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AP Psych - Quiz #15 Flashcards

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5939519373achievement testsdesigned to measure what you have already learned0
5939519374aptitude testsdesigned to predict how well you will complete a future skill/task1
5939519375crystalized intelligenceone's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age2
5939519376emotional intelligencethe ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions3
5939519377factor analysisa statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test4
5939519378fluid intelligenceone's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood5
5939519379general intelligence (g)a general factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test6
5939519381intelligence quotient (IQ)defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 1007
8514363980content validityhow well a measure reflects the entire range of material it's supposed to be testing8
8514363981Flynn effectobservation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation9
8514364349predictive validitya tool's ability to predict future characteristics or behavior10
8514364350reliabilitythe extent to which a test yields consistent results11
8514364352savant syndromea condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill12
8514364740standardizationdefining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group13
8514364741stereotype threata self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype14
8514365397bottom-up processinganalysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory info15
8514365398conescone-shaped cells within the retina that are color sensitive and respond to bright light16
8514365399rodsresponsible for black and white vision17
8514365776selective attentionthe focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus18
8514365777sensory adaptationdiminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation19
8514366042signal detection theorypredicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation20
8514366043subliminalbelow one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness21
8514366358top-down processinghow knowledge, expectations, or past experiences shape the interpretation of sensory information22
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AP Psychology- Classical Conditioning Flashcards

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5956553362Ivan Pavlova Russian psychologist that developed classical conditioning theory of learning; conducted famous salivating dogs experiment to research classical conditioning0
5956553363classical conditioninga type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events1
5956553364unconditioned response (US)in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth2
5956553365unconditioned stimulus (US)in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response3
5956553366neutral stimulus (NS)in classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not trigger a response4
5956553367conditioned response (CR)in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus5
5956553368conditioned stimulus (CS)in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned reponse (CR)6
5956553369acquisitionin classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus (NS) and an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) so that the neutral stimulus (NS) begins triggering the conditioned response (CR)7
5956553370higher-order conditioninga procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone (a.k.a. second-order conditioning)8
5956553371second-order conditioninga procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone (a.k.a. higher-order conditioning)9
5956553372extinctionthe diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS)10
5956553373reconditioningin classical conditioning, refers to the repairing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) after extinction has taken place. During reconditioning, an organism learns more quickly than it did the first time that the conditioned stimulus (CS) predicts the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)11
5956553374spontaneous recoveryafter a rest period, the reappearance of a previously extinct conditioned response (CR) when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented If the conditioned stimulus (CS) persists alone, the conditioned response becomes extinct again12
5956553375stimulus generalizationin classical conditioning, occurs when an organism displays a conditioned response (CR) to a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus (CS)13
5956553376stimulus discriminationthe leaned ability to distinguish between a conditioned (CS) stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)14
5956553377Robert Rescorlaan early behaviorist that believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be reduced to mindless mechanics15
5956553378predictabilityconsistent repetition of a state, course of action, behavior, or the like, making it possible to know in advance what to expect16
5956553379expectancyresults that occur when a researcher or observer subtly communicates to participants the kind of behavior he or she expects to find, thereby creating that expected reaction.17
5956553380biological predispositionswhen a subject (human, animal, plant) possesses some internal quality that gives them an increased likelihood of having a condition18
5956553381John Garciaan American psychologist mainly known for his research in taste aversion learning19
5956553382taste aversion (learning)A biological constraint on learning in which an organism learns in one trial to avoid a food whose ingestion is followed by illness20
5956553383John Watsonan American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism; conducted an experiment with a little boy named Little Albert which dealt with classical conditioning21
5956553384"Little Albert"The "Little Albert" experiment was a famous psychology experiment conducted by behaviorist John B. Watson and graduate student Rosalie Raynor. They classically conditioned Little Albert to fear white rats. This study showed that emotional behaviors can be conditioned22
5956553385respondent behaviorbehavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus23
5956562550Operant ConditioningConditioning in which an increase or decrease in the probability that a behavior will recur is affected by the delivery of reinforcement or punishment as a consequence of the behavior;24
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AP European History : People Flashcards

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6644765302Martin Luther(1483-1546)German Reformation Justification by faith alone Attack indulgences (paying for mortal sins). 1517, posting of 95 thesis. Diet of Worms(1521) - met with HRE Charles V, didnt go that well Did not support peasant social revolution.0
6644765303Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)English "Defender of the Faith" Pope Leo X allowed his divorce Made himself head of the Church of England Reformation. Had many wives Act of Supremacy created Church of England.1
6644765304John Calvin (1509-1564)French Book: The Institutes of Christian Religion Reformation Calvanism2
6644765305John Locke (1632-1704)English philosopher Tabula Rasa: the idea that people are born with no prior knowledge Thought people had the right to Life, Liberty, and Property Government's purpose was to protect these rights If the govt. wasn't working for the people then the people could overthrow it and make a new government3
6644765306Isaac Newton (1642-1727)English Mathematician and physicist Book: Principia (1687) Laws of Motion Laws of Gravity4
6644765307Napoleon (1769-1821)French general and emperor Rose through the ranks of army after the French Revolution Crowned himself emperor (1804) Lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia His final loss to Britain and Prussia:Battle of Waterloo He was exiled to the island of St. Helena5
6644765308Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)Sun King Divine Right Versailles used to manipulate nobles. Mercantilism Politique Revoked Edict of Nantes War of Spanish Succession. Absolutism.6
6644765309Copernicus (and Galileo)Scientific Revolution. 1473-1543 Heliocentric Universe. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. (1564-1642, Telescope, Math)7
6644765310Elizabeth I(1558-1603) Politique. 39 articles made moderate protestentism official religion of england. Executed Mary queen of scots. Failed Spainish Armada.8
6644765311Peter the Great(1682-1725) Romanov Dynasty. Westernization. Beginning in 1689 Peter gives Russia a crash course in Western ways. He sent Russians to the West to study, brought foreigners into Russia. Taming Streltsy and Boyars. Developed a navy. Founded St. Petersburg. Politique.9
6644765312Adam Smith(1723-1790) Enlightenment. Economist. Capitaism. The Wealth of Nations (1776). Selfish Economic Interests. Laissez- Faire - limited role of government in economic life. Invisible Hand.10
6644765313Metternich..., Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe.11
6644765314Marx..., developed "scientific socialism", said that productive forces and economic relationships together made up the foundation of society. therefore, classes would conflict until the 'golden age' of communism took over12
6644765315DarwinEnglish natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)13
6644765316BismarkThe Prussian minister-president who came from a Junker family. He was the architect of the unification of Germany. He wanted to loosen Hapsburg grip on German affairs and establish Prussia as a respectable and dominant power.14
6644765317Leninfounded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.15
6644765318FreudPsychologist who developed psychoanalysis, a method of probing the unconscious mind, frequently by analyzing dreams. He believed that humans were driven by unconscious pleasure-seeking forces.16
6644765319Medici FamilyWealthiest Florentine Family. Financed much of the Renaissance. Powerful Italinan family. Most famous member: Catherine de Medici17
6644765320Pertrachone of the earliest and most influential humanists. "father of Renaissance humanism" great poet18
6644765321MachiavelliWrote "The Prince", a book that recommended harsh and arbitrary rule for princes19
6644765322DonatelloFlorentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)20
6644765323Leonardo da VinciItalian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect21
6644765324Michealangelofamous painter and sculptor who painted the ceiling of the Sistene Chapel in the Vatican and statue of David22
6644765325RaphaelItalian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance (1483-1520)23
6644765326BotticelliItalian painter of mythological and religious paintings (1444-1510)24
6644765327ErasmusRenaissance. Most famous of Northern Humanists. Religious reformer. Prince of Humanists25
6644765328Thomas MoreRenaissance. Most famouus English Humanists. Wrote Utopia critizing contemporary society.26
6644765329CervantesRenaissance. Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' (1547-1616)27
6644765330RembrandtReligious Wars. Influential Dutch artist (1606-1669)28
6644765331Van EyckNorthern Renaissance. Artist. Arnolfini Wedding29
6644765332Mary IReligious wars. Undid alot of her brothers pro-protestent acts. Was extremly violent against protestents30
6644765333Ignatius LoyolaFounded the Society of Jesus (jesuits), resisted the spread of Protestantism, Counter Reformation31
6644765334Prince Henry the NavigatorAge of Discovery. Portugese prince who sponsered portuguese exploration of African coast32
6644765335Vasco de GamaAge of Discovery. Portuguese explorer and the first person to navigate a route to the East and India33
6644765336Cortez and PizarroAge of Discovery. Spanish Conquistadors who conquered the Aztec and Incans34
6644765337Philip IIKing of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I35
6644765338James IPaths to Constitutionalism succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings and by raising taxes without permission. Problems with puritans (1566-1625)36
6644765339Charles I(1625-1649) Continued to raise taxes and alienate parliment and have Catholic sympathies. Didnt call parliment for a while, short parliement then long parliment then english civl war.37
6644765340Oliver CromwellEnglish general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War. established Puratin Republic38
6644765341Charles IIReset status quo. Had catholic sympathies. Tried to work with parliement39
6644765342James II..., English king from 1685-1688. He made enemies with Parliment when he displayrd his Catholic faith, appointed Catholics to offices within the government, and had a Catholic son who would be heir to the throne. He was depsoed in 168840
6644765343William and Mary..., These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament41
6644765344Catherine de Mediciwife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.42
6644765345Henry IV (of Navarre)French Bourbon king. A POLITIQUE. Converted from Calvinism to Catholicism to support his country. ("Paris is worth a Mass"). Proclaimed the EDICT OF NANTES. LAID FOUNDATION FOR FRANCE TO BECOME THE STRONGEST EUROPEAN POWER IN THE 17TH CENTURY43
6644765346Cardinal RichelieuThis was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy44
6644765347Jean-Baptiste ColbertAn economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.45
6644765348Fredrick II (the Great)King of Prussia, fought the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War against Maria Theresa46
6644765349Benito MussoliniFascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)47
6644765350Adolf HitlerThis dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces.48
6644765351Leon TrotskyRussian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin49
6644765352StalinRussian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition50
6644765353Winston Churchhill(1874-1965) Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II.51
6644765354Catherine the GreatAn enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port.52
6644765355William of OrangeAge of Religious wars. Led calvinist movement in the Netherlands. Helped unite Netherlands against the Spanish in hope for independence (Pacification of Ghent).53
6644765356BraheHe believed that other planets revolved around the Sun, but that the Sun and Moon revolved around the Earth.54
6644765357KeplerGerman astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)55
6644765358HarveyCirculation of blood56
6644765359PascalFrench mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist57
6644765360Thomas Hobbeswrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society58
6644765361Francis Bacon(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.59
6644765362Descartes"I Think, Therefore I am", (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.60
6644765363Montesquieu(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government61
6644765364VoltaireFrench writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)62
6644765365Louis XVI- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.63
6644765366Marie AntoninetteAustrian royal who becomes Queen of France and killed during the Reign of Terror64
6644765367Robespierreleader of the Committee of Public Safety who intiated the Reign of Terror65
6644765368Wordsworth/Coleridge/Byron/Shelly/NeatsEnglish Romatic Writers66
6644765369Thomas Malthusan English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)67
6644765370David RicardoPrinciples of Political Economy (1817); "iron law of wages": rise of population means rise of amount of workers, which cause wages to fall below the subsistence level, resulting in misery and starvation. wages should not be raised68
6644765371GaribaldiUnited southern italy. Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)69
6644765372MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini was the first person that tried to unify all of Italy.His brand of democratic republicanism seemed too radical for the people. Austria smashed Mazzini's republicanism in 1848.70
6644765373Count Cavorprime minister of sardinia-piedmont, provoked austria into a war which led to the reunification of the northern italian states. United Italy71
6644765374Alexander II(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.72
6644765375Captain DreyfussThis french Jewish captain was falsely accused for spying for the Germans73
6644765376William GladstoneOne of Britain's great liberal leaders, he favored expanding political rights for British men. He served several times during the mid to late 1800s.74
6644765377Benjamin Disraelileading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867;75
6644765378Albert Einsteinphysicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity76
6644765379Hebert SpencerSocial Darwinism, believed that if society was left alone it could correct it's own problems; it tends naturally toward health and ability77
6644765380Archduke Francis Ferdinandheir to the throne of Austria Hungary; assassinated .; sparked WWI78
6644765381Tsar Nicholas IILast Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin. In WWI ordered a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary, forcing a chain reaction of mobilization.79
6644765382RousseauFrench philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society. "Social Contract"80
6644765383Kaiser Wilhelm (William)Also known as Wilhelm II; he was the first king or kaiser of unified Germany.81
6644765384Christine de Pisan(1363-1434) Renassance Wrote the Renaissance's woman's survival manual ('The City of Ladies,' 1405), possibly Europe's first feminist.82
6644765385Mikhail GorbachevHead of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Responsible for collapse of SU. Glasnot, Economic Perestroika, Army Perestroika. Did not put down 1989 revolutions83
6644765386Olympe de GougesA proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791),84
6644765387Emmiline PankhurstLeader of the WSPU (Women's Social and Political Union), which fought for women's suffrage in Britain.85
6644765388Alexandra KollontaiRussian revolutionary and diplomat, commissar for social welfare in 1918 and head of the women's section of the Communist Party86
6644765389Simone de BeauvoirFrench feminist and existentialist and novelist (1908-1986) Author of Second Sex87
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AP Biology: Chapter 17 Flashcards

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5726191553Central Dogma- Cells are governed by a cellular chain of command: DNA to RNA to Protein0
5726191554Gene Expression- DNA directs protein synthesis in two stages: Transcription and Translation1
5726191555Transcription- Synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template - Occurs in nucleus of eukaryotes - Messenger RNA: molecule that carries the DNA message to the ribosome2
5726191556Translation- Production of a polypeptide chain using the mRNA transcript - Occurs at ribosome - RIbosomes are the sites of translation - Nucleic to Amino3
5726191557Differences of RNA- Ribosome instead of deoxyribose sugar - Uracil instead of thymine - Usually single stranded4
5726191558The Genetic Code- There are 20 amino acids, but only four are nucleotide bases in DNA5
5726191559Triplet Code- 3-nucleotide bases on the mRNA that are complementary to the DNA template - Each corresponds to a particular amino acid6
5726191560Codons- mRNA triplet code - Read 5 to 3 direction - 64 codons, 3 stop codons, and 1 start codon (AUG) - More than one for each acid - Reading frame is a series of 3 nucleotides7
5726191561RNA Polymerase- Seperates the two DNA strands and connects the RNA nucleotides as they base pair on DNA strand - Uses same rules as DNA except U for T - RNA elongates in 5 to 3 direction8
5726191562Promoter- DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription9
5726191563Terminator- DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription10
5726191564RNA Polymerase I- Only transcribes rRNA genes - Makes ribosomes11
5726191565RNA Polymerase II- Transcribes genes into mRNA12
5726191566RNA Polymerase III- Only transcribes tRNA genes13
5726191567Promoter Region- The binding site before the beginning of genes - TATA box - Binding site for RNA polymerase and transcription factors14
5726191568Enhancer Region- Binding site far upstream from genes - Turns transcription on HIGH15
5726191569Initiation Complex- Transcription factors bind to promoter region - Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA to initiate transcription - Turn on/off transcription16
5726191570Exons- Eukaryotic genes are not continuous - The real gene expressed in coding DNA17
5726191571Introns- Junk - Not transcribed or translated18
5726191572mRNA Splicing- Post transcriptional processing - Eukaryotic mRNA needs work after transcription - Primary transcript: pre-mRNA - Edits introns out - Makes mature mRNA transcript - Eukaryotic RNA is ~10% of the gene19
5726191573snRNP's- (SNURP) - Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins - Signals RNA splicing20
5726191574Spliceosome- Several snRNP's - Recognize the splice site sequence - Cuts out introns and joins to exons21
5726191575Alternative Splicing- Alternative mRNAs produced from the same gene - Different segments treated as exons - Organisms use the same DNA and get different genes22
5726191576Post Transcriptional Processing- Need to protect the mRNA on its trip from nucleus to cytoplasm - Enzymes in cytoplasm attack the mRNA - Protects the ends of the molecule - Add 5 to GTP cap - Add poly A tail - Longer tail=mRNA lasts longer= Produces more proteins23
5726191577Transfer RNA Structure- Clover Leaf Structure - Anticodon on clover leaf end - Amino acid attaced to 3 end24
5726191578Loading tRNA- Aminoacyl RNA - Enzyme that bonds to amino acids to the tRNA - Gets energy for bonding from ATP (AMP + P)25
5726191579A Site- Holds tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain26
5726191580P Site- Holds the tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chains27
5726191581E Site- Empties the tRNA - Leaves ribosome from exit site28
5726191582Initation- mRNA - Ribosome subunits - Initiator tRNA comes together29
5726191583Elongation- Adding amino acids based on codons30
5726191584Termination- STOP codon - Release factor31
5726191585Protein Targeting- Signal peptide: Address label - SRP targets protein to ER32
5726191586Prokaryote Genes- DNA in cytoplasm - Circular chromosome - Naked DNA - NO INTRONS33
5726191587Eukaryote Genes- DNA in nucleus - Linear chromosomes - DNA wound on histone proteins - Introns vs Exons34
5726191588Translation and Transcription in Prokaryotes- DNA is in cytoplasm - No mRNA editing - Ribosomes read mRNA as it is being transcribed - Occur simultaneously35
5726191589Point Mutation- Single base change - Silent mutation (no amino acid change) - Redundancy - Missense (change in amino acid) - Nonsense (change in stop codon)36
5726191590Frameshift- Shift in reading frame - Downstream - Insertion or deletion of bases37
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Ap Biology Chapter 50 Flashcards

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5210032901Skeletal muscleCharacterized by a hierarchy of smaller and smaller units0
5210045096MicrofibrilsSmaller bundles that are arranged longitudinally to make up muscle fibers1
5210114407Myofilaments2 different filaments that make up myofibrils2
5210168723Thin filamentsConsists of two strands of actin and one strand of regulatory protein3
5210177623Thick filamentsStaggered arrays of myosin molecules4
5210184494Striated muscleRegular arrangement of myofilaments creates a pattern of light/dark bands (heart/skeletal)5
5210196742SarcomereThe functional unit of a muscle (bordered by Z-lines)6
5210202779Sliding filament modelFilaments slide past each other longitudinally, producing more overlap between thin and thick filaments7
5210218377TropomyosinBlocks myosin-binding sites on the thin filament when a muscle is at rest8
5210239595Troponin complexOccurs when calcium ions bind to a set of regulatory proteins9
5210313907Transverse tubulesThe path that action potentials use to travel to the interior muscle fiber10
5210324612Sarcoplasmic reticulumReleases Ca² due to the action potential traveling along tubules11
5210366810Motor unitConsists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls12
5210369936RecruitmentLeads to stronger contractions by using multiple motor neurons13
5210380581TetanusA state of smooth and sustained contraction produced when motor neurons deliver a volley of action potentials14
5210388963MyoglobinA protein that binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin does15
5210396867Slow twitch fibersFibers that contract more slowly, but sustain longer contractions (uses oxidative)16
5210406067Fast twitch fibersFibers that contract more rapidly, but sustain shorter contractions (uses glycolytic or oxidative)17
5210417592CardiacStriated cells electrically connected by intercalated discs18
5210422102Intercalated discsThe way that the striated cells of the heart are electrically connected19
5210436903Smooth muscleFound mainly in walls of hollow organs, contractions are relatively slow and may be initiated by the muscles themselves20
5210444094Hydrostatic skeletonConsists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment21
5210452048PeristalsisA type of movement on land produced by rhythmic waves of muscle contractions22
5210458084ExoskeletonA hard encasement deposited on the surface of an animal23
5210462956EndoskeletonConsists of hard supporting elements, such as bones, buried in soft tissue24
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AP Spanish - Los modismos 4 Flashcards

Idioms w/Echar

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4764937771echar a perderto ruin, spoil0
4764937772echar chispasto be furious, get angry1
4764937773echar de menosto miss2
4764937774echar floresto flatter, sweet-talk3
4764937775echar la bronca a unoto give someone a dressing down4
4764937776echar la culpato blame5
4764937777echarse ato start to6
4764937778echárselas deto fancy oneself as, boast of being7
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AP Psych Ch. 12 Flashcards

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6458982916Social cognitionhow we form impressions of others, interpret the behaviors of others0
6458985671Social influencehowe our behavior is affected by others1
6458990700Person perceptionalways occurs in an interpersonal context, mental processes used to judge others2
6458997510Explicit cognitiondeliberate, conscious mental processes involved in judgments3
6459000480Implicit cognitionunconscious mental processes that influence judgments4
6459005606Halo effectfirst impression can interfere with new information that conflicts with first impression5
6459011694Social categorizationmental process of placing people into groups on the basis of their shared characteristics6
6460472908Attributionmental process of inferring the cause of people's behavior7
6460477041Fundamental attribution errorthe tendancy to attribute behavior of others as internal, but own behavior as external or situational8
6460487715Actor-observer biasattribute our own behavior to external factors, minimizing internal factors9
6460494573Blaming the victimblame the innocent victim of misfortune for having caused the misfortune10
6460499045Hindsight biasoverestimate one's ability to predict an outcome of an evenst11
6460503974Just-world hypothesisassumption that the world is fair and people get what they deserve12
6460507911Self-serving biasthe idea that one's own success is from internal factors, but one's failures are due to external factors13
6460515332Self-effacing biasaka modesty bias, failure blamed on internal factors, success is due to external factors14
6460525491Attitudehas three components: cognitive, affective, behavioral15
6460536476Cognitive dissonanceunpleasant state of psychological tension when there is an inconsistency between two thoughts16
6460545551Prejudicenegative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group17
6460549861Stereotypecluster of characteristics associated with all members of a particular group18
6460553595Stereotype threatperformance negatively impacted due to association with a particular stereotype19
6460559854In-group/Out-groupgroup to which we belong/don't belong20
6460561906Out-group homogeneity effecttendency to see members of out-groups as being similar to one another21
6460565147In-group biastendency to see members of one's own group as having positive attributions22
6460575556Implicit attitudespreferences and biases toward specific groups that are automatic, spontaneous, unconscious23
6460581854Robber's Caveexperiment where prejudice was overcome through working to achieve a common goal24
6460584546Jigsaw Classroomstudents in this setting had higher self-esteem and greater liking for other children in different ethnic groups25
6460591370Conformityadjusting opinions to match the norms of a social group26
6460594192Asch Experimentfamous line study that tested conformity27
646064055837%in Asch study, number of trials that subjects followed majority and gave wrong answer in28
646064518365%in Milgram's study, the number of people who administered "shocks" to the end29
6460652006Normative social influencebehavior motivated by social approval30
6460655209Informational social influencebehavior motivated by the desire to be correct31
6460662308Obediencewhat was tested in the Milgram study32
6460673760Stanford Prison Experimenttested whether subjects would conform to social norms and social roles33
6460685552Kitty Genoveseher murder questioned the bystander effect34
6460696204Bystander effectincreases with the number of people, but also increases in a small town setting35
6460697942Altruismselfless act helping another person36
6460701310Prosocial behaviorany behavior that helps another person37
6460702758Anti-social behaviorany behavior that harms another person38
6460707788"Feel good, do good"effect that increases the likelihood of someone helping39
6460712146Diffusion of responsibilityincreased presence of other people decreases the likelihood of others helping because the obligation to help is shared among others40
6460721013Aggressiontestosterone and alcohol influences this41
6460734188Social loafingexpend less energy when the task is a group effort42
6460736830Social strivingexpend more energy when the task is a group effort43
6460739141Social facilitationpresence of others enhances one's performance44
6460741222Deindividuationreduction of self-awareness due to being part of a group, anonymity in a mob45
6460751061Rule of reciprocitywhen someone gives you something, you feel obligated to give them something in return46
6460754892Door-in-the-facelarge request followed up by a small request47
6460756855Foot-in-the-doorsmall request followed up by a larger request48
6460769524Low-ballunderstate the cost of the product, then ups the price49
6465032593Social normsocially determined standards of behavior50
6465037987Group polarizationtendency of members of a group to move to more extreme positions of opinion51
6488014729Ethnocentrismwhen one glorifies one's own ethnic group over other ethnic groups52
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AP Poetry Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9125347827alliterationrepetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words0
9125347828assonancerepetition of vowel sounds in words that don't end with the same consonant1
9125347829consonancerepetition of consonant sounds within and at the end of words2
9125347831rhythmpattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in each line3
9125347833rhyme schemea regular pattern of rhyme4
9125347834*metera regular pattern of rhythm5
9125347835lineswhat all poems are made of, they are sort of like sentences.6
9125347836formrefers to a poem's structure or the way the words are arranged on the page7
9125347837*stanzasa group of lines, which function like a paragraph8
9125347840sonnetspoems that have 14 lines and are written in a strict pattern of rhythm and rhyme9
9125347842coupletpair of rhyming lines10
9125347843end rhymerhyme at the end of lines11
9125347845sound devicesresources used by poets to convey and reinforce the meaning or experience of poetry through the skillful use of sound12
9125347848*speakerthe voice that talks to the reader in a literary work13
9125347849free versea style of poetry with no regular pattern of rhythm or rhyme.14
9125347855dialecta variation of a language15
9125347858Figurative Languageconveys meanings beyond the literal meanings of words16
9125347859similea comparison of two unlike things using the words: like or as17
9125347860*metaphora comparison of two unlike things using a form of the verb "to be" (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been)18
9125347861*personificationgiving human characteristics to non-human things19
9125347862hyperbolean extreme exaggeration for emphasis or humorous effect20
9125347863*imagerywords or phrases that re-create sensory experiences for readers21
9125413630*structurethe way the poem is built, such as three stanzas of terza rima, or one stanza (continuous form) of successive couplets22
9125445070terza rimaan arrangement of triples, especially in iambs, that rhyme aba, bcb, cdc, etc.23
9125465810iamba metrical foot consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable.24
9125481314sestetthe last six lines of a sonnet / a stanza of six lines25
9125495426internal rhymewords that rhyme within a line of poetry26
9125509651*tonethe emotional quality of a poem, such as regretful or contemplative. Also refers to the speaker's attitude about a particular thing or idea27
9125519331unitythe degree to which elements of a poem work together to produce a coherent effect28
9125528773puna play on words where the juxtaposition of meanings is ironic or humorous29
9125538515iambic pentametera line of five iambic feet, or ten syllables30
9125551041fixed formpoetry that follows fixed "rules" about numbers of lines, meter, rhyme schemes, etc31
9125567819*apostrophea speaker directly addresses something or someone not living, such as the wind, or a lady in a tapestry32
9125582849*epigrama short quotation or verse that precedes a poem (or any text) that sets a tone, provides a setting, or gives some other context for the poem33
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AP Psychology Research Methods Flashcards

A comprehensive review of terminology for AP Psychology. Definitions are for triggering other information. (Pulled from other lists.)

Terms : Hide Images
6616865248basic researchscientific investigations intended to expand the knowledge base0
6616865249applied researchscientific investigations intended to solve practical problems1
6616865250case studyscientific investigation in which a single subject is studied in great detail2
6616865251control groupsubjects in an experiment who do not receive application of the independent variable but are measured nonetheless for the dependent variable3
6616865252correlationthe degree of relationship between two variables4
6616865253correlation coefficienta positive one near 1.0 indicates two variable are positively related; a negative number indicates a negative relationship; zero indicates no relationship5
6616865255debriefinggiving participants in a research study a complete explanation of the study after the study is completed6
6616865256dependent variablethe variable that the experimenter measures at the end of the experiment7
6616865257double blindthis term describes an experiment in which neither the subjects nor the experimenter knows whether a subject is a member of the experimental group or the control group8
6616865258experimentform of scientific investigation in which one variable is tested to determine its effect on another9
6616865259experimental groupsubjects in an experiment to whom the independent variable is administered10
6616865261hindsight biasthe tendency, after an event occurs, to overestimate the likelihood that an event could have been predicted11
6616865262independenttype of variable manipulated by the experimenter12
6616865263informed consentagreement to participate in psychology research, after being appraised of the dangers and benefits of the research13
6616865265meannumerical average of a set of numbers14
6616865266medianthe middle one of a set of numbers15
6616865267modethe most commonly occurring term in a batch of data16
6616865268naturalisticterm refers to observations made of individual's behavior in an everyday life setting17
6616865269normal distributiondescribes a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that shows the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes18
6616865270operational definitiona description of an experimental variable in such a way that the variable can be measured and the procedure can be replicated19
6616865271populationall of the individuals from which subjects for an experiment may be drawn20
6616865272random assignmentterm that describes assignment in which all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to the control group or to the experimental group21
6616865273scatterplotname for a graph of data points in a two variable correlation22
6616865274standard deviationa computation of how much scores vary around a mean23
6616865275theorythis organizes data and is used to make predictions24
6616865276hypothesisa prediction of the outcome of a study based on accumulated knowledge25
6616865277surveyquestioning of a large group of people26
6616865278random samplingmaking it so every person in the population being surveyed has a chance to be in the study27
6616865279validitywhat is being tested is tested28
6616865280reliabilityconsistency in the results of study29
6616865281confound variablesalso called extraneous variables, anything that can impact the results of a study that is not the IV30
6616865282experimenter biasin a study, the experimenter influences the results through their behavior31
6616865283participant biasin a study, the subjects beliefs alter the studies results32
6616865284hawthorne effectpeoples behavior changes when they know they know they are being watched33
6616865285placebodo to a belief that something will happen, it does happen34
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