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Deutsch V-AP Reisen Flashcards

5599238948	abreisen	to depart	0
5599238949	ankommen	to arrive	1
5599363070	einsteigen	to get on	2
5599363071	aussteigen	to get off	3
5599363072	umsteigen	to transfer	4
5599238951	buchen	to book	5
5599238952	etwas erleben	to experience something	6
5599462830	bestätigen	to confirm	7
5599341103	s. erinnern an	to remind	8
5599387603	s. wohl fühlen	to feel comfortable/well	9
5599378670	angenehm	comfortable/enjoyable	10
5599311784	der Flughafen	airport	11
5607004830	das Reiseziel	travel destination	12
5599314120	die Pension	bed and breakfast	13
5624445315	die Schlüssel	keys	14
5599316356	der Gasthof	restaurant, inn	15
5599238953	die Fahrkarte	ticket	16
5599238954	der Feiertag	holiday	17
5599238955	die Ferien	vacation from school	18
5599682554	die Sehenswürdigkeit	sight	19
5599840911	die Ausstellung	exhibit	20
5599853915	am Strand	on the beach	21
5599690277	anstrengend	tiring	22
5599693327	aufgeregt	excited	23
5599238956	fremd	foreign	24
5599834244	bummeln	to stroll	25
5599238958	die Gelegenheit	opportunity	26
5599238959	der Ruf	reputation	27
5599238960	die Speise	dish (food)	28
5599238961	übernachten	to stay overnight	29
5599238962	der Pass	passport	30
5599263277	der Ausweis	identification card	31
5599238963	das Reisebüro	travel agency	32
5599238964	reisen	to travel	33
5599238965	die Umfrage	questionnaire	34
5599238966	die Unterkunft	accomodation	35
5599333939	die Jugendherberge	youth hostel	36
5599238967	der Urlaub	vacation (from work)	37
5599238968	verreissen	to travel	38
5599238969	Zeit verbringen	to spend time	39
5599274903	das Andenken	souvenir	40
5599274904	das Mitbringsel	the small gift, souvenir	41
5599286191	kitschig	tacky	42
5625573241	gemütlich	cozy	43
5599289888	günstig	inexpensive	44
5599238970	die Vorfahren	ancestors	45
5599238971	spazieren	to stroll, walk	46

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AP Vocabulary List 15 Flashcards

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5986962983	confound	to perplex or amaze; to throw into confusion or disorder	0
5986962984	curate	any ecclesiast entrusted with the cure of souls; to take charge or organize	1
5986964146	ethereal	light, airy, tenuous; heavenly or celestial	2
5986964147	gambol	to skip about, as in dancing or playing; frolic	3
5986965766	mutability	liable or subject to change; fickle or inconstant	4
5986965767	nascent	beginning to exist or develop	5
5986965768	nonplused	perplexed; puzzled completely	6
5986967216	pedantic	ostentatious in one's learning; overly concerned with minute details	7
5986967217	quail	to lose heart or courage in difficulty or danger; shrink with fear	8
5986969471	rhetorical	used for, belonging to, or concerned with mere style or effect	9

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AP Psychology - Development Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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6578463064	Developmental Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.	0
6578463065	Zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.	1
6578463066	Embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.	2
6578463067	Fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.	3
6578463068	Teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	4
6578463069	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.	5
6578463070	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	6
6578463071	Assimilation	interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.	7
6578463072	Accommodation	Development - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.	8
6578463073	Sensorimotor Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.	9
6578463074	Object Permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.	10
6578463075	Preoperational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.	11
6578463076	Conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.	12
6578463077	Egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	13
6578463078	Theory of Mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.	14
6578463079	Concrete Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.	15
6578463080	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.	16
6578463081	Autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.	17
6578463082	Attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.	18
6578463083	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.	19
6578463084	Temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.	20
6578463085	Gender Typing	the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.	21
6578463086	Social Learning Theory	the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.	22
6578463087	Identity	our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.	23
6578463088	Social Identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.	24
6578463089	Intimacy	in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.	25
6578463090	Emerging Adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.	26
6578463091	Longitudinal Study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.	27
6578463092	Crystallized Intelligence	our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.	28
6578463093	Fluid Intelligence	our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.	29
6578463094	Social Clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.	30

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AP Biology: Cell Signaling Flashcards

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8454851014	Short Distance Signaling	Messenger molecules are involved in local signaling that travel only short distances	0
8454851015	Synaptic Signaling	A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell	1
8454851016	Endocrine Signaling	endocrine cells secrete hormones, which travel via the circulatory system to other parts of the body, where they reach target cells	2
8454851017	Reception	The target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell; involves the binding of the signaling molecule to a receptor protein	3
8454851018	Transduction	A step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response	4
8454851019	Signal Transduction Pathway	A sequence of changes in a series of different molecules during transduction	5
8454851020	Response	The transduced signal triggers a specific change in cellular activity	6
8454851021	Ligand	A molecule that specifically binds to a receptor based on complementary shape and causes a change in shape of the receptor	7
8454851022	Examples of Transmembrane Receptors	G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels	8
8454851023	Ligand-gated Ion Channel	A membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" for ions when the receptor assumes a certain shape	9
8454851024	Testosterone	A steroid hormone that passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor within the cytoplasm and turns on specific genes that control male sex characteristics	10
8454851025	Transcription Factor	Special proteins that control which genes are turned on (transcribed into mRNA) in a particular cell at a particular time	11
8454851026	Protein Kinases	Enzymes involved in phosphorylation cascades that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins; addition of phosphates activates the protein	12
8454851027	Second Messengers	Small, nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions involved in a signaling pathway; examples include cAMP and calcium ions	13
8454851028	cAMP	Cyclic AMP; a second messenger that is activated by adenylyl cyclase	14
8454851029	Cell Signaling Disruptors	Diabetes, neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides, cholera, anthrax, antihistimines	15
8454851030	Diabetes	The ligand insulin is not produced (Type 1) or the insulin receptor does not bind to the ligand (Type 2)	16
8454851031	Acetylcholine	Neurotransmitter that produces an impulse in a muscle cell	17
8454851032	botulism toxin (botox)	A toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine, preventing muscular contraction	18
8454851033	anti depressants	drugs that increase the availability of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine , which elevate arousal and mood and appear scarce during depression	19
8454851034	Epinephrine	An example of a chemical messenger (ligand) that binds to a transmembrane receptor (GPCR) and signals the breakdown of glycogen into glucose	20
8454851035	direct contact signaling	Direct signaling can occur by transferring signaling molecules across gap junctions or plasmodesmata between neighboring cells	21
8454851036	neurotransmitter	Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.	22
8454851037	glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	23
8454851038	glucagon	A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.	24
8454851039	insulin	A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues	25
8454851040	amplification	The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.	26
8454851041	myelin sheath	a fatty covering around the axon of neurons that speeds the neural impulse	27
8454851042	resting potential	when the outside of the neuron has a net positive charge and the inside of the neuron has a next negative charge	28
8454851043	action potential	A momentary reversal in electrical potential across a neural membrane that occurs when a cell has been activated by a stimulus.	29
8454851044	sodium potassium pump	Process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron.	30
8454851045	sodium channel protein	opens to allow Na+ to enter the neuron during depolarization	31
8454851046	occipital lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information	32
8454851047	hypothalamus	A portion of the forebrain that controls homeostatic and endocrine functions by controlling the release of pituitary hormones.	33
8454851048	pituitary gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.	34

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AP Biology [Practice AP Exam] 2 Flashcards

Taken directly from an AP Bio Test Practice Material as well as answer key.

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9664294809	[D] interactions between amino acids present in the polypeptide.	[2] The tertiary structure and function of a polypeptide is principally determined by the: ----------------------------------------------- [A] length of the polypeptide. [B] number of nucleotides present in the polypeptide. [C] repeated units of glycerol making up the polypeptide. [D] interactions between amino acids present in the polypeptide. [E] number of introns within the polypeptide.	0
9664294810	[B] Two	[3] In a species that has five different alleles for a gene at a particular locus, how many different alleles may be present in the somatic cells of one diploid individual? ----------------------------------------------- [A] One [B] Two [C] Three [D] Four [E] Five	1
9664294811	[C] swell and lyse	[4] If red blood cells cultured in an isotonic medium are placed in distilled water, they will most likely: ----------------------------------------------- [A] remain unchanged [B] shrivel [C] swell and lyse [D] divide [E] become dormant	2
9664294812	[A] A triglyceride	[7] Metabolism of which the following molecules results in the greatest net usable energy per gram? ----------------------------------------------- [A] A triglyceride [B] A tripetide [C] An alpha-linked disaccharide [D] A beta-linked disaccharide [E] An anabolic steriod	3
9664294813	[B] rough endoplasmic reticulum	[8] Cells that make up salivary glands would be expected to contain a relatively large amount of: ----------------------------------------------- [A] smooth endoplasmic reticulum [B] rough endoplasmic reticulum [C] genetic material [D] lipids [E] peroxisomes	4
9664294814	[C] Prokaryotes are structurally less complex than eukaryotes are.	[9] Which of the following characteristics distinguishes prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic organisms? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Prokaryotes are unicellular, while all eukaryotes are multicellular. [B] Prokaryotes are aquatic, while eukaryotes are terrestrial. [C] Prokaryotes are structurally less complex than eukaryotes are. [D] Prokaryotes require a host to replicate, while eukaryotes do not. [E] Prokaryotes lack a cell membrane, while eukaryotes do not.	5
9664294815	[C] The inhibitor binds to the enzyme but not at its active site.	[16] Which of the following best describes allosteric inhibition of an enzyme? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The inhibitor binds to the mRNA to prevent translation of the enzyme. [B] The inhibitor binds to the enzyme substrate. [C] The inhibitor binds to the enzyme but not at its active site. [D] The inhibitor binds to the enzyme at its active site. [E] the inhibitor binds to the gene that encodes for the enzyme.	6
9664294816	[A] Lysosome . . lipid hydrolysis	[17] Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Lysosome . . hydrolysis [B] Nucleolus . . protein synthesis [C] Ribosome . . carbohydrate synthesis [D] Mitochondrion . . Calvin cycle [E] Endoplasmic reticulum . . transcription	7
9664294817	[E] Rough endoplasmic reticulum --> Golgi complex --> vesicle --> plasma membrane	[22] A protein is synthesized and transported to the plasma membrane. Which of the following summarizes the protein's pathway in the cell? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Smooth endoplasmic reticulum --> nucleus --> vesicle --> plasma membrane [B] Plastid --> rough endoplasmic reticulum --> plasma membrane [C] Nucleus --> vesicle --> rough endoplasmic reticulum --> plasma membrane [D] Smooth endoplasmic reticulum --> microfilament --> vesicle --> plasma membrane [E] Rough endoplasmic reticulum --> Golgi complex --> vesicle --> plasma membrane	8
9664294818	[A] Plant cell mitochondria consume oxygen by aerobic respiration.	[28] A scientist studying the oxygen concentration in sealed chambers containing cultured plant cells finds that when the chambers are illuminated, the concentration of oxygen increases. However, when the chambers are kept in the dark, the concentration of oxygen decreases. Why does the oxygen concentration decrease when the chamber is kept in the dark? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Plant cell mitochondria consume oxygen by aerobic respiration. [B] Plant cell chloroplasts run the photosynthetic pathways backward to consume oxygen. [C] Plant cell chloroplasts switch their structure and function and become mitochondria. [D] The chambers must not be properly sealed, so that oxygen is leaking out. [E] The cultures in the chambers must be contaminated with some animal cells, since only animal cells consume oxygen.	9
9664294819	[D] Atoms --> molecules --> cells --> organisms --> ecosystems	[31] Which of the following statements most correctly represents the organization of living systems from smallest to largest? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Molecules --> organs --> cells --> organisms [B] Cells --> tissues --> molecules --> ecosystems --> communities [C] Organisms --> molecules --> cells --> atoms [D] Atoms --> molecules --> cells --> organisms --> ecosystems [E] Organs --> plants --> animals --> cells	10
9664294820	[C] Ribosome	[66] Site of protein synthesis [Match] ----------------------------------------------- [A] Nonsense codon [B] Anticodon [C] Ribosome [D] Exon [E] Poly-A tail	11
9664294821	[B] 6	[77] After 10 days, the distilled water culture dish has approximately how many duckweed plants? ----------------------------------------------- [A] 3 [B] 6 [C] 9 [D] 12 [E] 15	12
9664294822	[C] 1 plant per 3 days	[78] In pond water, the duckweed population grows at an average rate of: ----------------------------------------------- [A] 1 plant per day [B] 2 plants per day [C] 1 plant per 3 days [D] 3 plants per day [E] 9 plants per 15 days	13
9664294823	[E] N-P-K fertilizer solution	[79] Duckweed vegetatively reproduced at the fastest rate in: ----------------------------------------------- [A] pond water [B] nitrate-enriched distilled water [C] pond water with added chlorophyll [D] distilled water [E] N-P-K fertilizer solution	14
9664294824	[D] An increase in light intensity	[80] Under which of the following additional conditions would the duckweed population be most likely to grow faster? ----------------------------------------------- [A] Oxygen gas bubbled through the culture dishes [B] The addition of an organism that eats duckweed [C] The addition of distilled water to every culture dish [D] An increase in light intensity [E] The addition of glucose to the culture medium	15
9664294825	[C] The highest rate of carbon dioxide uptake occurs near the end of the dark period.	[81] Which of the following is consistent with the data? ----------------------------------------------- [A] The highest rate of carbon dioxide uptake occurs at the beginning of the light period. [B] The highest rate of carbon dioxide uptake occurs at the beginning of the dark period. [C] The highest rate of carbon dioxide uptake occurs near the end of the dark period. [D] The highest starch concentration occurs at the beginning of the light period. [E] The lowest starch concentration occurs at the end of the light period.	16
9664993681	Would you like to go to the Prom with me?	Yes or No	17

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AP Psychology Unit 7 Flashcards

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6360428671	Developmental Psychology	deals with the ways that personality, cognitive ability, and behavior change during somebody's life span	0
6360428672	Habituation	diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus	1
6360430593	Cross-sectional research	people of different ages are examined at the same time	2
6360433621	Longitudinal research	looking at variables over the course of many years	3
6360433622	Teratogens	anything that can disrupt the development of an embryo or fetus in a pregnant mother's womb	4
6360435199	Self-concept	individual's belief about himself or herself	5
6360435200	Harry-Harlow	experimented with monkeys and separation	6
6360437559	Secure-Attachments	shows minimal distress when a caregiver leaves them alone	7
6360437567	Avoidant Attachments	insecure attachment whereby infants do not seek proximity to their parent after separation	8
6360441024	Anxious/Ambivalent attachments	when the infant feels separation anxiety when separated from the caregiver and does not feel reassured when the caregiver returns to the infant	9
6360441025	Authoritarian Parents	characterized by high demands and low responsiveness	10
6360443202	Permissive Parents	characterized by low demands with high responsiveness	11
6360443203	Authoritative Parents	characterized by reasonable demands and high responsiveness	12
6360444990	Jean Piaget	famous for theories on cognitive development in children	13
6360444991	Erik Erikson	created the Psychosocial Stages of Development	14
6360447459	Social learning theory	States that social behavior is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others	15
6360447460	Schema	cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information	16
6360447461	Assimilation	take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing idea	17
6360450021	Accomodation	altering one's existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences	18
6360450022	Sensorimotor Stage	From birth to age 2, children learn to coordinate all their sensory experiences with their motor behaviors	19
6360453752	Object Permanence	a child's ability to know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard	20
6360455420	Preoperational Stage	between 2 and 7 years old, child begins to use symbolize items or experiences in speech, drawing, and etc.	21
6360455421	Egocentric	an inability on the part of a child to see any point of view other than their own	22
6360458692	Concrete Operational Stage	takes place during middle childhood, characterized by the development of logical thought	23
6360458693	Conservation	child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass	24
6360461381	Formal Operational Stage	The emergence of abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning mark this phase of development	25
6360461382	Social Clock	set of norms that govern the ages at which certain events happen	26
6360463503	Preconventional Stage	People at this level judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences	27
6360467464	Conventional Stage	People at this level judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society's views and expectations	28
6360469306	Postconventional stage	People at this stage view rules as useful but changeable mechanisms—ideally rules can maintain the general social order and protect human rights	29
6360469307	Zygote	a fertilized egg	30
6360469308	Embryo	an organism that is anywhere from 2 weeks to 2 months after being fertilized	31
6360470467	Fetus	longest stage of prenatal, human development that lasts from 9 weeks after conception to birth	32
6360470468	Theory of Mind	The capacity to imagine or form opinions about the cognitive states of other people	33
6360472657	Critical Period	a specific time during which an organism has to experience stimuli in order to progress through developmental stages properly	34
6360472658	Imprinting	A process in which certain birds and mammals form attachments during a critical period very early in their lives	35
6360474464	Temperament	characteristics and aspects of personality that we are born with	36
6360474465	Gender Role	pattern of behavior, personality traits and attitudes defining masculinity or femininity in a certain culture	37
6360477041	Diana Baumrind	She proposed parenting styles	38
6360481400	Primary vs. Secondary Sexual Characteristics	are nonreproductive sexual characteristics	39
6360483916	Menarche	Is the first incidence or occurrence of menstruation in a female. This marks the 'official' onset of puberty	40
6360486707	Lawrence Kohlberg	was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development	41
6360492302	Puberty	the time period between childhood and adulthood when physical changes allow for reproduction	42
6360492303	Adolescence	The developmental stage that occurs from puberty to maturity	43
6360495884	Lev Vygotsky	Researched the Zone of Proximal Development	44
6360495885	Konrad Lorenz	Austrian scientist who is known for his work with an emphasis on instinctive behavior in animals. (imprinting on birds)	45
6360497973	Mary Ainsworth	developmental psychologist. did the "strange situation" experiment.	46
6360506046	Zone of Proximal Development	the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help	47

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Unit 2 AP Government Flashcards

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4933933033	public opinion	what the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.	0
4933933034	public opinion polls	interviews or surveys with samples of citizens that are used to estimate the feelings and beliefs of the entire population.	1
4933933035	samples	a subset of the whole population selected to be questioned for the purposes of prediction or gauging opinion.	2
4934032598	straw poll	unscientific survey used to gauge public opinion on a variety of issues and policies.	3
4933933747	population	the entire group of people whose attitudes a researcher wishes to measure.	4
4933933748	push polls	polls taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate.	5
4933933749	random sampling	a method of poll selection that gives each person in a group the same chance of being selected.	6
4933933750	stratified sample	a variation of random sampling; the population is divided into subgroups and weighed based on demographic characteristics of the national population	7
4933934436	sampling error	errors arising from the size or quality of the sample.	8
4933934437	statistical modeling	a model that embodies a set of assumptions concerning the generation of some sample data, and similar data from a larger population.	9
4933934438	tracking polls	continuous surveys that enable a campaign or news organization to chart a candidate's daily rise or fall in support.	10
4933935531	exit polls	polls conducted as voters leave selected polling places on Election day.	11
4934284980	What three fatal errors did Literary Digest make in 1936?	drew sample from telephone directories + lists of automobile owners (targeted one group: wealthy Republicans), bad timing (early September), and self-selection (only motivated, wealthier, better educated people responded)	12
5117825598	Explain 5 shortcomings of polls.	1. Survey error (margin of error, sampling error) 2. Limited respondent options (full feelings not expressed) 3. Lack of information (poll takers may be uninformed) 4. Difficult measuring intensity of opinions 5. Lack of interest in political issues (apathetic public)	13
5117833489	political socialization	the process through which individuals acquire their political beliefs and values	14
5117839197	how gender affects party identification	women - usually vote democratic men - usually vote republican	15
5117842188	how race + ethnicity affects party identification	Whites, Vietnamese Americans - usually Republican African Americans, Hispanics (though often split), and Chinese Americans - Democratic	16
5117844102	how age affects political socialization/party identification	era born in affects our view of the proper role of government young adult voters - usually Democratic (liberal position on social issues) middle aged voters - usually Republican (low taxes) elderly voters - usually Democratic (social insurance, were alive during Great Depression)	17
5117845372	how religion affects political socialization/party identification	shapes attitude towards political issues + American ideals Catholic (though split) and Jewish - usually Democratic Mormons and Protestants - usually Republican	18
5117845967	how family affects political socialization/party identification	children during early stages usually associate with parents' political views (greatest influence until age 5)	19
5117845968	how school affects political socialization/party identification	children taught to be patriotic in elementary school (i.e. learning the Pledge of Allegiance, taught respect for the flag)	20
5117846406	how peers affect political socialization/party identification	strong influence on political perspective from age 5; i.e. Girl Scouts (encourage political participation)	21
5117846842	how mass media affects political socialization/party identification	Americans have turned away from "traditional" news sources (cable TV, social media, and the internet are the biggest factors); media can often be biased news	22
5117847812	how leaders/opinion makers affect political socialization/party identification	political leaders, members of news media, and TV hosts easily affect public opinion president can often mold public opinion with use of bully pulpit	23
5117848736	how political knowledge affects political socialization/party identification	political knowledge + political participation have reciprocal effect on each other; women typically less involved than men	24
5117850896	how income affects party identification	Low-income - usually Democratic Middle class to high-income - usually Republican	25
5117851893	how education level affects party identification	low levels of education - usually Democratic higher education - usually Republican (parallels w/income usually)	26
5117871846	how job occupation affects party identification	executives, professionals, white collar workers, stay-at-home moms - usually Republican trial lawyers, educators, blue collar workers, labor union members - usually Democratic	27
5117872407	how marital status affects party identification	married - more republican single - more democratic widowed - more democratic divorced/separated - more democratic	28
5117953274	how political ideology affects party identification	liberals tend to go Democratic, conservatives tend to go Republican	29
5117955331	how current political issues affect party identification	respective judgement - "punish" the party in power during economic downturns + vice versa perspective judgement - vote based on what the candidate pledges to do if elected	30
5117852388	the six voting amendments	15th, 17th, 19th, 23rd, 24th, and 26th	31
5117853030	15th amendment	prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (African Americans can vote)	32
5117857335	17th amendment	established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states	33
5117860115	19th amendment	granted American women the right to vote	34
5117860665	23rd amendment	extends the right to vote in the presidential election to citizens residing in the District of Columbia by granting the District three electors in the Electoral College, as if it were a state	35
5117863854	24th amendment	prohibits any poll tax in elections for federal officials	36
5117864871	26th amendment	lowered voting age from 21 to 18 ("Old enough to fight, old enough to vote")	37
5117950186	What are three purposes of political conventions?	venue to formally nominate the parties' presidential candidate; increase voter's interest in the upcoming election; engage the faithful party members + energize them for the general election campaign	38
5117960551	political party	an organized group with shared goals and ideals that joins together to run candidates for office and exercise political and electoral power	39
5117964435	goal of political parties	win office in order to influence public policy	40
5117965289	political party vs interest groups	candidates are nominated to run under the political party label	41
5117969069	Are political parties found in the US Constitution?	they aren't mentioned in the document; emerged around the 1800s	42
5117973209	What distinguished the first two political parties?	Federalist Party (dissolved in 1820) - stronger central government (favor Constitution) Democratic-Republicans - state sovereignty (favor govt under Articles of Confederation)	43
5117980881	What was unique about Monroe's presidency?	party competition nearly nonexistent (Era of Good Feelings; from 1817-1825)	44
5117985341	How did the country change during the period 1820-1840 and how did this affect party organizations?	party organizations develop in the state level due to expansion westward (most states abolished property requirements for white male suffrage). Increase in the electorate.	45
5118024231	Who was the first president to be nominated via large party convention?	Andrew Jackson - 1832 election	46
5118029528	Explain the differences of the Democratic and Whig party platforms.	Democratic (succeeded Democratic-Republicans) - republicanism, weak fed govt, states' rights, agrarian interests (especially Southern planters), strict interp. of the Constitution (i.e. Andrew Jackson) Whig (proceeded Republican party) - national unity, limit power of president, banking, economic protectionism to stimulate manufacturing (i.e. Henry Clay)	47
5118029529	What issue split up the Whig party?	Whig party divided over the slavery issue - 1854, formed the new Republican party (anti-slavery activists)	48
5118076293	what changes developed during the Golden Age (1860-1932) of political parties?	party stability + loyalty, dominance of party organizations in local + state govts., impact on millions of voters	49
5118093756	political party machines	(most prominent in Golden Age) a party organization that recruits voter loyalty w/tangible incentives (housing, employment, food, social events, social mobility) and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity; generated intense loyalty + voter turnout	50
5118101329	What changed over a couple of decades to bring about the end of the golden era + weakening of the party system?	govt. takes over functions previously performed by political parties (printing ballots, conducting elections, and providing social welfare services), the decrease in the flow of immigrants during the 1920s (political machines lose power), shift of population from urban areas --> suburbs (privacy and detachment); population growth (legislative districts grow; difficult for politicians to interact w/public)	51
5118103067	After WWII, the party system weakened leading to _______________________________.	candidate-centered politics (parties have less control over issues + campaigns give candidates considerate power over how they conduct themselves)	52
5118103116	candidate-centered politics	politics that focus on the candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation	53
5118106146	What other people have increased in power as a result of weaker political parties?	interest groups and lobbyists	54
5118050229	maintaining (political parties)	presidential elections in which the majority party continues its control of the presidency	55
5118050230	deviating (political parties)	presidential elections in which a portion of the majority party voters cross party lines (due to the influence of short term variables); causes the outcome of the election to swing in favor of the minority party candidate.	56
5118050235	reinstating (political parties)	majority party voters who crossed party lines in the previous election (a deviating election) return to the party fold and vote the majority party candidate into office (the majority party is reinstated into control of the presidency)	57
5118051115	dealignment (political parties)	a large portion of the electorate abandons its previous partisan affiliation, without developing a new one to replace it	58
5118080975	party realignment (political parties)	dramatic shifts in partisan preferences that drastically alter the political landscape	59
5118051116	secular realignment (political parties)	the gradual realignment of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts (i.e. increase in Hispanic proportion) than on shocks to the political system (opposed to party realignment)	60
5162231384	critical election	an election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues and personalities.	61
5118054338	Three critical elections	1800 Election (a realigning election; formation of Democratic-Republicans), 1860 Election (Whig party dissolves, forms Republican party which wins the election); 1932 Election (the Great Depression causes people to favor the Democratic party over the Republican party)	62
5119135484	evolution of the two-party political system	early period (1789-1792): only factions (Feds. v. Anti-feds) -> Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans (1796-1816) -> Era of Good Feelings (1817-1824) -> Whigs v. Jacksonian Democrats (1828-52) -> Democrats v. Republicans (1854-present)	63
5119149574	party polarization in the modern era	-liberals become increasingly Democratic, conservatives become increasingly Republican (rare conservative democrats + liberal republicans) -increasingly polarized Congress	64
5119165749	barriers to third party success	-major parties may steal best ideas from 3rd parties -single member districts -winner-take-all system for electoral college -rules for public financing (fund their own campaigns)+ debates (polling at 15% to be invited) -1.5 signatures required to appear on the ballot	65
5119174134	importance of third parties	bring important ideas + controversial issues to the forefront; act as safety valves for dissident groups; promote actual change; way station for people en route to another party,etc	66
5119179692	ideological third parties	longest-lived; different from typical majority mind-set (Libertarian, Green Party)	67
5119179693	single-issue third parties	focus on one public-policy issue (Know-Nothing, Prohibition, Green)	68
5119180514	economic third parties	formed during times of economic discontent (Greenback, Populist)	69
5119180515	splinter third parties	formed by a group breaking away from a major party (Bull Moose, Dixiecrats, American Independent Party)	70
5118116948	National Chairperson	primary spokesperson for the party during the 4 yrs between elections, keep party financially strong, damping down factionalism, negotiate candidate disputes, prepare machinery for the next presidential election	71
5118116949	National Committee	make arrangements for the national conventions (reevaluate policies and nominate a candidate for presidency) and coordinate subsequent presidential campaigns	72
5118116950	DCCC	raise and distribute campaign funds for House and Senate seats, develop campaign strategies, recruit candidates, and conduct on-the-ground campaigns.	73
5118116951	RCCC	raise and distribute campaign funds for House and Senate seats, develop campaign strategies, recruit candidates, and conduct on-the-ground campaigns.	74
5118117348	National Convention	a party meeting held in the presidential election year for the purposes of nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket and adopting a platform.	75
5118117349	delegates	representatives to the party conventions elected by citizens participating in primary elections and grassroots caucuses.	76
5118117350	superdelegates	delegates to the Democratic Party's national convention whose vote at the convention is unpledged to a candidate; this position is reserved for a party official (called unpledged delegates for Republican party)	77
5118117351	state central committee	supervises the collection of local party organizations	78
5118117856	precinct committee members	the smallest voting unit; usually takes in a few adjacent neighborhoods and is the fundamental building block of the party (the foot soldiers of a party)	79
5118117857	YDA/YRNF	members can be up to the age of 35; provides loyal and energetic foot soldiers for campaigns and voter mobilization	80
5118117858	various interest groups	provide money, labor, or other forms of assistance to parties	81
5118118250	think tanks	institutional collection of policy-oriented researchers and academics who are sources of policy ideas	82
5118141699	four functions of political parties	Glue; Organize government; present candidates to run for office; formulate + promote party policy	83
5118119386	The Congressional Caucus Era	like parliamentary system; caucuses in Congress (meetings of polarized Congress members) nominated presidential candidates (lasted from 1800-1828)	84
5118119387	National Conventions of Party Regulars	intro of national nominating conventions; delegates to these conventions were individuals active in party organization affairs at the state and local levels	85
5118119388	Mixed System	35-45% of delegates chosen by presidential primaries (mass popular involvement), other delegates were organization activists	86
5118120108	The Plebiscitary Model	presidential primaries used to select a clear majority of delegates to national conventions; states not using primaries were required to open their party-run delegate selection procedures to all registered voters identifying with either party	87
5119238190	Super Tuesday	many states scheduled their presidential primaries or caucuses on one Tuesday in March after the New Hampshire primary	88
5118120862	invisible primary (in association w/the Plebiscitary Model)	refers to the activities of candidates and relevant others in the year or so before delegate selection process	89
5118121485	Primary elections	election in which voters decide which of the candidates within a party will represent the party in the general election.	90
5118121486	Closed primaries	a primary election in which only a party's registered voters are eligible to cast a ballot.	91
5118121487	open primaries	a primary in which party members, independents, and sometimes members of the other party are allowed to participate.	92
5118121890	crossover voting	participation in the primary election of a party with which the voter is not affiliated.	93
5118121891	runoff primary	a second primary election between the two candidates receiving the greatest number votes in the first primary (11 states)	94
5118121892	general election	election in which voters decide which candidates will actually fill elective public offices.	95
5118121893	initiative	a process that allows citizens to propose legislation or state constitutional amendments by submitting them to the electorate for popular vote, provided the initiative supporters receive a certain number of signatures on petitions supporting the placement of the proposal on the ballot (24 states + DC)	96
5118121894	referendum	the state legislature submits proposed legislation or state constitutional amendments to the voters for approval	97
5118122320	recall	an election in which voters can remove an incumbent from office prior to the next scheduled election.	98
5118129754	winner-take-all primary	the candidate who wins the most votes in a state secures all of that state's delegates (Republicans prefer this process, Democrats opposed)	99
5118130085	proportional representation primary	candidates who secure a threshold percentage of votes are awarded delegates in proportion to the number of popular votes won (Democrats favor this process)	100
5118130086	caucus	a closed meeting of party activists in each state who selected the party's choice for presidential candidate.	101
5118130844	Why have many states switched to presidential primaries? How does it test a potential president?	more democratic - accessible not only to party activists but registered voters; similar to the general election - tests the candidate and a chance to display some of the skills needed to be a successful president	102
5118130845	front-loading	the tendency of states to choose an early date on the nomination calendar.	103
5118131425	Who does front-loading help?	benefits the front-runner candidate; opponents have little chance to turn the competition around once they fall behind	104
5118131844	What is the electoral college? Why 538? Why is 270 important?	representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a president 538 electors representing the # of senators and representatives each state has + 3 electors for DC must win at least 270 electoral votes to win presidency	105
5118132584	Why did the framers chose the electoral college method?	a compromise between selection of president by Congress and those who favored selection by direct popular election; works without political parties, covers both nominating and electing phases of presidential selection, produces a nonpartisan president	106
5118133171	What flaw was discovered in 1800 in the Electoral College? How was it fixed?	Electoral College elected president and vice president from the same pool of candidate thus each elector given two votes; 1800 - Jefferson + Burr tied, House of Reps. decided who was P and who was VP; fixed by the 12th Amendment - required electors to make their presidential and vice presidential nominating separately	107
5118134037	Problems with the electoral college system.	a president selected received fewer votes than his opponent three times in the 19th century; margin of electoral college results needed is very small (i.e. 2000 election of Bush v. Gore - 271 votes v. 267 votes, respectively)	108
5118134917	2 ideas to reform the electoral college + their advantages	use national popular vote to elect the president (more democratic) and the congressional district plan (can be adopted w/o constitutional amendment)	109
5118122825	Congressional v. Presidential elections	Congressional elections gain little national attention; nominees can be drastically different in terms of publicity (some well-known and famous, others obscure, local office holders)	110
5118122826	incumbency advantage	incumbents more likely to win reelection	111
5118123864	reasons for incumbency advantage	-staff support (i.e. House members + Senators have permanent staff, non-permanent staff, and interns; helping a constituent gains approval), -visibility (more well-known to their district), -the scare-off effect (challengers may be intimidated by the incumbent's recognition, experience, and connections)	112
5118124256	reasons for incumbents losing	-redistricting (could be in the same territory as some other incumbent) -scandals (financial/sexual improprieties) -presidential coattails ( successful presidential candidates carry into office congressional members of the same party), -midterm elections (people punish the president's party by their 6 year b/c they want change, may punish the president's party for any economic downturn)	113
5118124257	midterm elections	an election that takes place in the middle of the presidential term	114
5118125278	Why are Senatorial elections different than representative elections?	different scheduling (only 1/3 of seats come up for election every 2 years), well-known, well-funded candidates can fight political tides	115
5118126000	income impact on voter turnout	higher income - more likely to vote; thinks their financial status could be affected lower income - less likely to vote; alienated from politics, thinks nothing will change fro them	116
5118126001	education impact on voter turnout	more educated - more likely to vote, informed about politics less educated - less likely to vote	117
5118126002	race/ethnicity impact on voter turnout	Whites - more likely to vote African Americans, Hispanics, and other minorities - less likely to vote	118
5118126338	gender impact on voter turnout	women vote at a slightly higher rate than men (b/c majority of electorate)	119
5118126339	age impact on voter turnout	those 30+ years old more likely to vote than those younger; those 70+ years old less likely to vote; only 50% of 18-29 year olds vote	120
5118126762	civic engagement impact on voter turnout	individuals who participate in civic organizations, trade and professional organizations, labor unions, and church/religious services more likely to vote	121
5118126763	interest in politics impact on voter turnout	only about 5% of the American population are identified as very politically active; only 10% of American adult population contribute time or money to a party or candidate during a campaign	122
5118127273	6 reasons why people don't vote	other commitments (conflicting schedules), difficulty of registration (voluntary, a citizens' responsibility), number of elections (America frequently has elections, some people choose to not participate in all), voter attitudes (apathetic, alienated, or turned off by poor quality of elections), and weakened influence of political parties	123
5118127850	6 ideas to increase voter turnout	make election day a holiday, enable early voting, permit mail + online voting, make registration easier, modernize the ballot, and strengthen parties	124
5153608844	Which US states give proportional Presidential electoral college votes to candidates?	Nebraska and Maine	125
5159882074	winner-take-all system in the electoral college	whichever candidate receives a majority of the popular vote, or a plurality of the popular vote (less than 50 percent but more than any other candidate), takes all of the state's Electoral votes.	126
5159884070	proportional system in the electoral college (Nebraska and Maine)	electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party, rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote	127

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4749633483	Reserved Powers	Powers given to the States by the 10th amendment	0
4749633484	Delegated Powers	Term for powers given to the national Government	1
4749635244	Concurrent Powers	Powers held by both national and state governments at the same time	2
4749635245	Denied Powers	Powers that neither state or national governments are allowed to have	3
4749635463	Expressed Powers	National powers that are directly written in the Constitution	4
4749635464	Implied Powers	National powers not expressly written but inferred from the elastic clause	5
4749636036	Inherent Powers	National powers that are naturally needed for a government	6
4749636699	Elastic Clause	Article I, section 8 of the Constitution which is the basis for implied powers	7
4749636700	Supremacy Clause	Article VI of the constitution which states that all laws and treaties of the United States are Superior to those of states.	8
4749636936	Federalism	A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of government.	9
4749637253	Unitary Government	A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government	10
4749637254	Intergovermental Relations	The workings of the federal system- the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments.	11
4749638115	10th Amendment	The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.	12
4749638116	Full faith and credit	A clause in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states.	13
4749638228	Cooperative Federalism	The situation in which the national, state, and local levels work together to solve problems. "Marble Cake"	14
4749638349	Dual Federalism	A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. "Layer Cake"	15
4749638913	Formula Grants	Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations.	16
4749639179	Unfunded Mandate	A federal order mandating that states operate and pay for a program created at the national level	17
4749639180	Ex post facto law	A law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed	18
4749640454	Interstate Compacts	Agreements among states to cooperate on solving mutual problems; requires approval by Congress	19
4749641170	Preemption	A concept derived from the Constitution's supremacy clause that allows the national government to override or preempt state or local actions in certain areas	20
4749641456	Categorical Formula Grants	Federal grant where Congress appropriates funds for specific purposes. Tightly monitored to make sure its being used correctly. Certain requirements must be passed in order to get this grant (ex: Medicaid)	21
4749642547	McCulloch v. Maryland	This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.	22
4749642548	Gibbons v. Ogden	A landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.	23

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7272807980	adjektiv	tillægsord	0
7272808514	indefinit pronomen	ubestemt stedord	1
7272809628	verbum	udsagnsord	2
7272810170	infinitiv	navneform	3
7272810648	perfektum participium	kort tillægsform	4
7272814746	diatese	verbers bøjning i aktiv/passiv	5
7272816206	modus	ønskemåde	6
7272816448	præsens participium	lang tillægsform	7
7272816737	hjælpevebum	hjælpeudsagnsord	8
7272838661	præsens	nutid	9
7272838662	konjunktion	bindeord	10
7272839869	adverbier	lægger sig til verber og fortæller om hvornår/hvordan/hvornår en handlingen udføres	11
7272840875	artikel	kendeord	12
7272841389	refleksive pronominer	tilbagevisende stedord: at glæde sig	13

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