| 9517333444 | growth rate equation | CBR-CDR/10 | 31 | |
| 9517333445 | doubling time for a population equation | 70/growth rate | 32 | |
| 9517333446 | Demography | The study of human populations and population trends | 33 | |
| 9517333447 | Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | estimate of the average number of children each woman will bear in her lifetime | 34 | |
| 9517333448 | Replacement level fertility (RLF) | 2.1 | 35 | |
| 9517333449 | Developed Countries | Countries with high levels of industrialization and income | 36 | |
| 9517333450 | Developing Countries | Countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and income | 37 | |
| 9517333451 | Life Expectancy | The average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate of that country | 38 | |
| 9517333452 | Infant Mortality Rate | Number of deaths of children under the age of one per 1000 births | 39 | |
| 9517333453 | Child Mortality Rate | Number of deaths of children under the age of five per 1000 births | 40 | |
| 9517333454 | Demographic Transition | The theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to and industrialized one, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth | 41 | |
| 9517333455 | Family Planning | Regulating the number or spacing of children through the use of birth control | 42 | |
| 9517333456 | IPAT equation | environmental Impact=Population, Affluence, Technology | 43 |
AP Vocabulary Week 9 Flashcards
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| 6304000550 | acclamation | a noun regarding what would be considered cheering or an overwhelming verbal vote of approval |  | 0 |
| 6304000551 | bucolic | an adjective used to describe something rustic or pastoral in relation to shepherds or a countryside |  | 1 |
| 6304000552 | calumniate | a verb used in regards to a false accusation done intentionally |  | 2 |
| 6304000553 | chary | an adjective used to describe something extremely cautious or reserved, or even skittish |  | 3 |
| 6304000554 | collusion | a noun relating to a secret agreement or cooperation in a conspiracy or plot |  | 4 |
| 6304000555 | dilettante | a noun used to talk about someone who is a amateur artist or one who does art for a hobby; an adjective used to describe someone who is superficial |  | 5 |
| 6304000556 | imperturbable | an adjective used to describe an emotion that is not easily excited or one that is serene |  | 6 |
| 6304000557 | increment | a noun used when something is enlarged, gained, or added |  | 7 |
| 6304000558 | mandate | a noun used for someone who is of an authority; a verb used to issue such an order |  | 8 |
| 6304000559 | paltry | an adjective used to talk about something that is trifling or insignificant, and maybe even despicable or trashy |  | 9 |
| 6304000560 | paroxysm | a noun used when there is a sudden outburst or spasm |  | 10 |
| 6304000561 | pedantry | a noun used to talk about a pretentious display of knowledge or one who gives overly rigid attention in regards to detail and rules in a hairsplitting way |  | 11 |
| 6304000562 | peregrination | a noun used to talk of someone who is a traveler, especially one on foot or in a foreign country |  | 12 |
| 6304000563 | redolent | an adjective used to describe something fragrant or smelling strongly in which case creating an aura or bringing back memories |  | 13 |
| 6304000564 | refulgent | an adjective used to describe something that is shiny or luminous |  | 14 |
| 6304000565 | shibboleth | a noun meaning catchphrase, word, or commonplace saying |  | 15 |
| 6304000566 | tyro | a noun used when talking about a beginner or novice |  | 16 |
| 6304000567 | unremitting | an adjective used when something or someone is not stopping or even relentless |  | 17 |
| 6304000568 | vacillate | a verb which means to go back and forth between ideas indecisively |  | 18 |
| 6304000569 | vituperative | an adjective meaning harshly abusive or insulting |  | 19 |
AP Euro Period 2 Flashcards
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| 6831734050 | Absolutism | The idea that a monarch holds all power and governs by divine right. The monarch only has to answer to God | 0 | |
| 6831734051 | Divine Right Theory of Rule | Belief that God placed each ruler on the throne and therefore they owe their authority to no kne | 1 | |
| 6831734052 | Cardinal Richelieu | Regent for Louis XIII, set in place the cornerstone of French absolutism. Attempted to break the power of nobility by creating the intendant system | 2 | |
| 6831734053 | Intendants | Created under Richelieu. These were administrative officials who were hired from the merchant or banking classes to oversee the 33 districts of France and check the power of the local nobles | 3 | |
| 6831734054 | Corvee | Labor tax created under Richelieu placed on peasants so whenever infrastructure improvement was need, peasants could be used as free labor | 4 | |
| 6831734055 | Peace of Alias | This was passed under Richelieu. Restricts the rights of Calvinists in France so that they cannot pass religious laws or build fortified cities | 5 | |
| 6831734056 | Fronde | A series of civil wars in France by nobles against Louis XIV's . Key role in Louis XIV's decision to leave Paris and build the Versailles Palace | 6 | |
| 6831734057 | Louis XIV | Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France for 42 years however his many wars bankrupted the country. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. Created Estate System Colbertism Revoked Edict of Nantes Made Catholicism mandatory | 7 | |
| 6831734058 | War of Spanish Succession | The powers of Europe fought against a possible unity of France and Spanish, which would then upset the balance of power. It was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht. | 8 | |
| 6831734059 | Treaty of Utrecht | Prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire | 9 | |
| 6831734060 | Versailles | Beautiful but excessive palace in Baroque style that was built by Louis XIV that bankrupts the country. This controls the nobles because they are distracted by living there and Louis can easily keep an eye on them. Nobles become indebted to Louis through gambling | 10 | |
| 6831734061 | Colbertism | economic policy in France developed by Colbert. Inward looking mercantilist policy. prioritises exports and imposes trade tariffs on imports. Controls manufacture and guilds to regulate domestic French production to be sold abroad. Laissez faire policies with the colonies that gives them a sense of autonomy. | 11 | |
| 6831734062 | Five Great Farms | An area within France that does not have tariffs so there is a free trade zone that opens up immense wealth | 12 | |
| 6831734063 | Commercial Code | Quality regulation of goods that was established under colbertism. This destroys the guild system and allows merchants to be sure of the quality of their goods | 13 | |
| 6831734064 | Boussuet | Catholic bishop who advocates for absolutism. He says that monarch's power derives from For and the king represents God on earth | 14 | |
| 6831734065 | Bodin | French political philosopher who was a strong proponent of absolutism during the reign of Louis XIV | 15 | |
| 6831734066 | French East India Trading Company | Powerful organization that helps France develop a powerful navy. Bans food exports which keeps peasants fed | 16 | |
| 6831734067 | Holy Terror | Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes so 50,000 Calvinists (mostly skilled craftsmen) leave France and go to Prussia which leads to the rise of Prussia | 17 | |
| 6831734068 | James I | Son of Mary Queen of Scots, Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings. Loves art and the theatre | 18 | |
| 6831734069 | True Law of Free Monarchy | James' Essay that monarchy should be an absolutist government | 19 | |
| 6831734070 | Charles I | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649 | 20 | |
| 6831734071 | Gunpowder Plot | Occurred in 1605 when Guy Fawkes hired a group of men to blow up Parliament when the protestant King James I and the rest of the protestants Parliament members were inside. He did it solely because he wanted a Catholic England | 21 | |
| 6831734072 | Petition of Rights | Limited the power of Charles I of England. He signed it so that he could get money for his war with Spain a) could not declare martial law during peacetime b) could not collect taxes without Parliamentary approval c) no trial without Jury d) No quartering of soldiers | 22 | |
| 6831734073 | Ship tax | Tax imposed to all costal cities in England. This is expanded to all cities but is not approved by parliament. Charles I also revives old feudal taxes | 23 | |
| 6831734074 | Long Parliament | Parliament that meets for a longer period of time during Charles I's reign. Insists that Charles must sign the Petition of Rights, eradicate the Star Chamber Court and end religious unity. Charles I refuses which starts the English Civil War | 24 | |
| 6831734075 | Oliver Cromwell | General of the Roundheads who helps them win. He is a Radical Puritan. He becomes the monarch of England after Charles I is executed Puritan unity in England First holocaust against Irish revolt Raises taxes which causes the wealthy to move to France | 25 | |
| 6831734076 | Pride's Purge | Parliament got rid of everyone who supported the monarchy so the Rump Parliament was left | 26 | |
| 6831734077 | Rump Parliament | 50/500 original parliament who did not support the King. They vote to have Charles I executed and he is | 27 | |
| 6831734078 | Navigation Act | Allows English ships to stop any ship they want to | 28 | |
| 6831734079 | Moral Police Force | This group enforces Cromwell's strict policies such as 1. Ale houses are close 2. Book burnings 3. Laughing is banned 4. Theatre is banned 5. Dancing is banned 6. Rules around sexuality (first time) | 29 | |
| 6831734080 | Charles II | Becomes leader of England after Cromwell. Restores a constitutional government. He does not punish Cromwell supporters except for the Rump Parliament | 30 | |
| 6831734081 | Great Plague of London | The plague kills 10,000s of people because they were not prepared for the Plague to come back. However, the blame was not placed on Charles II which shows that Europeans begin to think that Plagues are not religious | 31 | |
| 6831734082 | Great Fire of London | Started accidentally by a baker. Again, Charles II is not blamed because they use science to discover the source of the fire The result of is the first fire department which is supported by the community and the beginning of urban planning (creation of zones) | 32 | |
| 6831734083 | Claridon Code | Passed under Charles II This bans Puritans from government | 33 | |
| 6831734084 | Test Act | This prevents Catholics from taking political office. This is done to protect the government from retaliation from French Catholics | 34 | |
| 6831734085 | Whigs vs Tories | First moment in modern western civilization in which political parties are allowed to exist and debate over political policy | 35 | |
| 6831734086 | James II | Is only monarch for a short time because he tries to reinstate absolutism. Parliament says no, so he goes to the Netherlands and lives without power. This is significant because itis someone in power willingly giving up their power without conflict | 36 | |
| 6831734087 | William of Orange and Mary Stuart | Only co-rulers in British history. They are protestants from the Netherlands who are very intelligent and have no kids | 37 | |
| 6831734088 | Bill of Rights | This is the basis to every single parliament or congress in the world today 1. Parliamentary Supremacy 2. No taxation without Parliamentary approval 3. Free Debate 4. Free Elections 5. Cannot declare war without Parliamentary approval 6. Trial by Jury 7. No unreasonable bail 8. Parliament must meet frequently | 38 | |
| 6831734089 | Toleration Act | True and honest toleration. You may openly practice religion but that doesn't mean your community won't punish you | 39 | |
| 6831734090 | Penal Code | This is an extremely oppressive piece of legislation passed under William and Mary that is against the Catholic Irish. They cannot teach, be in government, or own property | 40 | |
| 6831734091 | Glorious Revolution | Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. | 41 | |
| 6831734092 | George I | A German Protestant prince who spoke no English, therefore completely let Parliament have control and started the Cabinet, which was a handful of Parliament advisers | 42 | |
| 6831734093 | George III | English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances. | 43 | |
| 6831734094 | Ivan III | "Ivan the Great" The prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia, and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia. | 44 | |
| 6831734095 | Ivan IV | "Ivan the Terrible" Russian ruler; cruel and tyranical; murdered nobility; extremely paranoid (killed his own son); taxed people heavily; took title of "czar" | 45 | |
| 6831734096 | Time of Troubles | During which the Russian nobles elected series of tsars a tried to demand their liberties. Contending factions and civil war. Finally in 1613 national assembly elected a 17 year old boy as tsar - start of Romanov dynasty. | 46 | |
| 6831734097 | Peter the Great | Becomes the Czar at 18 years old after Ivan the Terrible. He tours Western European countries and reforms the government off of the absolutism ideas in the rest of Europe. Mandatory 25 year conscription in the army Makes himself head of the church Women are not allowed to leave the home All sons of noble families must go to western university | 47 | |
| 6831734098 | Streltsy Rebellion | Noble families rebel while Peter is in Europe. When he returns he brutally crushes the rebellion and hangs their corpses on display | 48 | |
| 6831734099 | Table of Ranks | Peter the Great declares that every noble person Russia has to participate in the government. This checks the power of the nobles because it forces them to become government workers | 49 | |
| 6831734100 | St. Petersburg | Peter the Great sees Paris and he wants a grand city for the wealthy in Russia so he builds this huge city in 10 years by forcing 50,000 surfs to work for free and forcing their families to send them food | 50 | |
| 6831734101 | Great Northern War | This is a war between Peter the Great and Charles XII of Sweden. Peter initially fails but Charles XII becomes sick so Peter wins the warm water ports in Latvia and Estonia for Russia | 51 | |
| 6831734102 | Battle of Poltova | The battle in which the Russians defeat the Swedish during the Great Northern Wars | 52 | |
| 6831734103 | Marie Theresa of Austria | Hapsburg leader that ruled as an absolute monarch. She failed recapture Silesia from Frederick the Great, but exanded her kingdom and made it more powerful. | 53 | |
| 6831734104 | Fredrick William I | Solidified autocratic rule in Prussia by doubling the size of the military | 54 | |
| 6831734105 | French Estate System | You are legally appropriated into which estate (class) you are a part of | 55 | |
| 6831734106 | 1st Estate | 1% of the Population. Bishops and Cardinals (not priests) that come from the noble class. Legally exempt from paying taxes. Receive tithes | 56 | |
| 6831734107 | 2nd Estate | 2% of the population. The aristocratic class, have easy legal loopholes out of taxation | 57 | |
| 6831734108 | 3rd Estate | 97% of the Population. Broken down into the Bourg, the Sans Coulat and the peasants. Anyone who is not in the nobility is considered this class. Subject to a great many taxes | 58 | |
| 6831734109 | Bourgeoisie | Highly educated and wealthy such as doctors, lawyers and management positions. Pay taxes at 6% | 59 | |
| 6831734110 | Sans Coulat | Small Business owners/Working class. Have a living income and work in urban cities. They feel the strains of the economy the most because they have no direct access to food. Pay taxes at 22% | 60 | |
| 6831734111 | Peasants | Farmers. 85% of the population. Pay taxes at 70% | 61 | |
| 6831734112 | Eminent Domain | The idea that government can take private land for public use. In France, a taxation system was set up under this name in order to prevent peasants from owning land | 62 | |
| 6831734113 | Estates General | The French Style Parliament in that each estate gets one vote. This makes it so that the 1+2 estate always work together in the Parliament. White men who own property can vote no matter what | 63 | |
| 6831734114 | Cailles | Anyone can send in complaints to be read by the Estates General | 64 | |
| 6831734115 | Louis XVI | French monarch during the French Revolution. He creates a complete freedom of the press | 65 | |
| 6831734116 | Mary Antoinette | Is extremely fearful of the National Assembly so she has Louis surround his place with 18,000 troops as a precaution, this causes outrage and fear among the 3rd estate | 66 | |
| 6831734117 | 3rd Class Petition | Working class women who bind together and write of how their daughters are forced into prostitution in order to make ends meet | 67 | |
| 6831734118 | Abbey Sieyes | This is a call to arms for the 3rd Estate to identify as the most important estate. This often serves as a foundation for protests in the 3rd estate | 68 | |
| 6831734119 | National Assembly | When the third estate believes they are locked out of the normal estates general assembly hall they meet in a tennis court and declare legitimate and legal authority. It becomes the leading legislative force in France during the Moderate Phrase | 69 | |
| 6831734120 | Tennis Court Oath | This declares that the 3rd Estate will not leave the tennis court until there is a new constitution for France. They want to abolish feudalism and manorialism | 70 | |
| 6831734121 | Storming of the Bastille | The working class storms this castle because it represents complete monarchial control, even though it is only an arms depot. The Persians steal guns and amp which shows the National Assembly has power | 71 | |
| 6831734122 | Danton | French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror | 72 | |
| 6831734123 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | This is the French Bill of Rights that only applied to white men. This grants a basic rights to white men such as freedom of speech, thoughts, religion, due process, taxation with representation. | 73 | |
| 6831734124 | Declaration of the Rights of Woman | This document, written by Olympe de Gouges wrote in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man, states that Woman deserve the same political rights of men | 74 | |
| 6831734125 | Great Fear | Third Estate rises up against the nobility and destroys feudal residencies which caused some nobility to leave France | 75 | |
| 6831734126 | August Decrees | Decrees passed by the National Assembly of France in August of 1789 renouncing and abolishing most of the traditional privileges of the nobility and the clergy. | 76 | |
| 6831734127 | Women's Revolt | This is the first major, public revolt led by women. These women march to Versailles because they cannot feed their children | 77 | |
| 6831734128 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries. | 78 | |
| 6831734129 | Constitution of 1791 | This has a separation of powers, voting rights for property owners. This document gives all citizens equal rights (even black citizens in colonies!) | 79 | |
| 6831734130 | Le Chapalier Laws | Banning the right to strike which enraged the sans-coulat | 80 | |
| 6831734131 | Law Maxum | The government controlled the price of bread | 81 | |
| 6831734132 | Flight to Varennes | Louis XVI and his family try to raise a counterrevolutionary army but they are caught and become prisoners of the Parisian mob | 82 | |
| 6831734133 | Declaration of Pillnitz | This stated that Austria would get involved if France is not returned to its old regime ways | 83 | |
| 6831734134 | Assignats | Currency that the National Assembly prints in excess in order to pay for their debts. This makes the money worthless and causes huge inflation | 84 | |
| 6831734135 | Reactionaries | Nobility that leaves France during the Great Fear and go to Prussia and Austria. This puts a huge pressure on these countries to do something about France | 85 | |
| 6831734136 | Brunswith Manifesto | Prussia says that if harm comes to the king, the people will be attacked. | 86 | |
| 6831734137 | Storming of the Tuleries | Considered the turning point from the moderate to radical phase of the French Revolution. The working class storms the castle and over a thousand people are killed | 87 | |
| 6831734138 | September Masacre | 12,000 prisoners are moved from one prison to another. A rumor spreads that these prisoners have been collaborating wit the king so they are butchered by the working class | 88 | |
| 6831734139 | France-Austria War | France declares war on Austria thanks to the Pillnitz Decree. Neither country has the financial ability to back this war but they both fight and France wins and gains territory | 89 | |
| 6831734140 | Jacobin | Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. | 90 | |
| 6831734141 | First Coalition | An alliance of Austria, Great Britain, Netherlands, Prussia and Spain which was organized against Fraance | 91 | |
| 6831734142 | Wars of the French Revolution | War against Austria that leads to National Conscription for the first time | 92 | |
| 6831734143 | National Convention | New representatives are elected and this takes over as the parliamentary system during the radical phase | 93 | |
| 6831734144 | Maximilien Robespierre | He becomes the de facto speaker for the National Convention. He is known as a the champion for the working class. He executes Louis XVI and institutes the first republic in France | 94 | |
| 6831734145 | National Conscription | France uses nationalism to get men to fight for free. Every male adult in France has to fight in the war. This is the first time this is invoked in Europe and it allows France to win the war | 95 | |
| 6831734146 | Government Cleansing | Radicals kill all moderate members of government. Or moderates escape | 96 | |
| 6831734147 | Committee of Public Safety | This is set up by Robespierre in order to rule over everything with no checks to its power | 97 | |
| 6831734148 | Reign of Terror | This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed. Over 20,000 people were executed | 98 | |
| 6831734149 | The Republic of Virtue | An attempt by Robspierre to de-Catholize France | 99 | |
| 6831734150 | Thermidorian Reaction | Robpierre installs an absolutist regime with no representation. However, he realizes he has gone too far so he tries to kill himself in the bathtub, however, he is unsuccessful so he is dragged out of the tub and beheaded bleeding and naked. | 100 | |
| 6831734151 | The Directory | The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic for four years after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power | 101 | |
| 6831734152 | Napoleon | A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean. | 102 | |
| 6831734153 | Coup d'état of Brumaire | When Napoleon returns from his Egyptian Campaign, Abbey Sieyes is so impressed with his efforts that is is given control of a part of the coup against the French Government | 103 | |
| 6831734154 | Consulate | Napoleon establishes himself as the First Consulate for life instead of Sieyes | 104 | |
| 6831734155 | Concordat of 1801 | This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France in which the palpacy renounced claims over church property and Napoleon was allowed to nominated bishops | 105 | |
| 6831734156 | Code Napoleon | The codification and condensation of laws assuring legal equality and uniformity in France Became a model for codes of law in many European countries | 106 | |
| 6831734157 | Bank of France | Napoleon establishes this and it is still around today. It collects and distributes taxes fairly, no one is exempt | 107 | |
| 6831734158 | Confederation of the Rhine | Created by Napoleon, it was a loose alliance of German states that ended the Holy Roman Empire after defeating Austria. This abolished feudalism and awakened German nationalism | 108 | |
| 6831734159 | Legion of Honor | People have to be able to pass a test in order to become a military officer in France | 109 | |
| 6831734160 | Emperor of France | Napoleon holds a legitimate election for emperor and overwhelmingly wins the title. He holds a massive coronation and crowns himself in order to slow that he alone has the power to give himself power | 110 | |
| 6831734161 | Neo-Classical Art | Art that Napoleon Fosters Used as propaganda and often has classical themes | 111 | |
| 6831734162 | Jacques-Louis Davi | An artist who works for Napoleon to create Propaganda -Death of Marat -Napoleon crossing the Alps | 112 | |
| 6831734163 | Napoleon Crossing the Alps | Shows Napoleon as idealistic, brave, a great leader Davi |  | 113 |
| 6831734164 | Death of Marat | Connects Napoleon's empire to the roman empire Davi |  | 114 |
| 6831734165 | University of France | Equivalent to the Department of Education in America. This oversees efforts to supply history lessons to the public | 115 | |
| 6831734166 | Police State | This secret police force quietly imprisons political dissidents until there are only 4 remaining newspapers left | 116 | |
| 6831734167 | 2nd Coalition | Austria, Britain Prussia and Russia try and fail to defeat France | 117 | |
| 6831734168 | 3rd Coalition | Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain joined forces to defeat France (they do) | 118 | |
| 6831734169 | Trafalgar | The British barely beat Napoleon in this battle so he cuts off Britain as a trading partner which devastates the French economy | 119 | |
| 6831734170 | Russian invasion | Russia refuses to accept continental law so France goes to war with them. Russia practices Scorched Earth military strategy so they destroy all of France's supply lines until his supply line is 2,000 miles Because of this 500,000 men die from hypothermia and starvation | 120 | |
| 6831734171 | The Continental System | After Trafalgar, France destroys all trade with Britain which destroys the French economy. He coerced Russia, Denmark, Prussia, Portugal and France to join him but this is unsuccessful | 121 | |
| 6831734172 | Peninsular Wars | Joseph of Spain who is Napoleon's brother is especially cruel which causes widespread revolt through Portugal and Spain. Britain funds guerrilla warfare. | 122 | |
| 6831734173 | 100 days | Period of time when Napoleon returned to France a year after his exile to Elba and restored himself as emperor for a few months. He was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo | 123 | |
| 6831734174 | Battle of Waterloo | this was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler | 124 | |
| 6831734175 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state. | 125 | |
| 6831734176 | Women's Jacobin Society | A member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. They were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Reign of Terror in 1793-1794 | 126 | |
| 6831734177 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. | 127 | |
| 6831734178 | Age of Enlightenment | Weakening of the monarchy coupled with the rise of a powerful and very wealthy nobility. Characterized through Freedom of Expression, Constitutional Government, Religious Toleration, Reason Rationalism and Optimism | 128 | |
| 6831734179 | Reason Rationalism | The thought that religious and political policy need to pass rational thought. Trying to apply rationality to everything | 129 | |
| 6831734180 | Natural Law | Created by Isaac Newton. Everything in nature has been discovered. Natural principles are absolute and in science we must learn to understand what has already been discovered | 130 | |
| 6831734181 | Baruch Spinoza | Believed in an impersonal mechanical universe. Denied Free will. one of the first ardent athiests | 131 | |
| 6831734182 | Humanitarianism | The beginnings of this movement are started in the Age of Enlightenment through Cesare Beccaria | 132 | |
| 6831734183 | Cesare Beccaria | Considered the father of Humane law. He determines through research that torture does not lead to accurate information and that capital punishment does not deter crime. He believes that punishment should be used to deter crime and reform the criminal and should be quick and fast | 133 | |
| 6831734184 | Laissez-Faire | Hands off government in financial business deals. | 134 | |
| 6831734185 | Printing Culture | In 1700, 10% of literature is secular, in 1790, 90% is secular | 135 | |
| 6831734186 | Coffee Houses | These play a huge role in the Age of Enlightenment. Come from the ottoman empire to Europe. They are extraordinarily expensive so they are a status symbol where aristos can go and talk about ideology. | 136 | |
| 6831734187 | Thomas Hobbes | A British Philosophe who believes that humanity is awful and that Absolutism is the solution to Humanities problems because man has no capacity for self-government Levianthan- A book that says the government is a kind of monster | 137 | |
| 6831734188 | John Locke | Philosophe who Believes that man is naturally wonderful and friendly. It is our life experiences that determine who we are. Believes in a constitutional monarchy. Life liberty and property. | 138 | |
| 6831734189 | Two Treatises on Government | Written by John Locke. This says that men have the Natural Right to life, liberty and property. If the Government fails to protect our natural rights, the people have the power to overthrow the government. | 139 | |
| 6831734190 | Voltaire | "Candide" Philosophe who views institutionalized religion as a bad thing. He believes in Freedom of Expression for the aristocracy. He believes that the common people are incapable of governing themselves. | 140 | |
| 6831734191 | Baron Montesquieu | "Spirit of Laws". Defined theory of separation powers as well as checks and balances. | 141 | |
| 6831734192 | Jean Jacques Rousseau | People are inherently unequal, creates the noble savage idea, materialism is the root of evil in society, the majority should control a nation, Alienation | 142 | |
| 6831734193 | Thomas Paine | "Common Sense". Advocated deism and progress and the idea of an improved society through natural laws | 143 | |
| 6831734194 | Social Construct or The General Will | The idea by Rousseau that states that the ideal society can be created if people can work together and create a commune without government | 144 | |
| 6831734195 | Denis Diderot | French Philosophe who loves collecting information so he creates the first Encyclopedia, Encyclopedie. It is oppressed by the french monarchy because it includes information about oner governments in the world. He is saved by Catherine the Great of Russia and is placed in charge of her personal library | 145 | |
| 6831734196 | Philosophe | Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time | 146 | |
| 6831734197 | Mary Woolstoncraft | Highly intelligent woman who responds to Rousseau's view on women by completely shutting down his claims | 147 | |
| 6831734198 | Madame de Geoffrin | She was a very critical debater in the salon movement in the Enlightenment period that patronized certain works, such as the Encyclopedia | 148 | |
| 6831734199 | Physiocrats | Economists during the Age of Enlightenment | 149 | |
| 6831734200 | Francois Quesnay | French physiocrat who believes that successful business does not have government regulation on financial matters. This is the beginning of the theory of Laissez Faire. | 150 | |
| 6831734201 | Adam Smith | British Physiocrat who says that limited government regulation is good but that does not mean that business should abuse labor | 151 | |
| 6831734202 | Great Wheel of Profit | This was created by Adam Smith. It says that a successful business starts with investment which leads to an increase in labor which increases product which drops the prices and sales skyrockets which finally leads to profit | 152 | |
| 6831734203 | Deism | The belief that God is great and created everything but then he took a step back to let it take its course. Believe that Christ is not the son of God | 153 | |
| 6831734204 | Agnosticism | Do not deny the existence of God but they do not acknowledge it | 154 | |
| 6831734205 | Pietism | Starts during the Great Awakening, A much milder form of puritanism | 155 | |
| 6831734206 | John Wesley | The founder of Methodism | 156 | |
| 6831734207 | Methodism | Belief that there is a specific checklist one must complete in order to get to heaven. | 157 | |
| 6831734208 | Free Masonry | This movement started in the 1700s. It is an organization that is about unlocking knowledge. You can be a part of any religion to join but you must acknowledge the existence of a supreme being | 158 | |
| 6831734209 | Enlightened Despotism | A ruler who aimed for the advancement of society by fostering education, aiding the economy and promoting social justice | 159 | |
| 6831734210 | Fredrick II of Prussia | King of Prussia. "Fredrick the Great" He subscribes to Enlightenment in that he limits torture, establishes a 1 year public education system and has a system of religious toleration. He wants to expand the size of Prussia so he takes territory from Austria-Hungary which ignites the French and Indian War | 160 | |
| 6831734211 | Cathrine the Great. | German Princess who took over Russia after killing her husband. She destroys the Table of Ranks system and frees surfs. Aristos revolt against her so she slaughters the uprising and enslaves 20 million surfs. During the Primean War she takes Crimea and a part of Poland | 161 | |
| 6831734212 | Joseph II of Austria | Emperor of Austria-Hungary empire. Bans capital punishment and torture. He makes aristos pay races and makes it so that they are equal in the law. Abolishes surfs (slavery). Establishes a 3 year public education system. He is hated by aristos and loved by peasants so he must create a secret police | 162 | |
| 6831734213 | Rococo Art | Placed emphasis on the carefree life of the aristocracy rather than on grand heroes or pious martyrs | 163 | |
| 6831734214 | Fragonard | Rococo Artist whose most famous work is "The Swing" |  | 164 |
| 6831734215 | Watteau | Rococo Artist whose most famous work is "Pilgrimige to the Island of Cythera" |  | 165 |
| 6831734216 | Boucher | Rococo Artist whose most famous work is "Diana after Bathing" |  | 166 |
| 6831734217 | Fredrick Williams I of Prussia | King of Prussia who promised and later reneged on his promises for constitutional reforms in 1848. | 167 | |
| 6831734218 | Olympe de Gauge | "Declaration of the Rights of Women" French writer who promoted the rights of women during the French Revolution; eventually guillotined for her outspoken ideas | 168 | |
| 6831734219 | Handel | Baroque German composer who spent much of his life in England; best known for his Messiah, a masterpiece even in today's world | 169 | |
| 6831734220 | Bach | Composer who believed music was a means to worship God and lived a quiet life at a church; created the Mass in B Minor | 170 |
AP Euro Renaissance Flashcards
Ethel wood book
Terms : Hide Images
| 7468796036 | Alberti, Leon Battista | Wrote a theory of architecture that summed up the Renaissance ideal of perfection. architectural beauty is the result of the correct observation and application of rules of proportion that create harmony and order | 0 | |
| 7468796037 | Brunelleschi, Filippo | (1377 - April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for his studies of linear perspective and engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral. |  | 1 |
| 7468796038 | Bruni, Leonardo | Florentine who first gave the name humanitas (humanity) to the learning of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy based on the Greek and Latin classics. |  | 2 |
| 7468796040 | Castiglione, Baldassare | In 1528, he published The Book of the Courtier, which many consider to be the most influential work on education of the Renaissance. The idea of the "Renaissance Man" was described by him to be virtuous, refined, and a student of the liberal arts - perfectly well suited to artistic, written and spiritual pursuits. |  | 3 |
| 7468796041 | city-states | these trade rich cities of Italy in the 13th and 14th century expanded to become powerful city-states that dominated the political and economic life of the surrounding countryside.Lacked a central control and became independent states. By the 15th century, five states-Milan, Florence, Venice, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples overshadowed the other smaller states and were in fierce competition with one another for economic and political power. |  | 4 |
| 7468796042 | the Courtier | (1528), by Castiglione, it described the ideal courtier, or attendant at a court, as someone who had mastered the classics and several languages, and who could paint, sing, write poetry, advise and console his prince, as well as run, jump, swim, and wrestle. | 5 | |
| 7468796043 | David | 18 foot sculpture by Michelangelo that stood for many years in the great square of Florence, and it has been one of the most popular sculptures in the world. | 6 | |
| 7468796045 | Durer, Albrecht | Leading northern artist, a German who blended the northern and southern styles. He made two trips to Venice, where he studied the southern styles, but his work clearly re |  | 7 |
| 7468796046 | Erasmus, Desiderius | Dutch scholar. Began writing career with dialogues that he prepared for his students. These dialogues were intended to teach them how to speak and live well, and to exhibit good manners worthy of the gentlemen he wanted them to become. Wrote in Praise of Folly. Was a Catholic but his works were placed on the Index of Forbidden Books. |  | 8 |
| 7468796048 | Gutenberg, Johann | German goldsmith and printer of Mainz, Germany. Developed movable type (although it had been invented in China and Korea) his printing press printed the bible. |  | 9 |
| 7468796050 | Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.Most new works by Petrarch and Boccaccio were written in the vernacular and expressed the accomplishments of the individual. |  | 10 |
| 7468796052 | Italian Renaissance | ..., A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600 | 11 | |
| 7468796054 | Machiavelli, Niccolo | (1469-1527) Author of The Prince(16th century): emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance |  | 12 |
| 7468796056 | Medici Family | A wealthy merchant family that ruled over Florence as uncrowned rulers. Great patrons of the arts. Includes Cosimo and Lorenzo. |  | 13 |
| 7468796057 | Medici, Lorenzo de' | Politician and promoted the family's power with his extravagant patronage of the arts |  | 14 |
| 7468796058 | Mona Lisa | A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman with a mysterious smile. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world. Reflects the humanist interest in individual facial expressions and in painting realistic landscapes as backgrounds |  | 15 |
| 7468796059 | More, Thomas | ..., the author of "Utopia", believed that society, not people, needed improving. Was a minister of King Henry VIII, but because he had conflicting views he was executed. |  | 16 |
| 7468796061 | oligarchies | rule of merchant aristocracies, controlled much of Italy by 1300 |  | 17 |
| 7468796062 | Papal States | ruled by the pope and formed another important power during Renaissance Italy |  | 18 |
| 7468796064 | perspective | An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface. |  | 19 |
| 7468796065 | Petrarch | (1304- 1374) He was the first great humanist thinker and a scholar of Latin. He used writing to consider the ebb and flow of his life and the human condition itself. He is known as the "Father of Humanism". Instrumental in standardizing the Florentine vernacular. Admired Cicero and valued St. Augustine. Also famous for his Italian verse, short sonnets. |  | 20 |
| 7468796067 | The Prince | A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests. He believed it was better to be feared than loved. | 21 | |
| 7468796069 | Raphael | (1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens. famous for his madonnas. Died young |  | 22 |
| 7468796073 | "Renaissance Man" | multi-talented, skilled in many areas: Arts, Math/Science, Music, Architecture. Example: Leonardo Da Vinci | 23 | |
| 7468796074 | republics | in Italy during the Renaissance Italian states were divided into two categories. these were base on the old medieval communes. or associations with free men who sought complete political and economic independence from local nobles |  | 24 |
| 7468796076 | The School of Athens | Raphael - Italian Renaissance fresco wall painting of Greek philosophers drawn to scale in accordance with the vantage point of the viewer. The placement, in the center of the archway, of Plato and Aristotle emphasizes the importance of these two central figures. Raphael shows his style of basic one-point perspective converging in a single vanishing point just behind Plato and Aristotle. The exception is the cube in the foreground which gives a two-point perspective. It easy to see, that with the removal of the figures, the building is symmetrically balanced. |  | 25 |
| 7468796077 | scholasticism | attempt to reconcile the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical reasoning of Greek philosophy. |  | 26 |
| 7468796078 | secularism | An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education |  | 27 |
| 7468796082 | Van Eyck, Jan | An important painter of the Northern Renaissance. He is credited with the first use of the oil glazing technique of painting. He is also known for the great detail in his work. His most famous work was the Arnolfini Wedding. |  | 28 |
| 7468796084 | Vernacular | Everyday language of ordinary people. |  | 29 |
| 7468796085 | Vinci, Leonardo da | "Renaissance Man"- great artist, engineer, scientist, and inventor. He created the Mona Lisa. |  | 30 |
AP Human Geography - Religion Flashcards
Vocabulary flashcards from chapter 6 on religion
Terms : Hide Images
| 5570871527 | Religion | a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities |  | 0 |
| 5570871528 | Secularism | the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of deity and promise of a comfortable afterlife. | 1 | |
| 5570871529 | Monotheistic Religion | belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe |  | 2 |
| 5570871530 | Polytheistic Religion | belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe |  | 3 |
| 5570871531 | Animistic Religion | the belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth | 4 | |
| 5570871532 | Universalizing Religion | a belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Effort is undertake in evangelism and missionary work. | 5 | |
| 5570871533 | Ethnic Religion | a religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people. | 6 | |
| 5570871534 | Hinduism | one of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating in the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan... is unique among the world's religions in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins. |  | 7 |
| 5570871535 | Caste System | the strict social segregation of people—specifically in India's Hindu society—on the basis of ancestry and occupation | 8 | |
| 5570871536 | Buddhism | religion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal. |  | 9 |
| 5570871537 | Shintoism | religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. .... focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship. |  | 10 |
| 5570871538 | Taoism | religion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitled "Tao-te-ching," or "Book of the Way." Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature. |  | 11 |
| 5570871539 | Confucianism | a philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture. |  | 12 |
| 5570871540 | Judaism | religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham , first major monotheistic. |  | 13 |
| 5570871541 | Diaspora | from the Greek "to disperse," a term describing forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place. Originally denoting the dispersal of Jews. |  | 14 |
| 5570871542 | Zionism | the movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land |  | 15 |
| 5570871543 | Christianity | religion based on the teachings of Jesus |  | 16 |
| 5570871544 | Eastern Orthodox Church | Arose out of the division of the Roman Empire, the religion of the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire (centered in Constantinople). Common in Greece, Russia, etc. |  | 17 |
| 5570871545 | Roman Catholic Church | Arose out of the division of the Roman Empire, the religion of the Western portion of the Roman Empire. Led by the Pope. Common in Latin America. |  | 18 |
| 5570871546 | Protestant Church | Started with Martin Luther. |  | 19 |
| 5570871547 | Islam | Based on the teachings of Muhammad, who received the truth directly from Allah. Follow the Q'uran. |  | 20 |
| 5570871548 | Sunnis | Adherents to the largest branch of Islam. | 21 | |
| 5570871549 | Shiites | Believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali. Popular in Iran. | 22 | |
| 5570871551 | Pilgrimage | voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site |  | 23 |
| 5570871552 | Sacred Sites | place or space people infuse with religious meaning | 24 | |
| 5570871553 | Minarets | tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier call Muslims to prayer |  | 25 |
| 5570871554 | Hajj | the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad |  | 26 |
| 5570871555 | Interfaith Boundaries | boundaries between the world's major faiths | 27 | |
| 5570871556 | Intrafaith Boundaries | boundaries within a single major faith | 28 | |
| 5570871557 | Ethnic Cleansing | the systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation | 29 | |
| 5570871559 | Religious Fundamentalism | religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy | 30 | |
| 5570871560 | Religious Extremism | religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence | 31 | |
| 5570871561 | Shari'a Laws | The system of Islamic law, sometimes called Quranic law. Unlike most western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Quran. | 32 | |
| 5570871562 | Jihad | a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran | 33 |
AP Government Chapter 2 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6264091604 | Unalienable | A human right based on nature or God |  | 0 |
| 6264091605 | Articles of Confederation | A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War | 1 | |
| 6264091606 | Constitutional Convention | A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution |  | 2 |
| 6264091607 | Shays' Rebellion | A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes |  | 3 |
| 6264091608 | Virginia Plan | Proposal to create a strong national government: 3 branches, 2 house legislature, executive chosen by the national legislature. | 4 | |
| 6264091609 | New Jersey Plan | Proposal to create a weak national government: Each state got equal representation in Congress | 5 | |
| 6264091610 | Great Compromise | Plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected Senate, with two members for each state |  | 6 |
| 6264091611 | Republic | A government in which elected representatives ake the decisions | 7 | |
| 6264091612 | Judicial Review | The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional |  | 8 |
| 6264091613 | Federalism | Government authority shared by national and local governments | 9 | |
| 6264091614 | Enumerated Powers | Powers given to the national government alone | 10 | |
| 6264091615 | Reserved Powers | Powers given to the state governments | 11 | |
| 6264091616 | Concurrent Powers | Powers shared by the national and state governments | 12 | |
| 6264091617 | Checks and Balances | Authority shared by three branches of government |  | 13 |
| 6264091618 | Separation of Powers | Constitutional authority is shared by three different branches of government |  | 14 |
| 6264091619 | Faction | A group with a distinct political interest |  | 15 |
| 6264091620 | Federalists | Those who favor a stronger national government | 16 | |
| 6264091621 | Antifederalists | Those who favor a weaker national government |  | 17 |
| 6264091622 | Coalition | An alliance of factions |  | 18 |
| 6264091623 | Bill of Rights | First 10 amendments to the Constitution | 19 | |
| 6264091624 | Habeas Corpus | An order to produce an arrested person before a judge | 20 | |
| 6264091625 | Bill of Attainder | A law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime |  | 21 |
| 6264091626 | Ex Post Facto Law | A law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed | 22 | |
| 6264091627 | Amendment | A new provision in the Constitution that has been ratified by the states | 23 | |
| 6264091628 | Line-item veto | An executives ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature |  | 24 |
AP Government Chapter 3 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6264095322 | Necessary and Proper Clause | Section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it by the Constitution | 0 | |
| 6264095323 | Nullification | The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution | 1 | |
| 6264095324 | Dual federalism | Doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs and the two spheres should be kept separate. |  | 2 |
| 6264095325 | Unitary System | sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the national government | 3 | |
| 6264095326 | Sovereignty | supreme or ultimate political authority. | 4 | |
| 6264095327 | Confederation | States are sovereign and the national government is allowed to do only that which the states permit | 5 | |
| 6264095328 | McCulloch v Maryland | The Constitution's "necessary and proper" clause permits Congress to take actions (in this case to create a national bank) when it is essential to a power that Congress has (in this case, managing the currency) | 6 | |
| 6264095329 | Gibbons v Ogden | The Constitution's commerce clause gives the national government exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce | 7 | |
| 6264095330 | United States v Lopez | The national government's power under the commerce clause does not permit it to regulate matters not directly related to interstate commerce (in this case, banning firearms in a school zone) | 8 | |
| 6264095331 | Initiative | Process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot | 9 | |
| 6264095332 | Referendum | Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature | 10 | |
| 6264095333 | Recall | Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office | 11 | |
| 6264095334 | Grants-in-aid | Money given by the national government to the states | 12 | |
| 6264095335 | Categorical grants | Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport | 13 | |
| 6264095336 | Block grants | Federal grants for general purposes and with few restrictions | 14 | |
| 6264095337 | Conditions of aid | Terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds | 15 | |
| 6264095338 | Mandates | Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants | 16 | |
| 6264095339 | Waiver | a decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it. | 17 |
AP Tone Words Flashcards
A critical part of the AP test consists of analyzing reading. The words contained in this set will help you describe the tone of a passage, a critical part when analyzing writing. There are 140 terms, so I'm sure you can find just the word to grasp the the tone you are looking for. Also, when you are writing, you can use any of these words as the tone you want your reader to find. If you are able to know the tone you want to get across, it becomes many times easier to express it.
Terms : Hide Images
| 5149677852 | flippant | lacking in seriousness; disrespectful, saucy | 0 | |
| 5149677853 | foreboding | a feeling of evil to come | 1 | |
| 5149677854 | formal | (of spoken and written language) adhering to traditional standards of correctness and without casual, contracted, and colloquial forms | 2 | |
| 5149677855 | forthright | characterized by directness in manner or speech | 3 | |
| 5149677856 | friendly | characteristic of or befitting a friend | 4 | |
| 5149677857 | grateful | feeling or showing gratitude | 5 | |
| 5149677858 | grave | causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm; of great gravity or crucial importance | 6 | |
| 5149677859 | haughty | having or showing arrogant superiority to and disdain of those one views as unworthy | 7 | |
| 5149677860 | harsh | extremely unkind or cruel; severe | 8 | |
| 5149677861 | humble | marked by meekness or modesty | 9 | |
| 5149677862 | indignant | angered at something unjust or wrong | 10 | |
| 5149677863 | inflammatory | causing excitement or anger; leading to violence or disorder | 11 | |
| 5149677864 | informative | providing or conveying information | 12 | |
| 5149677865 | inquisitive | showing curiosity | 13 | |
| 5149677866 | insolent | insulting in manner or speech | 14 | |
| 5149677867 | instructive | tending to increase knowledge or dissipate ignorance | 15 | |
| 5149677868 | insulting | expressing extreme contempt | 16 | |
| 5149677869 | intimate | marked by close aquaintance, association, or familiarity | 17 | |
| 5149677870 | ironic | suggesting an incongruity between what might be expected and what actually happens; given to irony, sarcastic | 18 | |
| 5149677871 | irreverant | showing a lack of respect | 19 | |
| 5149677872 | judgmental | critical; disapproving; authoritative and often having critical opinions | 20 | |
| 5149677873 | jovial | full of or showing high-spirited merriment | 21 | |
| 5149677874 | lyrical | Songlike; characterized by emotions, subjectivity, and imagination. | 22 | |
| 5149677875 | matter-of-fact | Concerned only with factual content rather than style or expression | 23 | |
| 5149677876 | meditative | deeply or seriously thoughtful | 24 | |
| 5149677877 | meloncholic | sad and depressed | 25 | |
| 5149677878 | mocking | treating with contempt or ridicule | 26 | |
| 5149677879 | morose | having a gloomy or sullen manner; not friendly or sociable | 27 | |
| 5149677880 | mournful | expressing sorrow | 28 | |
| 5149677881 | malicious | wishing or appearing to wish evil to others | 29 | |
| 5149677882 | nervous | causing or fraught with or showing anxiety; excited in anticipation | 30 | |
| 5149677883 | nostalgic | unhappy at being away and longing for familiar things or persons | 31 | |
| 5149677884 | objective | belonging to immediate experience of actual things or events; undistorted by emotion or personal bias | 32 | |
| 5149677885 | obsequious | attentive in an ingratiating or servile manner; attempting to win favor from influential people by flattery | 33 | |
| 5149677886 | outraged | angered at something unjust or wrong | 34 | |
| 5149677887 | paranoid | Exhibiting or characterized by extreme and irrational fear or distrust of others | 35 | |
| 5149677888 | passionate | having or expressing strong emotions | 36 | |
| 5149677889 | patronizing | treating with condescension; acting superior | 37 | |
| 5149677890 | peaceful | not violent or disorderly; calm and quiet | 38 | |
| 5149677891 | persuasive | tending or intended or having the power to induce action or belief | 39 | |
| 5149677892 | pessimistic | seeing the worst side of things; no hope | 40 | |
| 5149677893 | playful | full of fun and high spirits | 41 | |
| 5149677894 | pleading | expressing earnest entreaty | 42 | |
| 5149677895 | poignant | deeply affecting, touching; keen or sharp in taste or smell | 43 | |
| 5149677896 | pompous | overly self-important in speech and manner; excessively stately or ceremonious | 44 | |
| 5149677897 | pretentious | making claim to or creating an appearance of (often undeserved) importance or distinction | 45 | |
| 5149677898 | proud | having or displaying great dignity or nobility | 46 | |
| 5149677899 | quarrelsome | Always ready to argue; argumentative; confrontational | 47 | |
| 5149677900 | questioning | characterized by or indicating intellectual curiosity; inquiring | 48 | |
| 5149677901 | quizzical | perplexed (as if being expected to know something that you do not know); puzzled | 49 | |
| 5149677902 | reflective | illustrating innermost thoughts and emotions | 50 | |
| 5149677903 | regretful | repentant; apologetic | 51 | |
| 5149677904 | relaxed | made less tense or rigid; without strain or anxiety | 52 | |
| 5149677905 | reminiscent | evocative; suggestive of something already past | 53 | |
| 5149677906 | remorseful | feeling or expressing pain or sorrow for sins or offenses | 54 | |
| 5149677907 | resigned | submissive; compliant or yielding | 55 | |
| 5149677908 | respectful | full of or exhibiting respect | 56 | |
| 5149677909 | restrained | prudent; cool and formal in manner; not showy or obtrusive | 57 | |
| 5149677910 | ribald | humorously vulgar | 58 | |
| 5149677911 | reverent | feeling or showing profound respect or veneration | 59 | |
| 5149677912 | ridiculing | slightly contemptuous banter; making fun of | 60 | |
| 5149677913 | sarcastic | the use of witty language used to insult or show displeasure or ridicule | 61 | |
| 5149677914 | sardonic | disdainfully or ironically humorous | 62 | |
| 5149677915 | sentimental | showing or causing a lot of emotion; excessive emotional response to experience; nauseatingly nostalgic and mawkish | 63 | |
| 5149677916 | serious | requiring effort or concentration; completely lacking in playfulness | 64 | |
| 5149677917 | shameful | (used of conduct or character) deserving or bringing disgrace or shame | 65 | |
| 5149677918 | sharp | having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions; quick and forceful; marked by practical hardheaded intelligence | 66 | |
| 5149677919 | scornful | filled with contempt; showing disdain; angry; disgusted | 67 | |
| 5149677920 | sincere | characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions | 68 | |
| 5149677921 | solemn | dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises; serious; grave | 69 | |
| 5149677922 | sanguine | confidently optimistic and cheerful | 70 | |
| 5149677923 | whimsical | lightly acting in a fanciful or capricious manner; unpredictable | 71 | |
| 5149677924 | accusing | containing or expressing accusation | 72 | |
| 5149677925 | admiring | to regard with wonder, pleasure, approval, or respect | 73 | |
| 5149677926 | admonitory | 1. expressing reproof or reproach especially as a corrective 2. containing warning | 74 | |
| 5149677927 | affectionate | feeling or showing a great liking for a person or persons; loving; devoted; tender | 75 | |
| 5149677928 | aggravated | v. to make worse or more unpleasant; to annoy | 76 | |
| 5149677929 | agitated | physically disturbed or set in motion | 77 | |
| 5149677930 | ambivalent | characterized by a mixture of opposite feelings or attitudes | 78 | |
| 5149677931 | amiable | diffusing warmth and friendliness | 79 | |
| 5149677932 | agreeable | 1. to your own liking or feelings or nature 2. prepared to agree or consent | 80 | |
| 5149677933 | amused | pleasurably entertained, occupied, or diverted | 81 | |
| 5149677934 | anxious | mentally upset over possible misfortune or danger etc | 82 | |
| 5149677935 | apathetic | marked by a lack of interest | 83 | |
| 5149677936 | apologetic | offering or expressing apology | 84 | |
| 5149677937 | appreciative | having or showing gratitude, recognizing the value of someone or something | 85 | |
| 5149677938 | apprehensive | in fear or dread of possible evil or harm | 86 | |
| 5149677939 | arrogant | having or showing feelings of unwarranted importance out of overbearing pride | 87 | |
| 5149677940 | artificial | 1. contrived by art rather than nature 2. not genuine or natural | 88 | |
| 5149677941 | ashamed | feeling sorry for wrongdoing | 89 | |
| 5149677942 | authoritative | official, coming from a source that calls for ovedience or belief; dictatorial | 90 | |
| 5149677943 | baffled | perplexed by many conflicting situations or statements | 91 | |
| 5149677944 | bantering | teasing or making fun of in a playful, good-natured way | 92 | |
| 5149677945 | belligerent | given to fighting, warlike; combative, aggressive; one at war, one engaged in war | 93 | |
| 5149677946 | benevolent | generous in providing aid to others | 94 | |
| 5149677947 | bewildered | completely confused; puzzled | 95 | |
| 5149677948 | bitter | 1. harsh or corrosive in tone 2. very difficult to accept or bear 3. expressive of severe grief or regret | 96 | |
| 5149677949 | brash | offensively bold | 97 | |
| 5149677950 | callous | emotionally hardened; unfeeling | 98 | |
| 5149677951 | candid | openly straightforward and direct without reserve or secretiveness | 99 | |
| 5149677952 | caustic | harsh or corrosive in tone; sarcastic | 100 | |
| 5149677953 | ceremonial | traditional; ritual; formal | 101 | |
| 5149677954 | choleric | quickly aroused to anger | 102 | |
| 5149677955 | clinical | 1. very objective and devoid of emotion; analytical 2. purely scientific; dispassionately curious; impersonal | 103 | |
| 5149677956 | coarse | lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | 104 | |
| 5149677957 | cold | 1. having lost freshness through passage of time 2. feeling or showing no enthusiasm | 105 | |
| 5149677958 | compassionate | showing recognition of unusually distressful circumstances; sympathetic | 106 | |
| 5149677959 | condemnatory | expressing negative judgment upon; accusing | 107 | |
| 5149677960 | condescending | possessing an attitude of superiority, patronizing | 108 | |
| 5149677961 | consoling | affording comfort or solace | 109 | |
| 5149677962 | contemplative | persistently or morbidly thoughtful | 110 | |
| 5149677963 | conventional | following accepted customs and proprieties | 111 | |
| 5149677964 | critical | 1. marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws 2. being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | 112 | |
| 5149677965 | cruel | lacking or showing kindness or compassion or mercy | 113 | |
| 5149677966 | cynical | believing the worst of human nature and motives | 114 | |
| 5149677967 | dejected | affected or marked by low spirits | 115 | |
| 5149677968 | despairing | Hopeless, despondent, discouraged | 116 | |
| 5149677969 | desperate | showing extreme urgency or intensity especially because of great need or desire | 117 | |
| 5149677970 | detached | emotionally removed; free from emotional involvement; calm and objective; physically separate | 118 | |
| 5149677971 | didactic | instructive (especially excessively) | 119 | |
| 5149677972 | disdainful | having or showing arrogant superiority to and disdain of those one views as unworthy | 120 | |
| 5149677973 | disgruntled | in a state of sulky dissatisfaction | 121 | |
| 5149677974 | disgusted | having a strong distaste from surfeit | 122 | |
| 5149677975 | disinterested | unaffected by self-interest | 123 | |
| 5149677976 | distressed | in great pain or sorrow; upset; distraught | 124 | |
| 5149677977 | doubtful | unsettled in mind or opinion | 125 | |
| 5149677978 | dramatic | filled with action, emotion, or exciting qualities; vivid, striking | 126 | |
| 5149677979 | dreamy | Reflecting a preoccupation with pleasant thoughts that distract one from one's present surroundings. | 127 | |
| 5149677980 | droll | comical in an odd or whimsical manner | 128 | |
| 5149677981 | earnest | serious and important; not light and playful; sincere | 129 | |
| 5149677982 | ecstatic | feeling great rapture or delight | 130 | |
| 5149677983 | embarrassed | caused to feel self-conscious and uncomfortable | 131 | |
| 5149677984 | encouraging | giving courage or confidence or hope; furnishing support and encouragement | 132 | |
| 5149677985 | energetic | possessing or exerting or displaying energy | 133 | |
| 5149677986 | enthusiastic | having or showing great excitement and interest | 134 | |
| 5149677987 | erudite | having or showing profound knowledge | 135 | |
| 5149677988 | facetious | cleverly amusing in tone | 136 | |
| 5149677989 | factual | characterized by fact | 137 | |
| 5149677990 | fanciful | whimsical; visionary; imaginary; produced by imagination | 138 | |
| 5149677991 | fervent | sincerely or intensely felt | 139 |
Agriculture AP Environmental Science Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8212620785 | erosion | the movement of soil or rock particles from one place to another, usually caused by wind or flowing water | 0 | |
| 8212620786 | organic content | includes leaves, animal wastes, and any materials derived from living (or dead) organisms. Soils with high organic content tend too be more fertile because the decay of organic material returns nutrients to the soil | 1 | |
| 8212620787 | Fertility | a measure of essential nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) found in a soil sample | 2 | |
| 8212620788 | organic fertilzers | add decayed organic material like composted plants or animal wastes. decayed organic material increases fertility gradually as the materials decompose. organic fertilizers supply the full range of micro nutrients and aid in the maintenance of good soil texture | 3 | |
| 8212620789 | inorganic fertilizers | useful because farmers can target specific soil needs and add only the necessary chemicals. release nutrients immediately which can also lead to depletion of micro nutrients and soil compaction. | 4 | |
| 8212620790 | causes of erosion | soils that contain more organic material and allow water to infiltrate and drain through tend to have less erosion and agricultural practices leading to loss or organic content, compaction, and reduced plant coverage tend to increase problems with erosion | 5 | |
| 8212620791 | effects of erosion | leads to loss of topsoil and reduced arability | 6 | |
| 8212620792 | no till | soil is disturbed little or not at all to reduce soil erosion by using a machine to insert the seed into the soil | 7 | |
| 8212620793 | terracing | used when farming on sloped land. cutting steps or planting on a slope of land reduces the rate of water runoff |  | 8 |
| 8212620794 | soil coverage | when harvesting, cut plant material are left to decay on the field. in seasons when a field is not planted, plant-cover crops, like native grasses or nitrogen fixing legumes are planted to hold soil in place. | 9 | |
| 8212620795 | special irrigation methods | methods such as drip irrigation reduce pooling or runoff | 10 | |
| 8212620796 | less intensive land use | crops are rotated from one field to another, and a few unplanted fields are left to allow recovery of nutrients and organic matter. | 11 | |
| 8212620797 | composition of soil | 45% mineral, 25% air, 25% water, 5% organic matter | 12 | |
| 8212620798 | gravel | coarse particles | 13 | |
| 8212620799 | sand | water flows through too quickly for most crops. good for crops and plant requiring low amounts of water | 14 | |
| 8212620800 | loam | about equal mixtures of sand, silt, clay and humus. rich in nutrients. holds water but does not become water logged. particle size can vary. | 15 | |
| 8212620801 | silt | sedimentary material consisting of very fine particles between the size of sand and clay. easily transported by water. | 16 | |
| 8212620802 | clay | very fine particles. compacts easily. forms large, dense clumps when wet. low permeability to water; therefore, upper layers become waterlogged | 17 | |
| 8212620803 | humus | black or dark brown organic material that remains after much decomposition has occured on | 18 | |
| 8212620804 | contour planting | crops are planted in rows that are perpendicular to hills to form water breaks that prevent soil erosion |  | 19 |
| 8212620805 | strip cropping | a special type of contour plowing which produces alternating strips of different crops |  | 20 |
| 8212620806 | shelterbelts | a row of trees are planted as a windbreak to reduce soil erosion of agricultural lands | 21 | |
| 8212620807 | nutrient | element necessary for growth and reproduction | 22 | |
| 8212620808 | deficiency | plant condition where an essential nutrient is not sufficiently available | 23 | |
| 8212620809 | primary nutrients | nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium | 24 | |
| 8212620810 | secondary nutrients | calcium, magnesium, sulfur | 25 | |
| 8212620811 | nitrogen nutrient | gives plants green coloring | 26 | |
| 8212620812 | phosphorous nutrient | stimulates plant growth | 27 | |
| 8212620813 | potassium nutrient | stiffens stalks and straws | 28 | |
| 8212620814 | calcium nutrient | gives plant strength promotes root and leaf growth | 29 | |
| 8212620815 | magnesium nutrient | photosynthesis | 30 | |
| 8212620816 | sulfur nutrient | seed production | 31 | |
| 8212620817 | micronutrients | iron manganese boron molybdenum copper zinc chlorine | 32 | |
| 8212620818 | construction erosion | construction causes soil to be overturned, which makes it susceptible to runoff | 33 | |
| 8212620819 | erosion control fence | used for construction erosion with a silt fence fabric that prevents soil from passing through | 34 | |
| 8212620820 | riparian habitat | vegetation grows along the river in order to slow down and prevent runoff from entering the river | 35 | |
| 8212620821 | pest | any organism that has a negative effect on human health or economics | 36 | |
| 8212620822 | philosophies of pest control | chemical technology, ecological pest management | 37 | |
| 8212620823 | chemical technology | Use of chemicals to kill large numbers of the pest Short-term protection Environmental and health consequences | 38 | |
| 8212620824 | ecological pest management | Control based on pest life cycle and ecology Control agent may be an organism or chemical Specific to pest and/or manipulate a part of the ecosystem Emphasizes protection from pest | 39 | |
| 8212620825 | Integrated Pest Management | controlling pest populations using all suitable methods - chemical and ecological for long term management an minimal enviro impact | 40 | |
| 8212620826 | insecticides | kills insects | 41 | |
| 8212620827 | herbicides | kills plants | 42 | |
| 8212620828 | rodenticides | kills rodents | 43 | |
| 8212620829 | fungicides | kills mildews and rusts | 44 | |
| 8212620830 | acaracides | kills ticks and mites | 45 | |
| 8212620831 | bacteriocide | kills bacteria such as antibiotic | 46 | |
| 8212620832 | first gen pesticides (inorganic) | First attempt at chemical technology Included heavy metals such as arsenic, copper and lead. Toxic to humans and agricultural plants. Pests developed resistance | 47 | |
| 8212620833 | second gen pesticides | Organic chemical (organochlorines). Used after WWII (presently in developing countries) Synthesis begins with petroleum ("oil") Mechanism of actions often unknown. Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification. Toxic to animals (humans) and agricultural plants. Pests developed resistance. | 48 | |
| 8212620834 | third gen pesticides | Organophosphates and carbamates Less persistent in environment (good deal) Acutely potent nerve toxins More lethal in low dose than organochlorines | 49 | |
| 8212620835 | fourth gen pesticides | Endocrine disruptors (hormonal chaos) Target a critical life cycle stage of insects. Not direct killers per say. Reduce reproduction (fertility) of population. | 50 | |
| 8212620836 | Problems with chemical technology problems | Development of resistance by pests Resurgences (pest comes back stronger) Secondary pest outbreaks (different pest) Adverse human health effects Adverse environmental health effects | 51 | |
| 8212620837 | resurgences | after "eliminating" a pest, its population rebounds in even higher numbers than previous levels | 52 | |
| 8212620838 | secondary outbreaks | outbreaks of species' populations that were not previously at pest levels | 53 | |
| 8212620839 | biomagnification | the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed | 54 | |
| 8212620840 | natural pest control | Cultural control Control by natural enemies Genetic control Natural chemical control | 55 | |
| 8212620841 | genetic control | Plants or animals are bred to be resistant to the attack of pests | 56 | |
| 8212620842 | practices for integrated pest management | inspecting crops and monitoring crops for damage using mechanical trapping devices natural predators (e.g., insects that eat other insects) insect growth regulators mating disruption substances (pheromones) if necessary, chemical pesticides | 57 | |
| 8212620843 | water makes up what percentage of the soil? | 25% | 58 | |
| 8212620844 | air makes up what percentage of the soil? | 25% | 59 | |
| 8212620845 | mineral nutrients make up what percentage of the soil? | 45% | 60 | |
| 8212620846 | organic material makes up what percentage of the soil? | 5% | 61 | |
| 8212620847 | what is a trend seen in agricultural industries today? | increase in the periodic use of legumes, such as soybeans, to supply the soil with natural nitrogen | 62 | |
| 8212620848 | what is soil made of? | water, air, minerals, organic material | 63 | |
| 8212620849 | sand particle size | 0.05-2mm | 64 | |
| 8212620850 | silt particle size | 0.002-.05mm | 65 | |
| 8212620851 | clay particle size | less than .002mm | 66 | |
| 8212620852 | what percentage of each soil particle do you want? | 33% of each (sand, silt, clay) | 67 | |
| 8212620853 | gmo | genetically modified organism | 68 | |
| 8212620854 | gmo pros | may require less water and fertilizer, higher crop yields, more resistant to disease, drought, frost, and insects | 69 | |
| 8212620855 | gmo cons | unknown ecological effects, less biodiversity, may pose allergen risk | 70 | |
| 8212620856 | DDT | insecticide that is extremely effective at killing mosquitoes and was widely used starting in the 1940s | 71 | |
| 8212620857 | Rachel Carson | wrote Silent Spring, which detailed the harmful effects of DDT on the natural environment, especially birds | 72 | |
| 8212620858 | conventional agriculture methods | system characterized by mechanization, monocultures, and the use of synthetic inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides, with an emphasis on maximizing productivity and profitabilty | 73 | |
| 8212620859 | organic agriculture methods | relies on crop rotation, green manure, compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil productivity and control pests | 74 | |
| 8212620860 | malnutrition | an unbalanced diet that does not contain the right quantity and quality of nutrients necessary for adequate nutrition | 75 | |
| 8212620861 | under-nutrition | caloric intake is below the minimum dietary energy recquirement | 76 | |
| 8212620862 | ways to prevent soil erosion | no till, contour planting, terracing, crop rotation | 77 | |
| 8212620863 | crop rotation | planting a field with different crops from year to year to reduce soil nutrient depletion, as the depletion can cause erosion | 78 | |
| 8212620864 | ribbon test | soil analysis practice where soil is squeezed to see and then examined to see how it stays together to determine its sand/silt/clay | 79 |
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