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AP Government campaign finance Flashcards

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7927210331Federal Election Campaign Act- limited individual contributions - limited how much one can spend on own campaign - increased disclosure - established the federal election commission0
7927210332Buckley vs. Valeo 1976Upheld: - individual contribution limits - disclosure Overturned: - limits on personal spending for one's campaign (1st amendment right) - limits on total spending1
7927210333McCain Feingold 2002Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act: - bans soft money to national political parties - bans issue ads from targeting candidates - raise individual contribution limits from 1k to 2k per election -bans corporations and unions from using treasury funds for electioneering2
7927210334527/ PAC- Cannot coordinate with candidate - independent non-profit group - unlimited contributions - issue advocacy - can advocate for/against candidates - contributors disclosed3
7927210335501 c 4- Cannot coordinate with candidate - independent social welfare group - unlimited contribution - can advocate for/against candidates - non-disclosure Civic leagues or organizations not organized for profit but operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare4
7927210336Citizens United vs F.E.C. 2010- Corporations and unions are "people" and corporate political speech cannot be limited5
7927210337Open PrimaryElections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on election day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests.6
7927210340Hard MoneyMoney regulated by the FEC in campaign finance. Directly given to a candidate.7
7927210343Ticket SplittingVoting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices.8
11328703172Soft moneyCampaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.9
11328724013independent political expendituresspending on behalf of a candidate that is done without coordination with the candidate or his or her campaign.10
11328762493Super PAC (Political Action Committee)political-action committee that is allowed to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money from corporations, unions, individuals and associations. Some nonprofit groups are allowed to contribute to super PACs without disclosing where their money came from; The most important difference between a super PAC and traditional candidate PAC is in who can contribute, and in how much they can give.11
11328774976SpeechNow.org v. FEC (2010)A federal case which ruled that an independent expenditure only organization could accept donations in unlimited amounts12
11328799662Federal Election CommissionA commission created by the 1974 amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act to administer election reform laws. Its duties include overseeing disclosure of campaign finance information and public funding of presidential elections, and enforcing contribution limits.13
11328827792McCain-Feingold Actban soft money contributions, increase amount that individuals could give candidates from $1000 to $2000, prevented issue ads (from IG, unions etc) within 60 days of general elections14
11328856107McConnell v. FEC (2003)Court upholds provisions strictly regulating "soft money" in Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform act of 2002. Provision forbidding people 17 yrs or younger from contributing to federal campaign struck down as violation of 1st amendment.15
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AP Psych Unit 13 Flashcards

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6283913154eclectic approachAn approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy0
6283911842psychotherapyTreatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth1
6283927568resistancein psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material.2
6283918199interpretationin psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.3
6283925583psychoanalysisSigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences released previously repressed feelings allowing the patient to gain self-insight4
6283925582transferencein psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships5
6283933503psychodynamic therapiestherapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight6
6283913155insight therapiesa variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses7
6283924221client-centered therapya humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic, environment to facilitate clients' growth8
6283922207active listeningempathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy9
6283925581unconditional positive regarda caring accepting nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance10
6283910550aversive conditioninga type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol.11
6283918198counterconditioninga behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning12
6283929434exposure therapiesbehavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid13
6283927569systematic desentsitizationa type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. commonly used to treat phobias14
6283920720virtual reality exposure therapyan anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying spiders, or public speaking15
6283911841family therapytherapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members16
6283920719token economyan operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats17
6283914643cognitive therapytherapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions18
6283918197cognitive-behavioral therapya popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy(changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)19
6283922206behavioral therapytherapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors20
6284621369regression toward the meanthe tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average21
6284618693meta-analysisa procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies22
6284622919evidence-based practiceclinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences23
6284618694psychosurgerysurgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior24
6284627985psychopharmacologythe study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior25
6284626516antipsychotic drugsdrugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder26
6284621370tardive dyskinesiainvoluntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors27
6284627984antianxiety drugsdrugs used to control anxiety and agitation28
6284629209antidepressant drugsdrugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters29
6284624997electroconvulsive therapya biochemical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient30
6284635082repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationthe application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity31
6284618695lobotomya now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain32
6284620250biomedical therapyprescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system33
6284626517resiliencethe personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma34
9107520231Aaron Beckcognitive therapist who sought to reverse clients' catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, their situations, and their futures35
9107520232Dorothea Dixworked in the transition from brutal to gentler treatments of mental patients, advocated mental hospitals to offer more humane methods of treatment36
9107524243Mary Cover JonesCame up with a counter-conditioning therapy to replace Peter's fear of rabbits with him liking the rabbit37
9107524244Benjamin RushDesigned a chair "for the benefit of maniacal patients". He believed the restraints would help them regain their sensibilities38
9107527328Joseph Wolpepsychologist who refined Jones' counter-conditioning therapy into one of the most widely used therapies today...exposure therapy39
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AP Psych, Module 19 Flashcards

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8233431995WavelengthThe distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.0
8233431996HueThe dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.1
8233431997IntensityThe amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave's amplitude (height).2
8233431998PupilThe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.3
8233431999IrisA ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. When you feel disgust or you are about to answer "No" to a question, your pupils constrict.4
8233432000LensThe transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina..5
8233432001RetinaThe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.6
8233432002AccommodationIn sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.7
8233432003RodsRetinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. Doesn't pick up vivid color detail.8
8233432004ConesRetinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.9
8233432005Optic NerveThe nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.10
8233432006Blind SpotThe point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there.11
8233432007FoveaThe central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.12
8233432008Where do the percived photons of light go through the brain to be processed?After processing by your RETINA's nearly 130 million receptor rods and cones, information travels forward again, to your bipolar cells. From there, it moves to your eye's million or so GANGLION cells, and through their axons making up the optic nerve to your brain. After a momentary stop-off in the THALAMUS, the information travels to your VISUAL CORTEX in your OCCUPTIONAL LOBE.13
8233432009Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theoryThe theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.14
8233432010Opponent-process theoryThe theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.15
8233432011Feature detectorsPeople: Hubel and Wiesel received a Nobel Prize Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.16
8233432012Parallel processingThe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Brain delegates the work of processing motion, form, depth, and color to different areas.17
8233432013GestaltAn organized whole. Psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Imagine the panda bear and triangle out of circles.18
8233432014Figure-groundThe organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).19
8233432015GroupingThe perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. Proximity Continuity Closure20
8233432016Depth perceptionThe ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.21
8233432017Visual cliffA laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.22
8233432018Binocular cuesDepth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.23
8233432019Retinal disparityA binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.24
8233432020Monocular cuesDepth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.25
8233432021Phi phenomenonAn illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.26
8233432022Perceptual constancyPerceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change. Recognize objects without being deceived by changes in their color, brightness, shape, or size—a top-down27
8233432023Color constancyPerceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the objects.28
8233432024relative luminanceLike the photometric definition, it is related to the luminous flux density in a particular direction, which is radiant flux density weighted by the luminosity function y(λ) of the CIE Standard Observer. The use of relative values is useful in systems where absolute reproduction is impractical.29
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AP Psychology - Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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9704551921psychological disorderdeviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.0
9704551922Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.1
9704551923medical modelthe concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.2
9704551924DSM-Vthe American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders3
9704551925anxiety disorderspsychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.4
9704551926generalized anxiety disorderan anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.5
9704551927panic disorderan anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.6
9704551928phobiaan anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.7
9704551929obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).8
9704551930post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.9
9704551931post-traumatic growthpositive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.10
9704551932somatoform disorderpsychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (See conversion disorder and hypochondriasis.)11
9704551933conversion disordera rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.12
9704551934hypochondriasisa somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.13
9704551935dissociative disordersdisorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.14
9704551936dissociative identity disorderrare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.15
9704551937mood disorderspsychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder.16
9704551938major depressive disordera mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.17
9704551939maniaa mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.18
9704551940bipolar disordera mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder)19
9704551941schizophreniacharacterized by a breakdown of thought processes and by a deficit of typical emotional responses.20
9704551942delusionsA delusion is an unshakable belief in something untrue21
9704551943personality disordersare a class of mental disorders characterised by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating markedly from those accepted by the individual's culture22
9704551944antisocial personality disordercharacterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.23
9704551945psychoanalytic theorythis school hypothesized that the interactions among the id, the ego, and the superego were responsible for abnormal behavior.24
9704551946humanistic theoryabnormal behavior is partly the result of people being too sensitive to the criticisms and judgements of others, inability to accept their own nature or have low self-esteem25
9704551947behavioral theorybased on the idea that maladaptive behavior is learned, and treatment involves unlearning of the maladaptive behavior or the modification of the learned response to certain stimuli.26
9704551948sociocultural theoryargues that society and culture help define what is acceptable behavior27
9704551949fuguethe sudden and complete loss of identity, sometimes caused by severe stress, followed by the assumption of a new identity.28
9704551950borderline personality disordera "stable instability" of relationships, moods, and self-image - seeing people as either "bad" or "good"29
9704551951abnormal behaviorfour components: atypical (deviates statistically from typical behavior), maladaptive (interferes with a person's ability to function in a particular situation), unjustifiable (not easy to explain to most people)30
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AP Biology Review Flashcards

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8563875912Dehydrationconnecting monomers together by the removal of water0
8563875913Hydrolysisdisassembling polymers by the addition of water1
8563875914Disaccharidesglucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galactose = lactose2
8563875915PolysaccharidesPlants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure) Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)3
8563875916*Lipidshydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains4
8563875917Fatsconsist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no double bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink)5
8563875918Phospholipidsconsist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic6
8563875919Protein structure and organizationcomposed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary (helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular)7
8563875920Protein functions (8)1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8) structural proteins8
8563875921*Nucleic AcidsDNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C) manufactures proteins9
8563875922Nuclear Envelopedouble membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated with pores, continuous with ER10
8563875923Chromatinuncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division11
8563875924Nucleolusnonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, a nucleus has one or more of these12
8563875925Rough ERcovered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins produced by ribosomes13
8563875926Smooth ERmetabollic processes (synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs and poisons)14
8563875927Golgistores, transports, and secretes cell products15
8563875928Cytoskeletonsupports cell, maintains its shape, aids in movement of cell products16
8563875929Centrosomes (2 centrioles)only in animal cells, microtubules used for cell division17
8563875930Lysosomesonly in animal cells, digestive organelles18
8563875931Flagellaonly in animal cells, cluster of microtubules for motility19
8563875932Extracellular Matrixonly in animal cells, made of proteins that provide support for cells and relay information for communication between the environment and the cell20
8563875933Central Vacuoleonly in plant cells, stores water and sugar, breaks down waste, and used as a mechanism for plant growth (when it swells)21
8563875934Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryoticnucleoid / nucleus; only ribosomes / complex membrane-bound organelles; both have same genetic coding, sugars, and amino acids22
8563875935Phospholipid Bilayertails of phospholipids are loosely packed and are in constant motion; membrane contains integral and peripheral proteins, cholestrol, and glycopreotins and glycolipids; cholesterol makes the membrane less permeable to water and other substances; non-polar and small polar molecules can pass through unadied23
8563875936Passive trasportmovement of molecules without requirement of energy: 1) diffusion 2) osmosis (across a membrane) 3) facilitated diffusion (helped by transport proteins)24
8563875937Active transportmovement of molecules that requires energy: 1) sodium-potassium pumps 2) exocytosis 3) endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)25
8563875938Membrane Potentialvoltage across a membrane due to difference in positive and negative ions, electrons move from high to low concentration (ex. sodium-potassium pumps in neurons)26
8563875939Electrochemical Gradientdiffusion gradient resulting in combination of membrane potential and concentration gradient27
8563875940Hypertonicsolution with higher concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this solution would become shiveled/plasmolyzed28
8563875941Hypotonicsolution with lower concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this solution would lyse/become turgid29
8563875942Isotonicequal levels of solute concentration, plant cell in this solution would become flaccid30
8563875943When ΔG is negative......the reaction is exergonic (loss of free energy).31
8563875944When ΔG is positive......the reaction is endergonic (gain of free energy).32
8563875945*Enzymesproteins that are biological catalysts, lower the activation energy required to start a chemical reaction (reactants at unstable transition state) can be used over and over33
8563875946Substratethe substance that an enzyme acts upon34
8563875947Active Siteregion of enzyme that binds to the substrate35
8563875948Induced fitchange in the shape of an enzyme's active site induced by the substrate, helps to break down the substrate36
8563875949The higher the substrate concentration......the faster the reaction until the enzyme becomes saturated.37
8563875950Denaturationthe unraveling of an enzyme due to high temperatures or incompatible pH38
8563875951Cofactorsnonprotein molecules that are required for proper enzyme function, cofactors made of organic molecules are called coenzymes39
8563875952Enzyme inhibition may be irreversible if......the inhibitor attaches by covalent bonds (poisons, toxins)40
8563875953Competitive Inhibitorsresemble a substrate and block enzymes' active sites, can be overcome with higher concentration of substrate41
8563875954Noncompetitive Inhibitorsbind to a portion of the enzyme and change the shape of the active site so that it cannot match with substrates, used for regulating metabolic reactions42
8563875955Feedback Inhibitionthe product of a metabolic pathway switches off the enzyme that created it earlier in the process43
8563875956Oxidationloss of electrons (OIL)44
8563875957Reductiongain of electrons (RIG)45
8563875958Oxidative PhosphorylationATP synthesis powered by redox reactions that transfer electrons to oxygen46
8563875959Electron AcceptorsCellular respiration: NAD+ and FAD (to NADH and FADH2) Photosynthesis: NADP+ (to NADPH)47
8563875960GlycolysisInput: glucose, 2 ATP Output: 2 pyruvic acid, 4 ATP (net 2), 2 NADH48
8563875961Conversion Reaction before Kreb'sInput: 2 pyruvate Output: 2 acetyl (w/ CoA), 2 NADH, 2 CO249
8563875962Krebs CycleInput: 2 acetyl ➝ citric acid Output: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 (after 2 turns of the cycle)50
8563875963Electron Transport ChainInput: NADH, FADH2, O2 (to accept e-) Output: 34-38 ATP, H2O51
8563875964Alcohol FermentationInput: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Output: 2 NAD+, 2 ethanol, 2 CO2, 4 ATP (net 2)52
8563875965Lactic Acid FermentationInput: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Output: 2 NAD+, 2 lactate, 4 ATP (net 2)53
8563875966Photosynthetic Equation54
8563875967Chloroplast structureExciting chlorophyll: chlorophyll in thylakoids absorb light, which excites electrons to produce potential energy55
8563875968Light ReactionsInput: H2O (2 e-), light energy, NADP+ Output: O2, ATP, NADPH56
8563875969Calvin CycleInput: 6 CO2 (fixed to RuBP by Rubisco), ATP, NADPH Output: 2 G3P = 1 glucose57
8563875970Watson and Crickbuilt the first accurate 3D DNA model58
8563875971Leading Strand vs. Lagging Strandworks toward replication fork / works away from replication fork; both always move in the 5' ➝ 3' direction59
8563875972Steps of DNA Replication1) helicase separates the DNA strands 2) SSB proteins prevent DNA from reanneling 3) primase creates RNA primer 4) DNA polymerase extends DNA strand from the primer 5) DNA polymerase I (RNase H) removes the primers 6) ligase joins the okazaki fragments of the lagging strand60
85638759733 types of RNA1) mRNA messenger 2) tRNA transfer amino acids (20 kinds) 3) rRNA ribosomes61
8563875974Transcription1) Initiation: promoter site (TATA) is recognized 2) Elongation: RNA polymerase adds ribonucleotides in the 5' ➝ 3' direction 3) Termination: RNA strand separates, RNA polymerase recognizes termination sequence (AAUAAA)62
8563875975RNA processing/splicingsplicesomes remove introns and put together exons, 5' cap and PolyA tail are added63
8563875976Codon vs. Anticodoncodon = nucleotide sequence on mRNA anticodon = nucleotide sequence on tRNA64
8563875977Translation1) Initiation: 5' cap attaches to ribosome which accepts an initiator tRNA at the P site (*AUG will always be 1st codon) 2) Elongation: codon/anticodon recognition and formation of peptide bond between A site amino acid and P site amino acid chain 3) translocation of the ribosome down the mRNA strand 4) Termination: ribosome will recognize stop codon and release the protein65
8563875978DNA mutationsbase-pair substitution; insertion/deletion; frameshift: 1) missense = different protein 2) nonsense = codes for a stop signal prematurely 3) silent = no harmful change66
8563875979Prokaryotic cell divisionbinary fission: splits in 2, exact copies, quick and efficient with few mutations, but reduces amount of genetic variation67
8563875980Somatic cell vs. Gameteany body cell except gametes / reproductive cells (sperm, egg)68
8563875981Interphase(90% of cell's life) G1: 1st growth, normal metabolic activity (goes into G0 phase if it is not ready for next phase); S: synthesis, DNA replication; G2: 2nd growth, prepares for mitosis69
8563875982Mitosis1) Prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleus disappears 2) Metaphase: chromosomes line up at equator, kinetechore microtubules attach 3) Anaphase: sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell 4) Telophase and Cytokinesis: daughter cells separate, nucleus reforms, chromosomes decondense70
8563875983Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks)a regulatory protein that depends upon the presence of cyclin to complete its function, MPF is a Cdk that triggers a cell's passage into the M phase71
8563875984Meiosis I1) Prophase I: homologous chromosomes pair up and synapsis occurs, crossing over segments of the chromosomes (chiasma) to create more genetic variation 2) Metaphase I: homologous chromosomes line up at the equator 3) Anaphase: homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. 4) Telophase I...72
8563875985Meiosis IIProphase II - Telophase II act exactly like mitosis except that the resultant number of daughter cells is 4 instead of 2, each with their own unique combination of genetic information73
85638759864 mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation1) Mutation 2) Independent Assortment: homologous chromosomes align randomly on one side of the equator or another 3) Crossing Over 4) Random Fertilization: a zygote can be any combination of a sperm and egg (64 trillion different combinations in humans)74
8563876011Repressible Operontrp operon - usually on, can be repressed. Repressor protein produced in inactive shape75
8563876012Inducible Operonlac operon - usually off, can be turned on. Repressor protein produced in active shape.76
8563876013cAMP and CAP regulated Operonwhen CAP is inactive, transcription continues at a much less efficient rate even in the presence of lactose77
8563876015Histone Methylationthe condensing of chromatin structure (heterochromatin), prevents transcription78
8563876016Transcription Factors and EnhancersRNA polymerase requires the assistance of transcription factor proteins and enhancers or activators to successfully transcribe RNA79
8563876017Epigenetic Inheritanceinheritance of traits not directly related to nucleotide sequence (ex. diet and environment contribute to characteristics without changing DNA sequence)80
8563876056Plasmidsa small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome81
8563876057Recombinant DNAa DNA vector made in vitro with segments from different sources82
8563876058Restriction Enzymean enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites), can then be used to create recombinant DNA83
8563876059Gel Electrophoresisanalyzing fragments of DNA (RFLPs) by their length and charge to determine genetic fingerprints and other genetic information84
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AP Psychology: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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5529433676Absolute thresholdthe lowest level of a stimulus —light, sound, touch, etc.—that an organism could detect.0
5529433677Accommodationinvolves altering one's existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences.1
5529433678Selective Attentionthe process by which a person can selectively pick out one message from a mixture of messages occurring simultaneously2
5529433679Parallel ProcessingThe ability for the brain to process many things at once.3
5529433680Kinesthesisbody sense that provides information about the position and movement of individuals parts of your body with receptor in muscles, tendons, and joints4
5529433681SensationA physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body5
5529433682Figure-groundRecognizing objects through vision. Identifies a figure from a background.6
5529433683Sensory AdaptionThe process in which changes in the sensitivity of sensory receptors occur in relation to the stimulus7
5529433684Difference thresholdthe smallest amount by which two sensory stimuli can differ in order for an individual to perceive them as different.8
5529433685Sensory Interactionthis is the principle that one sense can influence another. Smell influences taste.9
5529433686signal detection theoryis a means to quantify the ability to discern between information-bearing patterns (called stimulus in humans, signal in machines) and random patterns that distract from the information (called noise, consisting of background stimuli and random activity of the detection ...10
5529433687Somatosensationthe skin: touch/pressure, warmth, cold, pain11
5529433688Grouping (gestalt 'laws')Set of principles. Accounts for the observation that humans perceive objects as organized patterns and objects naturally.12
5529433689Vestibular sensebody sense of equilibrium with hairlike receptors in semicircular canals and vestibular sac in the inner ear13
5529433690OlfactionThe sense of smell of with the receptors in the mucous membrane on the roof of the nasal cavity.14
5529433691Rodsare photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells.15
5529433692Pitchthe quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone.16
5529433693Place Theoryis a theory of hearing which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane.17
5529433694Sensorineural Hearing Lossis a type of hearing loss, or deafness, in which the root cause lies in the inner ear (cochlea and associated structures), vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), or central auditory processing centers of the brain.18
5529433695Visual Cliff Experimentsto investigate depth perception in human and animal species.19
5529433696HueA color or shade20
5529433697Primingis an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus.21
5529433698Binocular cuesvisual information that are taken by two eyes that allow us a sense of depth perception, or stereopsis.22
5529433700Foveaa small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The center of the field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated.23
5529433701Wavelengththe distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound wave or electromagnetic wave.24
5529433702Stroboscopic Effectvisual phenomenon that makes moving objects appear still when viewed in discrete series of short or instantaneous as distinct from a continuous view.25
5529433703divided attentionPaying attention to 2 things at once so more tasks can be performed at the same time.26
5529433704top down processingwe form our perceptions starting with a larger object, concept, or idea before working our way toward more detailed information.27
5529433705Subliminalexisting or operating below the threshold of consciousness28
5529433706Frequencythe number of complete waves that pass a given point in space every second29
5529433708conesA type of specialized light-sensitive cell (photoreceptor) in the retina of the eye that provides color vision and sharp central vision.30
5529433709Gustationthe chemical sense of taste with receptors cells in the taste bud in fungiform papillae on the tongue, on the roof of the mouth, and in the throat.31
5529433710Gate-control theorypain is experienced only if the pain messages can pass through a gate in the spinal cord on their route to the brain. The gate is opened by small nerve fiber that carry pain signals and closed by neural activity of larger nerve fibers, which conduct most other sensory signals, or by information coming from the brain32
5529433711Perceptual Constancyanimals and humans to see familiar objects that have standard shape, size, color, or location no matter the changes in the angle of perceptive, distance, or lighting.33
5529433712AmplitudeThe maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium34
5529433713Extrasensory PerceptionThe faculty of perceiving things by means other than the known senses35
5529433715Gestaltan organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts.36
5529433717Weber's Lawsdifference threshold increase in proportion to the size of the stimulus37
5529433718Inattentional blindnessalso known as perceptual blindness, is a psychological lack of attention and is not associated with any vision defects or deficits.38
5529433720Photoreceptorsmodified neurons that convert light energy to electrochemical neural impulses39
5529433721Acuityability to detect fine details; sharpness of vision. Can be affected by small distortions in the shape of the eye40
5529433722Proximal Stimulusphysical stimulation that is available to be measured by an observer's sensory apparatus.41
5529433723Perceptual Adaptationthe ability of the body to adapt to an environment by tuning out distractions.42
5529433724Phi Phenomenonthe optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images43
5529433725bottom-up processingas an approach wherein there is a progression from the individual elements to the whole.44
5529433726Opponent-process theoryproposed mechanism for color vision with opposing retinal process for red-green, yellow-blue, white-black. Some retinal cells are stimulated by one of a pair in inhibited by the other45
5529433727Attentionthe set of process from which you choose among the various stimuli bombarding your senses at any instant, allowing some to be further processed by your senses and brain46
5529433728illusiona perception, as of visual stimuli that represents what is perceived in a way different from the way it is in reality.47
5529433730Auditionthe sense of hearing. The loudness of a sound is determined by the amplitude or height of the sound wave48
5529433731Cocktail Party Effectis the phenomenon of being able to focus one's auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli, much the same way that a partygoer can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room.49
5529433732Change Blindnessis a surprising perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it.50
5529433733intensityIntensity refers to light and sound waves, and is defined as the amount of energy in a light or sound wave.51
5529433734Conduction Hearing Lossoccurs when there is a problem conducting sound waves anywhere along the route through the outer ear, tympanic membrane (eardrum), or middle ear (ossicles).52
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APES - ENERGY Flashcards

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5861189294kilowatt-hourhow many kilowatts of energy are used per hour0
5861189295jouleway to measure energy1
5861191275BTUBritish Thermal Unit. Amount of energy needed to heat 1 pound of water by 1 degree F2
5861193129caloriethe amount of energy needed to heat 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree C3
5861208480most used energies in US (electricity)- coal (39%) - natural gas (27%) - nuclear (19%) - hydroelectric (7%) - other renewables (6%) - petroleum (1%) - other (1%)4
5861210094most used energies in US (overall use)- petroleum (36%) - natural gas (27%) - coal (18%) - renewables (9%) - nuclear (8%) - other (2%)5
5861211377efficiencymeasures the amount of given energy to a device that actually is used to run the device for its intended purposes __________________ = useful power out/total power in6
5861211378incandescent bulbs95% inefficient7
5861213746cflscompact fluorescent bulbs. 80% inefficient8
5861213747ledsLight Emitting Diodes. least efficient9
5861215143cogenerationusing "waste" energy of one function for another function10
5861215144energystarmore efficient appliance brand11
5861217712environmentally friendly building- super insulated - orienting the house south to get winter sun for heating - planting trees on west side of the house. These shade the house in the summer to reduce air conditioning costs. - using energy efficient windows - plugging leaks and insulate them - having efficient furnaces and heaters - reusing prior construction materials12
5861217713LEEDleadership in energy efficiency and design. When buildings have a high efficiency and "green" design, they can become _______ certified13
5861219019cafeCorporate average fuel economy.14
5861220662fuel efficiency in the us- large use and popularity of SUVs and other inefficient car models - gas prices are subsidized to make costs lower, causing more consumption. - government has rarely increased the CAFE standards for car manufacturers, so companies continue to make inefficient cars.15
5861220663hybrid carscombination of a gas-powered engine and an electric motor in the car. When braking, kinetic energy of the slowing car is used to power the electric motor and store it. Then the electric motor is used to start the car and run it at a lower speed, and the gas motor kicks in at higher speeds16
5861222640fully electric carsmost will run on electricity until charge runs out. then a gas engine will switch in. They run quiet, have no used for oil, and is non-polluting bc of tailpipe17
5861222641hydrogen powerH2 + O2 = H2O + energy ADVANTAGES: - only byproduct is water - no air pollution or CO2 emissions - provides lots of energy - hydrogen is found in water DISADVENTAGES: - it takes energy to combines the H2 and the O2 - hydrogen cells are very expensive - most hydrogen production comes from the processing of methane and coal which makes greenhouse gases - would need hydrogen gas stations18
5861224471standby poweralso called vampire power, is the way electric power is consumed by electronic and electrical appliances while they are switched off.19
5861224472renewable energyany source of energy that can be replaced as fast as it is used. Examples are wind, hydroelectric, biofuels, and solar20
5861226378nonrenewable energyany source of energy that is used faster than it is replaced. Examples are coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy21
5861226379fossil fuelsdecomposed organisms that have chemically converted to a usable fuel. Include petroleum, coal, and natural gas22
5861227480turbinewhat steam turns23
5861227481generatorwhat the turbine is connected to. This creates electricity.24
5861229137petroleumMade from decayed marine animals pressurized over time. Indicates that water must have been present at some point in time. Pros: - NO ENVIRONMENTAL PROS - easily transported - current supply can last a long time - high energy yield - low cost - low land use - versatile Cons: - water pollution - air pollution - more greenhouse gases - nonrenewable - reserves will run out - government subsidizes25
5861229138fractional distillationwhen you boil oil slowly to separate parts of it out. Gasoline, wax, asphalt, jet fuel are often boiled out.26
5861230667opecorganization of petroleum exporting countries. Group of 11 nations that control over 78% of the worlds oil production. They also control the production, pricing, and exportation of oil.27
5861230668tar sandsAlso called oil sands, sandy earth layers with bitumen. They are mined, separated, and processed into low quality oil. Canada has largest area of mining. Problems that occur: - destruction of land - lots of air pollution - uses large amounts of water - water becomes polluted - produces more greenhouse gases28
5861232026bitumencombustible oily material29
5861232027keystone xl pipelineA pipe that already exists and carries oil sands from Canada to Illinois and Oklahoma. The XL pipe is an extension that links the pipeline to Texas, bc of oil refineries. Pros: - jobs - more money for US - enhanced trade - US can capitalize - reduces need to import from other nations Cons: - lots of pollution - more greenhouse gas emissions - potential for spills - high cost - loss of land30
5861233938natural gasmixture of gases, with most of it (50-90%) being methane. Also has heavier hydrocarbons. Most of it is used for cooking and heating31
5861234974conventional natural gasdeposits found above oil (drillable deposits). If NG is used, a pipeline is built; if NG is not unused, it is burned to get to oil32
5861234975unconventional natural gasgas found in other forms. Liquified natural gas.33
5861236990methane hydratesis a solid clathrate compound in which a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice.34
5861238549hydraulic fracturingMost commonly known as fracking. Used to get natural gas, coal, and oil. When a normal well is drilled large amounts of pressurized fluid/water is injected into the well to cause fissures in the rock the resource is stored in. The fluid cracks the rock and releases more oil/gas to the surface. Problems: - often contaminates aquifers with natural gas bc it occurs lower than aquifers. - uses lots of water - wastewater needs to be stored somewhere - water contains highly toxic chemicals. - creates small earthquakes - methane can leak into air - habitat destruction - heavy metal contamination of land - water can get radioactive tracers in them35
5861238550coalfossilized remains of plants under heat and pressure with time. Mainly carbon-filled, but also has sulfur. Generates 40% of worlds electricity. Most abundant fossil fuel. Pros: - NO ENVIRONMENTAL PROS - easily transportable - currently have 300 year supply - found lots of places - low cost - high energy yield Cons: - air pollution - high land destruction - linked to acid mine drainage - high mercury emissions - acid rain formation - energy is not priced to include potential environmental costs36
5861238551peatNOT COAL. partially decayed plant matter; high moisture; low heat; found in bogs37
5861239828lignitelow heat and sulfur38
5861250161bituminous coalhigh heat and high sulfur; most coal is in this form39
5861250162anthracitic coalhigh heat and low sulfur; limited supplies; most desirable coal40
5861260281clean coal technology- washing coal before burning - try to wash air pollutant stream before entering the air41
5861260310coal gasificationAnother example is Coal liquefaction. These two processes that convert coal into alternate fuels like gasoline or natural gas. It is expensive and less energy efficient, but does make new forms of energy sources in need.42
5861263317nuclear energyADVANTAGES: - fairly decent supply of uranium - low CO2 emissions - low air pollution - low land destruction - low risk of accidents - lower dependence of foreign oil - newer reactors are safer DISADVANTAGES: - expensive to install at first - low energy yield - need to store wastes safely for billions of years - nuclear accident could be catastrophic - power plants have a lifespan43
5861264640U-235Most common atom used in fission44
5861264641chain reactionthe sequence of a growing fission cycle45
5861264642fissionwhen an atom is split. Most commonly use uranium46
5861265940critical massthe amount of uranium to start and sustain a chain reaction, without the reaction dying out or getting too large and dangerous47
5861265941subcritical masswhen you have too little uranium to start and sustain a chain reaction48
5861268263supercritical masswhen you have too much uranium which causes the chain reaction to grow so big that too much energy will be created and cause an explosion49
5861268268how a nuclear reactor worksenergy is released through nuclear fission (U-235 to U-236). Uranium fuel rods each have a subcritical mass so each rod cannot react on its own. When the fuel rods are moved closer together, the reaction begins and the energy created enters the surrounding water, which will turn to steam. The steam will then turn a turbine, which is connected to a generator which creates electricity.50
5861270146control rodsmade of lead or other materials that block nuclear activity between the fuel rods51
5861271621three mile islandcoolant system malfunction; resulting in partial meltdown. Explosion occurred, but it was contained and minimal radiation leakage occurred.52
5861271622chernobylworst nuclear accident in history. Cooling malfunction led to meltdown and explosion, there was not containment are built, so the explosion caused 100x more radiation exposure that an atomic bomb. Made surrounding area unlivable.53
5861272929fukushima2011 tsunami set off chain reaction of events. It knocked out the power plant's connection to the power grid. Multiple reactor unit did not have cooling, so the rods kept generating heat and melted off cooling water. Sea water was pumped over the units to provide cooling, which caused permanent loss of reactors. Radiation leaks occurred.54
5861274507nuclear meltdownis term for a severe nuclear reactor accident that results in core damage from overheating.55
5861275941reasons for nuclear accidents- nuclear meltdown - cooling systems - explosions56
5861275942half-lifehow long it takes for the chemical to lose half of its radiation57
5861278112decommissionedwhat power plants do when they are retired due to corrosion or use58
5861278113yucca mountainone of the proposed long-term waste disposal sites for nuclear waste59
5861279717wippwaste isolation pilot plant. New Mexico. Much public outcry and legal battles have prevented waste storage here.60
5861279718biogasgas collected from decomposition of organic materials. Primarily made of methane, but does contain other gases. Could be burned to generate heat or electricity.61
5861283040anaerobic methane digestersA bin that is an area with no oxygen. These conditions are ideal for decomposing bacteria to eat wastes. By-product is gas that can be burned off.62
5861283041hydroelectric energyusing the power of falling/moving water to make electricity. Water behind the dam falls down the spillway of the dam and turns a turbine which is connected to a generator. ADVANTAGES: - efficient - non-polluting - low greenhouse gas emissions - can help prevent floods - provides source of water - long life span DISADVANTAGES: - high costs - danger of collapse/terrorism - can destroy habitats - impacts abiotic and biotic parts of river - lots of CO2 in tropical reservoirs63
5861285327tidal powerwhere the tidal actions of the ocean turns turbines. Only a small number exist. Mostly in Alaska, France, and England, bc there are limited places they can be. Expensive and difficult to build.64
5861285328geothermal energyenergy from the earths interior. most places are near plate tectonics. - drill/pump dry steam from the ground to turn a turbine that is connected to a generator. or - pump hot water from ground, create steam, turn turbine, activates generator ADVANTAGES: - low greenhouse gas emissions - no air pollution - efficient - low cost to run DISADVANTAGES: - expensive to build - limited sites - often has an odor - can overpump65
5861286959geothermal heat pumpssystem that pumps air from the interior of earths crust to the surface and back again. Used to heat homes.66
5861286960solar energyusing the sun to create energy. Divided into passive and active. ADVANTAGES: - can work on cloudy days - fairly easy to install - no greenhouse gas emissions - no air or water pollution - no use of fossil fuels - can be moved easily DISADVANTAGES: - need to be in sunny areas - inefficient - high costs - high land use - panels make DC current, should use AC - difficult to dispose of67
5861289727passive solar energysolar energy that requires no mechanical power to collect or distribute the energy. Examples are solar cookers, water tank in sunlight to heat water, or skylights68
5861289728solar cookerscooking food in a solar radiation reflecting oven69
5861291271active solar energysolar energy that is collected or distributed via mechanical power. For example, some solar panels absorb the suns radiation and transfers heat to a heat absorbing fluid which is pumped to the home to warm it.70
5861295273photovaltic cellsanother name for solar panels. Made of silicon and other trace amounts of metals. Sun hits the silicon, causes electrons to move into wires of the solar panels and out as electricity.71
5861296820DC v AC currentsDirect Current v Alternating Current. Alternating current describes the flow of charge that changes direction periodically. Direct current oscillates back and forth and provides a constant voltage or current.72
5861296821wind energyhaving wind move a turbine for the generation of electricity. Only produces 1% of US electricity ADVANTAGES: - no air pollution - no greenhouse gases - efficient - easy to build - can be on land or sea DISADVANTAGES: - need steady winds - hard to store excess electricity - can be noisy - can interfere with migratory patterns - requires lots of money73
5861297952biomass energyplant materials or animal wastes used in some way to make energy. Renewable, and can be grown quickly74
5861297953fuelwoodwood burned for direct heat75
5861297954biofuelsliquid or gas conversions of biomass solids to fuel. Two main examples are ethanol and biodiesel ADVANTAGES: - cleaner burning than fossil fuels - no net carbon emissions - reduces use of fossil fuels - can be used in a variety of ways - can use a variety of materials/wastes DISADVANTAGES: - could be nonrenewable - uses food products for fuel - higher cost - need land to grow - low energy yield - can corrode engines76
5861299354ethanolany organic material with sugar is broken down into simple sugars. The sugars are fermented, which creates alcohol and then it is mixed with gasoline to create gasohol. Sugar ________ makes a lot more energy than corn _________.77
5861299355biodieselfuel primarily made from vegetable oils from soybeans, sunflowers, palms, and fats. Oils undergo transesterification which separates biodiesel from the glycerin in the oils. It is considered cleaner burning than ethanol. Also more energy efficient.78
5861300634fermentationthe chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.79
5861300635gasoholalcohol + gasoline. Used in flex-fuel vehicles.80
5861339307flex-fuel carsvehicles that can use a variety of fuels in the engine81
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AP Government - Chapter 1 Flashcards

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5919080758GovernmentA system that makes authoritative public policies made for society.0
5919080759PoliticsThe process by which government officials, as well as the policies they pursue, are chosen.1
5919080760The Policymaking System2
5919080761Linkage InstitutionsPolitical channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda. (political parties, elections, interest groups, the media, etc.)3
5919080762Policy AgendaSeveral issues that capture the serious attention of political officials and other figures in politics at a given time.4
5919080763Collective GoodsGoods and services, such as clean water, that by nature cannot be denied to anyone.5
5919080764The 5 Basic Duties Each Government Should Perform1. Maintain a national defense. 2. Provide public goods and services. 3. Preserve order. 4. Socialize the young. 5. Collect taxes.6
5919080765Political CultureAn overall set of values widely shared within a society7
5919080766Single-Issue GroupsGroups that have a narrow interest on which their members tend to take an uncompromising stance.8
5919080767DemocracyA system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the *public's* preferences.9
5919080768Traditional Democratic Theory1. Equality in voting. 2. Effective participation 3. Enlightened. understanding. 4. Citizen control of the agenda. 5. Inclusion10
5919080769PluralismDemocratic theory that states that the government is comprised of several different groups that compete to reach compromise, no one group dominating another.11
5919080770Elite and Class TheoryDemocratic theory that states that society is divided by class lines, with the upper class elite in power (Policies benefit those with money/power)12
5919080771HyperpluralismDemocratic theory that states that he government is comprised of several groups, all of which are too strong, which leads to muddled policy and gridlock --- the government suffers because of groups13
5919080772Challenges to DemocracyIncreased complexity of issues, limited participation in government, escalating campaign costs, and diverse political interests.14
59190807735 Elements of American Political Culture1. Liberty. 2. Egalitarianism. 3. Individualism. 4. Laissez-faire. 5. Populism.15
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AP fiction terms Flashcards

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4759064096anticlimaxan effect that spoils the climax0
4759064587archetypea pattern, character type, image, symbol, or motif that recurs consistently enough in literature to be considered universal1
4759068590characterizationthe method by which an author creates the appearance and personality of characters2
4759069877confidantesomeone the protagonist talks to, enabling the audience/reader to become aware of the protagonist's motivation3
4759072286dystopiaan undesirable imaginary society4
4759073036explication de textethe detailed analysis or close reading of verse or prose5
4759073931incidentan event or episode that moves the plot forward6
4759074905motifa recurring image, word, phrase, action, idea, object, or situation that appears in a literary work or throughout various works7
4759077765motivationthe impulses and circumstances that cause a character to act, think, or feel a certain way8
4759078883narrative voicethe attitude, personality, or character of the narrator9
4759079854point of viewthe vantage point from which a story is told; the eye and mind through which the action is perceived and filtered10
47590826801st person povstory is told by a character who uses the 1st person pronoun "I" (no insight is given into other characters' thoughts or motives)11
47590863233rd person objective povcharacters' behavior and actions are not interpreted; no private thoughts or feelings are revealed; the reader only experiences the characters' words and actions12
47590923873rd person omniscient povnarrator is free to tell what characters think and feel and why they act as they do13
47590968223rd person limited povnarrator tells only what one character feels, thinks, sees, or hears14
4759101249reliabilitythe extent to which a narrator can be trusted or believed15
4759101910stereotypea character who represents a trait generally attributed to a social or racial group16
4759103265subplota secondary series of events that are subordinate to the main story17
4759104392suspensequality that makes the reader or audience tense or uncertain about the outcome of events18
4759105927suspension of disbeliefthe demand made of an audience/reader to use imagination and accept limits of reality, staging, and plot19
4759108856symbolanything that represents something beyond itself (one things stands for another)20
4759109838themethe message about life and the human experience that is sent via a literary work; the life lesson portrayed through reading a literary work21
4759112148utopiaa desirable, imaginary society22
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