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AP World History Chapter 23 Flashcards

SAA Sophomore Year / Honors AP World History / The Transformation of Europe

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5018123016What were the movements in Western Europe that made it a period of dramatic changes?- Renaissance - Reformation - Scientific Revolution - Enlightenment0
5018123017Western Europe remained an agricultural society but became unusually --- active and developed a --- sector.Commercially; Manufacturing1
5018123018--- increased their power: greater interest in military, conquest, and exploration.Governments2
5018123019Ideas of the --- also altered due to new commercial and social structure that developed.Family/Personality3
5018123020Increasingly, Europeans believe they are --- to other peoples - will have a powerful effect on how they interact with others they encounter.Superior4
5018123021What were some characteristics of the Italian Renaissance?- Urban and secular society - Renewed interest in the classical world - Glorifying the individual and individual achievements - Impact small minority of the population (wealthy elites) directly; some "trickle down" effect to ordinary people5
5018123022What are the results of the Renaissance?- New attitude towards life: spirit of curiosity, creativity, and confidence - Great achievements in art, literature, and science - Challenges to religious authority and long held beliefs6
5018123023What was the main theme of the Renaissance?Humanism7
5018123024What is humanism?- "Man as the center and measure of all things" - Developed as a result of Italy's urban, commercial environment - Drew from classical past - Intellectual and artistic endeavors - What you as a human are capable of/can accomplish - Not anti-Christian - Inspires people to think creatively and be more secular8
5018123025Who was Petrarch?- Father of Humanism - Wrote sonnets in Italian (not Latin) that emphasized love and other human emotions9
5018123026Who was Lorenzo de Medici?- Rich banking family - unofficially ruled Florence - Wealthy patron of the arts - Like mafia - Ruthless and ambitious - Got people elected to office and controlled them10
5018123027Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?- Author of The Prince - How to acquire and how to keep power - Advanced ideas similar to Chinese legalists - The ends justify the means - Believes Italy needs to be united11
5018123028Who was Johann Gutenburg?- Inventor of moveable type - Allowed the mass production of books, the spread of literacy and the spread of ideas (Renaissance and Reformation ideas)12
5018123029Describe characteristics of Italian Renaissance art.- Reflected humanism - Both religious and secular subject matter - Inspired by the classical world - Realistic13
5018123030Describe how Italian Renaissance art was both religious and secular subject matter.- Religious art created for churches and financed by Pope - Secular art included portraits and nudes financed by wealthy patrons14
5018123031Describe how Italian Renaissance art was inspired by the classical world.- Nudes - never portrayed in the art of the Middle Ages but very popular in Greek and Roman art - Greek columns and Roman arches both used in Renaissance architecture15
5018123032Describe how Italian Renaissance art was realistic.- Studied movement and anatomy to depict human body more accurately - Used linear perspective: 3 dimensional - they had depth, did not look like a flat surface - Distant objects were painted smaller to make them appear farther away to the viewer16
5018123033Describe Leonardo da Vinci.- High Renaissance artist - Thought of art as a science - wanted to discover the mathematical formula for beauty and perfection - Architect, engineer, inventor, painter, sculptor, scientist, musician, military advisor - Last Supper, Mona Lisa17
5018123034Describe Michelangelo.- High Renaissance artist - Art inspired by Christian beliefs (very religious man) - Painted/sculpted Christian themes but combined these themes with the classical nude - Sculptor/painter/architect - Sculptural philosophy: figure inside every piece of stone and was his job to free it from its prison - La Pieta, David, Sistine Chapel18
5018123035What caused the Northern Renaissance and where was it focused?- Due to decline in creativity and independence of Italy - Focused in France, the Low Countries, Germany and England beginning after 150019
5018123036How was the Northern Renaissance different from the Italian Renaissance?- Feudalism still in existence although on the decline - More centralized power in form of kings - Northern Humanists more religious - Little change in terms of economic life and values of ordinary people20
5018123037Who was Jan van Eyck?- First to use oil paints - Realism through minute detail - Religion in everyday objects21
5018123038Describe the Protestant Reformation.- Starts as a reform movement but ends splitting the Christian church into Catholics and Protestants - Were problems in Catholic church but church doesn't want to reform so they split - Church selling indulgences; not meeting spiritual needs of people22
5018123039Describe Martin Luther.- 95 Theses (written in Latin) - Through faith alone you can achieve salvation - Bible, not Pope, is chief guide to religious truth - Priests allowed to get married, no monks/nuns/saints; reject a lot of the ceremony - Not only Bible but mass is in vernacular23
5018123040Why did some political leaders support Martin Luther?- Taking away power of the Pope - Gives more power to kings - Church land now belongs to king - Taxes to Pope are now done24
5018123041Why did some ordinary people support Martin Luther?- Couldn't afford buying indulgences or paying taxes - Saw Protestant Reformation as equalizing them25
5018123042Describe John Calvin.- Calvinism (AKA Puritans in England and New World) - Predestination: God already knows whether you are going to heaven/hell; can't change your fate - Stressed participation of all believers in church affairs - thus influenced attitudes toward government26
5018123043Describe Henry VIII of the Tudor family.- Anglican Church or Church of England - Wants to divorce his wife - Doesn't adopt Reformation ideas for religious reasons; mainly for personal/political reasons27
5018123044Who were the six wives of Henry VIII?- Catherine of Aragon - Anne Boleyn - Jane Seymour - Anne of Cleves - Kathryn Howard - Katherine Parr (in order: divorced, beheaded, and died, divorced, beheaded, survived)28
5018123045Briefly describe Catherine of Aragon.- Gave Henry one daughter Mary - He divorced her29
5018123046Briefly describe Anne Boleyn.- Gives him one daughter Elizabeth - Can't get divorced and accuses her of adultery - Beheaded30
5018123047Briefly describe Jane Seymour.- Gives him son Edward & Edward is sickly & eventually dies - Jane dies in childbirth31
5018123048Briefly describe Anne of Cleves.- German princess - Marries without meeting her - Thinks she's ugly and divorces her32
5018123049Briefly describe Kathryn Howard.- She is 19 he is 49 - She sleeps around - Beheaded33
5018123050Briefly describe Katherine Parr.- She survives! - Raises the 3 sons - Brings peace to the palace34
5018123051Describe the Catholic Reformation.- Response to Protestant Reformation - Aims: to strengthen Catholicism throughout the world and check the spread of Protestantism - Jesuits and St. Ignatius Loyola - Council of Trent35
5018123052Describe Jesuits and St. Ignatius Loyola- An order of priests founded by St. Ignatius - In response to Protestant Reformation - Take vow of poverty, chastity, obedience, loyalty (especially) to Pope - Instrumental in spreading Catholic faith - Known for education/being educators - Travel all over spreading Catholic faith - Create schools, colleges - Act as missionaries in distant lands36
5018123053What were the results of the Reformation?- Split in Christian Church and creation of many different Protestant sects - Persecution - Europe divided according to religion - Religious Wars37
5018123054Describe how there was persecution.- Both Catholics and Protestants were intolerant - Witch hunts38
5018123055Describe how Europe was divided according to religion.- Catholic: Italy, Spain, Portugal, Southern Germany, Ireland - Protestant: England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway - Mixed: France39
5018123056Describe religious wars.- Internally within countries (France and England) - Between Catholic and Protestant countries (Spain and England) - Affected balance of power in Europe as well as political structures40
5018123057Religious wars were also --- wars and led to political, as well as religious, changes.Political41
5018123058Religious upheaval influenced the balance of --- in Europe.Power42
5018123059Describe the religious upheaval in France.- France has vocal, strong minority Protestant - Calvinists (Huguenots - Protestants in France) - Fighting Catholics - Protestant king wins but ends up converting to Catholicism - Edict of Nantes - declaration by Henry IV; France and he are Catholic but Protestants are allowed to worship freely; ends religious wars43
5018123060Describe the English Civil War.- Between 2 Protestant groups (Puritans and Anglicans) who each supported a diff side in a political power struggle (Parliament and King Charles I) - Ended with execution of King Charles I and rule under Oliver Cromwell44
5018123061Catholic countries tend to have a(n) --- monarchy.Absolute45
5018123062Protestant countries tend to have a --- monarchy.Limited46
5018123063Describe absolute monarchy.- Monarch has absolute power - No constraints because of the justification of divine right - France, Prussia, Austria, Spain47
5018123064Describe limited monarchy.- Monarch's power is restrained by Parliament or a similar institution that represents "the people" - Britain48
5018123065How are absolute and limited monarchies the same?- Both develop as a result of the growth of the idea of a nation-state - Bring together people who speak a common language and have a common culture and history - sense of loyalty to king and country although many within absolute monarchy rioted against it - Nation states still competitive and fighting49
5018123066Describe the Scientific Revolution.- Questioning attitude of Renaissance and Reformation led to a revolution in science - Questioning previously accepted ideas about nature, the world and the human body (both Church and ancient ideas) - Began to rely on the scientific method (observation and experimentation) to answer their questions - The West became the leading center for scientific advance, seeing science as the key to gaining knowlege50
5018123067Describe some leading figures of the Scientific Revolution.- Copernicus: Heliocentric Theory - Johann Kepler: proves Copernicus correct; elliptical orbit - Galileo: first telescope; proves Copernicus and Kepler are correct; publishes findings & is excommunicated - William Harvey: heart is what pumps blood - Rene Descartes: do not believe anything before proving it for yourself - Isaac Newton: laws of motion, gravity, calculus51
5018123068Describe the Enlightenment.- The aftermath of the Scientific Revolution - Intellectual/philosophical revolution centered in France - Coincided with the growth of centralized monarchies and argued against those - Thinkers continued scientific research and applied scientific methods to the study of human society - Produced basic set of principles: humans are naturally good, reason is the key to truth, intolerant/blind religion is wrong52
5018123069Who was Thomas Hobbes?- Wrote book Leviathan - Lived during English Civil War - Negative view of human nature - Not enlightened - State of Nature (no gov): perpetual state of war53
5018123070Who was John Locke?- Lived during Glorious Revolution - Agree to give up your power to gov but gov owes you protection - People can rebel if they feel gov has abused power54
5018123071Who was Montesquieu?- Giving power to one person is terrible and leads to abuse - Separation of powers; checks and balances55
5018123072Who was Rousseau?- French living during reign of Louis XIV - Wrote Social Contract - Government has to listen to people - General will56
5018123073Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?- A Vindication of the Rights of Women - The more a woman follows the rules the more oppressed she is57
5018123074Describe commercial revolution in Europe.- Fundamental redefinition of Western economic structure - Beginnings of mass consumerism: new goods available - New World gold and silver forced prices up and product demand surpassed availability = inflation - Stimulated creation of trading companies and manufacturing since borrowing was cheap when money was losing value - Led to population and urban growth which led to creation of new rural and urban poor; prosperity for all58
5018123075Describe cultural reorientation in Europe.- Result of changes, new ideas and commercial revolution - Challenge to aristocracy as investments - not property - signaled wealth - Rise of the proletariat due to new economy and technology = new social classes and social tensions, popular rebellions - Wave of witchcraft - Change in family structure59
5018123076Describe the rise of the nation-state in Europe.- Politically divided Europe - competitive - Different forms of gov but in all cases feeling that they are obligated to help their people60
5018123077Timeline of Europe and France61
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AP World History First Civilization SPICE Charts Flashcards

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4823874739Huang He: SocialEmphasis on patriarchy and family (ancestral respect); highly stratified social ranking based on occupation.0
4823874740Huang He: PoliticalGovernment formed to combat nomadic invaders/manage intricate irrigation system; Nomadic warrior kings who controlled through vassals who collected tribute. King had "mandate of heaven".1
4823874741Huang He: Interaction with EnvironmentIsolated by Himalayas and Gobi Desert, dependence on irrigation because of soil as cause for government creation, unpredictable flooding impacts social and cultural practices.2
4823874742Huang He: CulturalEmphasis on ancestry; oracle bones deciphered through shamans, use of pictographs (literacy).3
4823874743Huang He: EconomicAgriculture and metallurgy, silk, the how, trade with Mesopotamia brings bronze.4
4823874744Mesopotamia: SocialPatriarchy & distinct social classes (slavery).5
4823874745Mesopotamia: PoliticalCity-states ruled by kings that were constantly in control, used religion to justify/strengthen power.6
4823874746Mesopotamia: Interaction with environmentTigris & Euphrates Rivers were unpredictable--influenced religion; used clay for buildings, record keeping.7
4823874747Mesopotamia: CulturalPolytheistic, gods embodied nature; Ziggurats (temples); Cuneiform (writing system).8
4823874748Mesopotamia: EconomicTrade increased with conquests; traded with societies in south/Central Asia.9
4823874749Indus River Valley (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro): SocialLittle known--House size differences indicate social hierarchy; evidence of powerful priest class. Extensive job specialization.10
4823874750Indus River Valley: PoliticalLittle known--organized, wide road system suggests government plans; fortifications and granaries suggest government control.11
4823874751Indus River Valley: interaction with environmentExcessive irrigation that led to increasing salinity of soil. Deforestation and soil erosion.12
4824026106Indus River Valley: CulturePriests very powerful, polytheistic; mother goddess important; writing system.13
4824031875Indus River Valley: EconomicsSupported by advanced agricultural system of wheat, rye, peas, rice. Major trading centers between China, southeast Asia, Mesopotamia. Job specialization.14
4824042729Nile Valley (Egypt): SocialPatriarchy; less stratified than Mesopotamia, but king had total power, social mobility possible; limited slavery.15
4824046713Nile Valley (Egypt): PoliticalPharaoh not just king but a god, ruled through loyal regional officials who managed regional irrigation/public works, king kept tight/centralized power.16
4824056681Nile Valley (Egypt): Interaction with environmentMostly isolated from trade and invasion. Predictable flooding cause belief that they could control destiny.17
4824077649Nile Valley (Egypt): CulturalPolytheistic, chief deities connected to agriculture; very concerned with death preparation and afterlife, rituals of mummification and funerals.18
4824084000Nile Valley (Egypt): EconomicMost were farmers, wheels and bronze arrive from extensive trade with Mesopotamia.19
4824091028Andean (Norte Chico): SocialGold adornments and superior textiles to show social class; skilled labor class.20
4824108626Andean (Norte Chico): PoliticalLittle known--Evidence of early organized warfare; large areas of diffusion suggests political organization.21
4824111717Andean (Norte Chico): Interaction with the environmentNon-river valley; diverse environment--little rainfall, mountainous, thick jungles.22
4824220502Andean (Norte Chico): CulturalMost unknown--Jaguar God prominent.23
4824223829Andean (Norte Chico): EconomicBased on agriculture--maize from Mesoamerica, domestication of animals.24
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AP world history themes Flashcards

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7215616671interaction between humans and the environment1. demography and disease 2. migration 3. patterns of settlement 4. technology0
7215618130development and interaction of cultures1. religions 2. belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies 3. science and technology 4. the arts and architecture1
7215622008state-building, expansion and conflict1. political structures and forms of governance 2. empires 3. nations and nationalism 4. revolts and revolutions 5. regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations2
7215625578creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems1. agricultural and pastoral production 2. trade and commerce 3. labor systems 4. industrialization 5. capitalism and socialism3
7215627360development and transformation of social structures1. gender roles and relations 2. family and kinships 3. racial and ethnic constructions 4. social and economic classes4
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AP World History Terms Flashcards

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8687038173Protestant Reformationa religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches0
8687038174Council of Trentan ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation1
8687038175English Civil WarConflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king2
8687038176Contrast between the northern and Italian RenaissanceThe Renaissance was a cultural movement that took place from the 14th to the 17th century. The Italian Renaissance can be thought of as loftier, more idealistic than the Northern Renaissance, which focused more on the common man and the everyday realities of life.3
8687038177British East India CompanyThe Indian Rebellion of 1857 caused the British Government to take direct control over the Indian colony, which had previously been controlled by this organization.4
8687038178Mehmet II and the conquest of ConstantinopleOttoman ruler to claim the title of Caesar of the Roman Empire, made claim after conquest of Constantinople in 14535
8687038179Suleiman the MagnificentThe most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. (p. 526)6
8687038180Tokugawa Shogunatewas a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.7
8687038181The Delhi SultanateDuring the Delhi Sultanate, several Turkic and Afghan dynasties ruled from Delhi, including the Mamluk dynasty (1206-90), the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and the Lodi dynasty (1451-1526). In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire.8
8687038182Mughal Empire and AkburAkbar was one of the greatest emperors of the Mughal dynasty. It was during the reign of Akbar that the rule of the Mughals truly began, for both Babur and Humayun had ruled for extremely short and interrupted periods. Akbar was a minor at the time of his father's death, and was under the guardianship of Bairam Khan. Soon after succeeding to the throne9
8687038183Mercantilisman economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests10
8687038184Capitalisman economic system based on private ownership of capital11
8687038185Iberian exploration of the new worldFollowing the first voyage of Columbus, who was looking for a route to the East Indies, Spain controlled vast areas of the New World of the Americas. By 1600 the Spanish were bringing huge quantities of South American silver into Europe.12
8687038186Songhaia West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 159113
8687038187TimbuktuCity on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (38814
8687038188Impact of population growth and the Agricultural Revolution...15
8687038189Triangular TradeA three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa16
8687038190Enocomienda systemLegal system made by Spanish crown during colonization of Americas to regulate Native American Labor17
8687038191The Enlightenment1750-1850 doctrine which was predicated on an belief that there was an universal order in the universe18
8687038192Thirty-Year War and the Peace of WestphaliaThe Peace of Westphalia of 1648 ended the Thirty Years' War. Sweden acquired western Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania was assigned to Brandenburg. France annexed part of Alsace and some nearby territory.19
8687038193Portuguese exploration of Africa and IndiaLed by Henry the Navigator along West Africa Coast then to India20
8687038194Safavid EmpireTurkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.21
8687038195JanissariesInfantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.22
8687038196Rise of the Qing DynastyOvertaking of the Ming, Forced the Ming to cut their hair and made footbinding illegal and banned inter marriage. Manchi Queue Decree created in 164423
8687038197Treaty of TordesillasSet the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.24
8687038198Floating Worldamusement quarters of cities where nobles could mix with artisans; exploitation of women becomes popular (Geishas)25
8687038199Columbian ExchangeThe exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.26
8687038200Peter the Greatruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia27
8687038201Why was silver and gold critical to revitalizing 16th century world trade?Balance and how not buy foreign goods28
8687038202The impact of the Portuguese in the political affairs of India and Japan?They provided port cities & trading pasts along the coast.29
8687038203Challenges by Luther and Calvin strengthened the Catholic Church, both dogmatically and evangelically?Both30
8687038204How did the African slave trade reshape African societies and policies?Sell out to emporers31
8687038205How did the political structure of the Qing Dynasty in CHina, the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan and the Ottoman Empire ensure its success in the 16th to 18th century?Made their societies smaller32
8687038206Did the role of women change in the 16th thru the 18th century?Women gained control in the society.33
8687038207Were the Religious wars of Europe a result of theological clashes of were there other factories play?There were other factories34
8687038208Why wasn't there an "Enlightenment" in the Middle East and Asia?Mongols burned and tore down most of the middle east and asia35
8687038209Who were the "winners" and "losers" in the development of cross-cultural trade and interaction?Winners- Portuguese Losers- Spanish36
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AP World History (Chapter 8 Test) Flashcards

12 Questions - 1-2 SAQs (13-14 total)

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7851732073American webA term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas; although less intense and complete than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this web nonetheless provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas.0
7851737412Black DeathThe name given to the massive epidemic that swept Eurasia in the fourteenth century C.E.; it may have been bubonic plague, anthrax, or a collection of epidemic diseases.1
7851743469BorobudurThe largest Buddhist monument ever built, a mountainous ten-level monument with an elaborate carving program, probably built in the ninth century C.E. by the Sailendras rulers of central Java; it is an outstanding example of cultural exchange and syncretism.2
7851751185bubonic plagueA highly fatal disease transmitted by fleas; it devastated the Mediterranean world between 534 and 750 C.E. and again in the period 1346-1350 C.E.3
7851759956Ghana, Mali, SonghayA series of important states that developed in western and central Sudan in the period 500-1600 C.E. in response to the economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade (especially control of gold production).4
7851762986Great ZimbabweA powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.5
7851770216Ibn BattutaA famous Muslim traveler who visited much of the Islamic world in the fourteenth century and wrote a major account of what he saw.6
7851774567Indian Ocean trading networkThe world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.7
7851782568Jie peopleA nomadic people who controlled much of northern China in the third and fourth centuries; many converted to Buddhism.8
7851788431MalaysiansSpeakers of Austronesian languages from what is now Indonesia who became major traders in Southeast Asia and Madagascar.9
7851794007monsoonsAlternating wind currents that blew eastward across the Indian Ocean in the summer and westward in the winter, facilitating trade.10
7851795856oasis cities of Central AsiaCities such as Merv, Samarkand, Khotan, and Dunhuang that became centers of trans-Eurasian trade.11
7851797597pochtecaProfessional merchants among the Aztecs.12
7851799137SailendrasA kingdom of central Java that flourished from the eighth century to the tenth century C.E.; noted for being deeply influenced by Indian culture.13
7851801662Sand RoadsA term used to describe the routes of the trans-Sahara trade in Africa.14
7851803120Silk RoadsLand-based trade routes that linked Eurasia.15
7851804988SrivijayaA Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 670 and 1025 C.E.; noted for its creation of a native/Indian hybrid culture.16
7851806824SudanFrom the Arabic term for "land of black people," a large region of West Africa that became part of a major exchange circuit.17
7851808940Swahili civilizationAn East African civilization that emerged in the eighth century C.E. from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements.18
7851810861third-wave civilizationsCivilizations that emerged between 500 and 1500 C.E. and typified by intensifying trade networks.19
7851812683trans-Saharan slave tradeA fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa; the difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade.20
7851815014VeniceAn Italian city that by 1000 C.E. emerged as a major center of Mediterranean trade.21
7851852036In the period from 600 BCE to 1450, briefly explain *TWO* examples of cross-cultural interaction that occurred in Buddhism along the Silk Road. (CUL-1) (3.1.IIB)*1.* Buddhism spread throughout Southeast Asia and East Asia making a separate branch Mahayan Buddhism *2.* It picked up Greek gods and influences as a result of Alexander's invasions22
7851854260In the period from 600 CE to 1450, analyze *TWO* specific ways that governments affected the trade routes across time and place.*1.* In Srivijaya, the government also made a navy providing security to the sea and protecting its merchants, thus promoting trade between civilizations. *2.* Governments had power to tax people coming into their ports, in Srivijaya, vessels had to pass through the Straits of Malacca and got taxed even if they wanted to get into China23
7851859989From about 100 BCE onward, trade routes offered communication and exchange across a wide geographic area and among a wide group of different cultures and empires. a. For the Silk Road, identify and explain *TWO* goods (products) or technology that were traded along the Silk Road from the period from b. For the Indian Ocean Trade Network, identify and explain *TWO* goods (products) or technology that were traded along the Silk Road. c. For the Sand Roads (Trans Saharan Trade Network), identify and explain *TWO* goods (products) or technology that were traded along the Silk Road.*a.* Silk Roads carried *silk*, *paper*, *porcelain*, *iron tools* and *spices*. The production of these technological advances reduced the production of crops since the peasants started to focus more on these products than on cultivating. *b.* Indian Ocean Trade Networks carried *gold*, *ivory*, *slaves*, and *iron*. *c.* Sand Roads carried *salt*, *gold*, and *slaves*.24
7851868197In the period from 600 BCE to 1450 CE, briefly explain *TWO* examples of cross-cultural interaction that occurred in the Indian Ocean Trading Network. (CUL-1) (3.1.IIB)*1.* As a result of the cross-cultural interactions Swahili language soon spread in Africa and was written in an Arabic script containing a mix of Arabic words. *2.* Because of the trade, the Swahili civilizations rapidly became Islamic and Islam linked the Swahili cities together with the larger Indian Ocean World25
7851872529In the period from 600-1450 CE, identify *TWO* ways that the Swahili city-states benefited economically from Indian Ocean trading.*1.* Swahili states were commercial centers that accumulated goods from the interior and exchanged for many other goods. *2.* City states became very wealthy with sharp distinctions between a mercantile elite and commoner class.26
7851872530From 600- 1450 CE, explain *TWO* reasons that long-distance trade in the Americas was not as prominent as in Eurasia.• Absence of domesticated mammals, wheeled vehicles and large oceangoing vessels. • The absence of these resources limited their interactions between civilizations because they had no sufficient way of trading without the proper transportation. •Their north/ south orientation. This orientation slowed the spread of agricultural products because agricultural practices had to move and adapt to distinct climatic and vegetation zones.27
7851875798Explain *TWO* reasons that environmental factors were at the heart of the Trans-African trade routes in the period of 600-1450 CE.*1.* The agricultural regions of sub-Saharan Africa are normally divided into two ecological zones: the savanna grasslands immediately south of the Sahara, which produced grained crops such as millet and sorghum; and the forest areas farther South, where root and tree crops such as yams and kola nuts predominated. These varied environments provided the economic incentive for the exchange of goods. It was largely dependant on the monsoon. *2.* Environmental factors played a big role in trans-Saharan trade because the trade was based on necessity and lack of goods between the grasslands as well as the forest regions.28
7851882131From about 100 BCE onward, trade routes offered communication and exchange across a wide geographic area and among a wide group of different cultures and empires. a. For the Silk Road, identify and explain *TWO* cultural changes that resulted from trade along the Silk Road in the period from 600-1450 CE. b. For the Indian Ocean Trade Network, identify and explain *TWO* cultural changes that resulted from trade in areas of the Indian Ocean trading in the period from 600-1450 CE. c. For the Sand Roads (Trans Saharan Trade Network), identify and explain *TWO* cultural changes that resulted from trade along the Sand Road in the period from 600-1450 CE*a.* • Silk Road - Buddhism spread as a result and changed to separate branches as a result of many outside influences • India also spread a system of numbers including 0 used today *b.* similar to question #4 *c.* similar to question #429
7851887788In the period from 600-1450 CE, describe *TWO* differences in the relationship of the government and trade, as seen in the Aztec and Incan Empires.*1.* The Aztecs traded off items such as bright feathers and the like. Aztecs were not able to trade off food often. Aztecs had central markets that were regulated, while Inca's government redistributed most of their goods. *2.* Inca government was very strict since they had such an established rule. Had a divided conquered territory, as Aztec did not directly administer or control territories.30
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AP World History Chapter Twenty Two Notecards Flashcards

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8846720335Industrial RevolutionThe transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, and innovations in transportation and communication. 22.6290
8846724069Agricultural RevolutionThe transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled. 22.6301
8846748654Mass ProductionThe manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. 22.6342
8846754644Josiah WedgwoodEnglish industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. 22.6353
8846758802Division of LaborA manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, it greatly increased the productivity of labor and lowered the cost of manufactured goods. 22.6354
8846764909MechanizationThe application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. 22.6365
8846769871Richard ArkwrightEnglish inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin many strong cotton threads at once. 22.6366
8846774559Crystal PalaceBuilding erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. 22.6387
8846776684Steam EngineA machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was later applied to moving machinery in factories and to powering ships and locomotives. 22.6388
8846789443James WattScot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. 22.6389
8846791890Electric TelegraphA device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. 22.64010
8846798318Laissez FaireThe idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776). 22.64611
8846806373MercantilismEuropean government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif. 22.64712
8846829073PositivismA philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Their ideas became popular in France and Latin America in the nineteenth century. 22.64713
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Ap world history Chapters 1-6 Flashcards

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4881699414Tigris and EuphratesTwo main rivers that run through the fertile crescent. This is were the earliest complex societies were thought to have existed. The flooding of the two rivers was unpredictable.0
4881701897MesopotamiaMeans "land between two rivers"1
4881705241Fertile crescentFertile strip of land that runs across the Mesopotamia region.2
4881705242CarthageColony established by Phoenicians later become dominant empire in eastern Mediterranean.3
4881727210SaharaLargest desert in northern Africa4
4881761023KalahariDesert in sub-Saharan Africa.5
4881761024Nile Riverlong river provided fertile soil for Egyptians and the flooding was predictable.6
4881759421Desertificationprocess of semi-arid land becoming dessert. Causing migration of Sudanic people in 5000 B.C.E.7
4881759422Indus River valleyHome of Harappan/Dravidian people flooding was unpredictable but provided alluvial plain8
4881759423Environmental degradationOveruse of available resources led to migration or downfall of societies.9
4881759424DeforestationClearing of forests10
4881759425Huang HeAnother name for yellow river11
4881759426Chiang Jianganother name for Yangtze river. Used for economic growth and connected to the east sea.12
4881759427LoessLight colored soil caused excessive build often led to flooding13
4881758422Mesoamericaterm used to describe areas of central and south America BEFORE THE INVASION OF THE SPANISH14
4881758423MaizeCorn staple crop of the maya15
4881758424Oceania and PolynesiaIslands of central and s. pacific ocean16
4881754164Abraham17
4881757542Obsidianglass used for weapons and tools18
4881757543Slash-burn agricultureburning and slashing of fields in preparation of farming19
4881757544Division of laborsystem managing labor division for optimal production20
4881757545Barterto trade21
4881752509Atenname of sun god under cult of Akhenaton. forced into one of first monotheistic religions known to exist22
4881757546polytheisticbelief of more than one god23
4881757547Zigguratstiered temples built by Sumerians for political and religious purposes. built in Mesopotamia24
4881757548AstronomyStudying of stars and planets in ancient world25
4881757549Astrologystudy of stars and planets influence on human affairs26
4881755786Hebrewsnomads left Ur. Monotheistic27
4881755787IsraelitesHebrews who established kingdom of Israel.28
4881748366PapyrusPaper made of papyrus reeds29
4881748367Book of the DeadBook incantations used for the journey into the after life.30
4881748368Indo-EuropeanRefers to the group of people in Southwest Asia that spoke various Indo-European languages.31
4881748369SanskritThe written language of the Aryans32
4881748370Rig-VedaPart of the Vedas33
4881748371UpanishadsTeachers of Hinduism that supports the Vedas and also a book written between the 8th and 6th centuries B.C.E. about the unity of Brahman and Atman34
4881748372Pictographs, glyphssymbols, drawings used to represent language35
4881747167Austronesian speakersThose who speak austronesian languages. Malayan, Indonesian, Filipino, Polynesian36
4881747162MocheRiver where the Mochica state emerged.37
4881747163Huaca del SolAn abode brick temple of Mochica civilization38
4881745817AyllusTraditional communities divided along clan lines39
4881926025Huaca de la LunaLarge adobe structure built by the Moche People of Peru40
4881745800TeotihuacanThriving city of Mayan civilization and later Aztec civilization41
4881745801MayaThings that cloud the mind or the heirs of Olmec civilization42
4881745802MayanThings related to Mayan culture43
4881745803Mother CivilizationPlace of origin before colonization took place44
4881744666Classic PeriodA time in which most cultural flourishment happens45
4881744654CaracolAn observatory tower used to study the stars46
4881744655Chiche'n Itza'Major city of Mayan civilization.47
4881744656PatriarchalMale dominated society48
4881744657ClansGroups of people that are descended from the same ancestors49
4881743509FeudalismA social, political, and economic system that relies on the interdependency of all levels50
4881743510Sumer and SumeriansEarly in inhabitants of the Fertile Crescent who built many city-states and adapted well to the river valley region of Mesopotamia51
4881743511UrukOne of the most important Sumerian city-states, hub of trade and administration52
4881743512City-statesAnd independent urban center and the agricultural area that surrounds it .53
4881743513King and kingdomSingle ruler who usually operates though the dynastic rule and rules over a specific region54
4881743514BabyloniansPeople of the Babylonian kingdom55
4881742342EmpireA large amount of territory under the leadership of a centralized authority56
4881742344PhoeniciansCreated an empire by monopolizing on trade goods57
4881754180JewsPerson who worships Judaism and is of Hebrew descent.58
4881754165MosesProphet of Judaism primarily author of Torah59
4881741298Old, Middle, and New KingdomsDivision of Egyptian history60
4881741299HyksosHorse riding nomads that spoke a Semitic language, used bronze weapons and probably brought horses to Egypt61
4881754166Ten CommandmentsThe law the Hebrews62
4881754167Monotheismbelief in one god63
4881741300HittitesDeveloped iron forging/ spiked chariot wheels conquered the majority of Anatolia64
4881741301KushEstablished by Nubians and developed bronze weapons/defeated Egyptians/ beat by assyrians and learned the art of iron metallurgy.65
4881754168Jewish DiasporaStereotype of Jews with degrading jobs or who didn't stand up to anti-Semitic persecution.66
4881741302AxumChristian kingdom in Africa below Egypt67
4881754169TheocratsPerson who rules or supports theocracy68
4881752510MummificationPractice of preparing the body for the after life.69
4881741303DravidiansThose residing in the Indus River valley prior to aryan migration70
4881741304HarappaCity and major trade center of the Harappa civilization71
4881752511AryansNomadic herders who migrated to the Indus river valley72
4881738536Mohenjo-DaroMajor city and trade center of Harappan civilization73
4881752512HindiLanguage of India74
4881752513Vedas and Vedic ageVedas is the book of poems and hymns about the Vedic age. A time when Aryans and the Dravidians culture constantly clashed75
4881738537Chavin CivilizationLocated in South America and was a pre-inca civilization76
4881738538OlmecEarly mesoamericana society that created a strong foundation of agriculture and religion for the maya to follow77
4881750979BrahminPriests78
4881738539Easter IslandAn island in the S. Pacific belonging to Chile/ is home to large monolithic statues that are still a mystery79
4881750980BrahmaThe creator god80
4881738540AboriginalsOriginal or earliest known people of Australia81
4881750981DharmaRight law or right action82
4881750982KarmaBelief that your actions carry on to your next life.83
4881738541TributePayments made To another nation for protection84
4881750983Mokshastate of changeless bliss85
4881738542HammurabiProclaimed to have created the most complete set of formal written law code in Babylon86
4881737425King MenesStarted pharaonic rule in Egypt after unifying the region in 3100B.C.E.87
4881749597Ancestor venerationworshipping of ancestors and believing that they play an active role in the lives of humans.88
4881749598Golden AgeTime period in which most cultural flourishment happens89
4881737426PharaohKing ruler of Egypt beloved to be an extension of the sun god90
4881737427AkhenatonAmenhotep IV changed his name to Aten91
4881749599Scribesposition requires the documentation of formal and informal records.92
4881736095Ramses the GreatRamses II/3rd Pharaoh of the 19th dynasty / created monuments all over Egypt93
4881749600The Epic of GilgameshAn epic poem that provides many details about ancient life in Sumeria94
4881736096Xia DynastyFirst documented dynasty in china founded Yu95
4881749601CuneiformWedge shaped system of writing believed to be the oldest in the world.96
4881736097Shang Dynasty1st documented dynasty with a centralized rule, Known for bronze casting and monopolizing the copper and tin ores97
4881749602Alphabetic scriptA form of writing that uses an alphabet instead of pictographs or ideographs98
4881736098Mandate of heavenImpersonal law of nature the belief that the heavens determines who rule based on virtue99
4881749603HieroglyphicsSacred writings or priests carvings. Used for formal writing in egypt100
4881736099Zhou DynastyLongest lasting Chinese dynasty101
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AP World History: Period 1 Key Terms Flashcards

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9878578641Venus FigurinesPaleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance0
9878578642DreamtimeA complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal peopel that held that current humans live in an echo of ancestral happenings1
9878578643Clovis CultureThe earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point2
9878578644Megafaunal ExtinctionThe dying-out of a number of large animal species, including the mammoth and several species of horses and camels; occured around 11,000-10,000 years ago at the end of the Ice Age. The extinction may have been caused by excessive hunting or by the changing of climate of the era3
9878578645Austronesian MigrationsThe last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. Austronesian-speaking people settled the Pacific island and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago4
9878578646shamansIn many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a leasion between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs5
9878578647trance danceIn San culture, a nightlong ritual held to activate a human being's innter spiritual potency [n/um] to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors. The practice was apparently common to the Khoisan people, of whom the Jo/'hoansi are a surviving remnant6
9878578648Paleolithic settling downThe process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods, as well as growing inequalities in society7
9878578649Gobekli Tepeoldest religious structure. made by hunter gathers. Indicates that religion came before organization of labor, settlement and agriculture8
9878578650Fertile CrescentA geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates9
9878578651Teosintea wild grass found in the highlands of Mexico, is the wild ancestor of maize10
9878578652DiffusionIs the process by which a characterictic spreads11
9878578653Bantu Migrations(1500BCE to 500CE) As the Bantu people migrated, they spread the Bantu family of languages and culture. The Bantu also spread the use of iron, which improved farming techniques and agricultural efficiency, the greater food supply sparked economic development and population growth. The changes instigated by the Bantu migration increased the vitality of sub-Saharan Africa.12
9878578654IshiThe last the Yali people found in northern California in 1951. He is a good example of how the growth of agricultural societies led to the collapse of gathering and hunting communities.13
9878578655"secondary products revolution"A term used to describe the series of technological changes that began c.a. 4000 B.C.E., as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power. Examples: milk, transportation, wool, hunting help, glue, muscle power, eggs, blood, feathers, bones, ivory, manure/fertilizer, and hides/fur.14
9878578656Pastoral SocietiesBased on the domestication of animals and use their products as main source of food. Groups move where there is foods but they are more settlers than nomads. Independent and warlike.15
9878578657CatalhuyukGood example of agricultural village society. Social structure, buried dead, many people, well built houses, specialization.16
9878578658ChiefdomsA society that is led by a ruler of decent, but seldom used force to lead their people. They relied on generosity, charisma, and leadership to rule.17
9878578659Paleolithic Rock ArtThe hundreds of Paleolithic painting discovered in Spain and France, dating to about 20,000 years ago; these paintings depict a range of animals, although human figures and abstract designs are also found.18
9878578660NeanderthalsHomo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European varient of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago19
9878578661Norte ChicoA region along the coast of Peru that possessed a highly-developed urban culture as early as 2500 B.C.E. Characterized by massive stepped pyramids and extensive use of cotton.20
9878578662Indus Valley3rd millennium BC, Elaborately planned cities, standardized measures, irrigated agriculture, written language, no temples kings etc., had a lot of land, no political hierarchy, was abandoned because of mass deforestation, low crop yields, famine, environmental deterioration, etc. their influence continued even to this day (i.e. yoga). Important because it shows how we developed in our cities and economy.21
9878578663Central Asian/Oxus CivilizationPresent day Afgainistan. Large gates and walls. Social hierarchy. focal point for a "Eurasian-wide system of intellectual and commercial exchange.22
9878578664Olmec Civilizationearliest known American civilization, located in southern Mexico and known for its pyramids and huge stone heads23
9878578665Urukan ancient Sumerian city in Southern Iraq, near the Euphrates, important before 2000 b.c. : exclusive archaeological excavations, notably of a ziggurat and of tablets with very early Sumerian script.24
9878578666Mohenjo-Daro / Harappathe two main cities of india, know as twin capitals and both 3 miles in circumference25
9878578667Epic of GilgemeshMesopotamian flood story that includes legends and myths, the friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu26
9878578668Code of HammurabiA collection of 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient civilizations.27
9878578669PatriarchyA form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line28
9878578670Rise of the StateA process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity or urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership29
9878578671Egypt: "the gift of the Nile"provided annual and predictable flooding that benefited and provided a sustainable lifestyle for this civilization, also gave them a stable and positive worldview, proved unty and independence and security30
9878578672NubiaA civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE31
9878578673PanebEgyptian criminal. His story is a good example of the darker underside of Egypt. How reliable it is is under question because almost all of the information we have comes from his rival.32
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AP world history Flashcards

death in few vocab words

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7264959065Agricultural revolutionThe transition from foraging and cultivation of food occurring about 8000-2000 B.C.E, also known as the neolithic revolution.0
7264959066AristocracyRuled by a privileged heredity class or nobility.1
7264959067BarbarianA person living outside of the Roman Empire.2
7264959068brahminsRespected family of wealth and social position.3
7264959069BureaucracyGovernment by many bureaus, administrators, and officials.4
7264959070Cities vs. villagesa large populous town, villages a small rural area with stable community.5
7264959071Civilizationsadvanced state human society.6
7264959072Complex institutioncompose of many interconnected parts; organized stable establishment,; foundation or society.7
7264959073currencya current state of general acceptance and use8
7264959074dietyanother word for god; many early civilizations believed in many dieties9
7264959075democracya political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them10
7264959076dharmaIn Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties11
7264959077diffusioncause to become widely known12
7264959078diversified food supplyspread into new habitats and produce variety or variegate13
7264959079domesticated animalovercome the wildness of14
7264959080dynastic cycle.cause to go through a recurring sequence15
7264959081elagitariana pattern in which power within the family is vested equally in males and females16
7264959082ethical/legal codesthe philosophical study of moral values and rules17
7264959083frontier..., A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.18
7264959084hunters and gatherers...is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either19
7264959085IceAge..., a period of extreamly cold temperatures when part of the planet's surface was covered in massive ice sheets20
7264959086intensive cultivation..., Any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield.21
7264959087irrigation system..., instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity22
7264959088karma..., (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation23
7264959089mandate of heaven..., a document giving an official instruction or command24
7264959090monogamy..., Marriage to a single mate25
7264959091pagan..., not acknowledging the God of Christianity and Judaism and Islam26
7264959092pastoral..., a person authorized to conduct religious worship27
7264959093patriarchy..., a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line28
7264959094polygamy..., having more than one spouse at a time29
7264959095record keeping..., anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events30
7264959096secular..., a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations31
7264959097sericultural..., raising silkworms in order to obtain raw silk32
7264959098settled populationfill with people or supply with inhabitants33
7264959099slavery..., A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.34
7264959100specialization of labor..., productive work (especially physical work done for wages)35
7264959101surplus..., more than is needed, desired, or required36
7264959102syncretism..., the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy)37
7264959103textiles..., Fabrics that are woven or knitted; material for clothing38
7264959104theocracy..., a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)39
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