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AP Chemistry: Lab Equipment Flashcards

4739615199	Erlenmeyer Flask	0
4739615200	Volumetric Flask	1
4739615201	Graduated Cylinder	2
4739615202	Burner	3
4739615203	Beaker	4
4739615204	Crucible and Cover	5
4739615205	Funnel	6
4739615206	Test Tube	7
4739615207	Dropper	8
4739615208	Evaporating Dish	9
4739615209	Mortar and Pestle	10
4739615210	Chemical Scoop	11
4739615211	Crucible Tong	12
4739615212	Test Tube Holder	13
4739615213	Wash Bottle	14
4739615214	Microwell Plate	15
4739615215	Ring Stand	16
4739615216	Wire Guaze	17
4739615217	Pipestem Triangle	18
4739615218	Spark Lighter	19
4739615219	Disposable Pipettes	20
4739615220	Thermometer	21
4739615221	Iron Ring	22
4739615222	Four-Beam Balance	23
4739615223	Beaker Tong	24
4739615224	Conductivity Indicator	25
4739615225	Glass Stirring Rod	26
4739615226	Test Tube Clamp	27
4739615227	Forceps	28
4739615228	Test Tube Rack	29
4739615229	Burette	30
4739615230	Gas Collection Tube	31
4739615231	Double Burette Clamp	32
4739615232	Buchner Funnel	33
4739615233	Petri Dish	34
4739615234	Watch Glass	35
4739615235	Dessicator	36
4739615236	Spatula	37
4739615237	Test Tube Brush	38
4739615238	Thermometer Clamp	39

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AP Italian - Conversation phrases Flashcards

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6412641432	Secondo me, a mio parere	In my opinion	0
6412641433	La mia opinione è	My opinion is	1
6412641434	Dovresti...	You should	2
9894918291	Dovremmo...	We should...	3
9865988329	Potresti...	You could	4
9894515444	Puoi...	You can	5
9894515445	(Non) posso	I can('t)	6
6412641436	Senti, Marco	Listen, Mark	7
9091586346	va bene	ok	8
9091586345	d'accordo	ok (in agreement)	9
9091387393	dunque	well	10
9091390789	quindi	therefore	11
9091393711	allora	so, well	12
9091397967	beh	well	13
9091403121	...per cui	...for which	14
9091410463	insomma	so ,therefore	15
9091457611	comunque	however, anyway	16
9091599291	per dire la verità	to tell the truth	17
9091611410	davvero, veramente, proprio	really	18
9091611411	sul serio	seriously	19
9091475710	il fatto è che...	the thing is that...	20
9091482397	tra l'altro	among other things	21
9091495204	in effetti	rather, indeed	22
9091560358	tipo, come	like, as in, such as	23
9091563237	in ogni caso	in any case, anyhow	24
9091566819	in qualche modo	somehow	25
9091511775	Voglio dire...	I mean...	26
9091520710	Boh!	I don't know	27
9091520711	Mah!	I don't know, ugh	28
9091529950	cioè	...like, ...that is..., um	29
9894545806	Dato che...	Given that...	30
9894567142	Visto che...	Seeing that...	31
6412641437	Sarebbe meglio ...	It would be better...	32
6412641438	Direi che	I would say that	33
6412641439	Preferirei	I would prefer	34
6412641440	Mi piacerebbe	I would like	35
6412641441	Mi dispiace sentirlo	I'm sorry to hear it	36
6412641442	Non ti preoccupare	Don't worry	37
6412641443	Perché non ....?	Why don't you...?	38
9894944439	Che ne pensi...?	What do you think of...?	39
9894947091	Che ne dici...?	What do you say about...?	40
9894539554	Ti consiglierei di...	I would recommend that you...	41
9894535418	Ti consiglio di...	I recommend that you...	42
9091655877	insieme	together	43
9093020828	Altrimenti	Otherwise	44
6412641445	Forse	Maybe	45
9091539613	Magari	maybe, hopefully	46
6412641446	Mi pare che, Mi sembra che	It seems that (+ subjunctive)	47
6412641447	Credo che, Penso che, Ritengo che	I think that (+ subjunctive)	48
6412641448	È importante che	It's important that (+ subjunctive)	49
6412641449	Temo che, Ho paura che	I'm afraid that (+ subjunctive)	50
6412641450	Dubito che	I doubt that (+ subjunctive)	51
6412641453	Sono triste che lui non possa venire	I'm sad that he is unable to come	52
9865979371	Non vedo l'ora...	I can't wait...	53
9866049453	essere impegnato	to be busy	54
9866049454	essere libero	to be free (not busy)	55
9866053934	avere un('altro) impegno	to have an(other) obligation	56
9894925715	Devo...	I have to...	57
9894529595	la disponibilità	availability	58
9894526658	essere disponibile	to be available	59

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AP World Unit 1 Flashcards

Locating the regions in APWH on a map by the green dot!

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4855104060	North America		0
4855104061	Caribbean		1
4855104062	Latin America		2
4855104063	Central Africa		3
4855104064	East Africa		4
4855104065	East Asia		5
4855104066	Eastern Europe		6
4855104067	Middle East (Southwest Asia)		7
4855104068	South Africa		8
4855104069	South Asia		9
4855104070	Southeast Asia		10
4855104071	West Africa		11
4855104072	Western Europe		12
4855104073	Norte Chico	A region along the coast of Peru that possessed a highly-developed urban culture as early as 2500 B.C.E. Characterized by massive stepped pyramids and extensive use of cotton.	13
4855104074	Indus Valley	3rd millennium BC, Elaborately planned cities, standardized measures, irrigated agriculture, written language, no temples kings etc., had a lot of land, no political hierarchy, was abandoned because of mass deforestation, low crop yields, famine, environmental deterioration, etc. their influence continued even to this day (i.e. yoga). Important because it shows how we developed in our cities and economy.	14
4855104076	Olmec Civilization	earliest known American civilization, located in southern Mexico and known for its pyramids and huge stone heads	15
4855104077	Uruk	an ancient Sumerian city in Southern Iraq, near the Euphrates, important before 2000 b.c. : exclusive archaeological excavations, notably of a ziggurat and of tablets with very early Sumerian script.	16
4855104078	Mohenjo-Daro / Harappa	the two main cities of india, know as twin capitals and both 3 miles in circumference	17
4855104079	Epic of Gilgemesh	Mesopotamian flood story that includes legends and myths, the friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu	18
4855104080	Code of Hammurabi	A collection of 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient civilizations.	19
4855104081	Patriarchy	A form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line	20
4855104082	Rise of the State	A process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity or urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership	21
4855104083	Egypt: "the gift of the Nile"	provided annual and predictable flooding that benefited and provided a sustainable lifestyle for this civilization, also gave them a stable and positive worldview, proved unty and independence and security	22
4855104084	Nubia	A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE	23
4855104086	Venus Figurines	Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance	24
4855104087	Dreamtime	A complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal people that held that current humans live in an echo of ancestral happenings	25
4855104088	Clovis Culture	The earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point	26
4855104090	Austronesian Migrations	The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. Austronesian-speaking people settled the Pacific island and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago	27
4855104091	shamans	In many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a leasion between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs	28
4855104093	Paleolithic settling down	The process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods, as well as growing inequalities in society	29
4855104094	Gobekli Tepe	oldest religious structure. made by hunter gathers. Indicates that religion came before organization of labor, settlement and agriculture	30
4855104095	Fertile Crescent	A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates	31
4855104096	Teosinte	a wild grass found in the highlands of Mexico, is the wild ancestor of maize	32
4855104097	Diffusion	Is the process by which a characterictic spreads	33
4855104098	Bantu Migrations	(1500BCE to 500CE) As the Bantu people migrated, they spread the Bantu family of languages and culture. The Bantu also spread the use of iron, which improved farming techniques and agricultural efficiency, the greater food supply sparked economic development and population growth. The changes instigated by the Bantu migration increased the vitality of sub-Saharan Africa.	34
4855104101	Pastoral Societies	Based on the domestication of animals and use their products as main source of food. Groups move where there is foods but they are more settlers than nomads. Independent and warlike.	35
4855104102	Catalhuyuk	Good example of agricultural village society. Social structure, buried dead, many people, well built houses, specialization.	36
4855104103	Chiefdoms	A society that is led by a ruler of decent, but seldom used force to lead their people. They relied on generosity, charisma, and leadership to rule.	37
4855104104	Paleolithic Rock Art	The hundreds of Paleolithic painting discovered in Spain and France, dating to about 20,000 years ago; these paintings depict a range of animals, although human figures and abstract designs are also found.	38
4855104105	Neanderthals	Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European varient of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago	39

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AP Biology-Biochemistry Review Flashcards

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5993823100	Word Roots: -lysis	split (glycolysis: the splitting of glucose into pyruvate)	0
5993823101	proton charge	+1,	1
5993823102	proton mass in amu.	1	2
5993823103	electron charge	-1	3
5993823104	neutron charge	0	4
5993823105	proton location	nucleus	5
5993823106	neutron location	nucleus	6
5993823107	electron location	outside nucleus in orbitals	7
5993823108	electron mass in amu.	0	8
5993823109	neutron mass in amu.	1	9
5993823110	isotopes	atoms of one element that vary only in amount of neutrons. chemically identical.	10
5993823111	ionic bonds	transfer of electrons	11
5993823112	Anion	an atom that gains electrons (negative ion)	12
5993823113	Cation	an atom that loses an electron (positive ion)	13
5993823114	covalent bonds	atoms share electrons, creating a molecule	14
5993823115	single covalent bond	two atoms share a pair of electrons	15
5993823116	non-polar bond	electrons are shared equally between two identical atoms. H-H. will not dissolve in water	16
5993823117	polar bond	atoms are shared unequally. C-H. will dissolve in water polar bond does not necessarily equal polar molecule	17
5993823118	specific heat	the amount of heat a substance must absorb to increase 1 gram of the substance by 1C	18
5993823119	bicarbonate ion	blood buffer	19
5993823120	universal solvent	water	20
5993823121	organic compound	a compound that contains carbon	21
5993823122	carbon	always forms 4 covalent bonds with carbon atoms as well as to atoms of many other elements	22
5993823123	major classes of organic compounds	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	23
5993823124	ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate	2/1	24
5993823125	empirical formula for all carbs	Cm(H2O)n	25
5993823126	three classes of carbs	monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.	26
5993823127	monosaccharides	chemical formula: C6 H12 O6. Glucose, galactose, and fructose (isomers of one another).	27
5993823128	disaccharides	chem formula: C12 H22 O11. consist of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis/condensation (removal of one molecule of water)	28
5993823129	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound. reverse of dehydration synthesis	29
5993823130	sucrose + water --> glucose + fructose	hydrolysis	30
5993823131	polysaccharides	polymers of carbohydrates and are formed as many monos. join via dehydration synthesis.	31
5993823132	five important polysaccharides	cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen, peptidoglycan	32
5993823133	chitin	important polysaccharide, found in animals. makes up exoskeleton in arthropods (and cell walls in mushrooms) Contains peptide cross bridges.	33
5993823134	glycogen	important polysaccharide, "animal starch". stored in liver and skeletal muscle in humans.	34
5993823135	lipids	functions: energy storage, structure, and endocrine. organic compouds: fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. hydrophobic. consist of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.	35
5993823136	glycerol	a trihydoroxy alcohol	36
5993823137	fatty acid	a longnhydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. either saturated or unsaturated	37
5993823138	steroids	lipid based hormones ex: testosterone, cholesterol, and estradiol.	38
5993823139	saturated fats	generally come from animals, solid at room temp, linked to heart disease. ex: butter!	39
5993823140	proteins	enzymes, most hormones, antibodies, structural, pigments etc....	40
5993823141	-OH	hydroxyl group	41
5993823142	-COOH	carboxyl	42
5993823143	-NH2	amino	43
5993823144	PO4-2	phosphate group	44
5993823145	dipeptide	a molecule consisting of tow amino acids connected by one peptide bond	45
5993823146	nucleic acid	either RNA or DNA. polymers, carry all heriditary info. made of nucleotides.	46
5993823147	nucleic acid make-up	a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base	47
5993823148	kinetic energy	The energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.	48
5993823149	potential energy	The energy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam and chemical bonds possess potential energy.	49
5993823150	cholesterol	lipid used as the base for many steroids	50
5993823151	Phospholipids in Cell Membranes	A phosphate group (PO4-) replaces one of the three fatty acids normally found on a lipid. The addition of this group makes a polar "head" and two nonpolar "tails". Aligned tail to tail so the nonpolar areas form a hydrophobic region between the hydrophilic heads on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.	51
5993823152	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	main energy source for cells	52
5993823153	Glycosidic linkage	The bond between to monosaccharides to form a disaccharide	53
5993823154	Peptide bond	The bond between two amino acids	54
5993823155	Condensation Reaction	another name for Dehydration Synthesis	55
5993823156	amino acid	Building blocks of protein (monomer)	56
5993823157	amine group	the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid -NH2	57
5993823158	carboxyl group	A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group -COOH	58
5993823159	R group	Amino acid side chain- different for each amino acid	59
5993823160	peptide bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	60
5993823161	dipeptide	Two amino acids bonded together	61
5993823162	condensation reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water	62
5993823163	hydrolysis	Breaking down molecules by the chemical addition of water	63
5993823164	primary structure	The specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.	64
5993823165	secondary structure	level of protein structure consisting of beta pleated sheets and alpha helices. Caused by Ionic and Hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids	65
5993823166	tertiary structure	3D shape of single polypeptide using hydrogen bonding, ioning bonding and disulfide bridges	66
5993823167	quaternary structure	The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.	67
5993823168	Phospholipid	One phosphate replaces a fatty acid to make a polar end to the molecule	68
5993823169	Phosphodiester bond	the bond between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the Sugar of another	69
5993823170	Specific Heat	The amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water(l) by 1 degree Celsius	70
5993823171	Allosteric Inhibition		71
5993823172	Competitive inhibition		72
5993823173	Surface Tension	on the surface of water, the result of Hydrogen bonding	73
5993823174	Capillary action	the result of adhesion and cohesion, it is the rising of water in a thin tube.	74
5993823175	Sulfhydryl group	this functional group is found in amino acids they form disulfide bridges in proteins	75

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AP Psychology - Neuroscience Flashcards

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5050312167	Nervous system	An extensive network of specialized cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body	0
5050315292	Neuroscience	A branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue	1
5050315293	Biological psychology	Branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior and learning	2
5050317528	Neuron	The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system; basic building block of life	3
5050317529	Dendrite	Branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons	4
5050325144	Soma/cell body	The cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell	5
5050328843	Axon	Tubelike structure that carries the neural message to other cells	6
5050332120	Glial cells	Cells that provide support for the neuron to grow; glue cells	7
5050347750	Two types of glial cells	Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells	8
5050352561	Myelin sheath	Fatty substance provided by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect and speed up the neural impulse	9
5050352562	Nerves	Bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body	10
5050352563	Multiple sclerosis	Damage to the myelin sheath leads to a loss of function of damaged cells. What is this known as?	11
5050352564	Charged	When a neuron is at rest (not currently firing a neural impulse or message) it's electrically _____________.	12
5050355045	Resting potential	The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse.	13
5050355046	Action potential	The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon.	14
5050369928	Negatively; positively	When a neuron is at rest, neuron is _____________ charged inside and _____________ charged outside	15
5050375473	All or none	Referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all	16
5050377945	Terminal branches/ axon terminals	Branches at the end of the axon	17
5050379606	Synaptic knobs	Rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals	18
5050396537	Synaptic vessicles	Saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals	19
5050379607	Neurotransmitters	Chemical found inside the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell	20
5050383330	Synapse / snynaptic gap	Microscopic fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrite of surface of the next cell	21
5050383331	Receptor sites	Holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters	22
5050383332	Excitatory synapse	Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire	23
5050385637	Inhibitory synapse	Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing	24
5050385638	Agonist	Chemical substance that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell	25
5050385639	Antagonist	Chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the actions of other chemicals or neurotransmitters	26
5050387443	Beta-blockers	Drugs that are used to control high blood pressure and serve as antagonists by blocking the effects of the neurotransmitters that stimulate the heart's contractions	27
5050411948	Propranolol; metaprolol	Commonly prescribed beta blockers	28
5050415214	Acetylcholine	Neurotransmitter; can be excitatory and inhibitory; involved in arousal, attention, memory and controls muscle contraction	29
5050419760	Serotonin	Neurotransmitter; can be excitatory and inhibitory; involved in mood, sleep and appetite	30
5050422052	GABA	Neurotransmitter; major inhibitory; involved in sleep and inhibits movement	31
5050423755	Glutamate	Neurotransmitter; major excitatory; involved in learning, memory formation and nervous system development	32
5050425704	Norepinephrine	Neurotransmitter; mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and mood	33
5050428043	Dopamine	Neurotransmitter; can be excitatory and inhibitory; involved in control of movement and sensation of pleasure	34
5050430618	Endorphins	Neurotransmitter; inhibitory neural regulator; involved in pain relief	35
5050433086	Reuptake	Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles (brain's natural recycling system).	36
5050435238	Central nervous system	Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.	37
5050437472	Spinal cord	A long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes	38
5050437473	Sensory / afferent	A neuron that carries information from the senses to the CNS.	39
5050439248	Interneuron	A neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives info from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons	40
5050439249	Reflex arc	The connection of the afferent neurons to the interneurons to the efferent neurons, resulting in a reflex action	41
5050441500	Neuroplasticity	The ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma	42
5050441501	Stem cells	Special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types hen those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear	43
5050453829	Peripheral nervous system	All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself	44
5050455668	Somatic nervous system	Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body	45
5050455669	Autonomic nervous system	Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs and glands	46
5050455670	Sensory pathway	Nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons	47
5050457689	Motor pathway	Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons	48
5050457690	Sympathetic division	Part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal	49
5050459519	Parasympathetic division	Part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands	50
5050470460	Deep lesioning	Insertion of a thin insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire	51
5050472412	EEG	Equipment designed to record the brainwave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain	52
5050472413	CT	Brain imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain	53
5050474037	MRI	Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain	54
5050474038	PET	Brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity	55
5050474039	fMRI	Brain-imaging method where a computer tracks changes in the oxygen levels of the blood	56
5050480279	Medulla	Brain part responsible for life sustaining functions, like breathing, heart rate and swallowing	57
5050480280	Pons	Brain part responsible for sleep and dreaming	58
5050482241	Reticular formation	Brain part responsible for general arousal and alertness	59
5050482242	Cerebellum	Brain part responsible for involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement and balance	60
5050482243	Limbic system	A group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory and motivation. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus	61
5050482244	Thalamus	Brain part responsible for relaying sensory information to the proper sensory cortex. Sensory switchboard	62
5050484056	Olfactory bulbs	Two projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors in the nose located just below	63
5050484057	Hypothalamus	Brain part responsible for hunger, thirst, sex drive and sleep. Helps regulate the endocrine system	64
5050484058	Hippocampus	Brain part responsible for the formation of new, long-term memories	65
5050486265	Amygdala	Brain part responsible for fear responses	66
5050486266	Cerebral hemispheres	The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain	67
5050507863	Corpus callosum	The band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres	68
5050507864	Occipital lobe	Brain part responsible for vision	69
5050507865	Parietal lobe	Brain part responsible for body sensations like touch, taste and temperature sensations	70
5050510215	Somatosensory cortex	Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing info from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position and possibly taste. Located in the parietal lobe	71
5050510216	Temporal lobe	Brain part responsible for hearing and meaningful speech	72
5050510217	Frontal lobe	Brain part responsible for mental processes, decision making and fluent speech	73
5050510218	Motor cortex	Sections of the frontal lobe responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system	74
5050512580	Association areas	Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of info, as well as higher mental processing. Includes Broca's and Wernicke's area	75
5050524018	Broca's aphasia	Condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly	76
5050524019	Wernicke's aphasia	Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language	77
5050524020	Spatial neglect	Condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field	78
5050525672	Cerebrum	The upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them	79
5050525673	Roger Sperry	Main person to pioneer split-brain research	80
5050525674	Left Hemisphere	Hemisphere that mostly controls the right hand, spoken language, written language, mathematical calculations, logical thought processes, analysis of detail and reading	81
5050527798	Right hemisphere	Hemisphere that mostly controls the left hand, nonverbal skills, visual-spatial perception, musician & artistic processing, emotional thought and recognition, the whole picture, pattern recognition and facial recognition	82
5050527799	Split brain research	a. Left processes info from right eye and right processes info from left eye. b. Right hemisphere controls the left side of the body & left hemisphere controls the left side of the body. c. Isolating both sides would lead to an inability for the right and left hemisphere to connect.	83
5050541655	Endocrine glands	Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream	84
5050543641	Hormones	Chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands	85
5050543642	Pituitary gland	Master gland; secretes human growth hormone & influences other hormone-secreting glands	86
5050543643	Pineal gland	Gland that secretes melatonin	87
5050543644	Thyroid gland	Gland in the neck that regulates the metabolism; secretes thyroxin.	88
5050543645	Pancreas	Gland that controls levels of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagons.	89
5050545532	Hypoglycemia	If the pancreas secretes too little insulin, the result is _________________.	90
5050545533	Diabetes	If the pancreas secretes too much insulin, the result is _________________.	91
5050545534	Gonads	Sex glands	92
5050545535	Ovaries	Female sex glands/gonads; secretes estrogen	93
5050545536	Testes	Male sex glands/gonads; secretes testosterone	94
5050547288	Adrenal glands	Glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 hormones that deal with stress, regulate salt intake & provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence	95
5050547289	Corticoids	Name for the 30 different types of hormones/steroids produced by the adrenal gland	96
5050547290	Cortisol	One of the most important adrenal hormones that reacts to stress, like illness, surgery, extreme heat or cold and psychological stress	97
5050548848	Mirror Neurons	Neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes that same action being performed by another	98

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AP Government: Domestic Policy Flashcards

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9479900028	Affordable Care Act	legislation passed in 2010 that changed how Americans enroll in and receive healthcare coverage.	0
9479900029	agenda	list of bills that can improve society	1
9479900030	Balanced Budget Amendment	a constitutional rule requiring that a state cannot spend more than its income	2
9479900031	bonds	issued by a national government, generally with a promise to pay periodic interest payments and to repay the face value on the maturity date.	3
9479900032	Clean Air Act	a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level	4
9479900033	Clean Water Act	a U.S. federal law that regulates the discharge of pollutants into the nation's surface waters, including lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, and coastal areas	5
9479900034	Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act	modified the role of Congress in the federal budgetary process. It created standing budget committees in both the House and the Senate, established the Congressional Budget Office, and moved the beginning of the fiscal year from July 1 to October 1.	6
9479900035	Debt	something, typically money, that is owed or due.	7
9479900036	deficit	the amount by which something, especially a sum of money, is too small.	8
9479900037	discretionary spending	Spending by consumers on things that they want to buy rather than on things they need such as housing or food spending by a company or organization that can easily be increased or reduced, for example on advertising or developing new products	9
9479900038	elite theory	a theory of the state which seeks to describe and explain the power relationships in contemporary society.	10
9479900039	entitlements	the federal government include Medicaid, Medicare, Social Security, Unemployment and Welfare Programs. Entitlement programs are rights granted to citizens and certain non-citizens by federal law.	11
9479900040	excise tax	taxes paid when purchases are made on a specific good, such as gasoline	12
9479900041	Federal Reserve Board	is a seven-member body that governs the Federal Reserve System, the U.S. central bank in charge of making the country's monetary policy.	13
9479900042	fiscal year	a year as reckoned for taxing or accounting purposes, starts October 1st	14
9479900043	House Ways and Means Committee	the oldest committee of the United States Congress, and is the chief tax-writing committee in the House of Representatives.	15
9479900044	inflation	rising prices	16
9479900045	mandatory spending	government spending on certain programs that are required by existing law.	17
9479900046	medicare	assists in providing health care services for the elderly	18
9479900047	medicaid	assists in providing health care services for the poor	19
9479900048	monetary policy	t involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.	20
9479900049	progressive tax	higher taxes on individuals with higher income	21
9479900050	regressive tax	higher taxes on individuals with lower incomes	22
9479900051	flat tax	equal tax for all incomes	23
9479900052	16th amendment	allows for income tax	24

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AP Review Flashcards

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4948399418	Vascular lesions of the spleen	- Hemangioma - Peliosis (dilated sinuses lined by CD8/CD68 positive cells) - Littoral cell angioma (cuboidal or papillary cells, CD8/cd34-, CD68/163 +) - Hemangioendothelioma (more atypia with low mitotic rate, no necrosis) - Angiosarcoma (infiltrative, mitoses, necrosis, atypia) - Lymphangioma (proteinaceous material, cells D2-40/31/F8+, 34-)	0
4948601392	Oligodendroglioma	- white matter of frontal lobe - fried-egg appearance - del 1p and 19q have prognostic significance	1
4948601393	Central core disease	- type of myopathy with a strong association with malignant hyperthermia - Autosomal dominant mutation in RYR1 (19q) - Clear areas in myocytes with NADH stain	2
5106935161	Intramuscular parasite	trichinosis	3
5106956120	translocation in mucoepidermoid carcinoma	t(11;19), MECT1-MAML2 fusion	4
5106970457	Most common benign and malignant tumors of the salivary gland	Benign: pleomorphic adenoma Malignant: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma	5
5106980696	odontogenic keratocyst	- locally destructive cyst - squamous lining with parakeratosis, basal palisading, and wavy surface - 50% associated with unerupted tooth - A/w Gorlin syndrome	6
5106998278	Ameloblastoma	- a/w impacted tooth - locally aggressive - islands of stellate epithelial cells surrounded by basal cells with reverse polarity - Malignancy defined by mets	7
5107023082	Fibrous dysplasia is associated with which hereditary syndrome?	McCune Albright syndrome	8
5107030635	Epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma	- P63, S-100, calponin, and SMA positive - Inner ductal cells and outer myoepithelial cells with clear cytoplasm - Rare malignant salivary gland tumor	9
5107053596	Granular cell tumor cell of origin	Schwann cell	10
5107055637	GIST cell of origin	Cells of Cajal	11
5107058852	Granular cell tumor immunophenotype	S-100, vimentin, CD68 positive CK and desmin negative	12
5107079818	Acinic cell carcinoma (salivary gland)	- Granules of zymogen - PAS/diastase positive - CK7, A1AT, and amylase positive - CD117 and myoep markers negative	13
5107109801	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	- Undifferentiated tumor with syncytial sheets of cells with large nuclei and nucleoli and numerous lymphocytes - EBV associated, common in asia	14
5107131801	Olfactory neuroblastoma	- dumbbell-shaped tumor straddling the cribriform plate	15
5107148718	Choriocarcinoma		16
5107156543	Chorangioma of placenta		17
5107163145	dysgerminoma	Most common malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary	18
5107170682	- CK7, CA-125, CEA, EMA, and WT-1 positive	Ovarian Brenner tumor immunophenotype	19
5107174630	Leydig cell tumor		20
5107187709	Ovarian stromal carcinoid	- combination of stuma ovarii and carcinoid tumor	21
5107194093	AFP and CA-125	serum markers for yold sac tumor	22
5107196787	Yolk sac tumor		23
5107210401	- solitary submucosal lesions in the myometrium or endometrium - stain with smooth muscle markers	Plexiform tumorlet	24
5107220830	Other name for malignant mixed mullerian tumor	carcinosarcoma	25
5107608489	Adenomatoid tumor	- Benign tumor of ovarian/testicular adnexa - Derived from mesothelial cells and stains as such	26
5107622746	Grade I: less than 5% solid growth Grade II: 5-50% solid growth Grade III: >50% solid	Grading of endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma	27
5107647929	Mesonephric adenocarcinoma	- Rare tumor originating from mesonephric remnants - Wall of cervix - Compact growth of small tubules - EMA, vimentin, calretinin, CD10 and LMWK are positive - CEA ER/PR negative	28
5107656579	Aggressive angiomyxoma	- infiltrative but non-metastasizing lesion of the perineal region - Myxoid matrix with bland spindle cells and hyalinized vessels with surrounding collagen - Desmin, SMA, ER/PR positive	29
5107683029	Papillary hiradenoma	- nodule in perineal area in women - double layer - epithelial and myoepithelial - occasionally becomes malignant	30
5107883897	- SMA and vimentin positive - CD31, FVIII, and CK negative	PASH immunophenotype	31
5107897056	Breast carcinoma with medullary features	- Better prog than IDC NOS' - >75% syncytial growth and high mitotic rate - Brisk lymphoplasmacytic response - Well-circumscribed borders - Usually triple negative	32
5108457183	Mesoblastic nephroma	- Most common congenital renal neoplasm - firm, whorled cut surface - Fibromatosis-like appearance	33
5108465277	Multilocular cystic RCC	- EMA, CAM5.2, vimentin, PAX-8, and CD10 positive	34
5108477239	CD117, OCT 3/4, PLAP positive	Seminoma immunophenotype	35
5108484351	Myelolipoma - benign lesion usually in the adrenal gland - 80% have X chromosome inactivation		36
5108495145	HMB-45, Melan-A, SMA, and desmin positive	Angiomyolipoma immunophenotype	37
5108500207	Sertoli cell tumor - 10% malignant - CK, vimentin, inhibin positive - Patterns include tubular, cords, sheets, or aggregates	Gonadal tumor	38
5108543233	Translocation RCC - Xp11.2 translocation, corresponds to TFE3 positivity by IHC - Young adults, mixture of patterns (clear, papillary, etc) often with psammoma bodies	Renal tumor	39
5108556339	PLAP, CD30, EMA positive	Embryonal carcinoma immunophenotype	40
5108564259	Collecting duct carcinoma - cords, tubules, etc in a desmoplastic stroma - intracytoplasmic mucin - high mitotic rate - poor prognosis	Kidney	41
5108580186	Gonadoblastoma -Mixed germ cell and sex cord stromal tumor - 80% phenotypically female but 46, XY - nests of germ cells and sex cord stromal cells with hyaline basement membrane material - Germ cells are PLAP and CD117 positive, sex cord stromal cells are inhibin positive	Pelvic tumor	42
5108593952	Lymphangioleiomyomatosis - Occurs in lungs of young women; linked to tuberous sclerosis genes - resembles angiomyolipoma - spindle proliferation with lymphoid tissue.	Lung nodule	43
5132184003	- Insular pattern due to expanded sinuses	Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma	44
5132293253	- necrosis with neutrophils - granulomas - warthin-starry	Cat scratch disease	45
5132364045	- Infiltration of red pulp, with atrophy of white pulp - Intermediate cells with pale cytoplasm, loose chromatin - CD2, CD3, CD7 positive - Usually both CD4 and CD8 negative	Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma	46
5132492285	- Oral cavity, HIV pts - CD45 often negative, CD20 negative, CD79a positive, CD138 positive - High ki-67, 50% EBV positive - Blastic high-grade morphology	Plasmablastic lymphoma	47
5132601541	- ALK + - CD30 + - Hallmark cells (horseshoe nuclei)	Anaplastic large cell lymphoma	48
5132944133	- Partial effacement of node with distension of sinuses by Langerhans cells - abundant, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, irregular and elongated nuclei with prominent nuclear grooves and folds, fine chromatin and indistinct nucleoli - Occasionally multinucleated - Sinuses commonly have foci of necrosis, often surrounded by rim of eosinophils	Langerhans histiocytosis (systemic/nodal)	49
5133248554	rosai dorfman - sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy - can also occur in extranodal tissues	Enlarged lymph node	50
5133309489	- poorly formed granulomas, especially near or within germinal centers - Follicular hyperplasia with frequent tangible body macrophages - Interfollicular monocytoid B cells	Toxoplasmosis (LN)	51
5133372789	mucinous cystic neoplasm		52
5133586070	lymphoepithelial cyst	Pancreas, salivary gland, or neck	53
5133649693	basal cell adenoma - resembles pleomorphic adenoma or adenoid cystic carcinoma (sometimes) but has peripheral palisading.	salivary gland	54
5133724180	Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - will see areas of squamoid epithelium as well as mucinous epithelium. - DDx includes adenosquamous carcinoma, which will have anaplastic features	Salivary gland	55
5133753024	- Biphasic epithelial and mesenchymal - Stroma may be myxoid, hyaline, chondroid, rarely adipose tissue or osseous; mucin often present - No mucinous epithelium (vs. mucoep carc.)	Pleomorphic adenoma	56
5133908989	- Not a specific type of carcinoma - often adenocarcinoma NOS, myoepithelial, salivary duct, terminal duct or undifferentiated carcinomas - Abrupt transition from the PA	Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma	57
5134234080	acinic cell carcinoma	Salivary gland	58
5134432881	Hyaline trabecular tumor - cytoplasm contains yellow, paranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions with clear halo of retracted cytoplasm and nuclear molding - trabecular or organoid appearance - hyaline material in extracellular spaces - may see psammoma bodies	Thyroid gland	59

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AP Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

AP Biology - Mader 11th ed Chapter 1

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4749268945	Adaptation	A species modification in structure, function, or behavior that make it more suitable to its environment	0
4749268946	Animal (characteristics)	Multicellular, eukaryote undergoes dvlpmnt to achieve final form. mobile organisms, characterized by having muscular/nervous tissue ingest food	1
4749268947	Binomial nomenclature	Scientific name of an organism, the first part designates the genus second designates the species (Homo sapien)	2
4749268948	Biodiversity	Total number of species, variability of their genes, & communities they live in	3
4749268949	Biology	branch of science concerned with study of life/living organisms	4
4749268950	Biosphere	Zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the earth in which all living organisms are found.	5
4749268951	Cell	The smallest unit of life that displays all the properties of life;	6
4749268952	Class	One of the the categories the taxon above the order level	7
4749268953	Community	different species interacting with one another within their environment, all living things in an area	8
4749268954	Conclusion	Statement made after an experiment, whether or not the results support the hypothesis	9
4749268955	Control	Sample that goes through all the steps of exprmnt but does not contain the variable being tested; a standard against which the results of an experiment are checked	10
4749268956	Data	Facts/information collected through observation and/or experimentation	11
4749268957	Deductive reasoning	The use of general principals to predict specific outcomes. Often uses " if____...then..." statements	12
4749268958	Domain	Largest of the catagories, includes Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya	13
4749268959	Domain Archea	One 3 domains. "Ancient" May evolved from first cells Contains prokaryotic cells, often live in extreme habitats & have unique genetic biochemical,&physiological characteristics	14
4749268960	Domain Bacteria	One of 3 domains; contains prokaryotic cells. Adapts to all envmnts. Absorb,phtsyntze, or chemosynthesize food differ from Archea because they have their own unique genetic, chemical, & physiological characteristics.	15
4749268961	Domain Eukarya	One 3 domains; organisms with with eukaryotic cells. 4 major Kingdoms:Protist, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia	16
4749268962	Ecosystem	community together with the abiotic environment; (A community plus the physical environment )	17
4749268963	Emergent Property	A function or trait that appears as biological complexity increases as you go from one level to another	18
4749268964	Energy	The ablity to do work or bring about change. Occurs in a variety of forms.What makes life happen (required to maintain life)	19
4749268965	Eukaryote	Type of cell that has a membrane - bound nucleus & membranous organelles; found in organisms within the domain Eukarya	20
4749268966	Evolution	Genetic changes in a species over time results in the development of genetic & phenotypic differences that are basis of natural selection (Descent of organisms from common ancestor)	21
4749268967	Experiment	A test of a hypothesis, examines the influence of a single variable. Often involves both control and rest groups	22
4749268968	Experimental Design	Methodology by which an experiment will seek to support the hypothesis	23
4749268969	Experimental Variable	Factor of the experiment being tested	24
4749268970	Extinction	Total disappearance of a species or higher group	25
4749268971	Family	One of the categories, the taxon located above the genus level	26
4749268972	Fungi	Eukaryotic - multicelled, hetertroph, external digestion	27
4749268973	Gene	Unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes; in diploid organisms, typically two alleles are inherited, one from each parent.	28
4749268974	Genus	One of the catagories, contains species that are most closely related through evolution	29
4749268975	Homeostasis	Maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or organism by self-regulating mechanisms biological balance Feedback systems	30
4749268976	Hypothesis	Supposition established by reasoning after consideration of available evidence; it can be tested by obtaining more data often by experimentation	31
4749268977	Inductive Reasoning	Using specific observations, process of logic, & reasoning to arrive at general scientific principles	32
4749268978	Kingdom	One of the categories; the taxonomy above phylum	33
4749268979	Law	Universal principal that describes the basic functions of the natural world	34
4749268980	Metabolism	Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell (in an organism) Eating or breaking down materials to make energy	35
4749268981	Model	Stimulation of the process that aids conceptual undrstndng until the process can be studied firsthand; a hypothesis that describes how a particular process could possibly be carried out.	36
4749268982	Multicellular	Organism composed of many cells; usually has organized tissues, organs, and organ systems	37
4749268983	Natural selection	evolutionary change caused by environmental selection of organisms that posses a shared evolutionary history	38
4749268984	Observation	step in scientific method that involves recording of data from experiment/natural event	39
4749268985	Order	One of the categories, the taxon located above the family level	40
4749268986	Phenomenon	Observable natural even or fact	41
4749268987	Photosynthis	uses solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate . Changing the energy from the sun (solar energy) into energy	42
4749268988	Phylum	One of the categories, the taxon located above the class level	43
4749268989	Plant	Multicellular, photosynthetic, eukaryotes that increasingly became adapted to live on land.	44
4749268990	Population	Group of organisms (samespecies) occupying a certain area & sharing a common gene pool	45
4749268991	Prediction	Step in scientific process allows formulation of a hypothesis and assists in creating the experimental design.	46
4749268992	Principle	Theory that is generally accepted by ovrwhlmng # of scientists; aka- law	47
4749268993	Prokaryote	Organism lacks membrane - bound nucleus & membranous organelles bacterium & archaean	48
4749268994	Protist	microscopic complex single cell; evolved before other types of eukaryotes in earths history belongs 2 Eukarya Dom.	49
4749268995	Reproduce	produce a new individual of the same kind. Can be done through sexual reprod.or division	50
4749268996	Responding Variable	Result or change that occurs when an experimental Variable is utilized in an experiment	51
4749268997	Scientific Method	Process which scientist's formulate a hypothesis, gather data (observation and experimentation), & come to a conclusion.	52
4749268998	Scientific Theory	Concept, or a collection of concepts, widely supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data.	53
4749268999	Species	Group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding/producing fertile offspring; share common gene pool;the taxon located at the lowest level (most specific) of classification	54
4749269000	Standard Deviation	Statistical analysis of data from observation experiment; measures how much data varies	55
4749269001	Systematics	Study of the diversity of life for the purpose of undstndng evolutionary relationships between species	56
4749269002	Taxonomy	Biology branch concerned with identifying, describing, and naming organisms	57
4749269003	Unicellular	An organism comprised of single cells, as in bacteria	58
4749269004	Diversity	The more variations the better.	59
4749269005	Living things must	have the ability to die	60
4749269006	Viruses	Are not alive because they can't die	61
4749269007	6 characteristics of life	1. Organized (hierarchy) 2. Aq. materials & energy 3. maintain homeostasis 4. Responds to stimuli 5. Reproduce & develop 6. Have adaptations	62
4749269008	Biological balance	To maintain a balance so everything in the body works correctly	63
4749269009	Feedback systems	2 types Negative & positive	64
4749269010	Negative feedback systems	Good feedback system Maintains set value in an organism. Too hot=body sweats to cool down. Too cold=body shakes to heat up	65
4749269011	Positive feedback systems	When the body moves to EXTREMES too high or too low. Only 2 types of good positive feedbacks Bloodclots & childbirth	66

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AP Vocabulary Review Flashcards

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6600636380	Spectral	(adj.) ghostly, ethereal	0
6600636381	Mimic	(n.) a person who does imitations; (v.) to imitate; to make fun of	1
6600642183	Ingratiate	(v.) to make oneself agreeable and thus gain favor or acceptance by others (sometimes used in a critical or derogatory sense)	2
6600637044	Nostalgic	(adj.) longing for the past; filled with bittersweet memories	3
6600637045	Sardonic	(adj.) grimly or scornfully mocking, bitterly sarcastic	4
6600637627	Dubious	(adj) doubtful, questionable, suspect	5
6600637628	Anachronism	something or someone out of place in terms of historical or chronological context	6
6600638089	Maudlin	(adj.) weakly sentimental	7
6600638090	Ephemeral	(adj.) lasting only a short time, short-lived	8
6600638091	Lament	to express sorrow; to grieve	9
6600638475	Panacea	(n.) a remedy for all ills; cure-all; an answer to all problems	10
6600638476	Interminable	(adj.) endless, so long as to seem endless	11
6600638477	Fallible	(adj.) capable of being wrong, mistaken, or inaccurate	12
6600638996	Pedantic	boringly scholarly or academic	13
6600638997	Penurious	penny-pinching; excessively thrifty; ungenerous	14
6600638998	Admonish	(v.) to caution or advise against something; to scold mildly; to remind of a duty	15
6600639839	Reticent	(adj) not talking much; private (of a person), restrained, reserved	16
6600640454	Ambivalent	Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone	17
6600641523	Sanctimonious	(adj.) making a show of virtue or righteousness; hypocritically moralistic or pious, self-righteous, canting, holier-than-thou	18
6600641524	Incredulous	Disbelieving, skeptical	19
6600641525	Bemused	confused; lost in thought; preoccupied	20
6600642182	Obsequious	Overly submissive and eager to please	21
6600642860	Tenacious	Holding fast; holding together firmly; persistent	22
6600642861	Lugubrious	exaggeratedly mournful	23
6600642862	Placid	Calm, peaceful	24
6600643471	Venerable	respected because of age	25
6600643472	Gregarious	outgoing, extroverted	26
6600643473	Sanguine	Optimistic	27
6600644075	Obfuscate	deliberately make something difficult to understand	28
6600644076	Perfunctory	done in a routine way; indifferent	29
6600644663	Cumbersome	(adj.) clumsy, hard to handle; slow-moving	30
6600644664	Onerous	troublesome and oppressive; burdensome	31
6600644665	Acerbic	bitter, sharp in taste or temper	32
6600645980	Sagacious	shrewd; wise	33
6600645981	Munificent	(adj.) extremely generous, lavish	34
6600645982	Enervate	to reduce in strength	35
6600646435	Mawkish	(adj.) excessively and objectionably sentimental; having a mildly sickening flavor	36
6600647486	Surreptitious	(adj.) stealthy, secret, intended to escape observation; made or accomplished by fraud	37
6600647487	Morose	(adj) having a gloomy or sullen manner; not friendly or sociable	38
6600648203	Astute	(adj.) shrewd, crafty, showing practical wisdom	39
6600648204	Venality	the condition of being susceptible to bribes or corruption	40
6600648205	Colloquialism	informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing	41
6600650077	Malapropism	a word humorously misused	42
6600650078	Mollify	to calm or make less severe	43
6600650079	Guile	deceit; trickery	44
6600650596	Misogynistic	a hatred of women	45
6600650597	Pejorative	having bad connotations; disparaging	46
6600651055	Precocious	(adj.) showing unusually early development (especially in talents and mental capacity)	47
6600651056	Pensive	(adj.) thoughtful; melancholy	48
6600651654	Ennui	(n.) weariness and dissatisfaction from lack of occupation or interest, boredom	49
6600651655	Petulant	(adj.) peevish, annoyed by trifles, easily irritated and upset	50
6600652558	Vitriolic	(adj.) bitter, sarcastic; highly caustic or biting (like a strong acid)	51
6600652559	Apathetic	showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern.	52
6600652560	Wry	(adj.) twisted, turned to one side; cleverly and often grimly humorous	53
6600653019	Droll	amusing in a wry, subtle way	54
6600653020	Fastidious	Hard to please; fussy	55
6600654247	Magnanimous	Generous in forgiving, above small meanness	56
6600654248	Provincial	unsophisticated; narrow-minded	57
6600655002	Scrupulous	careful; diligent; painstaking	58
6600655003	Intrepid	fearless; resolutely courageous	59
6600655004	Corpulent	Fat; having a large, bulky body	60
6600655795	Supercilious	Behaving or looking as though one thinks one is superior to others	61
6600655796	Banal	predictable; cliched; boring	62
6600655797	Vernacular	Everyday language of ordinary people	63
6600655798	Jovial	Cheerful and friendly	64
6600656773	Macabre	(adj.) grisly, gruesome; horrible, distressing; having death as a subject	65
6600656774	Diabolical	devilish	66
6600656775	Pious	Devoutly religious	67
6600656776	Immutable	unchanging; permanent	68
6600657823	Polemical	controversial; argumentative	69
6600657824	Caustic	Bitingly sarcastic or witty	70
6600658257	Emphatic	forceful and definite in expression or action	71
6600658258	Aplomb	(n.) poise, assurance, great self-confidence; perpendicularity	72
6600658259	Empirical	based on observation or experiment	73
6600660908	Obdurate	hardened in feeling; resistant to persuasion	74
6600660909	Pragmatic	practical, as opposed to idealistic	75
6600660910	Aversion	A strong feeling of dislike	76
6600661581	Punctilious	(adj.) very careful and exact, attentive to fine points of etiquette or propriety	77
6600662197	Congenial	(adj.) getting on well with others; agreeable, pleasant	78
6600662198	Maladriot	ineffective or bungling; clumsy	79
6600662199	Fractious	(adj.) tending to be troublesome; unruly, quarrelsome, contrary; unpredictable	80
6600663293	Meticulous	Extremely careful about details	81
6600683368	Interloper	an unauthorized person	82
6600683369	Vicarious	(adj.) performed, suffered, or otherwise experienced by one person in place of another	83
6600683370	Capricious	Changing one's mind quickly and often	84
6600684054	Vacillate	To sway physically; to be indecisive	85
6600684055	Nefarious	(adj.) wicked, depraved, devoid of moral standards	86
6600684056	Cajole	(v.) to coax, persuade through flattery or artifice; to deceive with soothing thoughts or false promises	87
6600684445	Mitigate	(v.) to make milder or softer, to moderate in force or intensity	88
6600684960	Inundate	(v.) to flood, overflow; to overwhelm by numbers or size	89
6600684961	Trepidation	(n.) fear, fright, trembling	90
6600684962	Nebulous	(adj.) cloudlike, resembling a cloud; cloudy in color, not transparent; vague, confused, indistinct	91
6600685739	Paradigm	(n) model or pattern; worldview, set of shared assumptions, values, etc.	92
6600686400	Unctous	excessively smooth, suave, or smug	93
6600686401	Scintillate	to sparkle; to twinkle; to sparkle intellectually	94
6600686402	Salubrious	(adj) healthful, promoting health	95
6600686967	Malady	a sickness, illness, disease, disorder	96
6600686968	Irksome	annoying; frustrating	97
6600686969	Ebullient	(adj.) overflowing with enthusiasm and excitement; boiling, bubbling	98
6600687423	Corporeal	of the nature of the human body; material; tangible.	99
6600687424	Bellicose	Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight.	100
6602898377	Hamper	hinder; obstruct	101
6602898379	Tangent	going off the main subject	102
6602898380	Harangue	noisy, attacking speech	103
6602899149	Replete	abundantly supplied; complete	104
6602899150	Harbinger	A person or thing that is a symbol of what is to come	105
6602899151	Plaudit	statement giving strong praise	106
6602899152	Plausible	(adj.) appearing true, reasonable, or fair	107
6602900183	Plethora	Excess; excessive amount	108
6602900184	Abstemious	self denying; refraining from indulging	109
6602900185	Hedonism	self indulgence; pleasure-seeking	110
6602900186	Laconic	Brief and to the point	111
6602900592	Bombast	pompous and grandiloquent language; pretentious.	112
6602900593	Lampoon	ridicule; spoof	113
6602913971	Gratuitous	Freely given; not called for by circumstances, unwarranted	114
6602913972	Corroborate	to support with evidence	115
6602913973	Fortuitous	Happening by chance	116
6602913974	Invective	abusive language	117
6602914656	Bedlam	A state or scene of uproar and confusion	118
6602914657	Reprobate	A morally unprincipled person	119
6602914658	Gist	the essential part, main point, or essence	120
6602914659	Penury	Extreme poverty	121
6602915405	Recapitulate	Summarize, repeat in a concise way	122
6602915406	Culpable	(adj.) deserving blame, worthy of condemnation	123
6602915407	Impugn	to call into question; to attack verbally	124
6602915408	Egregious	Extremely bad; flagrant	125
6602916397	Sinecure	a well-paying job or office that requires little or no work	126
6602916398	Austere	severe or stern in appearance; undecorated	127
6602916399	Castigate	to punish or criticize harshly	128
6602916955	Insurgent	rebellious	129

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AP Lit Week 1 Flashcards

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4922710692	sardonic	grimly or scornfully mocking, bitterly sarcastic	0
4922727459	mawkish	excessively and objectionably sentimental; having a mildly sickening flavor	1
4922728961	convalescent	recovering from illness	2
4922730987	munificent	extremely generous, lavish	3
4922732326	itinerancy	the act of moving from place to place for work	4
4922736025	vagrancy	the condition of being a person without a regular home or employment who wanders from place to place and may be a nuisance	5
4922738486	importunate	urging; demanding; persistent	6
4922743574	preclude	(v.) to make impossible, prevent, shut out	7
4922743575	destitution	extreme poverty	8
4922746945	Promethean	life-bringing, creative, or courageously original	9

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