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AP Biology Cell Communication Flashcards

6039133324	signal transduction pathway	The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response	0
6039133325	local regulators	signal molecules that travel a short distance, an example of this is growth factors.	1
6039133326	paracrine signaling	A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extracellular fluid.	2
6039133327	synaptic signaling	a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell	3
6039133328	Local signaling	signaling between adjacent cells (paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic)	4
6039133329	hormones	ligands/chemicals used for long distance signaling	5
6039133330	Long distance signaling	endocrine signalling	6
6039133331	hormonal signaling	specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids often the blood. Hormones reach virtually all body cells	7
6039133332	reception	the target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. The chemical signal is detected when it binds to a receptor protein.	8
6039133333	transduction	The binding of a signal protein changes the receptor protein in some way, intiating this process. This stage converts the signal into a form that can bring about a specific cellular response.	9
6039133334	response	the result of transduction is a specific response for example the shutting on or off of a gene.	10
6039133335	ligand	a molecule that specifically binds to another often larger molecule. the binding of this often causes a receptor portion to under go change in conformation i.e. shape.	11
6039133336	G-protein-linked receptor	a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a protein called a g-protein	12
6039133337	receptor tyrosine kinase	can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and cell reproduction. This receptor is a major class of plasma membrane receptors charcterized by having enzymatic activity.	13
6039133341	Phosphorylation cascade	a series of different molecules in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn , each molecule adding a phosphate group to the next one in a line .	14
6039133343	second messengers	act to amplify the signal received from an intercellular membrane protein.	15
6039133344	cyclic AMP or cAMP	Acts as second messenger. An enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane, is made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase inactivated by phosphodiesterase an enzyme that converts it to AMP.	16
6039133345	inositol triphosphate( IP3)	A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration.	17
6039133347	scaffolding proteins	large relay proteins to which several other rely proteins are simultaneously attached	18
6039133350	Intracellular Receptors	cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins. Signal molecules that are small or hydrophobic and can readily cross the plasma membrane use these receptors	19
6039133353	endocrine gland	a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream	20
6039133354	endocrine signaling	involves hormones being secreted into the blood, to target only the specific target cells that recognize them	21
6039133357	mechanisms of hormonal signaling	(a) a water-soluable hormone binds to a receptor protien on the surface of a target cell. this interaction triggers a signal transduction pathway that leads to a change in a cytoplasmic function or a change in gene transcription in the nucleus. (b) a lipid-soluable hormone penetrates the target cell's plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. The signal-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor, typically activating gene expression	22
6039133359	cytokines	any group of proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system	23
6039133379	synapse	The locus where one neuron communicates with another neuron in a neural pathway a narrow gap between a synaptic terminal of an axon and a signal-recieveing portion (dendrite or cell body) of another neuron or effector cell . Neurotransmitter molecules released by synaptic terminals diffuses across the synapse relaying messages to the dendrite or effector	24
6039133380	neurotransmitters	a chemical messenger released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to and stimulates the postsynaptic cell	25
6039133386	ligand-gated ion channels	protien pore in a cell's plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions	26
6039133387	voltage gated ion channels	a specialized ion channel that opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential.	27
6039261246	endosymbiotic theory	eukaryote evolution of organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) via a symbiotic relationship between a two prokaryotes after one was engulfed by the other.	28
6039277954	prokaryotes	cells with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. circular or single strand dna free floating. cell walls made of peptidoglycans.	29
6039289894	Smooth ER	Ca+ ions are stored in the _____	30
6039302616	phospholipid head	hydrophylic- water lover. polar. glycerol.	31
6039309222	phospholipid tails	hydrophobic-water fearer. non polar. fatty acids	32

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AP Flashcards

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9512534588	Psoas Major	0
9512547377	Tensor Fasciae Latae	1
9512549131	Piriformis	2
9512551110	Gluteus Maximus	3
9512551973	Gluteus Minimus	4
9512553375	Pectineus	5
9512554598	Adductor Brevis	6
9512555356	Adductor Longus	7
9512556892	Adductor Magnus	8
9512557815	Gracilis	9
9512559528	Sartorius	10
9512560399	Rectus Femoris	11
9512560920	Vastus Medialis	12
9512561231	Vastus Lateralis	13
9512561945	Vastus Intermedialis	14
9512562709	Biceps Femoris	15
9512563403	Semitendinosus	16
9512564248	Semimembranosus	17
9512564865	Tibialis Anterior	18
9512568887	Fibularis Longus	19
9512571045	Extensor Digitorum Longus	20
9512572808	Gastrocnemius	21
9512573992	Soleus	22
9512575599	Trapezius	23
9512576856	Deltoid	24
9512577332	Levator Scapulae	25
9512578652	Rhomboid Minor/major	26
9512579520	Supraspinatous	27
9512580323	Infraspinatous	28
9512581970	Brachialis	29
9512584201	Biceps Brachii	30
9512585390	Triceps Brachii	31
9512586453	Brachioradialis	32
9512586924	Flexor Carpi Radialis	33
9512587442	Flexor Carpi Ulnaris	34
9512588550	Palmaris Longus	35
9512589286	Extensor Carpi Ulnaris	36
9512591708	Frontal and Occipital Belly of Occipitalfrontalis	37
9512595877	Orbicularis Oculi	38
9512596351	Orbicularis Oris	39
9512597484	Temporalis	40
9512597653	Masseter	41
9512598677	Sternocleidomastoid	42
9512600897	Pectoralis Minor	43
9512602187	Serratus Anterior	44
9512603153	External intercostals	45
9512606755	Internal intercostals	46
9512607586	Rectus Abdominis	47
9512608234	External abdominal oblique	48
9512609853	Transverse abdominis	49
9512611912	Latissmus Dorsi	50
9512613604	Erector Spinae	51

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Flashcards

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AP Psychology: unit 6 Flashcards

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5219929781	Learning	1) a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. 2) a change due to experience	0
5219933566	Habituation	1) an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it. 2) to adapt to something	1
5219935721	Associative Learning	1) learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning). 2) putting two memories together	2
5219938100	Classical Conditioning	1) a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. 2) type of learning that links two or more things	3
5219940904	Behaviorism	1) the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). 2) the study of behavior	4
5219943998	Unconditioned Response (UR)	1) in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. 2) a natural response	5
5219946337	Unconditioned Stimulus (US)	1) in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response. 2) a natural stimulus	6
5219948520	Conditioned Response (CR)	1) in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). 2) learned responce	7
5219951007	Conditioned Stimulus (CS)	1) in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (CS), comes to trigger a conditioned response 2) learned stimulus	8
5219953427	Acquisition	1) in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. 2) to learn	9
5219956686	Higher-order Conditioning	1) a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.) 1) a procedure of acquistion	10
5219959336	Extinction	1) the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. 2) a loss of behavior	11
5219962146	Spontaneous Recovery	1) the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. 2) the recovery of a lost behavior	12
5219964870	Generalization	1) the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. 2) two stimulus that is similar that are compared similarly	13
5219967463	Discrimination	1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. 2) two stimulus that is similar that are compared differently	14
5219974718	Learned Helplessness	1) the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. 2) you learn to be helpless	15
5258028358	Respondent Behavior	1) behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. 2) automatic response	16
5258030250	Operant Conditioning	1) a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. 2) just like behaviorism, it deals with rewards and punishment	17
5258031992	Law of Effect	1) Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. 2) failed theory that states favorable punishment become more likely, while unfavorable punishment becomes less likely	18
5258033930	Operant Chamber	1) in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. 2) a box that proves operant conditioning	19
5258036736	Shaping	1) an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. 2) guides the person with rewards	20
5258039044	Discriminative Stimulus	1) in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement). 2) elicits a response instead of a stimuli	21
5258042884	Reinforcer	1) in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. 2) a reward	22
5258045477	Positive Reinforcement	1) increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. 2) to increase behavior, you are given something	23
5258048648	Negative Reinforcement	1) increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. 2) to increase behavior, something is taken away	24
5258052861	Primary Reinforcer	1) an innately reinforcer stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. 2) a reinforcer based on a need	25
5258053110	Conditioned Reinforcer	1) a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. 2) a reinforcer based on a want	26
5258055298	Continuous Reinforcement	1) reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. 2) a fast reinforcement that does not last long (treat the personj once and done)	27
5258058250	Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement	1) reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. 2) reinforcing on a schedule that lasts longer	28
5258060188	Fixed-ratio Schedule	1) in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses. 2) It is exact and you have to work for it	29
5258062713	Variable-ratio Schedule	1) in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. (gambler's schedule) 2) it varies and you have to work for it	30
5258065161	Fixed-interval Schedule	1) in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed. 2) it is exact but you do not have to work for it	31
5258067452	Variable-interval Schedule	1) in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. 2) it varies and you do not have to work for it	32
5258070494	Punishment	1) an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. 2) something that decreases behavior	33
5270924862	Cognitive Map	1) a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. 2) a map in your mind	34
5270927157	Latent Learning	1) learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. 2) hidden learning	35
5270929756	Insight	1) a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. 2) an "euricica" moment	36
5270932048	Intrinsic Motivation	1) a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. 2) inside motivation	37
5270934532	Extrinsic Motivation	1) a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. 2) outside motivation	38
5270936790	Observational Learning	1) learning by observing others. Also called social learning. 2) learning by watching	39
5270939637	Modeling	1) the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. 2) when you copy the behavior	40
5270942883	Mirror Neurons	1) frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. 2) nerons that mimic other people	41
5270944763	Prosocial Behavior	1) positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. 2) healthful, positive behavior that influence your	42

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AP Physics 1 Flashcards

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6693307429	Motion Equation (constant acceleration) Only velocity and acceleration	speed up or slow down acceleration is how quickly velocity changes	0
6693307430	Motion Equation (constant acceleration) no final velocity given	speed up or slow down most often used for projectile motion	1
6693307431	Motion Equation (constant acceleration) no time given	*speed up or slow down m/s m m/s/s	2
6693307432	Motion Equation (constant acceleration) no acceleration given	*speed up or slow down meters m/s seconds	3
6693307433	Newton's Second Law	vector addition right-left=ma or up-down=ma *one of the above equations acceleration=0 *watch direction for a*** *mass is measured in kg	4
6693307434	Newton's 3 Laws	3rd law means forces are equal and opposite	5
6693307435	Weight	depends on location and planet Force is weight measured in Newtons mass is m measured in kg g is acceleration due to gravity (9.8 for Earth)	6
6693307436	Force of static Friction	from freebody diagram Normal comes from up-down=ma equation Newtons coefficient is unitless	7
6693307437	Force of kinetic friction	depends on materials and normal force acting on object Normal comes from up-down=ma equation Newtons coefficient is unitless	8
6693307438	Work	carrying a book across a room is not work to do work the force must be parallel to displacement *friction does negative work Joules	9
6693307439	Work-Energy Theorem	Work is the change of kinetic energy object speeding up or slowing down *option to Newton's 2nd Law approach Joules	10
6693307440	Hooke's Law (springs)	F= force stretching or compressing a spring(N) k= spring constant/force constant (N/m) x= how much spring is stretched or compressed (m) *F=ma	11
6693307441	Elastic Potential Energy for a spring	U= potential energy (Joules) k= spring constant / force constant (N/m) x= how much spring is stretched or compressed (m) *Use in conservation of energy U+K=U+K	12
6693307442	Gravitational Potential Energy	U= potential energy (Joules) m= mass (kg) g=acceleration due to gravity (-9.8 Earth) y= vertical position from bottom (not ground) swinging objects roller coasters *used in conservation of energy U+K=U+K	13
6693307443	Conservation of Mechanical energy	one object use for swinging objects, springs, roller coasters *potential loss is kinetic gained	14
6693307444	conservation of energy with friction	Object moving with friction *energy at one time = energy at later time + work done by friction U+K=U+K+W	15
6693307445	Power	rate of energy change Watts	16
6693307446	energy from power	Energy= power * time Joules	17
6693307447	radial/ centripetal acceleration	change direction acceleration m/s/s	18
6693307448	total acceleration	no angular acceleration m/s/s *object speeding up/slowing down and turning	19
6693307449	linear/tangential velocity for circular motion	T is period= time for one complete circle x=vt where x is circumference m/s	20
6693307450	conversion for linear and angular velocity	v=velocity (m/s) w=angular velocity (rad/s) r= radius (m)	21
6693307451	conversion for linear and angular acceleration	a= acceleration m/s/s alpha= angular acceleration rad/s/s r= radius (m)	22
6693307452	angular momentum (something going in a circle like a spinning ice skater)	L= angular momentum kgm^2/s I= rotational inertia kgm^2 w=angular velocity rad/s *when ice skater brings arms in I decreases which increases w	23
6693307453	net torque for system	torque (Nm) I= rotational inertia (kgm^2) angular acceleration (rad/s/s) *object like a see saw speeding up or slowing down but going in a circle	24
6693307454	Rotational Kinetic energy	*object turning like a spinning wheel K= kinetic energy (joules) I= rotational inertia (kgm^2) w= angular velocity (rad/s)	25
6693307455	Universal Gravitational Potential Energy	object with a planet U= potential energy (Joules) G=6.67x10^-11 r=distance center to center (m) m=mass (kg)	26
6693307456	acceleration due to gravity	g= m/s/s acceleration due to gravity M = Mass of planet (kg) r = distance from the center of the plant to object location (m)	27
6693307457	position as a function of time for simple harmonic motion (mass on spring)	RADIAN MODE x=position (meters) A= amplitude (meters) f=frequency (Hz)	28
6693307458	angular frequency for mass on spring	w = angular frequency (rad/s) k=spring/force constant (N/m) m= mass (kg)	29
6693307459	frequency for simple harmonic motion	f=frequency (Hz) T=period (s) w=angular frequency (rad/s) *use parenthesis in calculator	30
6693307460	Period of a mass on a spring	doesn't change if you go to a different planet period is time for one complete cycle *use parenthesis in calculator T= period (s) m= mass (kg) k= spring/force constant (N/m)	31
6693307461	Period of an simple pendulum	depends on planet/ location period is time for one complete cycle (s) L is length of string (m) g is 9.8 for Earth	32
6693307462	momentum	vector! Watch sign for VELOCITY	33
6693307463	impulse	vector! change of direction means double the impulse WATCH SIGN for VELOCITY	34
6693307464	kinetic energy	scalar, never negative if you are moving you have kinetic energy	35
6693307465	constant angular velocity	w= angular velocity (rad/s) angular displacement (rad)	36
6693307466	universal law of gravitation	F = force (equal and opposite on masses) G=6.67x10^-11 m = mass (kg) r = distance center to center (m) Force = mg or ma or mv^2/r	37
6693307467	Coulomb's Law (force between charges)	F= force equal and opposite on charges (N) k=9x10^9 q=charge (C) r = distance center to center opposite signs attract like signs repel	38
6693307468	current	direction is from positive side of battery towards negative sign of battery I= current (Amps) q= charge (C) t = time flow of charge through a cross sectional area of wire *equal in series (one pipe=one current)	39
6693307469	resistance	R= resistance (ohms) resistivity (ohm meters) L=length (m) A= cross-sectional area (circle for wires) (m^2) Longer the wire the more the resistance the greater the area the smaller the resistance	40
6693307470	power	rate of energy dissipated by resistor or rate of energy converted by battery P= power (watts) I= current (amps) *V= electric potential difference (volts)	41
6712577435	Voltage	The ratio of energy gained or lost per unit charge Ue/q	42
6693307471	resistors in series	longer means increased resistance one path/ one pipe/ one current is equal *voltage adds up	43
6693307472	resistors in parallel	multiple paths/ more pipes/two finger rule voltage is equal *current adds up	44
6693307473	adding resistors in series and parallel		45
6693307474	wave speed	v= wave speed (m/s) f=frequency (Hz) wavelength (m) *deceiving equation , wave speed only depends on medium	46
6693307475	slope of a position vs time graph	v=x/t velocity	47
6693307476	slope of a velocity vs time graph	a= change of v/time acceleration	48
6693307477	area of a velocity vs time graph	x=vt displacement	49
6693307478	slope of a force vs acceleration graph	m=F/a mass	50
6693307479	area of a force vs time graph	Ft= impulse= change of momentum	51
6693307480	area of a force vs displacement graph	Fx=work= change of kinetic energy	52
6693307481	slope of a force vs stretch graph	k=F/x spring constant or force constant	53
6693307482	force of friction	another force for freebody Normal comes from freebody	54
6693307483	Newton's 2nd Law Practice	split tension Fcos (angle)- f =ma N +Fsin(angle)-mg=0	55
6693307484	conservation of momentum	use for collisions momentum before + momentum before = momentum after +momentum after	56
6693307485	Elastic collisions	conserve momentum and kinetic energy magnetic bumpers with carts	57
6693307486	Inelastic collisions	This is what you assume unless told otherwise conserve momentum not kinetic energy *objects do not have to stick together	58
6693307487	completely inelastic collisions	conserve momentum only objects stick together *Velcro with carts	59
6693307488	angular displacement	radians rad/s rad/s/s	60
6693307489	speeding up/slowing down angular velocity	rad/s rad/s/s	61
6693307490	torque (twisting force)	See Saw/ levers demo with trying to hold up bar with hanging masses torque (Nm) r is distance from pivot point to force (m) force must be perpendicular (N)	62
6693307491	change of angular momentum	change of angular momentum (kgm^2/s) torque (Nm) time (s) *if there is a torque object speeds up or slows down which changes its angular momentum	63
6693307492	horizontal projectile motion	initial velocity = zero a=-9.8 displacement is negative	64
6693307493	projectile motion at an angle	split initial velocity into sin and cos vsin is for vertical constant acceleration equations *vcos is for horizontal constant velocity equation x=vt	65
6693307494	density	density (kg/m^3) mass (kg) Volume (m^3)	66
6693307495	period	period is time for one complete cycle/circle w= angular velocity/frequency (rad/s) f= frequency (Hz)	67
6693307496	Ohm's Law	I= current (A)....flow V= electric potential difference (Volts)....push R= resistance (ohm's law)... fight the more the push the more the flow the more the fight, the less the flow	68
6693307497	slope of a voltage vs resistance graph	current	69
6693307498	slope	divide axis and find equation for meaning	70
6693307499	area	multiply axis for meaning area under x-axis is negative *shading is from the x-axis up and from the x-axis down	71
6693307500	Newton's 2nd Law - Pulley System	up-down=ma T-W=ma T-.9(9.8)=.9a T-.6(9.8)=.6(-a)	72
6693307501	Newton's 2nd law- incline plane	N-mgcos(angle)=0 T-mgsin(angle)=ma T-mg=m(-a)	73
6693307502	Newton's 2nd law Vertical Circular Motion	N-mg=mv^2/r	74
6693307503	projectile motion	force = weight (down whole time) acceleration (down -9.8 m/s/s) horizontal motion constant velocity x=vt at P only horizontal velocity *at P vertical velocity is negative	75
6693307504	Newton's 2nd law -modified atwood	N-mg=0 T=4a T-2g=2(-a)	76
6693307505	Freebody for incline plane	only C and E correct C is at rest or moving down incline E is being accelerated up incline	77
6693307506	Sound	compressional / longitudinal wave fastest in solids cannot go through a vaccuum	78
6693307507	conservation of angular momentum		79
6693307508	torque		80
6693307509	Coulomb's Law		81
6693307510	Hooke's Law		82
6693307511	Ohm's law visual		83
6693307512	centripetal force	*Net force towards center of circle Moon around earth it is gravity car going around curve friction	84
6693307513	no centripetal force	no centripetal force object moves straight... no longer turns	85
6693314291	Fraction of a wavelength that resonates an open pipe or string	1/2, 1, 3/2, 2 .........	86
6693317243	Fraction of a wavelength that resonates a closed pipe	1/4, 3/4, 5/4, .........	87
6693328697	Fundamental Frequency of an open pipe or string	f = v/2L	88
6693345530	Fundamental Frequency of a closed pipe	f = v/4L	89

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Ecology - AP Bio Flashcards

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6747982371	Biotic Province	-a region inhabited by a characteristic set of taxa -bound by barriers that tend to limit emigration & immigration of species -based on history and evolutionary connections	0
6747982372	Biome	-a large scale community -determined primarily by the physical environment -based on niches and habitat -collection of plans and animals adapted to the regional climate -climatic similarity! (analogous) -areas sharing similar climate, topographic and soil conditions, and roughly comparable communities -most important determinants are temp and precipitation -identified by dominant plants of their communities	1
6748035518	Weather	-a description of physical conditions of the atmosphere	2
6748038633	Climate	-a description of the long-term weather pattern in a particular area -global variation due to solar E being unevenly distributed -imbalance evened out by movement of air and water vapor in the atmosphere and by liquid water in rivers and ocean currents	3
6748081020	Solar Radiation	-great weather engine -about half of the solar E is reflected or absorbed b atmosphere -most solar E reaching the earth is visible light -E re-emitted by the earth is mainly infrared radiation (heat E) -longer wavelengths are absorbed in the lower atmosphere, trapping heat close to the earth's surface (Greenhouse Effect)	4
6751742412	Convection Transfer	-driven by solar E -lighter air rises and is replaced by cooler, heavier air, resulting in vertical convection currents -theses currents transport E and redistribute heat	5
6751758669	Latent Heat Transfer	-driven by solar E -much of solar E absorbed by Earth is used to evaporate water -E stored in water vapor is latent heat -if condensation nuclei present or if temp are low enough, condensation will lead to precipitation	6
6751805477	Convection Currents/Cells	-as air warms at the equator, rises, and moves northward, it sinks and rises in several intermediate bands, forming circulation cells -surface flows do not move straight N and S, but are deflected due to Coriolis Effect (air right north, left south) -hot air low pressure, cold high (equator low) -major zones of subsidence occur at 30 deg where dry subsiding air falls and creates broad, subtropical desert regions	7
6751927073	Jet Streams	-large scale upper air flows -usually 6-12 km above surface	8
6751935547	Cold Front	-boundary formed when cooler air displaces warmer air -cold air is more dense, thus hugs ground and pushes under warm air	9
6751942344	Warm Front	-boundary formed when warm air displaces cooler air -warm air is less dense and slides over cool air, creating a long wedge-shaped band of clouds	10
6752045459	Ecology	-the study of the interactions among all organisms and with their physical environment -population, community, ecosystem ecology	11
6752051950	Habitat	-place where an organism lives	12
6752053593	Niche	-an organism's role within the ecosystem -what it eats, how it migrates, its reproduction (excluding specific location) -the species habitat and all the environmental factors abiotic and biotic that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of a species	13
6752060350	Population	-a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time	14
6752063273	Community	-all of the different populations in an area interacting w/ each other	15
6752065350	Ecosystem	-the interactions among the community and the physical environment.	16
6752074807	Population Ecology	-population dynamics studies the factors that affect the growth, stability, and decline of populations Growth (rapid reproduction, death rates low, plentiful resources) Stability (often proceeded by a "crash"; population outstrips available resources;longest phase) Decline (death outpace both;;; lack of resources) -abundance varies in space and time	17
6752146963	Population Size	-total # of individuals	18
6752149388	Population Distribution	-pattern of dispersal of individuals within the area of interest -uniform, random, clumped	19
6752233158	Uniform Distribution	-even spacing-maximized distance -top predators -territorial -intense competition for a resource Ex: eagles, penguins, many plants	20
6752239571	Random Distribution	-least common form -position of each individual is independent of the other individuals -occurs in habitats where abiotic + biotic factors are consistent Ex: moose, dandelions, oysters	21
6752257568	Clumped Distribution	-most common -distance between neighboring individuals is minimized -resources are patchy -social groups -offspring unable to move from their habitat -prey organisms often clump for defense Ex: most plants, lions, hyenas, giraffes, elephants, gazelles, and many more	22
6752277821	Survivorship	-life table -population demographics - fraction of individuals that survive from birth to different life stages or ages -survivorship curves (1,2,3) 1-juvenile survival is high and most mortality occurs among older indv (primates, elephants) 2-indv die at equal rates regardless of age (mice, squirrel) 3-indv die at a high rate as juveniles and then at much lower rates later in life (turtles, frogs, schooling fish, trees)	23
6752285476	Fecundity	-life table -population demographics -average number of offspring each individual produces at those life stages or ages	24
6752334291	Resources	-organisms make choices about E allocation in response to environmental conditions -in stressful, more E towards homeostasis less to reproduction etc	25
6752343770	Exponential growth	-without limits -J shaped curve -G = rN	26
6752345703	Logistic growth	-size limited by resources -S shaped curve -growth slowed by limiting factors -K- carrying capacity which is the max. population size that an environment can support	27
6751988822	Natural Environments	-populations are impacted by both the abiotic and biotic factors in their environment -limit growth and size biotic: competition, predation, disease, parasitism abiotic: drought, freezes, hurricanes, floods, forest fires	28
6751999992	Population Density	-the number of individuals per unit area -dynamic characteristic- changes over time -natality, mortality, immigration, emigration	29
6752012129	Density-dependent Factors	-factors whose effects on the size or growth of the population vary w/ the population density Ex: competition for food, water, shelter, predation, disease, migration	30
6752025013	Density-independent Factors	-factors whose effects have nothing to do w/ the density of the population -abiotic factors -floods, fires, hurricanes, volcanoes, natural disasters	31
6752375687	K-selected	-few offspring -high parental care -slow maturation -stable, expensive offspring -population size is near carrying capacity due to density dep. factors Ex: us, wolves	32
6752392646	R -selected	-many offspring -little parental care -rapid maturation -unstable, cheap offspring -environmental instability reduces population size before its approaches carrying capacity (density ind?) Ex: turtles, elk, hares etc	33
6752429144	Ecological community	-an assemblage of populations that live in a particular area or habitat and interact	34
6752432422	Community ecology	-the science that seeks to explain the underlying mechanisms that create, maintain, and determine the fate of biological communities	35
6752444166	Scale	-the size of a community	36
6752451258	Spatial Structure	-the way species are distributed relative to each other -some species provide a framework that creates habitats for other species -coral reefs	37
6752458466	Species richness	-the # of species in a community	38
6752460446	Relative abundance	-refers to how common or rare a species is relative to other species in a defined location	39
6752542644	Species interactions	-the ways different organisms affect each other and how they have adapted to each other's presence	40
6752545749	Competition	-both species are harmed -offense or defense always expending E -sometimes no kill cause by busy fighters -trees	41
6752556039	Predation and Parasitism	-one species harmed -one benefited	42
6752768400	Predation	-prey is killed immediately upon successful attack	43
6752771263	Partial Predators	-prey is usually not killed, but many prey organisms affected during predator's lifetime -grazers and browsers	44
6752775913	Parasitism	-relationship where one species (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (host)	45
6752782237	Parasitoids	-lays eggs on or in prey and then the eggs hatch and developing offspring consume the prey -wasps	46
6752615099	Mutualism	-both species benefit -an interaction where the 2 species benefit from their interaction -ants and aphids	47
6752617451	Commensalism	-one species benefit -other is neutral -an interaction where one species benefits from the interaction and the other is not affected -barnacles and whale	48
6752619150	interspecific competition	-competition for limited resources among individuals of different species Ex: cheetah, lion, gazelle	49
6752702192	Limiting factor/resource	-any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment	50
6752709227	Ecological Niche Concept	-the "role" a species "plays" in the ecosystem -the organisms use of biotic and abiotic resources and their habitat	51
6752732522	Competitive Exclusion Principle	-no 2 similar species occupy the same niche at the same time -possible outcome of competition = extinction of one species	52
6752738706	Resource Partitioning	-splitting the niche between different species -species using similar resource coexist -species divide up the resources to reduce competition Ex:: anoles	53
6752748107	Fundamental Niche	-the niche that a species potentially could occupy, in the absence of competitors	54
6752750621	Realized Niche	-the niche to which a species is restricted in the presence of competition	55
6752814333	Succession	-The gradual, sequential series of changes in the species composition of a community following a disturbance	56
6752820606	Primary Succession	-Occurs in essentially lifeless areas such as regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life and is caused by usually large disturbances (bare rocks) -cyclones, eruptions, tsunamis, forest fires, epidemics -1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens	57
6752822499	Secondary Succession	-Occurs in areas where a community that previously existed has been removed; it is characterized by smaller scale disturbances that don't eliminate all life and nutrients from the environment (soil remains) -windy events, droughts, floods, disease -Yellowstone fires of 1988	58
6752822500	Pioneer Species	-First species to return after a disturbance; they are the first stage of succession; their presence increases the diversity in a region by making it inhabitable through their decomposition (nutrients) -lichen, moss	59
6752824947	Climax Community	-An ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment. It is the final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until another disturbance.	60
6752824948	Climax Species	-Species that pop up once an ecosystem has reached its climax. These species have grown off of the head start they've been given from pioneer species and those in between. Many include complex trees that are shade tolerant. -oak trees	61
6752827073	Disturbance	An event or force, of nonbiological or biological origin, that brings about mortality to organisms and changes in their spatial patterning in the ecosystems they inhabit.	62
6752854125	Tropical rainforest	notes	63
6752854126	desert	notes	64
6752855753	savanna	notes	65
6752855754	chaparral	notes	66
6752855755	temperate grassland	notes	67
6752858100	coniferous forest (taiga)	notes	68
6752858101	temperate deciduous forest	notes	69
6752858102	tundra	notes	70
6752859956	wetlands	notes	71
6752859957	estuary	notes	72
6752859958	ocean	notes	73
6752864248	coral reef	notes	74

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AP Psychology - Module 7 Flashcards

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7478486685	Descriptive statistics	Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measure of central tendency and measures of variation	0
7478486686	Histogram	A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution	1
7478486687	Mode	The most frequently occurring scores in a distribution	2
7478486688	Mean	Arithmetic average of a distribution	3
7478486689	Median	Midpoint	4
7478486690	Skewed Distribution	A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value	5
7478486691	Range	The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution	6
7478486692	Standard Deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	7
7478486693	Normal Curve (distribution)	A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data	8
7478486694	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	9
7478486695	Inferential Statistics	Numerical data that allows one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population	10

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AP Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards

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9037513367	Learning	The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.	0
9037513368	Associative Learning	Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and is consequences (as in operant conditioning)	1
9037513369	Classical Conditioning	a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (a bell).	2
9037513370	Conditioning	To have a significant influence on or determine (the manner or outcome of something).	3
9037513371	Cognitive Learning	The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.	4
9037513372	Stimulus	Any event or situation that evokes a response.	5
9037513373	Ivan Pavlov	Classically conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.	6
9037513374	Neutral Stimulus (NS)	In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.	7
9037513375	Unconditioned Response (UR)	In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US)(such as food in the mouth).	8
9037513376	Unconditioned Stimulus (US)	In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response.	9
9037513377	Conditioned Response (CR)	In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.	10
9037513378	Conditioned Stimulus (CS)	In classical conditioning an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).	11
9037513379	Behaviorism	The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with (1) but not (2).	12
9037513380	John B. Watson	He believed that psychology should be only about mental processes and not about the mechanic's of the brain, also know as BEHAVIORISM.	13
9037513381	Acquisition	In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	14
9037513382	Higher-Order Conditioning (Second Order)	A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.	15
9037513383	Extinction	The diminishing os a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.	16
9037513384	Spontaneous Recovery	The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.	17
9037513385	Generalization	The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned response to elicit similar behavior.	18
9037513386	Discrimination	In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.	19
9037513387	Baby Albert	A baby that was classically conditioned to fear a white and fluffy object in 1920, he died at age 6.	20
9037513388	B.F. Skinner	Designed an operant chamber, where he trained pigeons to do unpigeonlike things. A pigeon would peck a button to get food, he mixed it up to see if they would keep pressing the button, they did.	21
9037513389	Edward L. Thorndike	Came up with THE LAW OF EFFECT.	22
9037513390	Law of Effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequence become far more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequence become less likely.	23
9037513391	Operant Chamber (Skinners Box)	In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.	24
9037513392	Operant Conditioning	A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.	25
9037513393	Reinforcement (Reinforcer)	In operant conditioning, any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior that follows.	26
9037513394	Shaping	An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.	27
9037513395	Positive Reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Ex: Billy wants him mothers attention so he shouts her name repeatedly until she replies, so when Billy wants his mothers attention again he will be more likely to shout her name.	28
9037513396	Negative Reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing a negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when REMOVED after a response, strengthens the response. (THIS IS NOT PUNISHMENT). EX: Take painkillers to end pain, fasten seatbelt to end beeping.	29
9037513397	Primary Reinforcer	An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.	30
9037513398	Conditioned Reinforcer (Second)	A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.	31
9037513399	Reinforcement Schedule	A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.	32
9037513400	Continuous Reinforcement	Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.	33
9037513401	Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement	Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results are slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.	34
9037513402	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. Ex: Peck key 3 time get food.	35
9037513403	Variable-Ratio Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. Ex: Peck key 3 times, then 6 times, then 1 time...	36
9037513404	Fixed-Interval Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific tie has elapsed. Ex: Key is pecked, 3 seconds later food comes.	37
9037513405	Variable-Interval Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. Ex: Key is pecked, 3 seconds later food comes, then 6 seconds, then 1 second...	38
9037513406	Punishment	An event that tends to DECREASE the behavior that it follows.	39
9037513407	Positive Punishment	Administer an aversive stimulus. Ex: Spray water at a barking dog, give traffic ticket for speeding.	40
9037513408	Negative Punishment	Withdraw a rewarding stimulus. Ex: Take away a teens driving privileges, revoke library card for not paying fines.	41
9037513409	Respondent Behavior	Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.	42
9037513410	Operant Behavior	Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.	43
9037513411	John Garcia	He challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well, and he discovered TASTE AVERSION.	44
9037513412	Taste Aversion	Associating a particular taste with a bad experience and then avoiding that particular taste.	45
9037513413	Instinctive Drift	When an animal reverts back to its instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response.	46
9037513414	Cognitive Map	A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Ex: After exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a map of it.	47
9037513415	Latent Learning	Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.	48
9037513416	Intrinsic Motivation	A desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake.	49
9037513417	Extrinsic Motivation	A desire to preform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.	50
9037513418	Observation Learning	Learning by watching another person preform the action.	51
9037513419	Modeling	The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.	52
9037513420	Albert Bandura	He initiated the 'Bobo doll experiment' where children observed an adult beating up a bobo doll from a distance. Then when the adult left, the child began beating the bobo doll and came up with new methods to beat the adult up.	53
9037513421	Vicarious Reinforcement	Our tendency to repeat or duplicate behaviors for which others are being rewarded.	54
9037513422	Vicarious Punishment	Occurs when the tendency to engage in a behavior is weakened after having observed the negative consequences for another engaging in that behavior.	55
9037513423	Mirror Neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists think fire when preforming certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.	56
9037513424	Overimitate	When children are copying the actions of adults that are irrelevant to what they are doing.	57
9037513425	Theory of Mind	The ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.—to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.	58

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Flashcards

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AP Biology Ecology Flashcards

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7833368523	Population	a localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring	0
7833368524	Community	all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; as assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction	1
7833368525	Ecosystem	all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact	2
7833368526	Biotic	pertaining to the living organisms in the environment	3
7833368527	Abiotic	nonliving; referring to physical and chemical properties of an environment	4
7833368528	Biosphere	the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems	5
7833368529	Niche	the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment	6
7833368530	Clumped Distribution	individual aggregated patches, some organisms group together where food is abundant	7
7833368531	Uniform Distribution	evenly spaced, some organisms maintain evenly distributed spacing to avoid aggressive interactions between neighbors	8
7833368532	Random Distribution	unpredictable spacing, some plants grow in random groups if their seeds were windblown across an area	9
7833368533	Population Ecology	the study of populations in relation to their environment, including environmental influences on populations, on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size	10
7833368534	Birth Rate	rate of annual birth within a population	11
7833368535	Death Rate	rate of annual death within a population	12
7833368536	Sex Ratio	ratio of females to males within a population	13
7833368537	Age Structure	the relative number of individuals of each age in a population	14
7833368538	Immigration Rate	the rate of influx of new individuals INTO a population from other areas	15
7833368539	Emigration Rate	the rate of movement of individuals OUT of a population	16
7833368540	Carrying Capacity	the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, (symbolized by K)	17
7833368541	Density Dependent	any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density	18
7833368542	Exponential Growth	growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, (represented by a J-Shaped curve when population size is plotted over time)	19
7833368543	Logistical Growth	population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity	20
7833368544	K-Selected	stabilize around carrying capacity, have fewer offspring later in life, mature later, live longer and invest more parental care	21
7833368545	R-Selected	reside in unstable environment, have many offspring early in life, mature earlier, shorter life span, no parental care	22
7833368546	Survivorship Curve	the plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age	23
7833368547	Type I Surivorship Curve	low death rates during early/middle life then increase among older age groups (humans)	24
7833368548	Type II Surviorship Curve	constant death rate over the organism's life span	25
7833368549	Type III Surviorship Curve	very high death rates for the young and then declines for those few individuals that survive the early period (insects)	26
7833368550	Symbiosis	an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact	27
7833368551	Commensalism	a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed	28
7833368552	Mutualism	a symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit	29
7833368553	Parasitism	a symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another (the host) by living either within or on its host	30
7833368554	Intraspecific Competition	interactions between the same species competing for resources	31
7833368555	Interspecific Competition	competition for resources between individuals of two or more species when resources are in short supply	32
7833368556	Predation	an interaction between species in which one species (the predator) eats the other (the prey)	33
7833368557	Aposematic Coloration	the bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators	34
7833368558	Batesian Mimicry	a type of mimicry in which a harmless species look like a species that is poisonous or harmful to predators	35
7833368559	Cryptic Coloration	camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background	36
7833368560	Mullerian Mimicry	a mutual mimicry by two unpalatable species	37
7833368561	Pioneer Species	the first species to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems, beginning a chain of ecological succession that ultimately leads to a more biodiverse steady-state ecosystem	38
7833368562	Climax Community	in a community of organisms in a specific area there is one state of equilibrium controlled solely by climate	39
7833368563	Succession	the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time	40
7833368564	Primary Succession	a type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed	41
7833368565	Secondary Succession	a type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil or substance intact	42
7833368566	Photoautotrophs	an organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from Carbon Dioxide (CO2)	43
7833368567	Chemoautotrophs	an organism that needs only CO2 as a carbon source but obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances	44
7833368568	Herbivore	an animal that eats mainly plants or algae	45
7833368569	Carnivore	an animal that mainly eats other animals	46
7833368570	Detritivore	a consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organism (a decomposer)	47
7833368571	Food Chain	the pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers	48
7833368572	Food Web	the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem	49
7833368573	Trophic Levels	the positions organisms occupy in a food chain	50
7833368574	Secondary Consumer	a carnivore that eats herbivores	51
7833368575	Primary Consumer	a herbivore; an organism that eats plants or other autotrophs	52
7833368576	Biogeochemical Cycles	any of the various chemical cycles, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems	53
7833368577	Carbon Cycle	forming the framework of organic molecules, photosynthesis & cellular respiration circulate this nutrient	54
7833368578	Phosphorus Cycle	cycling of this nutrient through geologic processes such as erosion and sedimentation	55
7833368579	Nitrogen Cycle	this nutrient is converted to compounds that can be assimilated by plants then returned in gas form to the atmosphere; all processes rely on bacteria	56
7833368580	Nitrogen Fixation	the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia	57
7833368581	Denitrification	process where bacteria use nitrates in their metabolism instead of oxygen releasing nitrogen gas then into the atmosphere	58
7833368582	Water Cycle	this nutrient cycle involves evaporation from the earth & transpiration from plants and falls then by precipitation back down to the earth to begin the cycle again	59
7833368583	Age Structure Diagrams	a visual representation of the relative number of individuals of each age in a population	60
7833368584	Competitive Exclusion Principle	the concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population	61
7833368585	Resource Partitioning	the division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all the coexisting species	62
7833368586	Zero Population Growth (ZPG)	a period of stability in population size, when the per capita birth rate and death rate are equal	63
7833368587	Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)	the total primary production of an ecosystem	64
7833368588	Net Primary Productivity (NPP)	the gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration	65
7833368589	Keystone Species	a species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet experts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche	66
7833368590	Bottom-up Model	a model of community organization in which mineral nutrients influence community organization by controlling plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control herbivores, which in turn control predator numbers	67
7833368591	Top-down Model	a model of community organization in which predation influences community organization by controlling herbivore numbers, which in turn control plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control nutrient levels; also called the trophic cascade model	68
7833368592	Biological Magnification	a process in which retained substances become more concentrated at each high trophic level in a food chain	69
7833368593	Decomposers	organisms that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, the wastes of living organisms and converts them into inorganic forms; a detritivore	70
7833368594	Eutrophication	a process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria	71
7833368595	Fundamental Niche	the niche potentially occupied by that species	72
7833368596	Realized Niche	the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies in the environment	73
7833368597	Invasive Species	a species often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native range	74
7833368598	Altruism	behavior that increases fitness of another individual but decreases their own fitness	75
7833368599	Kin selection	enhancing the reproductive success of one's relatives	76
7833368600	Nitrification	ammonia is converted to nitrates and nitrites	77
7833368601	Ammonification	decomposers convert organic nitrogen to ammonia	78
7833368602	Classical conditioning	association between neutral stimulus and natural response (ex: dogs salivating to sound of bell ringing)	79
7833368603	Operant conditioning	trial and error learning; making associations between behavior and a reward or punishment	80
7833368604	Communication	tactile, visual, auditory and chemical means of relaying messages to other members of ones species	81
7833368605	Taxis	directed movement towards or away from a stimulus	82
7833368606	Kinesis	movement in response to a stimulus that is not directional	83
7833368607	Fixed Action Pattern	a sequence of unlearned actions that are unchangable and often carried to completion	84
7833368608	Density dependent factor	factor that affects population based on size (disease, predation etc)	85
7833368609	Density independent factor	factor that affect population regardless of size (weather, humans etc)	86
7833368610	Species diversity	variety of organisms in a community	87
7833368611	Species richness	the number of different species in a community	88
7833368612	Relative abundance	evenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community	89