| 4920287195 | Nuclear Envelope | -surrounds genetic material
-separates nucleus from the cytoplasm
-double lipid bilayer regulates what goes into the cell
-present in both animal and plant cells | | 0 |
| 4920287196 | Golgi Apparatus | -packaging organelle
-located in the cytoplasm
-takes in small molecules and forms more complex molecules
-can either store the more complex molecules or release them
-has two layers that surround an area of fluid that contains proteins, enzymes, and sugars
-present in both animal and plant cells | | 1 |
| 4920287197 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | -network of membranous sacs and tubes
-surrounds the nucleus in the cytoplasm
-active in membrane synthesis and metabolic processes
-has rough and smooth regions
-has double membrane called cisternae where proteins are collected and synthesized
-present in both animal and plant cells | | 2 |
| 4920287198 | Mitochondria | -cellular respiration
-ATP is generated
-double membrane increases surface area within the organelle to allow more chemical reactions to occur
-located in cytoplasm
-present in both animal and plant cells | | 3 |
| 4920287199 | Chloroplast | -produce food for plant cells
-convert light energy from the sun into sugars
-double membrane surrounds and protects inner chloroplasts
-located in cytoplasm
-only present in plant cells | | 4 |
| 4920287200 | Ribosome | -makes proteins
-located in cytosol or endoplasmic reticulum
-present in both animal and plant cells | | 5 |
| 4920287201 | Lysosome | -hold enzymes
-digest food and break down dead cells
-located in cytoplasm
-present in both animal and plant cells | | 6 |
| 4920287202 | Vacuole | -storage
-located in cytoplasm
-present in both animal and plant cells | | 7 |
| 4920287203 | Cytoskeleton | -reinforces cell's shape
-functions in cell movement
-made of proteins
-proteins attach to them for stability
-located on the outside of the cell
-present in both animal and plant cells | | 8 |
| 4920287204 | Cell Wall | -outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage
-semi permeable
-located on the outside of the cell membrane
-only present in plant cells | | 9 |
| 4920287205 | Prokaryotic Cells | -no nucleus
-circular DNA located in cytoplasm
-single celled
-no organelles
-bacteria, archaea, and eubacteria
-more basic
-have cell membranes
-have ribosomes | | 10 |
| 4920287206 | Eukaryotic Cells | -have nucleus
-have linear DNA located in nucleus
-have organelles
-cells animals have
-multicellular
-more complex
-cell membranes
-ribosomes | | 11 |
| 4920287208 | Cell Membrane | -separates cell from aqueous environment and controls traffic in and out of the cell
-collage of proteins and other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer |  | 12 |
| 4920287209 | Membrane Proteins | -determine membrane's specific functions
-has polar and nonpolar regions
-peripheral proteins: cell surface identity marker
-integral proteins: transport proteins
-glycoprotein: receptor or identifier | | 13 |
| 4920287210 | Membrane Phospholipids | -make up most of the membrane
-have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails | | 14 |
| 4920287211 | Membrane Carbohydrates | cell to cell recognition | | 15 |
| 4920287213 | Passive Transport | -transport through the semipermeable membrane
-high to low concentration
-no energy required
-transport of small nonpolar molecules directly through membrane | | 16 |
| 4920287214 | Simple Diffusion | -movement from high to low concentration
-passive transport
-no energy needed
-Example: osmosis | | 17 |
| 4920287215 | Facilitated Diffusion | -requires protein channels
-protein assists in larger and polar molecules to cross membrane
-specific molecules can move across the cell membrane
-no energy needed
-passive transport | | 18 |
| 4920287216 | Active Transport | -movement from low to high concentration
-requires energy
-Examples: proton pumps, sucrose co-transport, sodium potassium pump, bulk transport | | 19 |
| 4920287218 | Water Potential Equation | -Pressure potential (Ψp): pressure exerted that limits further water uptake
-Solute potential (Ψs): effect of solute concentration |  | 20 |
| 4920287219 | Solute Potential | -effect of solute concentration
-Solute potential (Ψs) = −iCRT
-i = number of particles the molecule will make in water
-C = Molar concentration
-R = Pressure constant = 0.0831 liter bar/mole K
-T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin = 273 + °C
-pure water at atmospheric pressure has a solute potential of zero
-as solute is added, the value for solute potential becomes more negative and causes water potential to decrease and water will tend to move into the solution |  | 21 |
| 4920287220 | Enzymes | -reduce activation energy
-very specific
-catalyze reactions
-help best align substrates
-end in -ase
-remains unchanged and can be used over and over |  | 22 |
| 4920287224 | Factors that Affect Enzymes | -cofactors and coenzymes: assist the enzyme
-temperature: enzymes have an optimal temperature where they have the highest productivity
-enzyme concentration: as enzyme increases, the reaction rate increases as long as substrate is available
-substrate concentration: as substrate increases, reaction rate increases as long as enzyme is available
-pH: enzymes have an optimal pH where they have the highest productivity
-salinity: enzymes have an optimal salt level where they have the highest productivity
-inhibitors: molecules that reduce enzyme activity | | 23 |
| 4920287225 | Competitive Inhibition | -interacts with active site
-increases substrate to overcome
-Example: penicillin | | 24 |
| 4920287226 | Non-Competitive Inhibition | -distorts active site
-Example: anti-cancer drugs and cyanide poisoning | | 25 |
| 4920287227 | Allosteric Regulation | -the binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site | | 26 |
| 4920287229 | Describe the fluidity of the components of a cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature and membrane composition. | -membranes must be fluid to work properly
-saturated fats make it stiff because they are solid at room temperature
-unsaturated fats help it bend, allowing the cell to work better since the fats are liquid at room temperature
-the cell membrane remains fluid as temperature increases and becomes solid as temperature decreases | | 27 |
| 4920287230 | Define diffusion. Explain why diffusion is a passive and spontaneous process. | -diffusion is the movement of a substance across a concentration gradient due to random motion
-it is spontaneous because one solute is unaffected by the concentration gradient of other solutes
-it is passive because the cell does not expend energy when substances diffuse down their concentration gradient | | 28 |
| 4920287231 | Distinguish between exocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis. | -exocytosis: secretion of molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
-endocytosis: taking in of molecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane
-receptor mediated endocytosis: taking in of cholesterol for synthesis of membranes | | 29 |
| 4920287232 | Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems. | -act as catalysts that speed up reactions
-act as proteins that regulate metabolism | | 30 |
| 4920287235 | Dialysis Lab | -purpose: to understand the effect of solute concentration on the water potential in plant cells
-as molarity of solution increases, more water diffuses into the solution and the percent change in mass increases
-we calculate percent change in mass rather than simply the change in mass because it is much easier to compare the proportion of change when it is in percent form. Looking at the difference in mass alone does not allow us to compare the proportion of change because the initial mass and the final mass may be different. | | 31 |
| 4920287236 | Potato Lab | -purpose: to determine the molarity and water potential of potatoes by measuring the percent change in mass of the potato
-as molarity of solution increased, the percent change in mass of the potato decreased because water diffused out
-the molarity of the potato is about .25 M | | 32 |
| 4920287238 | Predict the effect that lowering the temperature would have on enzyme activity. | -lowering the temperature on the experiment would cause the rate of reaction to decrease because the system will no longer be in the optimal temperature
-at higher temperatures, there are more molecular collisions and therefore more enzymatic reactions
-decreasing the temperature will decrease the number of molecular collisions and therefore there will be fewer enzymatic reactions | | 33 |
| 4920343593 | Detoxification | occurs by adding a hydroxyl group | | 34 |
| 4920350394 | Amino Acid Functional Groups | Amine, R, Carboxyl | | 35 |
| 4920351978 | Carboxyl indicates an | acid | | 36 |
| 4920354451 | Peroxisome | convert hydrogen peroxide into water | | 37 |
| 4920356941 | Hydrolysis | adding of water to break apart polymers into monomers | | 38 |
| 4920358938 | Dehydration | taking away water to form polymers from monomers | | 39 |
| 4920378828 | Biuret's solution | indicator of proteins; will turn from blue to lavender | | 40 |
| 4920382238 | Benedict's solution | indicator of simple sugars; will turn from blue to green, orange or brown | | 41 |
| 4920387149 | Lugol's solution/ Iodine | indicator of starch; will turn from dark red to jet black | | 42 |
| 4921080965 | Plasmodesmata | because of the cell wall the plant needs these places where a hole is punched in the cell wall to allow direct cytoplasmic exchange between two plant cells | | 43 |
| 4921088157 | Tight Junction | create a watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells; example: keep water from leaking out of the bladder | | 44 |
| 4921093320 | Desmosomes | pin adjacent cells together, ensuring that cells in organs and tissues that stretch, such as skin and cardiac muscle, remain connected in an unbroken sheet. | | 45 |
| 4921134912 | Fibronectin | glycoprotein of the ECM where its role is to attach cell membrane via the integrin. It functions in reception. | | 46 |
| 4921134913 | Collagen | Most abundant form of protein in mammals; found in the extracellular matrix and functions in structure | | 47 |
| 4921142308 | endomembrane system | any organelle involved with vesicles | | 48 |
| 4921150560 | Microfilaments | Part of the cytoskeleton made of actin and myosin | | 49 |
| 4921152391 | intermediate filaments | part of the cytoskeleton and make up desomosomes in intercellular junctions. Keratin falls into this category | | 50 |
| 4921158301 | Centrioles | Microtubule organizing center | | 51 |
| 4921163565 | chromatin | a relaxed form of DNA; condenses to form chromosomes in prophase of Mitosis | | 52 |
| 4921169968 | Operant Conditioning | trial and error; behavior is manipulated by reward and punishment | | 53 |
| 4921172427 | Habituation | After a prolong stimulus, the organism begins to ignore the alarm and goes back to normal function | | 54 |
| 4921181428 | Null Hypothesis | Any difference is by chance. In the case it is not, manipulated or additional variables should be considered | | 55 |
| 4921194673 | Cis side of Golgi body | Area in which Golgi is receiving materials from ER. | | 56 |
| 4921197098 | Trans side of Golgi body | Area in which Golgi is shipping materials out of the cell. | | 57 |
| 4921201184 | Geometric Isomer | Same chemical formula but arranged differently around a double bond. | | 58 |
| 4921207373 | Monosaccharide | monomer of a carbohydrate; examples: glucose, galactose, and fructose | | 59 |
| 4921211047 | Fatty Acids Structure | Mostly carbon and hydrogen, but contain a carboxyl group at the end. | | 60 |
