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AP Government Chapter 8 Flashcards

4755812357	Party Competition	The battle of the parties for control of public offices. Ups and downs of the two major parties are one of the most important elements in American politics.	0
4755812358	Political Party	Women and Men who share basic beliefs and and a label who are trying to control the government.	1
4755812750	Linkage Institutions	The channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, they include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media.	2
4755813121	Party Image	The voter's perception of what the Republicans or Democrats stand for, such as conservatism or liberalism	3
4755813122	Rational-choice Theory	A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.	4
4755813428	Party Identification	A citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other	5
4755813429	Ticket-splitting	Voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. It has become the norm in American voting behavior.	6
4755814337	Party Machines	A type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern.	7
4755814338	Patronage	One of the key inducements used by party machines. Jobs, promotions, or contracts based on this are given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone.	8
4755814703	Closed Primaries	Elections to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance with the party can vote for that party's candidates, thus encouraging greater party loyalty.	9
4755814704	Open Primaries	Elections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests.	10
4755816626	Blanket Primaries	Elections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidates from all the parties. Voters can then select some Democrats and some Republicans if they like.	11
4755816627	National Convention	The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.	12
4755816662	National Committee	One of the institutions that keeps the party operating between conventions. It is composed of representatives from the states and territories.	13
4755817328	National Chairperson	The person responsible for the day-to-day activities of the party and is usually hand-picked by the presidential nominee.	14
4755818877	Coalition	A group of individuals with a common interest upon which every political party depends.	15
4755818878	Party Eras	Historical periods in which a majority of voters cling to the party in power, which tends to win a majority of elections.	16
4755820194	Critical Elections	An electoral "earthquake" where new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. Such periods are sometimes marked by a national crisis and may require more than one election to bring about a new party era.	17
4755820195	Party Realignment	The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period.	18
4755820504	New Deal Coalition	A coalition forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930s the the 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.	19
4755820505	Party Dealignment	The gradual disengagement of people and politicians from the parties, as seen in party by shrinking party identification.	20
4755820510	Party Neutrality	A term used to describe the fact that many Americans are indifferent toward the two major political parties.	21
4755821315	Third Parties	Electoral contenders other than the two major parties. Such in America are not unusual, but they rarely win elections.	22
4755821316	Winner-take-all-system	An electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to candidates who come in first in their constituencies. In American presidential elections, the system in which the winner of the popular vote in a state receives all the electoral votes of the state.	23
4755824595	Proportional Representation	An electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election.	24
4755824596	Coalition Government	When two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature. This form of government is quite common in the multiparty system of Europe	25
4755825069	Responsible Party Model	A view favored by some political scientists about how parties should work. According to this, parties should offer clear choices to the voters, who can then use those choices as cues to their own preferences of candidates. Once in office, parties would carry out their campaign promises	26

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AP Government: Political Parties Flashcards

AP Test Prep

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9025666479	Political Party	a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office	0
9025666480	Direct Primary	a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office	1
9025666481	National Convention	A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules.	2
9025666482	National Committee	One of the institutions that keep the party operating between conventions. The national committee is composed of representatives from the states and territories.	3
9025666483	Congressional Campaign Committee	an organization maintained by a political party to raise funds to support its own candidates in congressional elections	4
9025666484	National Chairman	Appointed by the DNC or the RNC as head of the party.	5
9025666485	Soft Money	political contributions made in such a way as to avoid the United States regulations for federal election campaigns (as by contributions to a political action committee)	6
9025666486	Hard Money	Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed.	7
9025666487	Super-Delegates	National party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the Democratic national party convention.	8
9025666488	Winner-Take-All-System	An election system in which the candidate with the most votes wins.	9
9025666489	Political Machine	well organized political organization that controls election results by awarding jobs and other favors in exchange for votes	10
9025666490	Tammany Hall	a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism	11
9025666491	Patronage	(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support	12
9025666492	Plurality System	an electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections	13
9025666493	Caucus	a private meeting of party leaders to choose candidates for office (Iowa Caucus)	14
9025666494	Linkage Institutions	the channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, linkage institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media.	15
9025666495	Loyal Opposition	When losers in the political game continue to support the system, even when the system is against their ideology.	16
9025666496	Out Party	The party not in power	17
9025666497	Realignment	when popular support switches from one party to another	18
9025666498	First Party System	Began in 1792. The federalist party and its opposing republican party competed for control of the presidency. Republican party was made because people saw the federalists as gaining too much power.	19
9025666499	Second Party System	a period in American political history between 1828 and 1854 and saw rising levels in votes and the major parties were he Democratic led by Jackson and the Whigs led by Clay.	20
9025666500	New Deal Coalition	A coalition forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930s the the 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.	21
9025666501	Spoils System	The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.	22
9025666502	Civil Service	the group of people whose job it is to carry out the work of the government	23
9025666503	McGovern-Fraser Commission	a commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation.	24
9025666504	Party Dealignment	the gradual disengagement of people and politicians from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification.	25
9025666505	Personal Following	The political support provided to a candidate on the basis of personal popularity and networks	26
9025666506	Proportional Representation	an electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election.	27
9025666507	Party Platform	A political party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four years. The platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee whose members are chosen in rough proportion to each candidate's strength. It is the best formal statement of a party's beliefs.	28
9025666508	Dixiecrats	Were conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats.	29
9025666509	Strom Thurmond	governor of SC, leader of the Dixiecrats, ran for president under State's Rights Party in 1948	30
9025666510	George Wallace	Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972, but gets assassinated.	31
9025666511	American Independent Party	political party whose most famous presidential candidate was Alabama governor George Wallace; mainly known for opposing racial desegregation.	32
9025666512	Ross Perot	This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 19 percent of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties. (Reform Party, Reason for Bill Clinton's Victory)	33
9025666513	Critical Elections	elections that disrupt party coalitions and create new ones in a party realignment	34
9025666514	Free-Soil Party	Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.	35
9025666515	Jacksonian Democrats	1828-1848: Jackson supporters, 1st national, well organized party that used slogans, canvassing and campaigning	36
9025666516	Whigs	conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster	37
9025666517	Bull Moose Party	nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912	38

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AP Psychology Midterm Review Flashcards

Chapters 1-9

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5589431581	psychology	the scientific study of behavior and mental processes	0
5589431582	empiricism	the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment	1
5589431583	structuralism	an early school of psycholgy that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind	2
5589431584	functionalism	a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish	3
5589431585	humanistic psychology	historically signifficant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth	4
5589431586	nature-nurture issue	the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development or psychological traits and behaviors	5
5589431587	natural selection	the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributong to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	6
5589431589	biopsychosocial approach	an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis	7
5589431591	applied research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems	8
5589431592	counseling psychology	a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater wellbeing	9
5589431593	clinical psychology	a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders	10
5589431594	psychiatry	a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments(for example, drug) as well as psychological therapies	11
5589431595	hindsight bias	the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)	12
5589431596	critical thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions - rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions	13
5589431597	theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations	14
5589431598	hypothesis	a testable prediction, often implied by a theory	15
5589431599	operational definition	a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables	16
5589431600	replication	repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances	17
5589431601	case study	an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	18
5589431602	survey	a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them	19
5589431603	false consensus effect	the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors	20
5589431604	population	all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study	21
5589431605	random sample	a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	22
5589431606	naturalistic observation	observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	23
5589431607	correlation coefficient	a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other	24
5589431608	scatterplot	a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables	25
5589431609	illusory correlation	the perception of a relationship where none exists	26
5589431610	experiment	a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process	27
5589431611	double-blind procedure	an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or the placebo	28
5589431612	placebo effect	experimental results caused by expectations alone	29
5589431613	experimental condition	the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable	30
5589431614	control condition	the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment	31
5589431615	random assignment	assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups	32
5589431616	independent variable	the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied	33
5589431617	dependent variable	the experimental factor that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable	34
5589431618	mode	the most frequently occurring score in a distribution	35
5589431619	mean	the arithmetic average of a distribution	36
5589431620	median	the middle score in a distribution	37
5589431621	range	the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution	38
5589431622	standard deviation	a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	39
5589431623	statistical significance	a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	40
5589431626	neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system	41
5589431627	axon	the extention of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands	42
5589431628	myelin sheath	a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next	43
5589431629	action potential	a neural impulse; a breif electrical charge that travels down an axon	44
5589431630	threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse	45
5589431631	synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron	46
5589431632	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gap between neurons	47
5589431633	acetylcholine	a neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction	48
5589431634	endorphins	natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure	49
5589431635	nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems	50
5589431636	central nervous system	the brain and spinal cord	51
5589431637	peripheral nervous system	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body	52
5589431638	nerves	neural "cables" containing many axons	53
5589431639	sensory neurons	neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system	54
5589431640	interneurons	central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs	55
5589431641	motor neurons	neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands	56
5589431642	somatic nervous system	the division of the perihperal nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles	57
5589431643	autonomic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs	58
5589431644	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations	59
5589431645	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	60
5589431646	reflex	a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus	61
5589431647	neural networks	interconnected neural cells - with experience, networks can learn	62
5589431648	lesion	tissue destruction	63
5589431649	electroencephalogram (EEG)	an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface - these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp	64
5589431650	CT (computed tomography) scan	a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body	65
5589431651	PET (positron emission tomography) scan	a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task	66
5589431652	MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)	a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue	67
5589431653	brainstem	the oldest part and central coe of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions	68
5589431654	medulla	the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing	69
5589431655	reticular formation	a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal	70
5589431656	thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	71
5589431657	cerebellum	the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance	72
5589431658	limbic system	a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and agression and drives such as those for food and sex	73
5589431659	amygdala	two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion	74
5589431660	hypothalamus	a neural struture lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion	75
5589431661	cerebral cortex	the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center	76
5589431662	glial cells	cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons	77
5589431663	frontal lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; invloved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments	78
5589431664	parietal lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex	79
5589431665	occipital lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field	80
5589431666	temporal lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear	81
5589431667	motor cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	82
5589431668	sensory cortex	the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations	83
5589431669	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	84
5589431670	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (imparing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (imparing understanding)	85
5589431671	Broca's area	controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech	86
5589431672	Wernicke's area	controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe	87
5589431673	plasticity	the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development	88
5589431674	corpus callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them	89
5589431675	split brain	a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them	90
5589431676	endocrine system	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream	91
5589431677	hormones	chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine system, that are produced in one tissue and affect another	92
5589431678	adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys that secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress	93
5589431679	pituitary gland	the endocrine system's most influential gland - under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands	94
5589431680	chromosomes	threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	95
5589431681	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes	96
5589431682	genes	the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein	97
5589431683	genome	the complete instructions for making an organism, containing all the genetic material in its chromosomes	98
5589431684	mutation	a random error in gene replication that leads to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity	99
5589431685	evolutionay psychology	the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principals of natural selection	100
5589431687	behavior genetics	the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior	101
5589431688	environment	every nongenetic influence, from prenatal to the people and things around us	102
5589431689	identical twins	twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms	103
5589431690	fraternal twins	twins who develop from separate eggs - they are geneticaly no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment	104
5589431691	temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	105
5589431692	heritability	the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes - the heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied	106
5589431705	social learning theory	the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished	107
5589431719	cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	108
5589431742	cross-sectional study	A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another	109
5589431743	longitudinal study	Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period	110
5589431747	sensation	The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment	111
5589431748	perception	The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events	112
5589431749	bottom-up processing	Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to te brain's integration of sensory information	113
5589431750	top-down processing	Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes	114
5589431751	psychophysics	The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them	115
5589431752	absolute threshold	The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time	116
5589431753	signal detection theory	A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background noise	117
5589431754	subliminal	Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness	118
5589431755	difference threshold	The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time	119
5589431756	Weber's law	The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage	120
5589431757	sensory adaptation	Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation	121
5589431758	transduction	Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses	122
5589431759	wavelength	The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next	123
5589431760	hue	The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light (blue, green, red, etc.)	124
5589431761	intensity	The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude	125
5589431762	pupil	The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters	126
5589431763	iris	A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening	127
5589431764	lens	The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina	128
5589431765	accommodation	The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina	129
5589431766	retina	The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information	130
5589431767	acuity	The sharpness of vision	131
5589431768	nearsightedness	A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina	132
5589431769	farsightedness	A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina	133
5589431770	rods	Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond	134
5589431771	cones	Receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations	135
5589431772	optic nerve	The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eyes to the brain	136
5589431773	blind spot	The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there	137
5589431774	fovea	The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster	138
5589431775	feature detectors	Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement	139
5589431776	parallel processing	The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously	140
5589431777	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors (red, green, blue) which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color	141
5589431778	opponent-process theory	The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision	142
5589431779	color constancy	Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object	143
5589431780	audition	The sense of hearing	144
5589431781	frequency	The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time	145
5589431782	pitch	A tone's highness or lowness; depends on frequency	146
5589431783	middle ear	The chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window	147
5589431784	inner ear	The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs	148
5589431785	cochlea	A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	149
5589431786	place theory	In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated	150
5589431787	frequency theory	In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch	151
5589431788	conduction hearing loss	Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea	152
5589431789	sensorineural hearing loss	Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves	153
5589431790	gate-control theory	The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain - the "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain	154
5589431791	sensory interaction	The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste	155
5589431792	kinesthesis	The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts	156
5589431793	vestibular sense	The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance	157
5589431794	selective attention	The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect	158
5589431795	visual capture	The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses	159
5589431796	gestalt	An organized whole - gestalt psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes	160
5589431797	figure-ground	The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings	161
5589431799	depth perception	The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance	162
5589431800	visual cliff	A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals	163
5589431801	binocular cues	Depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes	164
5589431802	monocular cues	Distance cues available to either eye alone	165
5589431803	retinal disparity	A binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object	166
5589431804	convergence	A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object	167
5589431805	phi phenomenon	An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession	168
5589431806	perceptual constancy	Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change	169
5589431807	perceptual adaptation	In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field	170
5589431808	perceptual set	A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another	171
5589431809	human factors psychology	A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors	172
5589431810	extrasensory perception (ESP)	The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input - said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition	173
5589431811	parapsychology	The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis	174
5589431812	consciousness	Our awareness of ourselves and our environment	175
5589431813	biological rhythms	Periodic physiological fluctuations	176
5589431814	circadian rhythm	The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle	177
5589431815	REM sleep	Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur	178
5589431816	alpha waves	The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state	179
5589431817	sleep	Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation	180
5589431818	hallucinations	False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus	181
5589431819	delta waves	The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep	182
5589431820	insomnia	Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep	183
5589431821	narcolepsy	A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks	184
5589431822	sleep apnea	A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings	185
5589431823	night terrors	A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; occur during Stage 4 sleep and are seldom remembered	186
5589431824	dream	A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind	187
5589431825	manifest content	According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream	188
5589431826	latent content	According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream	189
5589431827	REM rebound	The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation	190
5589431828	hypnosis	A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur	191
5589431829	posthypnotic amnesia	Supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist's suggestion	192
5589431830	posthypnoyic suggestion	A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized	193
5589431831	dissociation	A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts to occur simultaneously with others	194
5589431833	psychoactive drug	A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood	195
5589431834	tolerance	The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect	196
5589431835	withdrawal	The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug	197
5589431836	physical dependence	A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued	198
5589431837	psychological dependence	A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions	199
5589431838	depressants	Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions	200
5589431839	stimulants	Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions	201
5589431840	hallucinogens	Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory imput	202
5589431841	barbiturates	Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but imparing memory and judgment	203
5589431842	opiates	Drugs that depress neural activity, temporarily lessenging pain and anxiety	204
5589431843	amphetamines	Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes	205
5589431844	ecstasy (MDMA)	A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition	206
5589431845	LSD	A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid	207
5589431846	THC	The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations	208
5589431888	learning	A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	209
5589431889	associative learning	Learning that certain events occur together - the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence	210
5589431890	classical conditioning	A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli	211
5589431891	behaviorism	The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes	212
5589431892	unconditioned response (UCR)	In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)	213
5589431893	unconditioned stimulus (UCS)	In classical conditioning, a stimulus that uncondiionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response	214
5589431894	conditioned response (CR)	In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus	215
5589431895	conditioned stimulus (CS)	In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response	216
5589431896	acquisition	The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response	217
5589431897	extinction	The diminishing of a conditioned response	218
5589431898	spontaneous recovery	The reappearnce, after a rest period, of an extinquished conditioned response	219
5589431899	generalization	The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses	220
5589431900	discrimination	In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli which do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	221
5589431901	operant conditioning	A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	222
5589431902	respondent behavior	Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning	223
5589431903	operant behavior	Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	224
5589431904	law of effect	Throndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	225
5589431905	operant chamber (Skinner box)	A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking - used in operant conditioning research	226
5589431906	shaping	An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal	227
5589431907	reinforcer	In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	228
5589431908	primary reinforcer	An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	229
5589431909	conditioned reinforcer	A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through it association with a primary reinforcer (also known as secondary reinforcer)	230
5589431910	continuous reinforcement	Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	231
5589431911	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	Reinforcing a response only part of the time - results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	232
5589431912	fixed-ratio schedule	In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	233
5589431913	variable-ratio schedule	In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	234
5589431914	fixed-interval schedule	In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	235
5589431915	variable-interval schedule	In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	236
5589431916	punishment	An event that decreases the behavior that it follows	237
5589431917	cognitive map	A mental representation of the layout of one's environment	238
5589431918	latent learning	Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	239
5589431919	overjustification effect	The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do - the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task	240
5589431920	intrinsic motivation	A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective	241
5589431921	extrinsic motivation	A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment	242
5589431922	observational learning	Learning by observing others	243
5589431923	modeling	The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	244
5589431924	mirror neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so - the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy	245
5589431925	prosocial behavior	Positive, constructive, helpful behavior	246
5589431926	memory	The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information	247
5589431927	flashbulb memory	A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event	248
5589431928	encoding	The processing of information into the memory system	249
5589431929	storage	The retention of encoded information over time	250
5589431930	retrieval	The process of getting information out of memory storage	251
5589431931	sensory memory	The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system	252
5589431932	short-term memory	Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten	253
5589431933	long-term memory	The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system	254
5589431934	automatic processing	Unconscious encoding of incidental information and of well-learned information	255
5589431935	effortful processing	Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort	256
5589431936	rehearsal	The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage	257
5589431937	spacing effect	The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice	258
5589431938	serial position effect	Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list	259
5589431939	visual encoding	The encoding of picture images	260
5589431940	acoustic encoding	The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words	261
5589431941	semantic encoding	The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words	262
5589431942	imagery	Mental pictures - a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding	263
5589431943	mnemonics	Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices	264
5589431944	chunking	Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically	265
5589431945	iconic memory	A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli	266
5589431946	echoic memory	A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli	267
5589431947	long-term potentiation	An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation - believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory	268
5589431948	amnesia	The loss of memory	269
5589431949	implicit memory	Retention independent of conscious recollection	270
5589431950	explicit memory	Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"	271
5589431951	hippocampus	A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage	272
5589431952	recall	A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier	273
5589431953	recognition	A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned	274
5589431954	relearning	A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time	275
5589431955	priming	The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory	276
5589431956	déjà vu	That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" - cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience	277
5589431957	mood-congruent memory	The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood	278
5589431958	proactive interference	The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information	279
5589431959	retroactive interference	The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information	280
5589431960	repression	In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that basishes from conscousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	281
5589431961	misinformation effect	Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event	282
5589431962	source amnesia	Attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined	283

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9598870398	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9598870399	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9598870400	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9598870401	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9598870402	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9598870403	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9598870404	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9598870405	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9598870406	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9598870407	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9598870408	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9598870409	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9598870410	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9598870411	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9598870412	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9598870413	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9598870414	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9598870415	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9598870416	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9598870417	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9598870418	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9598870419	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9598870420	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9598870421	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9598870422	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9598870423	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9598870424	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9598870425	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9598870426	theory	general idea being tested	28
9598870427	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9598870428	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9598870429	mode	appears the most	31
9598870430	mean	average	32
9598870431	median	middle	33
9598870432	range	highest - lowest	34
9598870433	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9598870434	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9598870435	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9598870436	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9598870437	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9598870438	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9598870439	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9598870440	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9598870632	neuron		43
9598870441	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9598870442	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9598870443	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9598870444	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9598870445	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9598870446	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9598870447	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9598870448	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9598870449	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9598870450	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9598870451	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9598870452	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9598870453	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9598870454	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9598870455	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9598870456	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9598870457	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9598870458	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9598870459	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9598870460	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9598870461	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9598870462	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9598870463	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9598870464	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9598870465	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9598870466	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9598870467	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9598870468	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9598870469	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9598870470	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9598870471	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9598870472	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9598870473	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9598870474	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9598870475	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9598870476	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9598870477	occipital lobe	vision	80
9598870478	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9598870479	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9598870480	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9598870481	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9598870482	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9598870483	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9598870484	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9598870485	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9598870486	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9598870487	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9598870488	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9598870489	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9598870490	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9598870491	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9598870492	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9598870493	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9598870494	rods	night time	97
9598870495	cones	color	98
9598870496	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9598870497	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9598870498	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9598870499	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9598870500	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9598870501	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9598870502	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9598870503	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9598870504	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9598870505	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9598870506	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9598870507	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9598870508	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9598870509	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9598870510	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9598870511	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9598870512	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9598870513	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9598870514	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9598870515	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9598870516	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9598870517	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9598870518	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9598870519	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9598870520	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9598870521	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9598870522	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9598870523	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9598870524	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9598870525	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9598870526	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9598870527	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9598870528	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9598870529	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9598870530	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9598870531	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9598870532	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9598870533	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9598870534	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9598870535	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9598870536	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9598870537	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9598870538	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9598870539	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9598870540	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9598870541	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9598870542	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9598870543	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9598870544	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9598870545	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9598870546	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9598870547	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9598870548	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9598870549	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9598870550	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9598870551	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9598870552	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9598870553	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9598870554	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9598870555	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9598870556	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9598870557	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9598870558	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9598870559	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9598870560	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9598870561	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9598870562	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9598870563	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9598870564	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9598870565	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9598870566	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9598870567	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9598870568	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9598870569	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9598870570	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9598870571	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9598870572	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9598870573	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9598870574	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9598870575	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9598870576	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9598870577	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9598870578	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9598870579	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9598870580	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9598870581	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9598870582	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9598870583	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9598870584	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9598870585	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9598870586	encoding	information going in	189
9598870587	storage	keeping information in	190
9598870588	retrieval	taking information out	191
9598870589	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9598870590	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9598870591	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9598870592	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9598870593	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9598870594	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9598870595	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9598870596	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9598870597	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9598870598	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9598870599	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9598870600	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9598870601	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9598870602	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9598870603	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9598870604	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9598870605	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9598870606	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9598870607	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9598870608	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9598870609	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9598870610	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9598870611	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9598870612	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9598870613	context	environment helps with memory	216
9598870614	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9598870615	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9598870616	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9598870617	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9598870618	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9598870619	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9598870620	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9598870621	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9598870622	prototypes	generalize	225
9598870623	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9598870624	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9598870625	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9598870626	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9598870627	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9598870628	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9598870629	grammar is _________	universal	232
9598870630	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9598870631	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psych Ch. 11 Flashcards

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6403236236	Personality	individual's unique and relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving	0
6403239494	Psychoanalysis	Freud's theory which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior	1
6403243582	Free association	psychoanalytic technique of spontaneous report of thoughts and feelings	2
6403251005	Freudian slip	inadvertent slip of the tongue, reveals unconscious thought	3
6403256244	Id	in Freud's personality theory, the "want" of personality, seeks immediate satisfaction	4
6403258316	Superego	in Freud's personality theory, the "should" of personality, is one's moral compass	5
6403262142	Ego	in Freud's personality theory, the "can" of personality, is a rational mediator	6
6403265219	Eros	Freud's life instinct	7
6403266279	Thanatos	Freud's death instinct	8
6403272383	Conscious	information in your immediate awareness	9
6403274498	Preconscious	information that is easily retrievable for awareness	10
6403281439	Unconscious	thoughts, feelings and wishes that are hidden and not readily available to conscious awareness	11
6403287237	Repression	defense mechanism, unconscious forgetting	12
6403290376	Displacement	defense mechanism, redirecting emotions toward a substitute	13
6403293645	Sublimation	defense mechanism, sexual urges channeled into other activities	14
6403298147	Rationalization	defense mechanism, justifying one's actions with socially acceptable explanation	15
6403300080	Projection	defense mechanism, attributing one's own unacceptable urges to someone else	16
6403302864	Reaction formation	defense mechanism, behaving in the exact opposite and socially acceptable way than what you really feel	17
6403306425	Denial	defense mechanism, failure to recognize the existence of anxiety-provoking information	18
6403317583	Undoing	defense mechanism, atoning for an unacceptable act by a second act	19
6403320701	Regression	defense mechanism, retreating to a childish behavior pattern	20
6403346732	Psychosexual development	oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages	21
6403349917	Oedipus complex	explains feelings of hostility toward same-sex parent	22
6403355281	Collective unconscious	Jung, part of unconscious mind that is shared and universal	23
6403365336	Archetype	Jung, inherited mental images of universal human themes	24
6403407903	Anima/Animus	feminine/masculine qualities of individuals	25
6403416179	Basic anxiety	feeling isolated and helpless in a hostile world	26
6403420556	Social relationships	according to Horney, very important, particularly between parent-child, in the development of personality	27
6403427284	Womb envy	the idea that men are jealous of women for being able to give birth	28
6403435435	Overcompensation	covering up one's own weaknesses due to their feelings of inferiority	29
6403439327	Inferiority complex	general sense of inadequacy and weakness	30
6403442609	Self-actualization	top of Maslow's heirarchy of needs	31
6403456770	Actualizing tendancy	Rogers, innate drive to enhance oneself	32
6403459881	Self-concept	beliefs one holds about oneself	33
6403462789	Free will	the person acts upon the world	34
6403467665	Unconditional positive regard	love and acceptance no matter what	35
6403470055	Conditional positive regard	love and acceptance based on	36
6403475498	Congruence	when real self aligns with perceived self	37
6403479210	Fully functioning person	humanistic way of describing a person who is psychologically healthy	38
6409192375	Reciprocal determinism	personality is a combination of cognitive, behavioral & environmental factors	39
6409194465	Self-efficacy	beliefs that a person has about his own ability to meet the demands of the environment	40
6409198205	Mastery experiences	situations in which we have a high self-efficacy	41
6409200310	Trait	stable, enduring quality	42
6409201456	Surface traits	traits that are easily identified	43
6409203321	Source traits	traits that are few in number and are fundamental to one's personality	44
6409205231	Factor analysis	statistical technique to categorize, in this case, traits	45
6409206327	16 PF	16 Personality Factors Questionnaire	46
6409209903	Eysenck's 3 Dimensions	introversion-extroversion, emotional stability, psychoticism	47
6409211704	Big Five Traits	neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness	48
6409215668	Behavioral genetics	studies to what extent does heredity have on behavior	49
6409221147	Projective tests	tests that are open-ended, use an ambiguous image	50
6409223951	Self-report inventories	objective tests of personality, uses standardized questions	51
6409226606	Rorschach Inkblot Test	first projective test, uses 10 cards of color blots	52
6409229437	Thematic Apperception Test	a projective test, create stories about ambiguous scenes	53
6409232151	MMPI	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, over 500 items, most widely used	54
6409235497	MBTI	Myers Briggs Type Indicator, a self-report inventory	55

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2016 AP Reading Comprehension Flashcards

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5829219618	学期	(xué qī) semester	0
5829317631	日期	( rì qī ) date	1
5829222145	期末考	(qi mò kǎo) final exams	2
5829222146	成绩	(chéng jì) grade, score, achievement	3
5829229864	成绩单	(chéng jī dān) report card；transcript	4
5829222147	结果	(jié guǒ) as a result; consequence	5
5829223183	结束	(jié shù) end, to finish	6
5829233935	通知	(tōng zhī ) notification, to inform	7
5829241014	毕业	(bì yè) graduation, to graduate	8
5829243252	论文	(lùn wén) paper; treatise; thesis	9
5829248266	商量	(shāng liang) to discuss	10
5829252837	查	(chá) to check; to look up	11
5829253486	资料	(zī liào) material; resources; data; information	12
5829262818	发件人	(fā jiàn rén) sender	13
5829264308	收件人	(shōu jiàn rén) recipient; addressee, receiver	14
5829271666	主题	(zhǔ tí) theme; subject; topic	15
5829276643	参观	(cān guān) to visit (a place), look around	16
5829281069	参加	(cān jiā) to participate, to attend	17
5829277481	拜访	(bài fǎng) visit someone (formally)	18
5829290327	看看	(kàn kàn) take a look; visit someone (informally)	19
5829626044	本来	(běn lái) originally, at first	20
5829629106	临时	(lín shí) at the instant sth happens; temporary	21
5829636860	手续	(shǒu xù) formalities; procedures	22
5829642256	安排	(ān pái) arrangement, to set up; arrange; make arrangements for	23
5829673871	打算	(dǎ suàn) to plan；intend to； plan	24
5829647127	搬	(bān) to move (an object)	25
5829649403	一切	(yí qiè) everything; every; all	26
5829660264	顺利	(shùn lì) smoothly	27
6531679020	一切顺利/一切顺心	hope everything goes well	28
6531702621	希望	(xī wàng) hope; wish; expect; want; desire; be hopeful;	29
5830602869	祝旅途愉快	(zhù lǚ tú yú kuài) have a good trip	30
5829653302	留学生	(liú xué shēng) student studying abroad	31
5829658352	交换学生	(Jiāo huàn xué shēng) exchange students	32
5829665795	开夜车	(kāi yè chē) study or work late into the night	33
5829668914	熬夜	(áo yè) to stay up late or all night	34
5830008442	计划	(jì huà) to plan; to map out；plan; project; program;	35
5830597991	实习	(shí xi) to intern; internship	36
5830597992	学习	(xué xi) to study	37
5830597993	复习	(fù xi) to review	38
5830598599	自习	(zi xi) self study	39
5830598982	不过	(bú guò) however; but	40
5830599286	正好	(zhèng hǎo) precisely, exactly, just in time	41
5830601886	四处/到处/处处	(chù) all around; everywhere	42
6531818769	四季	(sì jì) four seasons	43
5830602231	总之	(zǒng zhī) in conclusion; in short; in brief	44
5830617210	内容	(nèi róng) contents	45
5830618432	要求	(yāo qiú) request；demand；requirement	46
5830624223	组织	(zǔ zhī) to organize; organization	47
5830646080	报名	(bào míng) to sign up; to register; to enroll; to apply	48
5830650649	注册	(zhù cè) to register; to enroll; to sign up	49
6531852315	社区	(shè qū) community	50
6531864900	活动中心	(huó dòng zhōng xīn) activity center	51
6531864901	购物中心	shopping center	52
6531867639	健身中心	fitness center	53
6531918289	应...要求	upon request；at the request of; at the demand of	54
6531964445	游览/旅游/旅行/观光	(yóu lǎn/lǚ yóu/lǚ xíng/guān guāng) go sight-seeing; tour	55
6532004775	费用	(fèi yòng) fee	56
6550514196	花费(时间/金钱）	spend; cost	57
6532053587	座位有限	(zuò wèi yǒu xiàn) limited seating	58
6532027530	额满即止	(é mǎn jí zhǐ) first served basis	59
6532030309	额满为止	(é mǎn wéi zhǐ) until full	60
6550542631	选/选择	(xuǎn /xuǎn zé) select; choose; pick	61
6550542630	无	(wú) 没有. ex.无效，无用，无名，无情	62
6550620256	经验	(jīng yàn) experience	63
6550624914	均可	(jūn kě) 都可以	64
6550631546	随时	(suí shí) anytime	65
6550641985	随地	(suí dì) anywhere	66
6550769769	拍摄	(pāi shè) to film; to shoot (a picture)	67
6550795908	酬劳	(chóu láo) remuneration	68
6550798454	薪水/工资	(xīn shuǐ/gōng zī) salary	69
6550829313	收入	(shōu rù) income	70
6550852847	面试	interview	71

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AP English Flashcards

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7238722890	Introduction and Narration	Often run together,often serves as an icebreaker for the audience.	0
7238732486	confirmation	presents the claims and evidence that back up or substantiate, the thesis of your argument.	1
7238742565	Concession and refutation	exists because arguments have more than 2 sides	2
7238749762	conclusion	where the writer ties things together, creates sense of finality or closure	3
7238756268	Eye-catcher	beginning in an interesting way	4
7238757726	thesis	states claims	5
7238770009	Counter-claim	taking account of opposing viewpoints and anticipating objections	6
7238773891			7

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AP Vocab Flashcards

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9327773528	Assertion	a statement	0
9327783691	Cogent	convincing	1
9327799388	Didactic	to instruct	2
9327814440	Eloquence	the ability to speak vividly	3
9327888340	Penitent	expressing remorse for one's misdeeds	4
9327955980	Vindicated	freed from blame	5
9327995971	Despotic	absolute power	6
9328026400	Haughty	vainly proud	7
9328038433	Indolent	lazy	8
9328043214	Listless	lacking energy	9
9328060963	Ornate	decorated	10
9328069115	Egregious	offensive	11
9328085601	Superfluous	extra	12
9328094576	Mollify	to calm	13
9328103126	Hypocrisy	the practice of pretending to be something one is not; insincerity	14
9328122938	Slander	false oral statements about someone	15
9328135060	Ruse	a crafty trick	16
9328136886	Wary	on guard	17
9328140642	Ambivalent	uncertain	18
9328153023	Indifferent	not caring one way or the other	19
9328162869	Assiduous	hard-working	20
9328166234	Endure	to put up with	21
9328173777	Obdurate	stubborn	22
9328186186	Vitality	power to survive	23
9328194956	Derived	adapted from a source	24

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Ap Flashcards

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5944321101	Malignant	Deadly	0
5944321102	Mandatory	Required	1
5944321103	Manifest	Obvious	2
5944321104	Marital	Married	3
5944321105	Martial	Military	4
5944321106	Mellifluous	Sweet sounding	5
5944321107	Mentor	Wise adviser	6
5944321108	Mercurial	Quick changeable	7
5944321109	Meticulous	Careful exact	8
5944321110	Mirth	Joy	9
5944321111	Mitigate	Lessen	10
5944321112	Mollify	Calm soothe	11
5944321113	Morose	Sad	12
5944321114	Mortify	Humiliate	13
5944321115	Nadir	Absolute lowest point	14
5944321116	Naive	Simple innocent	15
5944321117	Nebulous	Vague unclear	16
5944321118	Neologism	New word	17
5944321119	Neophyte	Beginner	18
5944321120	Nuance	Subtle variation in color or meaning	19

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AP Flashcards

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5964870362	Crest	Narrow ridge of bone usually prominent; muscle and ligament attachement	0
5964870363	Tuberosity	Large rounded projection may be roughened	1
5964870364	Canal	Narrow tube, passage, or channel for blood vessels and nerves	2
5964870365	Fovea	Deep pit or depression in bone	3
5964870366	Sulcus	Groove or furrow in a bone	4
5964870367	Cornu	Horn shaped projection pr structure	5
5964870368	Squama	Flat portion or area on a bone	6
5964870369	Facet	Smooth nearly flat articular surface; helps form joints	7
5964870370	Condyle	Rounded articular projection; joint formation	8
5964870371	Ramus	Armlike bar of bone; joint formation	9
5964870372	Groove	Furrow	10
5964870373	Fissure	Narrow slitlike openings; passageay for blod vessels and nerves	11
5964870374	Foramen	Round or oval opening through a bone; passage way for blood vessels and nerves	12
5964870375	Notch	Indentation at the edge of a structure; passageway for blood vessels and nerves	13
5964870376	Sinus	Bone cavity filled with air and lined with mucus membrane	14
5964870377	Fossa	Shallow basinlike depression in bone	15
5964870378	Visceral skeleton	Bones derived from embryonic gill arches (Ear ossicles and hyoid)	16
5964870379	Spine	Sharp, slender, pointed projection; muscle and ligament attachment	17
5964870380	Epicondyle	Above or on condyle; muscle and ligament attachment	18
5964870381	Tubercle	Small rounder projection or process; muscle and ligament attachment	19
5964870382	Line	Narrow ridge of bone less prominent than crest; muscle and ligament attachment	20
5964870383	Trochanter	Large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (femur); muscle and ligament	21
5964870384	Ala	Wing like portion of bone	22
5964870385	Conchae	Lateral fold of a bone in nasal cavity that creates more efficient circulation of inhaled air (more air flow more SA)	23
5964870386	Suture	Line remaining after 2 bones have joined together and fused, seen btwn skull bones	24
5964870387	Fontanel	Spaces covered by connective tissue (tough membranes) btwn bones of a fetus/infant skull	25
5964870388	Process	Any bone prominence	26
5964870389	Head	Bony expansion carrier on a narrow neck; forms joints	27
5964870390	Meatus	Canal like passageway	28

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