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AP US History Chapters 1-2 Flashcards

7291817495	The Bering Strait	Groups of people began to cross it during the last Ice Age, moving Southward	0
7291853123	Basis of diversified societies	Cultures began to develop among different groups of native peoples. New languages, governments, religions, social organizations, etc.	1
7291963882	Agricultural Revolution	Crops such as beans, tomatoes, and corn were brought to the Americas. Allowed farmers to store crops and settle in one place for the first time, giving way to larger, more complex societies	2
7291972010	The Olmecs	Located in the Tropical lowlands of Central Mexico, the first city builders in the Americas, influenced many other American cultures	3
7292003522	The Mayans	Located in the lowland jungles of the Yucatan Peninsula, advanced society	4
7292013270	The Aztecs	Located in Central Mexico, large, powerful, wealthy empire with a set social hierarchy. Tenochtitlán was their main/biggest city	5
7292021523	The Mogollan	Located in the American Southwest (Southern New Mexico), successful farmers, clustered near streams. Known for their intricate pottery	6
7292028614	The Hohokam	Located in the American Southwest (Southern Arizona), successful farmers, clustered near streams. Known for their complex irrigation systems	7
7292031367	The Anasazi	Located in the Colorado Plateau, Four Corners of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, & Utah. Complex societies that lasted over 1,000 years	8
7300541711	Eastern Woodlands peoples	Located east of the Mississippi in valleys near rivers (Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, & Cumberland), lived mostly off of animals, fish, and nuts	9
7300545298	The Adena & Hopewell	Eastern Woodlands, located around Northeastern Louisiana, moundbuilders, did not farm	10
7300548133	Moundbuilding	Ancient man-made earthen mounds that evoked curiosity for thousands of years	11
7300550054	Mississippian culture	Eastern Woodlands, premier city-builders in North America, farming played a major role in society	12
7300552036	Cahokia	A port city, center of trade for Mississippian people. Featured around 100 flat-topped pyramidal mounds in the plaza	13
7300555392	Great Plains & migratory peoples	Relied less on farming and more on hunting and foraging, migrated seasonally based on where resources were	14
7300557036	The Great Basin	Present-day Nevada, Utah, eastern California, western Wyoming, & Colorado. Hunted in family groups & migrated seasonally. Seeds, nuts, and plants were kept for times of scarcity	15
7300587794	Peoples of the Pacific Northwest	Coast from present-day British Columbia to Northern California, very resourceful area. Agriculture was unnecessary, allowing leisure time for art & elaborate social & ceremonial lives	16
7300592802	Rise of Agriculture	Native peoples began the process of domestic cultivation, teosinte grass was transformed into a staple crop	17
7300595954	Spread of American crops	Crops grown by Native Americans became increasingly important worldwide	18
7300602220	Plant domestication	Native peoples began using the land & plants around them to their advantage, most of the Amazon was shaped by people	19
7300607015	Use of controlled burning	Used to reshape land. In the Eastern & Western forests, low fires helped clean out undergrowth & fallen trees. Helped hunters by increasing food supply, attracting valued game, and clearing the ground making tracking, killing, & transporting game easier	20
7300611562	Impact of north-south axis	America is stretched from north to south, geography & climates are vastly different, making communication difficult	21
7300613968	Transfer of knowledge & products	Because of the north-south axis, the transfer of knowledge & products was often delayed for up to thousands of years. It took generations for cultures to perfect their lifestyles and fit their climates	22
7300622714	Eurasia's deadly advantage & animal domestication	Close quarters between people & domesticated animals in Eurasia gave way to many diseases and immunity grew over time. Due to the lack of domesticated animals in the Americas, Native Americans were not immune. Contact w/ European colonizers plagued Native populations with multiple deadly diseases, often at the same time	23
7300622715	Speculation on sudden declines	The biggest civilizations on the continent declined quickly & mysteriously, like the Olmecs, Mayans, Mogollons, Hohokams, Anasazi, Eastern Woodlands peoples, and Mississippians & Cahokia. This was most likely due to a complex & unclear mix of ecological and social factors	24
7300645689	Paquime & the Pueblos	Survivors of the declines (mostly Anasazi) moved to the villages in Arizona & New Mexico called the Pueblos. Paquime was a major trading city with an intricate water & sewage system.	25
7300677282	Muskogean peoples	Eastern Woodland peoples. Mississippians in the Southeast, maintained key traditions, moundbuilding & a rigid social hierarchy. Others formed egalitarian villages, eventually becoming the Creek, Choctaw, & Chikasaw	26
7300685872	Iroquois peoples	Eastern Woodland peoples, lived in the North in towns, hunted, farmed, & foraged. Cherokees, Tuscaroras, Iroquois, Hurons	27
7300690462	Algonquins	Eastern Woodland peoples, lived in small communities around the Atlantic coast & Great Lakes. Agriculture from Southern New England to Virginia, hunting, fishing, & gathering in the North.	28
7300697459	Caribbean culture	Taino peoples, expanded throughout the Greater Antilles & the Bahamas. Chiefs & noble families ruled tribes & controlled production & distribution of food & tools, poorest peoples were servants	29
7300707122	Diversity of Native Peoples	Over 350 societies in North America, all vastly different, with a population of between 5-10 million by the fifteenth century	30
7300717146	The Clovis Discoveries	Main point of agreement among archeologists & anthropologists with regard to tracking the first Americans. Stone spearpoints were found in bison & mammoth bones, radiocarbon dating indicated they were much older than they previously thought North American native cultures were (10,800-11,500 years as opposed to the assumed 4,000)	31
7300728017	Evidence of migration from Siberia to North America	Main point of agreement among archeologists & anthropologists with regard to tracking the first Americans. Siberians must have walked to the New World rather than sailed because of cold temperatures & ice. Scientists believe they used a land bridge that existed from 25,000 B.P. to 15,000 B.P.	32
7300743414	An even earlier arrival	Two archeological teams claim to have evidence of migration/civilization from 16,000 to even 30,000 years ago. There is great debate over whether or not this information is accurate	33
7300755380	John Cabot	Italian, discovered Newfoundland, which became the hub of North-Atlantic fishery	34
7300758290	Changes in Europe	Technological: advances in navigating, shipbuilding, and the use of gunpowder Economic: development of trade networks Demographic: rises in European population after the plague Religious: added the aspect of belief to politics Political: kingdoms could centralize & expand themselves	35
7300766270	China's Glory	Ming China most powerful in 1450, "treasure fleet" of 300 ships, 28,000 soldiers, commanded by Zheng He	36
7300772268	Islamic Kingdoms	Big powers in the Old World, like the Ottomans, huge controls over trade routes	37
7300778009	Vulnerability of Europe in the 15th Century	Far from Asia's trade & threatened by the Ottomans. Warfare, poor transportation, and low grain yields created food shortages & much of Europe was malnourished and disease-prone. Feudalism, violence, death, homicide, robbery, rape	38
7300790279	The Black Death	Late 1340s & early 1350s, killed 25% of the European population. Sparked religious movements. Less population meant better wages, lower prices, more land, & an increase in trade & wealth	39
7300806993	Birth of Nation States	Created by leaders extending their political control over more territory, people, & resources. These larger, centrally-organized states could gather the necessary resources for colonies, & the armies & navies needed to protect them	40
7300815496	The Portuguese & Prince Henry	Europeans struggled to sail to Africa for its goods because of the currents, he helped the Portuguese develop the caravel, a lighter, more maneuverable ship	41
7300819794	Portuguese Expansion & West African States	West African societies were extremely organized, and the Europeans could not just take what they wanted. Disease plagued the Europeans who were not as immune as Africans were	42
7300824356	Changes in European slavery	As production of sugar increased, so did the need for free/cheap labor	43
7300826015	Sugar & slavery	When Jerusalem was reconquered, new plantations were created on Eastern Mediterranean islands. Plantations continued spreading to different islands	44
7300830775	Bartolomeu Dias	Portuguese, discovered a sea route to India in 1488	45
7300834748	Vasco de Gama	Reached India in 1498, allowing Portuguese to expand their interests to Indochina & China	46
7300837117	Reconquista	Ferdinand & Isabella drove the Muslims out of Granada, reconquering Spain	47
7300838565	Christopher Columbus	Believed there was a western route to Asia, sailed for Spain under the blessings of Ferdinand & Isabella. Reached the Bahamas & mistook it for Japan, and came across welcoming native people whom he dubbed "Indians"	48
7300845005	Naming of America	Florentine Amerigo Vespucci dubbed Columbus' Indies "Mundus Novus", or New World. A German mapmaker called it America in Vespucci's honor and his maps were successful, the names stuck	49
7300857007	Colonizing/oppressing the Caribbean Islands	Europeans realized the Native Taino peoples lacked military power, and Spanish colonizers forced a brutal regime on these peoples	50
7300861185	Bartolome de Las Casas	Spaniard who spoke out against the exploitation. Spent years in the Caribbean participating in conquests & profiting from native labor. Had a change of heart & renounced his role in the conquest. Gave rise to the Black Legend.	51
7300865482	The Black Legend	Referenced by Bartolome de Las Casas, regarding Spanish oppression of natives in the Americas	52
7300868511	Native depopulation	Taino population nearly collapsed within a generation. War, overwork, malnutrition, despair, strange diseases. Bahamas were depopulated, conquests done in Cuba, Jamaica, & Puerto Rico	53
7300875240	Hernán Cortés	Led an expedition, discovered & conquered the Aztecs	54
7300876963	Factors leading to the conquest of the Aztec	Aztecs lacked metal tools, weaponry, firearms, & knowledge of ocean expedition. Aztec empire didn't have total control over Central Mexico, conquered city-states despised the Aztec	55
7300881880	Virgin soil epidemics	Victims had no prior exposure/immunity to the diseases, gave Cortés the opportunity to put Tenochtitlán under siege, killing tens of thousands before survivors surrendered	56
7300889530	Fransisco Pizarro	Spaniards under him conquered the Inca using political faction, disease, technological advances, and luck	57
7300898965	The Columbian Exchange	Transfers of plants, animals, ideas, diseases, etc between different continents, ongoing event	58
7300902656	Royal Spanish Control	Spain had finally tamed aristocracy at home & wouldn't allow colonial nobility, bribing conquistadors into retirement. Control of colonies was passed to officials, soldiers, lawyers, and Catholic bishops	59
7300922099	The Silver Bonanza	Large amounts of silver were discovered in Mexico & Peru, was a huge deal, Spanish got rich	60
7301537071	Ponce de León	Named Florida, met armed resistance from knowing natives who despised Spaniards in Florida, conquered Puerto Rico	61
7301760681	Pánfilo de Narváez & Cabeza de Vaca	Led an expedition in Florida near Tampa in search of riches. Many men died due to illness & native attackers. Survivors built rafts and attempted to sail along the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Narváez & most of his men disappeared at sea, de Vaca & some survivors washed up near Texas, were caught by natives & escaped	62
7301765659	Hernán de Soto	Scouted Southwest for riches, plundered through villages doing & taking whatever he wanted. His expedition was unfruitful, but it helped speed up the transformation of some Southeastern tribes into confederacies	63
7301766378	Vázquez de Coronado	Led an expedition in the Southwest, found nothing & sent men in all directions, was later brought to trial for cruelty towards natives	64
7301769187	Spanish dominance	Wealthy from the Americas, little competition, religious transformations in Europe helped distract from possible colonization	65
7301771575	Rise of the Papacy	The Catholic Church in Europe became increasingly powerful. Land, bureaucracy/taxes, Indulgences. As the Church became more powerful, concerns about their intentions rose	66
7301775103	The Protestant Reformation	Martin Luther, The 95 Theses, believed in salvation by faith	67
7303496740	John Calvin	Father of Calvinism. Believed in predestination, that God has already determined/foreseen every thing you'll do in life, and therefore decided whether or not you will go to heaven or hell. The "elect" were God's agents, predestined for salvation. Acting as the "elect", increased one's chances of being one	68
7303510467	Differences between Martin Luther and John Calvin	Martin Luther: - accepted social order and the Church - wrote for Germans - believed in salvation by faith John Calvin: - wanted people to become activists and reshape society - wrote for all of Europe - believed in predestination	69
7303516407	French Huguenots & Spanish Florida	French Calvinists (Huguenots) moved to South Carolina to avoid persecution, but their settlement failed and later they moved to Florida. The Spanish saw the French as a threat and French ships were taking silver. The Spanish defeated the French in Florida and founded a permanent colony there	70
7303523315	The English Reformation/Henry VIII	Henry VIII wanted a male heir, and in order to do that he believed needed a divorce, so he made himself head of the Church of England	71
7303532639	English Puritans	Radical Calvinists, persecuted when Mary became the queen, defended by Elizabeth when she took the throne after Mary	72
7303535728	Repression of the Irish	Elizabeth sponsored English protestants to settle on Ireland and subdue the native Irish to avoid a Spanish/French attack from there, teaching them to be English	73
7303540284	Humphrey Gilbert's Utopian Dream	He was granted a charter, setting up a medieval kingdom in America with a feudal system. There was to be free land and an elected government. However, he got lost at sea before he could ever start this colony	74
7303545471	Walter Raleigh	Was granted a charter and founded North Carolina and the Roanoke settlement	75
7303548642	Richard Hakluyt's "A Discourse Concerning Westerne Planting"	A document written by Richard Hakluyt under Walter Raleigh that called for English settlement in America for the fertile lands, to harass the Spanish, to search for the Northwest Passage to China, and for havens for the poor	76
7303554860	Roanoke/Croatoan	First settlement in North Carolina, founded by Raleigh who made friendly contact with natives there. Raleigh left and came back to a completely abandoned Roanoke, with the word Croatoan carved onto a post	77
7303566392	Wingina/Relations between Indians & Colonists	He was the leader of the Roanoke tribe, believed being friendly to the Europeans would give him privileges. However, his plans failed, and he was eventually killed by Europeans	78

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 9 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 9 Sectionalism, 1820-1860

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8514214659	Northeast	In the early 19th century, the area which included New England and the Middle Atlantic states. (p. 173)	0
8514214660	Old Northwest	In the early 19th century, the territory which stretched from Ohio to Minnesota. (p. 173)	1
8514214661	sectionalism	Loyalty to a particular region of the country. (p. 173)	2
8514214662	Nativists	Native-born Americans who reacted strongly against the immigrants, they feared the newcomers would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Protestant and Anglo majority. (p. 176)	3
8514214663	American party	In the early 1850s, this party which opposed immigrants, nominated candidates for office. They were also called the Know-Nothing party. (p. 176)	4
8514214664	Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner	A secret anti-foreign society in the 1840s. In the 1850s the society turned to politics by forming the American party. (p. 176)	5
8514214665	Know-Nothing Party	Nativists, also known as the American party. (p. 176)	6
8514214666	Free African Americans	By 1860 as many as 250,000 African Americans in the South were free citizens. Most of them lived in the cities where they could own property. However, they were not allowed to vote or work in most skilled professions. (p. 179)	7
8514214667	planters	The South's small wealthy elite that owned more than 100 slaves and more than 1000 acres. (p. 180)	8
8514214668	Codes of Chivalry	The Southern aristocratic planter class ascribed to a code of chivalrous conduct, which included a strong sense of personal honor, defense of womanhood, paternalistic attitudes toward all who were deemed inferior. (p. 180)	9
8514214669	poor whites	The term for the three-fourths of the South's white population who owned no slaves. (p. 180)	10
8514214670	hillbillies	Derisive term for poor white subsistence farmers, they often lived in the hills and farmed less productive land. (p. 180)	11
8514214671	mountain men	In the 1820s, these were the earliest white people in the Rocky Mountains. They trapped for furs and served as guides for settlers traveling to the West coast. (p. 181)	12
8514214672	the West	The term that referred to the new area that was being settled, the location changed as the white settlements moved westward. (p. 181)	13
8514214673	the frontier	The area that was newly settled in the West, it moved further west over time. (p. 181)	14
8514214674	Deep South	The cotton rich area of the lower Mississippi Valley. (p. 178)	15
8514214675	American Indian removal	By 1850, most American Indians were living west of the Mississippi River. The Great Plains provide temporary relief from white settlers encroaching on their territory. (p. 181)	16
8514214676	Great Plains	Native Americans in this area used the horse to hunt buffalo. Tribes such as the Cheyenne and the Sioux, became nomadic hunters following the buffalo herds. (p. 181)	17
8514214677	white settlers	In the 1840s and 1850s, they settled the Western frontier. They worked hard, lived in log cabins or sod huts. Disease and malnutrition were even greater dangers than attacks by American Indians. (p. 182)	18
8514214678	urbanization	Early 19th century urban working class neighborhoods featured crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime. (p. 174)	19
8514214679	urban life	The North's urban population grew from about 5 percent of the population in 1800 to 15 percent by 1850. (p. 174)	20
8514214680	new cities	After 1820, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis developed as transportation points for shipping agricultural products to the East, and receiving manufactured goods from the East. (p. 175)	21
8514214681	Irish potato famine	From 1820 to 1860, almost 2 million immigrants came from Ireland. Most of them were tenant farmers driven from their homeland by potato crop failures. (p. 176)	22
8514214682	Roman Catholic	Most of the Irish were this religion and they faced strong discrimination because of it. (p. 176)	23
8514214683	Tammany Hall	New York City's Democratic organization. (p. 176)	24
8514214684	Germans	In the 1840s and 1850s, because of economic hardship and the failure of democratic revolutions, one million of these people came to the United States. They often established homesteads in the Old Northwest and generally prospered. (p. 176)	25
8514214685	immigration	From the 1830s to the 1850s, four million people came from northern Europe to the United States. (p. 175)	26
8514214686	King Cotton	By the 1850s, this agricultural product was by far the South's most important economic force. (p. 177)	27
8514214687	Eli Whitney	The United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin, which made cotton affordable throughout the world. (p. 178)	28
8514214688	peculiar institution	A term that referred to slavery because many southern whites were uneasy with the fact that slaves were human beings yet treated so unfairly. Some used historical and religious arguments to support their claim that it was good for both slave and master. (p. 178)	29
8514214689	Denmark Vesey	In 1822, he led a major slave uprising which was quickly and violently suppressed. However, it gave hope to enslaved African Americans, drove Southern states to tighten already strict slave codes, and demonstrated to many the evils of slavery. (p. 179)	30
8514214690	Nat Turner	In 1831, he led a major slave uprising. (p. 179)	31
8514214691	slave codes	In parts of the Deep South, slaves made up nearly 75 percent of the population. Fearing slave revolts, laws were passed which restricted blacks movements and education. (p. 178)	32
8514214692	Industrial Revolution	Originally this revolution was centered in the textile industry, but by the 1830's, northern factories were producing a wide range of goods - everything from farm implements to clocks and shoes. (p. 174)	33
8514214693	unions	For a brief period in the 1830s an increasing number of urban workers joined unions and participated in strikes. (p. 174)	34
8514214694	Commonwealth v. Hunt	In 1842, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers. (p. 174)	35
8514214695	ten-hour workday	During the 1840s and 1850s, most northern state legislatures passed laws establishing a ten-hour workday for industrial workers. (p. 174)	36
8514214696	Cyrus McCormick	United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical reaper, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	37
8514214697	John Deere	United States inventor of the steel plow, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	38
8514214698	Daniel Webster	A senator, who warned that sectionalism was dangerous for the United States. (p. 173)	39
8514214699	environmental damage	This term, described what occurred when settlers cleared forests and exhausted the soil. (p. 182)	40
8514214700	extinction	This term, described what trappers and hunters did to the beaver and buffalo populations. (p. 182)	41

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 15 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 15 Reconstruction, 1863-1877

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8514220309	Civil Rights Act of 1866	This act declared that all African Americans were U.S. citizens and also attempted to provide a shield against the operation of the Southern states' Black Codes. (p. 295)	0
8514220310	14th Amendment	Ratified in 1868, this Constitutional amendment, declares that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens, and it obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law". Other parts of the amendment related to Congress' plan for Reconstruction. (p. 295)	1
8514220311	equal protection of the laws	Part of the 14th amendment, it emphasizes that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people. (p. 295)	2
8514220312	due process of law	Part of the 14 Amendment, it denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property. (p. 295)	3
8514220313	15h Amendment	Ratified in 1870, this Constitutional amendment, prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (p. 297)	4
8514220314	Civil Rights Act of 1875	The last major piece of Reconstruction legislation, this law prohibited racial discrimination in all public accommodation and transportation. It also prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries. However, the law was poorly enforced. (p. 297)	5
8514220315	Jay Gould	In 1869, this Wall Street financier obtained the help of President Grant's brother in law, to corner the gold market. The Treasury Department broke the scheme, but after he had already made a huge profit. (p. 300)	6
8514220316	Credit Mobilier	In this affair, insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress, to avoid investigation of the huge profits they were making from government subsidies for building the transcontinental railroad. (p. 300)	7
8514220317	William (Boss) Tweed	This New York City politician, arranged schemes that allowed he and his cronies to steal about $200 million dollars from New York. He was eventually sentenced to prison in 1871. (p. 301)	8
8514220318	spoilsmen	In the 1870s, political manipulators such as Senator Roscoe Conkling and James Blaine, used patronage - giving jobs and government favors to their supporters. (p. 300)	9
8514220319	patronage	Term for one of the key inducements used by party machines. A job, promotion, or contract that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence. (p. 300)	10
8514220320	Thomas Nast	New York Times political cartoonist who exposed the abuses of the "Boss" Tweed ring. Tweed was eventually arrested and imprisoned in 1871. (p. 310)	11
8514220321	Liberal Republicans	In 1872, this party advocated civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade.	12
8514220322	Horace Greeley	In the presidential election of 1872, both the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats made this newspaper editor their nominee. He lost the election to Ulysses S. Grant, he died just days before the counting of the electoral vote count. (p. 301)	13
8514220323	Panic of 1873	Economic panic caused by over speculation by financiers and over building by industry and railroads. In 1874, President Grant sided with the hard-money bankers who wanted gold backing of the money supply. He vetoed a bill calling for the release of additional greenbacks. (p. 302)	14
8514220324	greenbacks	Name given to paper money issued by the government, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold. (p 302)	15
8514220325	redeemers	By 1877, these Southern conservatives had taken control of state governments in the South. Their foundation rested on states rights, reduced taxes, reduced social programs, and white supremacy. (p. 302)	16
8514220326	Rutherford B. Hayes	He won the presidential election of 1876, which was a highly contested election. He was a Republican governor from Ohio. (p. 302)	17
8514220327	Samuel J. Tilden	In the presidential election of 1876, this New York reform governor was the Democrat nominee. He had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes, but was defeated by Rutherford B. Hayes, when all of the electoral votes from the contested states of South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana went to Hayes. (p. 303)	18
8514220328	Compromise of 1877	This informal deal settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat). It was agreed that Hayes would become president. In return, he would remove all federal troops from the South and support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad. (p. 303)	19
8514220329	presidential reconstruction	President Abraham Lincoln believed that the Southern states could not leave the Union and therefore never did leave. He consider them a disloyal minority. After Lincoln's assassination, President Andrew Johnson attempted to carry out Lincoln's plan for reconstruction. (p. 292)	20
8514220330	Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction	In 1863, President Lincoln's proclamation set up a process for political reconstruction, creating state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists. It include a full presidential pardon for most Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution, and accepted the emancipation of slaves. It also reestablished state governments as soon as at least 10 percent of the voters in the state took the loyalty oath. In practice, the proclamation meant that each Southern state would need to rewrite its state constitution to eliminate existence of slavery. (p. 292)	21
8514220331	Wade-Davis Bill	In 1864, this harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill stated that the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until a majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. It required the abolition of slavery by new state constitutions, only non-Confederates could vote for a new state constitution. President Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. (p. 292)	22
8514220332	Andrew Johnson	The 17th President of the United States from 1865 to 1869. This Southerner from Tennessee was Lincoln's vice president, and he became president after Lincoln was assassinated. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. (p. 297)	23
8514220333	Freedmen's Bureau	In March 1865, an organization created at end of Civil War, which provided aid to the both black and whites in the South. It provided food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the Civil War. (p. 292)	24
8514220334	Black Codes	Southern state legislatures created these codes after the Civil War. They restricted the rights and movements of newly freed African Americans. 1) prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land, 2) placed freemen into a form of semi bondage by forcing them, as "vagrants" and "apprentices" to sign work contracts, 3) prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court. (p. 294)	25
8514220335	Congressional Reconstruction	In the spring of 1866, many in Congress were unhappy with President Andrew Johnson's policies and this led to the second round of reconstruction. Its creation was dominated by Congress and featured policies that were harsher on Southern whites and more protective of freed African Americans. (p. 295)	26
8514220336	Radical Republicans	In the 1860s, this was the smaller portion of the Republican party than the moderates. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported various programs that were most beneficial to the newly freed African Americans in the South. (p. 295)	27
8514220337	Charles Sumner	The leading Radical Republican in the Senate from Massechusetts. (p. 295)	28
8514220338	Thaddeus Stephens	This Pennsylvania Congressman was a Radical Republican. He hoped to revolutionize Southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, receive education, and receive lands confiscated from planter class. (p. 295)	29
8514220339	Benjamin Wade	Radical Republican who endorsed woman's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks. (p. 295)	30
8514220340	Reconstruction Acts	In 1867, Congress passed three acts which placed the South under military occupation. They created five military districts in the former Confederate states, each under control of the Union army. To rejoin the Union, ex-Confederate states were required to ratify the 14th amendment and place guarantees in their state constitution that all adult males of all races would be guaranteed the right to vote. (p. 296)	31
8514220341	Tenure of Office Act	In 1867, this act prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander, without the approval of the Senate. The purpose of the law was purely political, to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet from dismissal. (p. 297)	32
8514220342	Edwin Stanton	He was President Andrew Johnson's secretary of war. President Johnson believed the new Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional and he challenged the law, by dismissing him from his position. This led to Johnson's impeachment. (p. 297)	33
8514220343	impeachment	President Johnson was the first president impeached, for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868. One of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office. The impeachment failed, falling just one vote short. (p. 297)	34
8514220344	scalawags	The term for White Republican Southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments. (p. 298)	35
8514220345	carpetbaggers	The term for Northern newcomers who came to the South during Reconstruction. (p. 298)	36
8514220346	Blanche K. Bruce	During the Reconstruction era, he represented Mississippi as a Republican U.S. Senator, from 1875 to 1881. He was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate. (p. 298)	37
8514220347	Hiram Revels	During the Reconstruction era, this black politician, was elected to the Mississippi senate seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis before the Civil War. (p. 298)	38
8514220348	sharecropping	Common form of farming for freed slaves in the South. They received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who usually took half of the harvest. It evolved into a new form of servitude. (p. 300)	39
8514220349	Ku Klux Klan	Founded in 1867, by ex-Confederate general, Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. This organization of white supremacists used lynchings, beatings, and threats to control the black population in the South. (p. 302)	40
8514220350	Force Acts (1870, 1871)	These act passed in 1870 and 1871, gave power to federal authorities to stop Ku Klux Klan violence and to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South. (p. 302)	41
8514220351	Amnesty Act of 1872	This act removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders. Allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments. (p. 302)	42

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AP US History - US Presidents Flashcards

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6758756059	George Washington	1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address	0
6758756060	John Adams	1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts	1
6758756061	Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 1807	2
6758756062	James Madison	1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff	3
6758756063	James Monroe	1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine	4
6758756064	John Quincy Adams	1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"	5
6758756065	Andrew Jackson	1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act	6
6758756066	Martin Van Buren	1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 1837	7
6758756067	William Henry Harrison	1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President	8
6758756068	John Tyler	1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty	9
6758756069	James Polk	1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War	10
6758756070	Zachary Taylor	1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist	11
6758756071	Millard Fillmore	1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 1850	12
6758756072	Franklin Pierce	1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase	13
6758756073	James Buchanan	1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid	14
6758756074	Abraham Lincoln	1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation	15
6758756075	Andrew Johnson	1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment	16
6758756076	Ulysses Grant	1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 1873	17
6758756077	Rutherford Hayes	1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes	18
6758756078	James Garfield	1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office	19
6758756079	Chester Arthur	1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City	20
6758756080	Grover Cleveland	1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike	21
6758756081	Benjamin Harrison	1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier	22
6758756082	William McKinley	1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy	23
6758756083	Theodore Roosevelt	1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy	24
6758756084	William Howard Taft	1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded	25
6758756085	Woodrow Wilson	1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare	26
6758756086	Warren Harding	1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition	27
6758756087	Calvin Coolidge	1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative	28
6758756088	Herbert Hoover	1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff	29
6758756089	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"	30
6758756090	Harry Truman	1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations	31
6758756091	Dwight Eisenhower	1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex	32
6758756092	John Kennedy	1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps	33
6758756093	Lyndon Johnson	1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society	34
6758756094	Richard Nixon	1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate	35
6758756095	Gerald Ford	1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis	36
6758756096	Jimmy Carter	1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords	37
6758756097	Ronald Reagan	1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal	38
6758756098	George H. W. Bush	1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War	39
6758756099	Bill Clinton	1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impreachment	40
6758756100	George W. Bush	2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"	41
6758756101	Barack Obama	2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act	42
6758756102	Donald Trump	2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"	43

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AP US History - US Presidents Flashcards

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6766427611	George Washington	1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address	0
6766427612	John Adams	1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts	1
6766427613	Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 1807	2
6766427614	James Madison	1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff	3
6766427615	James Monroe	1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine, Era of Good Feelings	4
6766427616	John Quincy Adams	1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"	5
6766427617	Andrew Jackson	1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act --> Trail of Tears	6
6766427618	Martin Van Buren	1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 1837	7
6766427619	William Henry Harrison	1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President	8
6766427620	John Tyler	1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty, Annexed Texas	9
6766427621	James Polk	1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War: 54-40 or fight!	10
6766427622	Zachary Taylor	1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist	11
6766427623	Millard Fillmore	1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 1850, Opened Japan	12
6766427624	Franklin Pierce	1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase, Ostend Manifesto	13
6766427625	James Buchanan	1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid, did nothing to stop secession	14
6766427626	Abraham Lincoln	1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation	15
6766427627	Andrew Johnson	1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment	16
6766427628	Ulysses Grant	1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 1873; Whiskey Ring Scandals	17
6766427629	Rutherford Hayes	1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes	18
6766427630	James Garfield	1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office	19
6766427631	Chester Arthur	1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City; Pendleton Act	20
6766427632	Grover Cleveland	1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike; won two nonconsecutive terms	21
6766427633	Benjamin Harrison	1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier; First Billion Dollar Congress	22
6766427634	William McKinley	1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy; He prayed	23
6766427635	Theodore Roosevelt	1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy; Conservation	24
6766427636	William Howard Taft	1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded; broke up most trusts	25
6766427637	Woodrow Wilson	1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare; Federal Reserve Act	26
6766427638	Warren Harding	1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition	27
6766427639	Calvin Coolidge	1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative	28
6766427640	Herbert Hoover	1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff	29
6766427641	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"	30
6766427642	Harry Truman	1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations; Truman Doctrine; Rejected Fair Deal	31
6766427643	Dwight Eisenhower	1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex	32
6766427644	John Kennedy	1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps	33
6766427645	Lyndon Johnson	1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society	34
6766427646	Richard Nixon	1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate	35
6766427647	Gerald Ford	1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis	36
6766427648	Jimmy Carter	1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords	37
6766427649	Ronald Reagan	1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal; STAR WARS	38
6766427650	George H. W. Bush	1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War	39
6766427651	Bill Clinton	1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impeachment; Economic prosperity	40
6766427652	George W. Bush	2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"	41
6766427653	Barack Obama	2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act	42
6766427654	Donald Trump	2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"	43

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AP US History - US Presidents Flashcards

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6776005285	George Washington	1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address	0
6776005286	John Adams	1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts	1
6776005287	Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 1807	2
6776005288	James Madison	1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff	3
6776005289	James Monroe	1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine	4
6776005290	John Quincy Adams	1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"	5
6776005291	Andrew Jackson	1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act	6
6776005292	Martin Van Buren	1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 1837	7
6776005293	William Henry Harrison	1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President	8
6776005294	John Tyler	1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty	9
6776005295	James Polk	1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War	10
6776005296	Zachary Taylor	1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist	11
6776005297	Millard Fillmore	1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 1850	12
6776005298	Franklin Pierce	1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase	13
6776005299	James Buchanan	1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid	14
6776005300	Abraham Lincoln	1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation	15
6776005301	Andrew Johnson	1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment	16
6776005302	Ulysses Grant	1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 1873	17
6776005303	Rutherford Hayes	1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes	18
6776005304	James Garfield	1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office	19
6776005305	Chester Arthur	1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City	20
6776005306	Grover Cleveland	1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike	21
6776005307	Benjamin Harrison	1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier	22
6776005308	William McKinley	1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy	23
6776005309	Theodore Roosevelt	1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy	24
6776005310	William Howard Taft	1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded	25
6776005311	Woodrow Wilson	1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare	26
6776005312	Warren Harding	1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition	27
6776005313	Calvin Coolidge	1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative	28
6776005314	Herbert Hoover	1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff	29
6776005315	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"	30
6776005316	Harry Truman	1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations	31
6776005317	Dwight Eisenhower	1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex	32
6776005318	John Kennedy	1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps	33
6776005319	Lyndon Johnson	1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society	34
6776005320	Richard Nixon	1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate	35
6776005321	Gerald Ford	1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis	36
6776005322	Jimmy Carter	1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords	37
6776005323	Ronald Reagan	1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal	38
6776005324	George H. W. Bush	1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War	39
6776005325	Bill Clinton	1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impreachment	40
6776005326	George W. Bush	2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"	41
6776005327	Barack Obama	2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act	42
6776005328	Donald Trump	2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"	43

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AP US History Semester Exam c Flashcards

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5791307466	First Continental Congress	, 1774- Colonial convention in Philadelphia to discuss Intolerable Acts and other injustices; Delegates were diverse and ranged from radical to conservative; Loyalist views were not represented;	0
5791308832	Olive Branch Petition	- Petition sent to King George III asking him to intercede with Parliament secure the peace and protect colonial rights;	1
5791310091	Thomas Paine; Common Sense	- Pamphlet published in January 1776 stating, "it was contrary to common sense to have a small island be the ruler of a large continent".	2
5791311066	Valley Forge	- Washington's troops had lost Philadelphia, the future looked bleak; The Winter of 1777-78 was a severe winter; Under equipped and demoralized;	3
5791312252	Articles of Confederation	- First constitution of the U.S. initially drafted by John Dickenson and modified by Congress;	4
5791313296	Battle of Saratoga	- Major battle in which a surprising Colonial victory persuaded France to join America;	5
5791314041	James Madison	- Fashioned specific articles of the constitution; He is known as the "Father of the Constitution."; Proposed the Virginia Plan; From Virginia	6
5791315812	Framers of the Constitution-	Those who were delegates to the Constitutional Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States;	7
5791317405	Anti-Federalists	- Opponents of a strong federal government;	8
5791319612	Bill of Rights	- First 10 amendments to the constitution, they successfully addressed the Anti-Federalists most telling objections;	9
5791320634	Alien and Sedition Acts	- Federalist laws which authorized the president to deport or detain any alien (foreigner) thought to be dangerous during wartime; Also made it illegal for newspapers to criticize the president or congress and imposed heavy fines for those who violated the law;	10
5791322087	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	- Republican response to the Alien and Sedition Acts; Kentucky and Virginia legislatures passed a resolution (written by T. Jefferson and J. Madison) which claimed that a state could "nullify a federal law."	11
5791323190	Infant Industries	Infant Industries- New and developing industries which would be protected by high tariffs, according to Alexander Hamilton's plan.	12
5791324349	House of Representatives	- Larger body of the Legislative Branch; Each state is represented according to the size of its population;	13
5791325486	Senate	- Smaller body of the Legislative Branch; Each state is represented equally by 2 senators;	14
5791327145	Thomas Jefferson	- Third President of the US; 1800-1808; Democratic-Republican; President during the Louisiana Purchase;	15
5791328110	Louisiana Purchase	- Initially Napoleon wanted to restore French power in America, but then decided to sell the huge land mass;	16
5791329262	Tecumseh and Prophet	- Shawnee twin brothers; Tecumseh (a warrior) and Prophet (religious leader) attempted to unite all tribes east of the Mississippi creating an Indian Confederacy; US said Great Britain aided them;	17
5791330544	Judicial Review	Marbury v. Madison- Led to the "_______________" decision; Decision of Marshall to not allow last minute appointments by John Adams; Marshall said that the Supreme Court could overrule a law by congress;	18
5791333720	Lewis and Clark Expedition	- Jefferson's persuasion for a scientific exploration of the new U.S. territory, Mississippi River to the Pacific; 1804-1806;	19

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AP US History Period 9, 1980-Present Flashcards

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9266020815	Ronald Reagan	An American politician and actor who was 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Part of the conservative revival which believed in widening the Cold War and Trickle Down Economics.	0
9266020816	Deregulation	The process of removing or reducing state regulations, typically in the economic sphere. It is the undoing or repeal of governmental regulation of the economy.	1
9266020817	Social Safety Net	A collection of services provided by the state or other institutions such as friendly societies, including welfare, unemployment benefit, universal healthcare, homeless shelters, and sometimes subsidized services such as public transport, which prevent individuals from falling into poverty. These are greatly opposed by Conservatives because they raise wages and Social Darwinism.	2
9266020818	Real Wages	Wages adjusted for inflation, or, equivalently, wages in terms of the amount of goods and services that can be bought. This term is used in contrast to nominal wages or unadjusted wages.	3
9266020819	Interventionist	A state's intervention in the affairs of another nation as part of its foreign policy	4
9266020820	World Trade Center	The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. The twins towers were destroyed in the 9-11-2001 terrorist attack.	5
9266020821	Pentagon	The headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C.	6
9266020822	Afghanistan	Officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world.	7
9266020823	Iraq	Officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia. The country is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west.	8
9266020824	War on Terrorism	Also known as the Global War on Terrorism, refers to the international military campaign that started after the September 11 attacks on the United States.	9
9266020825	Climate Change	The recent and ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth's surface.	10
9266020826	Clinton v. Jones (1997)	Rejecting an appeal by Pres. Clinton in a sexual harassment suit, the Court ruled that a sitting president did not have temporary immunity from a lawsuit for actions outside the realm of official duties.	11
9266020827	Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)	The Court ruled that the Boy Scouts of America could dismiss a troop leader after learning he was gay, holding that the right to freedom of association outweighed a New Jersey anti - discrimination statute.	12
9266020828	Bush v. Gore (2000)	The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win the election.	13
9266020829	Conservatism	a belief that limited government ensures order, competitive governments, and personal opportunity	14
9266020830	Religious Fundamentalism	religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy	15
9266020831	Political Action Committees	groups formed for the purpose of raising money to elect or defeat political candidates , They usually represent business, unions, or idealogical interests.	16
9266020832	Roe v. Wade	73 Supreme ct decision that stuck down 46 state laws restricting women's access to abortion (highlighted divisions within women's mvmt	17
9266020833	Reagonomics	Ronald Reagan's economic beliefs that a captitalist system free from taxation and government involvement would be most productive " trickle down economics"	18
9266020834	Sandra Day O'Connor	First woman to become a justice of the Supreme Court, under Reagan	19
9266020835	Evil Empire	Reagan's nickname for the Soviet Union, illustrated an end to detente	20
9266020836	Strategic Defense Initiative	Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.	21
9266020837	Palestine Liberation Organization	a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine	22
9266020838	Mikhail Gorbachev	Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.	23
9266020839	glasnost	a Soviet policy permitting open discussion of political and social issues and freer dissemination of news and information	24
9266020840	George Bush	Vice under Reagen. President during 1989-1993 Berlin wall comes down, Persian Gulf war against aggressive Saddam Hussein who invaded Kuwait.	25
9266020841	Boris Yeltsin	President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.	26
9266020842	Panama Invasion	The first non-Soviet related invasion of the US due to a drug line in Panama	27
9266020843	Persian Gulf War	a 1991 war in which the United States and its UN allies drove invading Iraqi forces out of neighboring Kuwait	28
9266020844	Operation Desert Storm	Military operations that started on January 16, 1991, with a bombing campaign, followed by a ground invasion of February 23 and 24, 1991. The ground war lasted 100 hours and resulted in a spectacularly one-sided military victory for the Coalition.	29
9266020845	Americans with Disabilities Act	Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings.	30
9266020846	Bill Clinton	42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached	31
9266020847	NAFTA	North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada	32
9266020848	Oklahoma City Bombing	Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.	33
9266020849	No Child Left Behind Act	Federal law enacted in January 2002 that introduced new accountability measures for elementary and secondary schools in all states that wish to receive federal aid.	34

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 5 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 5 The American Revolution and Confederation, 1774-1787

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7338504398	Intolerable Acts	In 1774, the British Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts, which intensified the conflict between the colonies and Great Britain. (p. 85)	0
7338504399	Patrick Henry	Radical delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. Radical delegates were those demanding the greatest concessions from Great Britain. (p. 85)	1
7338504400	Samuel Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He started Committees of Correspondence. (p. 85)	2
7338504401	John Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He had acted as a lawyer for British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. (p. 85)	3
7338504402	John Dickinson	Moderate delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania". (p. 85)	4
7338504403	John Jay	Conservative delegate from New York to the Continental Congress, favored a mild statement of protest. (p. 85)	5
7338504404	First Continental Congress	In September 1774, all of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia. The purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties caused by Intolerable Acts. (p. 85)	6
7338504405	Joseph Galloway	Conservative delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He proposed a plan that would have reordered relations with Parliament, but the plan lost by one vote. (p. 86)	7
7338504406	Suffolk Resolves	The First Continental Congress adopted this statement. It rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal. It also urged the colonies to make military preparations and organize boycotts against British goods. (p. 86)	8
7338504407	Declaration for Rights and Grievances	The First Continental Congress passed this resolutions urging the king to make right colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. (p. 86)	9
7338504408	economic sanctions	In September 1774, the First Continental Congress created the Continental Association, a network of committees to enforce the economic sanctions of the Suffolk Resolves. (p. 86)	10
7338504409	Second Continental Congress	In May 1775, representatives met in Philadelphia. They adopted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms. In July 1775 they sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III. (p. 87)	11
7338504410	Olive Branch Petition	In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress tried a last effort for peace. Colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the king to go to Parliament to secure peace and protect their colonial rights. (p. 87)	12
7338504411	Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms	In May 1775, in Philadelphia, delegates to the Sencond Continental Congress met. This declaration called on all colonies to provide troops to the central government. (p. 87, 128)	13
7338504412	Thomas Jefferson	In 1776, he was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. (p. 88)	14
7338504413	Declaration of Independence	This declaration, written by Thomas Jefferson, declared independence and expressed the basic principles of the American revolution. It was ratified on July 4, 1776. (p. 88)	15
7338504414	George Washington	Moderate delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. In 1775, at the Second Continental Congress he was appointed commander-in chief of a new colonial army and sent to Boston to lead the Massachusetts militia and volunteer units from other colonies. He later became the first president of the United States. (p. 88-89)	16
7338504415	Land Ordinance of 1785	A policy that established surveying and selling of western lands. It was part of the Articles of Confederation. (p. 93)	17
7338504416	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for creating new states. Granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in the region. (p. 93)	18
7338504417	Paul Revere	He warned the militia that the British were coming along with William Dawes at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)	19
7338504418	William Dawes	Warned the militia that the British were coming along with Paul Revere at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)	20
7338504419	Lexington	On April 18, 1775 British soldiers in Boston marched to this town to seize colonial military supplies. This is where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired. (p. 86)	21
7338504420	Concord	After the British had marched to Lexington, they marched on to this town to destroy colonial military supplies. (p. 86)	22
7338504421	Battle of Bunker Hill	On June 17, 1775 a colonial militia lost this battle to British on the outskirts of Boston. However, the British suffered heavy casualties in this first true battle of the Revolutionary War. (p. 87)	23
7338504422	Battle of Saratoga	In October 1777, General John Burgoyne's British forces were defeated by American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnolds army. This was a turning point of the war because it led to the French joining the war against Great Britain. (p. 90)	24
7338504423	George Rogers Clark	In 1778-1789, he led the capture of series of British forts in the Illinois country. (p. 90)	25
7338504424	Battle of Yorktown	In 1781, the last major battle of the Revolutionary War was fought on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. Supported by French naval and military forces, Washington's army forced the surrender of a large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. (p. 90)	26
7338504425	Articles of Confederation	Adopted by Congress in 1777, it created a central government with limited powers. In 1788, it was was replaced by the Constitution. (p. 91)	27
7338504426	unicameral Legislature	The Articles of Confederation established a central government that consisted of just one body, a Congress. In this unicameral (one-house) legislature, each state was given one vote, with at least 9 of 13 votes required to pass important laws. (p. 92)	28
7338504427	absolute monarch	Although France had this kind of government, King Louis XVI decided to help the colonies succeed in their rebellion in order to weaken Great Britain. (p. 90)	29
7338504428	Prohibitory Act	In August 1775, Britain's King George III agreed to this act passed by Parliament, and declared the colonies were in rebellion. (p. 87)	30
7338504429	Treaty of Paris	In 1783, this treaty between Britain and the United States brought an end to the Revolutionary War. It stated that: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US. 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of the US. 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war. (p. 91)	31
7338504430	Thomas Paine; Common Sense	In January 1776, Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should break with Britain. (p. 88)	32
7338504431	Patriots	Most of these soldiers came from New England or Virginia and wanted freedom for the colonies. (p. 88)	33
7338504432	Loyalists (Tories)	The pro-British Loyalists, the majority of this group tended to be wealthy and conservative and many were clergy and government officials. (p. 89)	34
7338504433	Minutemen	The colonial militia. (p. 86)	35
7338504434	Continentals	Paper money issued by Congress which became almost worthless due to inflation. (p. 90)	36
7338504435	Abigail Adams	She was the wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. (p. 94)	37
7338504436	Deborah Sampson	At the age of 21, she dressed up as a man in order to fight in the Revolutionary War. (p. 94)	38
7338504437	Valley Forge	Washington's troops spent the harsh winter of 1777-1778 here after losing Philadelphia to the British. (p. 89)	39
7338504438	Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher)	Also know as Molly Pitcher, she carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat. (p. 94)	40
7338504439	Shay's Rebellion	Daniel Shays led other farmers in this uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. (p. 93)	41

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7365778567	Marco Polo	Italian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and China.	0
7365778568	Pocahontas	chief powhatan's daughter married john rolfe	1
7365778569	Montezuma	Leader of the Aztecs when they were invaded by Cortez	2
7377811382	Christopher Columbus	Found the New World for Spain in 1492	3
7377811383	Treaty of Tordesillas	Pope divided the land of South America between Spain and Portugal	4
7377811384	Mestizos	people of Native American and European descent	5
7377811385	Spanish Armada	Ships sent by King Philip 2 of Spain to invade England in 1588	6
7377811386	Black Legend	the image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer	7
7377811387	Conquistadors	Spanish explorers who conquered people in central and South America	8
7377811388	Joint stock company	To gather savings from the middle class to support financial colonies	9
7377811389	Encomienda System	the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area.	10
7377811390	John Rolfe	Learned now to grow and cure tobacco; married Pocahontas	11
7377811391	Sir Walter Raleigh	founder of first English colony on Roanoke island which failed	12
7377811392	James Oglethorpe	Founder of Georgia	13
7377811393	John Smith	leader of the Jamestown colony	14
7377811394	House of Burgesses	the first law-making assembly in an English colony	15
7377811395	Slave codes	the laws passed in the Southern states that controlled and restricted enslaved people	16
7377811396	Proprietor (n)	Person who granted charters of ownership by the king	17
7377811397	indentured servant	A person who is bonded or contracted to work for another for a specified time	18
7377811398	Starving Time	Colonists died because they couldn't obtain food in the new world; winter of Virginia	19
7377811399	Act of Toleration	a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians	20
7377811400	Iroquois League	political alliance of five Iroquois groups, known as the Five Nations, in the late 1500s	21
7377811401	Anne Hutchinson	Religious dissenter Banished from Mass. Bay Colony for heresy	22
7377811402	Roger Williams	Puritan minister who was banished from Massachusetts and established Rhode Island	23
7377811403	William Bradford	Governor of Plymouth Rock	24
7377811404	William Penn	Quaker who established Pennsylvania	25
7377811405	John Winthrop	Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"	26
7377811406	The Elect	Developed by John Calvin that some people were predestined to go to heaven	27
7377811407	Predestination	Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.	28
7377811408	Pilgrims	Separatists; Proved people can live in the New world	29
7377811409	Calvinism	a Protestant denomination of Christian faith founded by John Calvin	30
7377811410	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Puritan colony in New England	31
7377811411	The Puritans	Religious reformists who wants to purify the Anglican Church	32
7377811412	Separatists	Pilgrims that claimed they were too strong to be discouraged by minor problems	33
7377811413	Quakers	Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people	34
7377811414	Protestant Ethic	Commitment made by Puritans where they dwell on pursuing worldly affairs	35
7377811415	Mayflower Compact	A legal contract in which voyagers agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good	36
7377811416	Fundamental Orders	First constitutions in the colonies made by Connecticut river colony settlers	37
7377811417	William Berkeley	British colonial governor of Virginia; bacon's rebellion	38
7377811418	Head right system	Way to attract immigrants; mainly in the southern colonies	39
7377811419	Stono Rebellion	slave rebellion in South Carolina in 1739	40
7377811420	Bacon's Rebellion	Uprising against William Berkeley	41
7377811421	Halfway Covenant	Puritan Church document	42

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