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AP Landmark Court Cases Flashcards

8927352307	Plessy v. Ferguson	"Separate but Equal"- segregation in public places facilities were legal	0
8927352308	Brown v. Board of Education	desegregated public schools, overturned Separate but Equal	1
8927352309	New Jersey v. T.L.O.	a student may be searched if there is "reasonable suspicion", don't need a warrant in school	2
8927352310	Miranda v. Arizona	suspects must be informed of their right to a lawyer and their right against self-incrimination, created the Miranda Rights	3
8927352311	Gideon v. Wainwright	Courts are required to provide a lawyer in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys (even state courts)	4
8927352312	McCulloch v. Maryland	Federal law was stronger than the state law. Supremacy Clause and Necessary & Proper Clause	5
8927352313	Marbury v. Madison	established concept of judicial review, first time supreme court declared something 'unconstitutional'	6
8927352314	Tinker v. Des Moines	Students have the right to symbolic speech at school as long as it is not disruptive	7
8927360004	Engle v. Vitale	A public school could not require a school prayer; guaranteed separation of church and state	8
8927377330	Schenk v. US	There are limits on free speech if it posed a "clear and present danger" to the - You cannot yell "Fire" in a crowded room if it is not true	9
8927381432	Texas v. Johnson	Legal to burn the flag in protest; Freedom of Speech	10
8927386224	Roe v. Wade	Abortions legal in all 50 states; choice & Right to privacy	11
8927396262	University of California Davis v. Bakke	Clarified affirmative action rules: outlawed quotas, but race and membership of disenfranchised groups is allowed to be used as a "plus factor" in admissions or job applications	12
8927413067	Buckley v. Valeo	The government can set limits on campaign contributions to limit corruption in elections	13
8927473687	Gitlow v. New York	The courts used the "dangerous tendency" test to convict, said that a state may forbid both speech and publication if they have a tendency to result in action dangerous to public security	14
8927485688	Mapp v. Ohio	Evidence that is obtained illegally cannot be used in court	15
8927504424	Baker v. Carr	"One man, one vote." Ordered state legislative districts to be as near equal as possible in population, enabling federal courts to intervene in and to decide redistricting cases	16
8927514643	US v. Lopez	1990 Gun-Free School Zones Act unconstitutional for overstepping the congressional boundaries of the Commerce Clause. While Congress has authority under the Commerce Clause, the power was limited, and did not extend so far to authorize the regulation of the carrying of handguns, especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy	17
8927614359	Obergefell v. Hodges	Gay marriage was legalized in all 50 states. Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the right to marry as one of the fundamental liberties it protects, applies to same-sex couples the same as it does to opposite-sex couples	18
8927634159	Gonzales v. Raich	The commerce clause gave Congress authority to prohibit the local cultivation and use of marijuana, despite state law to the contrary	19

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Flashcards

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APE Vocabulary Flashcards

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7399685920	somnolent	sleepy, drowsy	0
7399688494	perfidious	disloyal, unfaithful	1
7399690465	vex	confuse, annoy	2
7399692697	brusque	short, abrupt, dismissive, rude	3
7399694893	decry	to criticize openly	4
7399696921	poltroon	a coward	5
7399700199	beseech	to ask urgently	6
7399700200	emulate	to follow an example	7
7399702890	lucid	clear, easily understood	8
7399705661	pernicious	having a harmful effect in a gradual way	9
7776191850	demure	quiet, modest, reserved	10
7776195189	ribald	coarse, vulgar, indecent in language	11
7776228573	equivocate	to avoid making an explicit statement, to hedge	12
7776231368	fastidious	demanding, having high standards	13
7776236491	fatuous	lacking intelligence, silly & pointless	14
7776240526	ubiquitous	being present everywhere at once	15
7776245073	enervate	weaken, deprive of force or strength	16
7776248857	dogmatic	expressing personal beliefs as if they were facts	17
7776252469	diffident	hesitant due to a lack of self-confidence, shy	18
7776257731	pejorative	expressing contempt, insult	19
7776261047	dilettante	a person with an interest but without commitment or knowledge	20
7776269634	solecism	grammatical mistake, breach of good manners	21
7776272905	rapacity	greedy, predatory	22
7776276933	irreverent	lacking proper respect or seriousness	23
7776281142	jocund	cheerful & lighthearted	24
7776281276	cajole	to coax, urge, or persuade with flattery	25
7776286860	prattle	to speak in a foolish manner, to babble	26
7776293683	affable	agreeable, warm, friendly	27
7776296457	auspicious	very favorable	28
7776299901	belie	to contradict or prove false	29
8018206696	tenuous	having little substance or strength, weak	30
8018207828	wanton	deliberate, sexually promiscuous	31
8018208866	bellwether	front sheep for slaughter; predictor	32
8018210481	bruit	spread report or rumor widely	33
8018211774	heyday	period of great success	34
8018213035	malady	disease or ailment	35
8018213884	recalcitrant	stubbornly resistant and defiant	36
8018215945	gaffe	a blunder, a clumsy social error	37
8018217102	anachronism	false assignment of something to the wrong time	38
8018218994	mitigate	to relieve, to lessen, to ease	39
8215657155	austere	having no ornamentation, bare	40
8215658303	covet	to strongly desire	41
8215661590	wizened	dry, shrunken, wrinkled	42
8215662617	discomfit	cause to lose one's composure	43
8215663425	wily	skilled in deception	44
8215664378	approbation	official approval	45
8215665169	clamor	a loud & confused noise	46
8215666080	puerile	displaying a lack of maturity	47
8215667357	bilk	cheat somebody out of what is due	48
8215667925	nadir	the lowest point of anything	49
8574427886	harangue	verbal attack; lengthy speech	50
8574432461	engender	cause, call forth, bring into existence	51
8574435809	renown	fame, condition of being known	52
8574438610	malaise	feeling of discomfort or uneasiness	53
8574446927	anomaly	deviation from the norm or expectations	54
8574450806	noisome	unpleasant, an offensive smell	55
8574453730	amok	wildly, without self-control	56
8574456150	melee	a confused fight, skirmish	57
8574459124	prolix	using too many words	58
8574461965	umbrage	anger caused by feeling offended	59
8858456130	denigrate	criticize unfairly, disparage	60
8858463934	mawkish	sentimental in a feeble way	61
8858470725	redoubtable	inspiring fear	62
8858474775	truculent	defiantly aggressive	63
8858479318	veracity	truthful, accurate	64
8858483431	surfeit	an excessive amount	65
8858486828	reprobate	an unprincipled person	66
8858496610	nebulous	vague, cloudy	67
8858499341	magnanimous	filled with generosity and forgiveness	68
8858503132	sardonic	mocking, stinging, taunting	69
9085406277	prosy	showing no imagination, common, dull	70
9085409512	espouse	adopt or support (cause, belief, way of life)	71
9085411402	onerous	great effort & difficulty that is oppressive	72
9085417763	zeitgesit	defining spirit or mood of a period shown by ideas/beliefs	73
9085427986	spurious	false, untrue	74
9085430210	prosaic	common, unromantic, lacking poetic beauty	75
9085433162	avouch	affirm or assert	76
9085435929	blaspheme	speak irreverently about God or sacred things	77
9085438892	brandish	wave or flourish as a threat	78
9085440963	hurly-burly	busy, boisterous	79
9314045806	compunction	a feeling of deep regret	80
9314047602	audacious	fearlessly, often recklessly daring	81
9314049870	dearth	scarcity or shortage of something	82
9314051879	wry	dry; clever & ironic humor	83
9314056849	querulous	habitually complaining	84
9314059832	exhort	to spur on or encourage with cheers	85
9314068133	intrepid	fearless, adventurous	86
9314072068	sagacious	having keen mental judgment & shrewdness	87
9314075810	surreptitious	keep secret	88
9314096399	Pragmatic	practical	89
9671492891	bravado	a bold manner intended to impress	90
9671495013	effusive	expressing feelings of pleasure	91
9671496897	lugubrious	looking or sounding sad	92
9671503260	mellifluous	sweet or musical, pleasant to hear	93
9671505311	pander	gratify or indulge	94
9671507738	egregious	outstandingly bad, shocking	95
9671513957	presumptuous	taking liberties, overstepping	96
9671516860	disaffected	discontented toward authority	97
9671519211	unorthodox	not ordinary or typical	98
10017951144	vacillate	alternate or waver	99
10017952402	rue	bitterly regret	100
10017953346	malign	evil in nature, speak critically	101
10017954806	ennui	dissatisfaction from a lack of excitement	102
10017960276	obsequious	obedient to a servile degree	103
10017962831	rancor	bitterness	104
10017978886	evocation	an imaginative recreation of something; calling forth	105
10018027378	upbraid	to express disapproval; scold	106
10018029645	odium	general hatred or disgust toward someone	107
10018031855	ignoble	not honorable in character or purpose	108
10018174851	chastise	rebuke or reprimand severely	109
10018178867	ardor	enthusiasm, passion	110
10018188977	fractious	irritable & quarrelsome	111
10018201608	disavow	deny responsibility or support for	112

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AP Stats - Sampling Design Flashcards

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9619889478	Simple Random Sample	Number, use a RNG to choose a certain number	0
9619893566	Cluster Random Sample	Divide into clusters, then use a RNG to choose an entire cluster	1
9619911436	Stratified Random Sample	Divide into strata, choose from EACH strata	2
9619927748	Systematic Random Sample	Everything nth	3
9620102442	Non Response	occurs when an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or refuses to cooperate	4
9620107384	Sampling Frame	a list of every individual in the population	5
9620114412	Question Wording Bias	wording can influence the answers that are given connotation of words use of big or technical words	6
9620119713	Response Bias	occurs when the behavior of respondent or interviewer causes bias in the sample wrong answers	7
9620119714	Undercoverage	some groups of population are left out of the selection process	8
9620123077	Convenience Sample	ask people who are easy to ask produces bias results	9
9620127608	Voluntary Response	people chose to respond usually only people with very strong opinions respond self selection	10
9620133129	Bias	a systematic error in measuring the estimate favors certain outcomes	11
9620136674	Multi-Stage Sample	select successively smaller groups within the population in stages SRS used at each stage	12

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APES #4 Flashcards

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8090717701	Impact	Drought, Snow Melt, Permafrost Melt, Sea Levels Increased, Extreme Weather, Threaten Biodiversity, Agriculture Decline, Health	0
8090719539	Positive feedback loop		1
8090721483	Why so tough to address		2
8090725450	Greenhouse gases	CO2, Methane, Nox gases	3
8090748174	Profile layers		4
8090748175	Silt	A mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks	5
8090748176	Clay	A natural, earthly material that retains its shape and hardens when fired	6
8090749689	Sand	the largest soil type consisting of grains of rock or coral	7
8090757130	Loam	A mixture of gravel, sand, silt, clay, and organic matter	8
8090757131	Leeching	The process of the soil losing its nutrients due to excess rain	9
8090757132	humus	Rich, dark organic material formed by decay of vegetable matter, essential to soil's fertility	10
8090786145	Evaporation	Liquid to gas	11
8090787358	Precipitation	Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.	12
8090789433	Transpiration	Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant	13
8090799213	Fixation	1) Nitrogen moving from atm into organic molecules	14
8090801638	Nitrification	2) chemical transformation of ammonia to nitrate	15
8090803954	Denitrification	3) Nitrate ions back to nitrogen gas from bacteria	16
8111532253	Ammonification	4) Chemical transformation during decomposition that creates ammonia	17
8111554192	O	Organic- mostly organic matter such as decomposing leaves . The ___ horizon is thin in some soils, thick in others, and missing in yet others	18
8111574525	A	topsoil- mostly minerals from parent material with little organic matter added. A good material for plants and other organisms. You can find lots of roots here.	19
8111641285	E	eluiviated horizon- Leached of clay, minerals, and organic matter, which makes the ___ horizon sandier and lighter in color then the A horizon above and the ___ horizon below. Often found in some older soils and forest soils	20
8111658820	B	Subsoil- Rich in minerals that leached from the A and E and accumulated here. Not present in all soils.	21
8111666499	C	Parent- The deposit at Earth's surface from which the soil developed.	22
8111678597	R	Bedrock- A mass of rock that forms the parent material for some soils if the bedrock is close enough to the surface to weather	23
8111720513	Water cycle		24
8111725131	Carbon Cycle		25
8111730706	Nitrogen Cycle		26
8111737126	Phosphorus Cycle		27
8111741517	Sulfur Cycle		28
8112458502	Water Cycle	SINK : ocean -precipitation -condensation -evaporation -transpiration -infiltration -runoff	29
8112462516	Carbon Cycle	SINK : Ocean , Forest Soil -photosynthesis -respiration -decomposition -combustion	30
8112464954	Nitrogen Cycle	SINK : atmosphere -nitrogen fixation -nitrification -assimilation -ammonification -denitrification	31
8112467862	Phosphorus Cycle	SINKS: Marine sed, Plants -weathering of rocks -assimilation -decomposition -mineralization -runoff	32
8112470346	CC Impacts	1. suns output of energy, meteorites - dust in atmosphere 2. earths orbit around sun 3. global air circulation 4. global ice cover 5. concentration of gas in atmosphere 6. ocean current changes 7. temp and precipitation	33
8112474821	Address CC	-because it is a world wide problem -problem is long term political issue -proplems not evenly spread out in areas so people don't want to work on something that is not their problem -many proposed solutions are controversial	34
8112478217	Cloud effect on CC	- warmer temps increase evaporation of surface water and create more clouds which can cool or warm atmosphere - increase in thick and cont. cumulus clouds at low altitudes could decrease warming by reflecting more sunlight back into space - increase in thin wispy, cirrus clouds at high altitudes could increase the warming of lower atmosphere by preventing more heat from escaping into space	35
8112482740	Drought	-increase in temp will increase evaporation and not as much precipitation -come caused by EL NINO southern Oscillations - alter pacific ocean currents for bout 2 years EFFECTS 1. decrease in growth of trees and plants which reduces removal of CO2 in atmosphere	36
8112484811	Polar Regions	-effected the most by climate change -lack of light snow is causing more solar energy to be absorbed - causes atm above the polar to warm faster -this cause more ice to melt -this causes more warming = positive feedback loop	37
8112490218	CC will determine	-where food and how much is grown -where increase drought/floods -where people and wildlife live	38
8112492125	Permafrost	-if permafrost is melted, large amounts of methane and CO2 will be released into the atmosphere -will caused more warming of atmosphere which caused more permafrost to be melted = positive feedback loop	39
8112494822	Sea Levels	-rising sea level is due to the warming and melting of land - baed ice -destroy coasts, wetlands and reefs -increase flooding and erosion of land = cause displacement	40
8112498735	Reduce CC	1. act to slow it 2. reduce harmful effects 3. suffer 4. cut carbon emissions 5. make international policy 6. prevention	41
8112501700	Cleanup solutions	-increase tree planting -preserve and restore natural forests -seed oceans w/ iron to promote algae and photosynthesis -remove CO2 from smokestacks	42
8112503740	Sand	largest, marble size, high porosity - water can go through	43
8112505600	Silt	Medium	44
8112507330	Clay	smallest, low porosity - water can't go through so they clump together	45
8112509231	Layers	-O- Organic material/humus -A- topsoil -E-Eluviated horizon -B-Subsoil -C- Parent materials -R- Bedrock (Oliver A eat breakfast cereal right)	46
8112510711	Loam	Soil composed mostly of sand	47

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ap Flashcards

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6383589810	in, il, im	into	0
6383591455	infra	beneath	1
6383591456	inter	between	2
6383593267	intra	within	3
6383594861	intro	into, inward	4
6383603999	sent, sens	feel	5
6383606997	sequ, sect, sue	follow	6
6383606998	serv	save, serve	7
6383609425	sign, signi	sign, mark, seal	8
6383611480	simil, simul	like, resembling	9
6383615023	sist, sta, stit	stand	10
6383615024	solus	alone	11
6383617586	solv, solu	loosen	12
6383619477	somnus	sleep	13
6383619478	soph	wise	14
6383623141	spec, spect, spic	look	15
6383623142	sphere	ball, sphere	16
6383624312	spir	breath	17
6383626354	string, strict	draw tight	18
6383629560	stu, struct	build	19
6383629568	sume, sump	take, use, waste	20
6383632065	tact, tang, tag, tig, ting	touch	21
6383632066	tele	far	22
6383634052	tempo	time	23
6383635910	ten, tin, tain	hold	24
6383638126	tend, tent, tens	stretch, strain	25
6383639982	terra	earth	26
6383639983	test	to bear witness	27
6383641853	the, theo	God, a god	28
6383644139	therm	heat	29

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pre ap Plate Tectonics Flashcards

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8935711988	divergent	At a __________ plate boundary new crust is created as two or more plates pull away from each other.	0
8935711989	Oceans	__________ can be created or grow wider where plates diverge or pull apart.	1
8935711990	Mid-Ocean Ridge	The __________-__________ __________ is an example of a divergent boundary.	2
8935711991	rift	When a divergent boundary occurs on land a __________, or separation, will arise and over time, that mass of land will break between them.	3
8935711992	Great Rift Valley	The __________ __________ __________ is an example of a rift where land between two continents are being pulled apart.	4
8935711993	mountain	Convergent boundaries can form underwater __________ ranges.	5
8935711994	earthquakes	Divergent boundaries can cause shallow __________.	6
8935711995	seafloor	Divergent boundaries can create new __________.	7
8935711996	wider	Divergent boundaries cause oceans to grow __________.	8
8935711997	oceanic	On our planet oceanic plates collide with other __________ plates.	9
8935711998	subduct	When oceanic plates collide, one of those plates will __________ (go beneath the other).	10
8935711999	denser	When plates collide the plate that is __________ will subduct (go beneath the other).	11
8935712000	trench	When oceanic plates collide with continental plates a __________ will form between the two plates.	12
8935712001	mountains	When two continental plates collide large __________ will usually form.	13
8935712002	Himalayan	The __________ mountain range was formed from the collision of the Indian plate colliding into the Eurasian plate.	14
8935712003	oceanic, continental	A collision between an oceanic plate and a continental plate pushes the __________ plate into and under the __________ plate.	15
8935712004	subduction	When a collision between an oceanic plate and a continental plate pushes the oceanic plate into and under the continental plate __________ takes place.	16
8935712005	transform	A __________ boundary occurs when two tectonic plates slide past each other.	17
8935712006	convergent	A __________ boundary occurs when two tectonic plates collide into each other.	18
8935712007	created, destroyed	At a transform boundary (fault) land is neither __________ or __________, only moved.	19
8935712008	transform	The San Andreas Fault in California is a __________ plate boundary.	20
8935712009	earthquakes	Transform boundaries (faults) cause __________.	21
8935712010	convergent plate boundaries	Areas where plates move toward each other and collide, causing uplift.	22
8935712011	divergent plate boundaries	Areas where plates move away from each other, forming either mid oceanic ridges or rift valleys.	23
8935712012	transform plate boundaries	Areas where two plates grind past each other resulting in faults such as the San Andreas Fault. Earthquakes often occur at fault lines.	24
8935712013	subduction zone	A __________ __________ is a convergent boundary where an oceanic plate is pushed beneath a continental plate forming a trench. The oceanic crust melts resulting in the formation of volcanoes.	25
8935712014	volcano	When oceanic crust melts it can result in the formation of a __________.	26
8935712015	trench	A deep depression of the sea floor caused by the subduction of one plate under another.	27
8935712016	rift valley	A large valley shaped area of the Earth in which plates of the Earth's crust are moving away from each other, forming a system of cracks and faults.	28
8935712017	oceanic ridges	Underwater mountain ranges where the crust is spreading apart creating new ocean floor.	29
8935712018	Ring of fire	An area where volcanoes are concentrated on the edges of continents, along island chains or beneath the sea forming long mountain ranges. More than half of the world's active volcanoes above sea level encircle the Pacific Ocean.	30
8935712019	convection currents	Movements within Earth's mantle that causes tectonic plates to collide, separate, or slide past each other are called __________ __________.	31
8935712020	convection currents	Large __________ __________ in the asthenosphere transfer heat to the surface, where plumes of less dense magma break apart the plates at the spreading centers, creating divergent plate boundaries.	32
8935712021	asthensophere	Large convection currents in the ____________________ transfer heat to the surface, where plumes of less dense magma break apart the plates at the spreading centers, creating divergent plate boundaries.	33
8935712022	tectonic plates	What does this picture show?	34
8935712023	transform	Look at the picture "Plate Tectonic Features". What is number two?	35
8935712024	divergent	Look at the picture "Plate Tectonic Features". What is number three?	36
8935712025	convergent	Look at the picture "Plate Tectonic Features". What is number four?	37
8935712026	oceanic crust	Look at the picture "Plate Tectonic Features". What is number five?	38
8935712027	lithosphere	Look at the picture "Plate Tectonic Features". What is number six?	39
8935712028	magma	Look at the picture "Plate Tectonic Features". What is number seven?	40
8935712029	asthenosphere	Look at the picture "Plate Tectonic Features". What is number eight?	41
8935712030	subduction zone	Look at the picture "Plate Tectonic Features". What is number nine?	42
8935712031	oceanic	Look at the picture "Plate Tectonic Features". What is number ten?	43
8935712032	mid-ocean ridge	Which of these landforms would MOST likely be found at a divergent boundary? fault line mid-ocean ridge volcanic island mountain	44
8935712033	Alfred Wegener	Which scientist is credited for first proposing Plate Tectonics Theory? Albert Einstein Alfred Wegener Abraham Ortelius Harry Hess	45
8935712034	South America and Africa	Which two continents did Alfred Wegener think looked like they fit together like puzzle pieces? North America and South America Europe and Africa North America and Europe South America and Africa	46
8935712035	mountain	Which of these landforms is MOST likely to be found at a convergent boundary? fault line mid-oceanic ridge mountain rift valley	47
8935712036	convergent plate boundary	The Ring of Fire has formed a volcanic island chain in the Pacific Ocean. What has caused this to happen? convergent plate boundary divergent plate boundary transform plate boundary mantle hot spot	48
8935712037	asthenosphere	Scientists believe that convection currents in the __________ is responsible for the movement of the plates that form the Earth's crust. asthenosphere lithosphere inner core outer core	49
8935712038	where two plates are moving away from each other in opposite directions	The MOST recently formed crust of the Earth would be found... where plates moving sideways passed each other where one plate is going under another plate where two plates are pushing directly toward each other where two plates are moving away from each other in opposite directions	50
8935712039	The Atlantic Ocean did not exist in earlier times.	Alfred Wegener noted that fossils from a particular type of reptile were found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Which of the following would be the BEST explanation of how this occurred? They swam across the ocean. The Atlantic Ocean did not exist in earlier times. They walked across a giant land bridge that has weathered away. They walked across an ice bridge located near the equator.	51
8935712040	I	Where would the ocean floor be the oldest? I, II, III, or IV	52
8935712041	IV	Where would the youngest ocean floor be found? I, II, III, or IV	53
8935712042	A	Which area on the terrain would show an area with a convergent plate boundary? A, B, C, or D	54
8935712043	D	Which area on the terrain above would show an area with a divergent plate boundary? A, B, C, or D	55
8935712044	oceanic	Which type of crust is denser, oceanic or continental?	56
8935712045	inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere	List the layers of the Earth in order from inside to outside.	57
8935712046	asthenosphere	The upper mantle?	58
8935712047	mesosphere	The lower mantle?	59
8935712048	lithosphere	The crust and upper most part of the mantle?	60
8935712049	core	Generates Earth's heat?	61
8935712050	heat generated by the Earth's core	Causes convection currents in the mantle?	62
8935712051	magma	Molten rock inside the Earth?	63
8935712052	lava	Magma is called __________ once it spills out onto the Earth's surface.	64
8935712053	convection	What do you call the process of hot rock rising, cooling, and then sinking?	65

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AP Flashcards

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6386521209	CARPer	Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program with Reforms	0
6386521210	CLASP	Communty Livelihood Assistance Program	1
6386521211	CBFM	Community-based Forest Management	2
6386521215	DTI	Department of Trade & Industry	3
6386521216	MSME	Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises	4
6386521217	TESDA	Technical Education & Skills Development Authority	5
6386521218	IPP	Investment Priorities Plan	6
6386521219	BPO	Business Process Outsourcing	7
6386521220	IT	Information Technology	8
6386521221	IMF	International Monetary Fund	9
6386521222	PRIME	Philippines Response to Indigenous Peoples & Muslim Education	10
6386521223	FSAP	Financial Sector Assessment Program	11

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Ap Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6694113484	Sensation	The bottom-up processes by which iur senses, like vision, hearing and smell, recieve and relay outside stimuli	0
6694113485	Perception	The top-down way our brains organize and interpret information and put it into context	1
6694233756	Signal detection theory	Model for predicting how and when a person will detect weak stimuli, partly based on a context	2
6694233757	Diference threshold	...	3
6694233758	Higher amplitude - higher intensity	Yez	4
6694233759	Light into eye	Cornea, pupil, lens, retina,nerve impulse	5
6694233760	Rods/cones	Rodes - noncolour vision of low light, cones - sharpness and colour vision	6
6696014226	Trichromatic theory	Proposes 3 types of cones - red, blue and green	7
6696014227	Opponent process theory	Proposes 4 colours with cones arranged in pairs - red and green, blue and yellow	8
6696014228	Monochrome colour blindess	People either dont have cones or they dont work	9
6696014229	Red-green colour vision	Either red or green cones aren't working	10
6696014230	Sound	Moves in wawes	11
6696014231	Ear	Outer, middle, inner	12
6696014232	Sensory interaction	Synesthesia - sense impression of one sense due to stimulation of another sense	13
6696014233	Kinesthesis	The way our body senses its own movement and positioning	14
6696014234	Vestibular sense	Monitors your head's position and balance	15
6696014235	Proximity	Grouping objects (many football players - group)	16
6711385539	Continuity		17
6711385540	Closure		18
6711385541	Depth perception	3d vision	19
6711385542	Binocular cues	Depends on using 2 eyes	20
6711385543	Monocular cues	Depth cues such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone	21
6711385544	Selective attention	Focusing on chosen stimuli	22
6711385545	Sleep	Natural loss of conciusness	23
6711385546	Insomnia	Problem falling staying asleep	24
6711385547	Narcolepsy	Untrollable sleep attacks	25
6711385548	Sleep apnea	Stopping breathing during sleep	26
6711385549	The information processing theory	Our dreams help us sort out and process the day's events	27
6711385550	Physiological function theory	Dreaming may promote neural development and preserve neural pathways	28
6711385551	medulla	forms the lowest part of the brain, is responsible for mantaining life-sustaining functions such as breathing, heart rate, swallowing	29
6717796223	pons	responsible for arousal, sleep, dreaming, left and right body coordination	30
6717796224	reticular formation	responsible for selective attention	31
6717796225	reticular formating system	responsible for keeping us aroused	32
6717796226	cerebullum	responsible for voluntary movement	33
6717796227	limbic system	hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala	34
6717796228	thalamus	responsible for processing sensory information	35
6717796229	hypothalamus	responsible for hunger, thirst, sleeping, waking, temperature	36
6717796230	hipppcampus	responsible for formation of longterm memories	37
6717796231	amygdala	responsible for fear response and memory of fear	38
6717796232	basal ganglia	responsible for planning and initiating movement	39
6717796233	cortex is divided into	cerebral hemispheres (the left and right side of the brain)	40
6717796234	corpus callosum	allows the left and right hemisphere to communicate between each other	41
6717796235	occipital lobe	processes in primary visual cortex, makes sense out of in visual association cortex	42
6717796236	parietal lobe	somatosensory cortex makes sense out of information from skin and internal body receptors	43
6717796237	temporal lobe	primqry auditory cortex and auditory association cortex	44
6717796238	frontal lobe	Part of the brain associated with motor control, decision making, and long-term memory storage, personality and planing	45
6717796239	Broca's area	-language production - movements of the mouth damage - understands the language but has inability speak	46
6717796240	Wernicke's area	understanding language and using words to describe what we mean. damage causes normal speech but inability to understand the speech of others	47
6717796241	Spatial neglect	condition caused by the damage of the association are in right hemisphere resulting in an inability to respond to objects or body parts in the left visual field	48
6717796242	the piturary gland	below hypothalamus, controls glanduar system. influences pregnancy and growth hormone	49
6717796243	pineal gland	secretes melatonin which responds to daylight and seasonal changes (sleep/wake cycle)	50
6717796244	thyroid gland	endocrine gland located below the voice box; it produces hormones which control metabolism	51
6717796245	Pancrease	organ under the stomach -produces insulin and enzymes - blood sugar	52
6717796246	the gonads	consist of the ovaries and testes.	53
6717796247	The adrenal glands	consists of adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex	54
6717796248	synesthesia	a condition in which people experience cross-modal sensations	55
6717796249	Transduction	convertion of outside stimuli into neural activity	56
6717796250	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time	57
6717796251	Weber's Law	being able to differentiate 2% difference	58
6717796252	subliminal perception	a stimulus below the level of the consumer's awareness	59
6717796253	light	3 aspects- brightness, hue, saturation	60
6717796254	trichromatic theory	proposes 3 types of cones - red, blue and green	61
6717796255	opponent processing theory	proposes 2 primary pairs of cones arranged in pairs - red and green, blue and yellow	62
6717796256	Monochrome Color Blindness	people either don't have cones or they dont work	63
6717796257	Red-green color blindness	either red or green cones aren't working	64
6717796258	sound	properties - wavelength, amplitude and purity	65
6720820824	Pacinian corpuscles	respond to deep pressure and vibration	66
6720820825	free nerve endings	respond to pain and temperature	67
6720820826	visceral pain	receptors that detect pain in internal organs	68
6720820827	somatic pain	warning system that something is wrong	69
6720820828	kinesthetic sense	location of body parts	70
6720820829	vestibular sense	movement and body position.	71
6720820830	sensory conflict theory	information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular system	72
6720820831	top-down processing	the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole	73
6720820832	bottom-down processing	the analysis of smaller features to build up a complete perception	74
6720820833	Precognition	perceiving future events	75

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9646905154	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9646905155	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9646905156	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9646905157	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9646905158	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9646905159	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9646905160	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9646905161	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9646905162	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9646905163	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9646905164	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9646905165	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9646905166	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9646905167	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9646905168	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9646905169	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9646905170	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9646905171	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9646905172	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9646905173	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9646905174	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9646905175	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9646905176	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9646905177	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9646905178	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9646905179	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9646905180	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9646905181	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9646905182	theory	general idea being tested	28
9646905183	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9646905184	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9646905185	mode	appears the most	31
9646905186	mean	average	32
9646905187	median	middle	33
9646905188	range	highest - lowest	34
9646905189	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9646905190	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9646905191	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9646905192	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9646905193	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9646905194	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9646905195	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9646905196	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9646905389	neuron		43
9646905197	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9646905198	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9646905199	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9646905200	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9646905201	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9646905202	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9646905203	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9646905204	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9646905205	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9646905206	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9646905207	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9646905208	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9646905209	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9646905210	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9646905211	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9646905212	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9646905213	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9646905214	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9646905215	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9646905216	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9646905217	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9646905218	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9646905219	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9646905220	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9646905221	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9646905222	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9646905223	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9646905224	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9646905225	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9646905226	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9646905227	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9646905228	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9646905229	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9646905230	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9646905231	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9646905232	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9646905233	occipital lobe	vision	80
9646905234	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9646905235	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9646905236	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9646905237	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9646905238	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9646905239	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9646905240	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9646905241	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9646905242	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9646905243	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9646905244	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9646905245	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9646905246	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9646905247	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9646905248	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9646905249	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9646905250	rods	night time	97
9646905251	cones	color	98
9646905252	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9646905253	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9646905254	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9646905255	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9646905256	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9646905257	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9646905258	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9646905259	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9646905260	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9646905261	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9646905262	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9646905263	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9646905264	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9646905265	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9646905266	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9646905267	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9646905268	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9646905269	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9646905270	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9646905271	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9646905272	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9646905273	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9646905274	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9646905275	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9646905276	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9646905277	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9646905278	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9646905279	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9646905280	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9646905281	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9646905282	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9646905283	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9646905284	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9646905285	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9646905286	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9646905287	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9646905288	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9646905289	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9646905290	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9646905291	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9646905292	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9646905293	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9646905294	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9646905295	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9646905296	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9646905297	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9646905298	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9646905299	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9646905300	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9646905301	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9646905302	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9646905303	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9646905304	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9646905305	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9646905306	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9646905307	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9646905308	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9646905309	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9646905310	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9646905311	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9646905312	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9646905313	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9646905314	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9646905315	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9646905316	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9646905317	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9646905318	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9646905319	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9646905320	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9646905321	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9646905322	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9646905323	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9646905324	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9646905325	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9646905326	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9646905327	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9646905328	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9646905329	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9646905330	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9646905331	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9646905332	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9646905333	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9646905334	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9646905335	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9646905336	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9646905337	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9646905338	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9646905339	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9646905340	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9646905341	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9646905342	encoding	information going in	189
9646905343	storage	keeping information in	190
9646905344	retrieval	taking information out	191
9646905345	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9646905346	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9646905347	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9646905348	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9646905349	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9646905350	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9646905351	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9646905352	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9646905353	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9646905354	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9646905355	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9646905356	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9646905357	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9646905358	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9646905359	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9646905360	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9646905361	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9646905362	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9646905363	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9646905364	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9646905365	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9646905366	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9646905367	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9646905368	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9646905369	context	environment helps with memory	216
9646905370	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9646905371	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9646905372	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9646905373	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9646905374	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9646905375	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9646905376	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9646905377	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9646905378	prototypes	generalize	225
9646905379	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9646905380	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9646905381	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9646905382	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9646905383	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9646905384	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9646905385	grammar is _________	universal	232
9646905386	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9646905387	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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