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AP Environmental Law Review Flashcards

7125171632	Clean Air Act	is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources.	0
7125171633	Clean Water Acts	establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters	1
7125171634	Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation Liability Act	provides a Federal "Superfund" to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites as well as accidents, spills, and other emergency releases of pollutants and contaminants into the environment.	2
7125171635	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Act	is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.	3
7125171636	Endangered Species Act	provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found.	4
7125171637	Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act	authorizes EPA to set tolerances, or maximum residue limits, for pesticide residues on foods. Once a tolerance is established, the residue level in the tolerance is the trigger for enforcement actions. That is, if residues are found above that level, the commodity will be subject to seizure.	5
7125171638	Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act	provides for federal regulation of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. All pesticides distributed or sold in the United States must be registered (licensed) by EPA. Before EPA may register a pesticide under FIFRA, the applicant must show, among other things, that using the pesticide according to specifications "will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment.''	6
7125171639	Federal Water Pollution Control Act	was what the Clean water Act was initially referred to as. is the principle law governing pollution control and water quality of the Nation's waterways. The object of the CWA is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Nation's waters	7
7125171640	Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act	approved September 29, 1980, authorizes financial and technical assistance to the States for the development, revision, and implementation of conservation plans and programs for nongame fish and wildlife.	8
7125171641	Kyoto Protocol	is an international agreement struck by 159 nations attending the Third Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (held in December of 1997 in Kyoto, Japan) to reduce worldwide emissions of greenhouse gases.	9
7125171642	Law of the Sea Convention	is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. The Law of the Sea Convention defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources.	10
7125171643	Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act	applies to ship-generated garbage, and it aims to reduce the amount of garbage—both plastics and other persistent wastes—that ships dump into the oceans. It also prohibits all ships from dumping plastics into the sea.	11
7125171644	Montreal Protocol	is the international treaty governing the protection of stratospheric ozone. The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and its amendments control the phaseout of ODS production and use. Under the Montreal Protocol, several international organizations report on the science of ozone depletion, implement projects to help move away from ODS, and provide a forum for policy discussions.	12
7125171645	National Environmental Policy Act	requires federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions prior to making decisions.Using the NEPA process, agencies evaluate the environmental and related social and economic effects of their proposed actions. Agencies also provide opportunities for public review and comment on those evaluations.	13
7125171646	Nuclear Waste Policy Act	supports the use of deep geologic repositories for the safe storage and/or disposal of radioactive waste. The Act establishes procedures to evaluate and select sites for geologic repositories and for the interaction of state and federal governments.	14
7125171647	Ocean Dumping Ban Act	prohibits all municipal sewage sludge and industrial waste dumping into the ocean after December 31, 1991.	15
7125171648	Oil Pollution Act	streamlined and strengthened EPA's ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or unwilling to do so.	16
7125171649	Pollution Prevention Act	focused industry, government, and public attention on reducing the amount of pollution through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw materials use. Opportunities for source reduction are often not realized because of existing regulations, and the industrial resources required for compliance, focus on treatment and disposal.	17
7125171650	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	was enacted by Congress in 1976 to address the huge volumes of municipal and industrial solid waste generated nationwide. This Act provides broad guidelines for the establishment of a national waste management program.	18
7125171651	Safe Drinking Water Act	is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water.Under SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards.	19
7125171652	Soil and Water Protection Act	provides the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) broad strategic assessment and planning authority for the conservation, protection, and enhancement of soil, water, and related natural resources.	20
7125171653	Solid Waste Disposal Act	was the first federal law that required environmentally sound methods for disposal of household, municipal, commercial, and industrial waste	21
7125171654	Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act	is the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States. SMCRA created two programs: one for regulating active coal mines and a second for reclaiming abandoned mine lands.	22
7125171655	Toxic Substances Control Act	provides EPA with authority to require reporting, record-keeping and testing requirements, and restrictions relating to chemical substances and/or mixtures. Certain substances are generally excluded from TSCA, including, among others, food, drugs, cosmetics and pesticides.	23

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Consciousness AP Psychology Myers Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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6468862821	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment.	0
6468862822	circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.	1
6468862823	REM (rapid eye movement) sleep	rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.	2
6468862824	alpha waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.	3
6468862825	sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.)	4
6468862826	hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.	5
6468862827	delta waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.	6
6468862828	NREM sleep	non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.	7
6468862829	insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.	8
6468862830	narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.	9
6468862831	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.	10
6468862832	night terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.	11
6468862833	dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. These are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the person 's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.	12
6468862834	manifest content	according to Freud, the story of the dream.	13
6468862835	latent content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).	14
6468862836	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).	15
6468862837	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.	16
6468862838	posthypnotic suggestion	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.	17
6468862839	dissociation	a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.	18
6468862840	psychoactive drug	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.	19
6468862841	tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.	20
6468862842	withdrawal	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.	21
6468862843	physical dependence	a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.	22
6468862844	psychological dependence	a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.	23
6468862845	addiction	compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.	24
6468862846	depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.	25
6468862847	barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.	26
6468862848	opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.	27
6468862849	stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.	28
6468862850	amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.	29
6468862851	methamphetamines	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.	30
6468862852	Ecstacy (MDMA)	a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.	31
6468862853	hallucinogens	psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.	32
6468862854	LSD	a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).	33
6468862855	near-death experiences	an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.	34
6468862856	THC	the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.	35
6468862857	Suprachiasmatic nucleus	(SCN) A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms	36
6468862858	Substance Use Disorder	Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.	37

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AP Psychology - Learning Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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6468931020	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.	0
6468931021	habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	1
6468931022	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).	2
6468931023	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.	3
6468931024	behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).	4
6468931025	unconditioned response (UR)	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.	5
6468931026	unconditioned stimulus (US)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.	6
6468931027	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).	7
6468931028	conditioned stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.	8
6468931029	acquisition	in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	9
6468931030	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)	10
6468931031	extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.	11
6468931032	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.	12
6468931033	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.	13
6468931034	discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.	14
6468931035	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.	15
6468931036	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.	16
6468931037	law of effect	The principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences	17
6468931038	operant chamber	in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.	18
6468931039	shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.	19
6468931040	reinforcer	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.	20
6468931041	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.	21
6468931042	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.	22
6468931043	primary reinforcer	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.	23
6468931044	conditioned reinforcer	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.	24
6468931045	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.	25
6468931046	partial reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.	26
6468931047	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.	27
6468931048	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.	28
6468931049	fixed- interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.	29
6468931050	variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time.	30
6468931051	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows.	31
6468931052	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment.	32
6468931053	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.	33
6468931054	observational learning	learning by observing others (also called social learning).	34
6468931055	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	35
6468931056	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.	36

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AP Macro Formulas Flashcards

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6062921567	Gross Domestic Product	Consumption + Investment + Govt. Spending + (Exports - Imports)	0
6062933679	National Income	Wages + Rents + Interest + Profits	1
6062942481	% Change in GDP (Real or Nominal)	(Year New - Base Year)/Base Year x 100	2
6063539388	Labor Force Participation Rate	Labor Force/Pop. aged 16+ x 100	3
6063545252	Unemployment Rate	# unemployed workers/Labor Force x 100	4
6160308471	Natural Unemployment	Frictional unemployment + Structural unemployment	5
6160313528	Actual Unemployment	Natural unemployment + Cyclical unemployment	6
6160320463	Inflation Rate using PRICE LEVEL	Price level Yr 2 - Price level Yr 1 / Price level Yr 1 x 100	7
6160333909	Price Index in a given year	Cost of market basket Yr 1/Cost of market basket base year x 100	8
6160347189	Inflation rate using PRICE INDEX	Price Index Y2 - Price Index Y1 / Price Index Y1 x 100	9
6160358072	GDP Deflator	In same year; Nominal GDP/Real GDP x 100	10
6422833465	Marginal Propensity to Consume	Consumer Spending Change/Disposable Income Change	11
6422842906	Spending Multiplier	1/1-MPC or 1/MPS	12
6422850678	Spending change in GDP	Spending Multiplier x New Spending	13
6422854415	Output Gap	Actual Output - Potential Output/Potential Output	14
6422879719	Future Value of Money	FV = PV x (1 + r) where r = interest rate	15
6422896661	Present Value of Money	PV = FV/1 + r where r = interest rate	16
6589743641	Government Spending Multiplier	1/MPS	17
6589746938	Tax or Transfer Multiplier	MPC/MPS Can be a positive or negative number. Tax cuts are positive, increasing taxes negative number.	18

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AP Rhetorical Devices Flashcards

AP Language and Composition Rhetorical devices

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6756247200	antithesis	Juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas (often, although not always, in parallel structure). Example "It has been my experience that folks who have no vices have very few virtues." —Abraham Lincoln	0
6756247201	anaphora	Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences, or lines. Examples This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,...	1
6756247202	anastrophe	Departure from normal word order for the sake of emphasis. Example Anastrophe occurs whenever normal syntactical arrangement is violated for emphasis	2
6756247203	antimetabole	Repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order. This figure is sometimes known as chiasmus. Example When the going gets tough, the tough get going.	3
6756247204	asyndeton	The omission of conjunctions between clauses, often resulting in a hurried rhythm or vehement effect. Examples On his return he received medals, honors, treasures, titles, fame.	4
6756247205	alliteration	Repetition of the same letter or sound within nearby words. Most often, repeated initial consonants.	5
6756247206	antimetabole	Repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order. This figure is sometimes known as chiasmus. Example When the going gets tough, the tough get going.	6
6756247207	anadiplosis	The repetition of the last word (or phrase) from the previous line, clause, or sentence at the beginning of the next. Often combined with climax. Example The love of wicked men converts to fear,That fear to hate, and hate turns one or both	7
6756247208	parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	8
6756247209	ellipsis	Omission of a word or short phrase easily understood in context. Example "The average person thinks he isn't." -Father Larry Lorenzoni The term "average" is omitted but understood after "isn't."	9
6756247210	isocolon	A series of similarly structured elements having the same length. A kind of parallelism. Examples Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered)	10
6756247211	polysyndeton	Employing many conjunctions between clauses, often slowing the tempo or rhythm. Examples They read and studied and wrote and drilled. I laughed and played and talked and flunked.	11
6756247212	zeugma	Includes several similar rhetorical devices, all involving a grammatically correct linkage (or yoking together) of two or more parts of speech by another part of speech. Example Fred excelled at sports; Harvey at eating; Tom with girls.	12
6756247213	chiasmus	Repetition of ideas in inverted order; Repetition of grammatical structures in inverted order (not to be mistaken with antimetabole, in which identical words are repeated and inverted). Example: It is boring to eat; to sleep is fulfilling	13
6756247214	hypophora	Consists of raising one or more questions and then proceeding to answer them, usually at some length. A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use that paragraph to answer it.	14
6756247215	parenthesis	Insertion of a verbal unit that interrupts normal syntactical flow. Example: But the new calculations--and here we see the value of relying upon up-to-date information--showed that man-powered flight was possible with this design.	15
6756247216	epistrophe	Ending a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words. Example What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." —Emerson	16
6756247217	erotema	The rhetorical question. To affirm or deny a point strongly by asking it as a question. Generally, as Melanchthon has noted, the rhetorical question includes an emotional dimension, expressing wonder, indignation, sarcasm, etc. Example Just why are you so stupid?	17
6756247218	epiplexis	Asking questions in order to chide, to express grief, or to inveigh. A kind of rhetorical question.	18
6756247219	metaphor	A comparison made by referring to one thing as another. Examples No man is an island —John Donne Life is a beach.	19
6756247220	synecdoche	A whole is represented by naming one of its parts (genus named for species), or vice versa (species named for genus). Example: Listen, you've got to come take a look at my new set of wheels. One refers to a vehicle in terms of some of its parts, "wheels"	20
6756247221	antonomasia (periphrasis)	Substituting a descriptive phrase for a proper name, or substituting a proper name for a quality associated with it. (=periphrasis) Examples: You must pray to heaven's guardian for relief. He proved a Judas to the cause.	21
6756247222	simile	An explicit comparison, often (but not necessarily) employing "like" or "as."	22
6756247223	anthimeria	Substitution of one part of speech for another (such as a noun used as a verb). Example I've been Republicaned all I care to be this election year.Noun used as verb.	23
6756247224	irony	Speaking in such a way as to imply the contrary of what one says, often for the purpose of derision, mockery, or jest.	24
6756247225	paradox.	A statement that is self-contradictory on the surface, yet seems to evoke a truth nonetheless. Example Whosoever loses his life, shall find it.	25
6756247226	metonymy	Reference to something or someone by naming one of its attributes. Example The pen is mightier than the sword The pen is an attribute of thoughts that are written with a pen; the sword is an attribute of military action	26
6756247227	personification	Reference to abstractions or inanimate objects as though they had human qualities or abilities.	27
6756247228	litotes	Deliberate understatement, especially when expressing a thought by denying its opposite. Example It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain. —J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye	28
6756247229	oxymoron	Placing two ordinarily opposing terms adjacent to one another. A compressed paradox.	29
6756247230	Tropes	The use of a word, phrase, or image in a way not intended by its normal signification.	30
6756247231	Schemes	A change in standard word order or pattern.	31

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AP Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards

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5705197887	selective permeability	the ability of a membrane to allow some substances to cross and to block some substances	0
5705207574	amphipathetic molecule	a molecule that has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region	1
5705214621	fluid mosaic	the idea that a membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules floating in a fluid layer of phospholipids	2
5705233159	cholesterol	an organic molecule that is an important constituent of cell membranes and a precursor of other steroid compounds	3
5705233160	integral protein	a protein that penetrates the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer	4
5705238210	peripheral protein	proteins that are not in the lipid bilayer but are instead loosely bound to the membrane, usually to an exposed part of an integral protein	5
5705253469	glycolipid	a molecule consisting of a carbohydrate bonded to a lipid	6
5705260600	glycoprotein	a molecule consisting of a carbohydrate bonded to a protein	7
5705282104	aquaporin	a channel protein that allows water to go through a cell membrane	8
5705291096	diffusion	the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration	9
5705311740	facilitated diffusion	passive diffusion aided by channel proteins in the membrane	10
5705315454	osmosis	the diffusion of water across a membrane	11
5705318057	passive transport	transport that does not require the input of energy	12
5705321603	concentration gradient	the region along which the density of a substance increases or decreases	13
5705327579	osmoregulation	the control of water balance and solute concentration	14
5705334184	hypotonic	a solution outside a cell that has a lower concentration of solute than the interior of the cell, causing water to flow into the cell	15
5705345528	hypertonic	a solution outside a cell that has a higher concentration of solute than the interior of the cell causing water to flow out of the cell	16
5705353987	isotonic	a solution outside a cell that has the same concentration of solute as the interior of the cell	17
5705363868	plasmolysis	the act of a plant cell membrane shrinking away from the cell wall due to being surrounded by a hypertonic solution	18
5705378523	ion channels	channel proteins that transport ions	19
5705383110	gated ion channels	ion channels that "open" or "close" in response to a stimulus (ie electrical)	20
5705391705	active transport	transport that requires the input of energy	21
5705411286	membrane potential	the voltage across a membrane	22
5705421553	cotransport	the act of an ATP powered pump transporting specific solutes that indirectly drives the active transport of other solutes	23
5705430417	sodium-potassium pump	a protein pump that pumps 3 sodium out of a cell for every 2 potassium pumped into a cell	24
5705450986	proton pump	a protein pump that pumps H+ ions across a membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient	25
5705456920	electrogenic pump	a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane	26
5705464317	electrochemical gradient	the combination of an electrical force and a chemical force driving the diffusion of solute across a membrane	27
5705480072	pinocytosis	the act of cells taking in extracellular fluid through vesicles in order to obtain molecules dissolved in the fluid	28
5705509100	phagocytosis	the act of a cell taking in particles through the creation of food vacuoles	29
5705494208	endocytosis	the act of a cell taking something in through the creation of vacuoles or vesicles from the cell membrane	30
5705530992	receptor mediated endocytosis	the ability of a cell to aquire bulk quantities of a substance through the use of proteins in the membrane that bind to that substance.	31
5705500411	exocytosis	the act of a cell expelling something through the fusion of vacuoles or vesicles to the cell membrane	32
5705528309	cell signaling	the act of using a signal molecule and a signal transduction pathway to convey electrical or chemical signals	33
5705581358	paracrine signaling	a form of cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells	34
5705595569	exocrine signaling	cell signaling pertaining to the secretion of a substance out through a duct	35
5705605716	hormones	any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour	36
5705618539	ligand	a molecule that specifically binds to another one, often a larger one	37
5705623437	G-protein	a protein that binds GTP	38

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AP Biology Chapter 9 Flashcards

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5852112130	Cell Divsion	means "every cell from a cell"; the continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells; DNA is duplicated, by copying each stand according to base pairing rules, 2 DNA molecules held together at centromere called sister chromatids	0
5852112131	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two	1
5852112132	Genome	The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes.	2
5852112133	Chromosomes	A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.	3
5852112134	Chromatin	Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones	4
5852112135	Somatic Cells	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	5
5852112136	Gametes	A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	6
5852112137	Sister Chromatids	Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.	7
5852112138	Centromere	Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach	8
5852112139	Mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.	9
5852112140	Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.	10
5852112141	Mitotic (M) Phase	The part of the cell cycle when the nucleus is divided (via mitosis), its chromosomes are distributed to the daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divided (via cytokinesis), producing two daughter cells.	11
5852112142	Interphase	A period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins	12
5852112143	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	13
5852112144	G1 Phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	14
5852112145	G2 Phase	The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	15
5852112146	Prophase	DNA and proteins condense into tightly coiled chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles begin to move to opposite poles, and spindle fibers form.	16
5852112147	Prometaphase	The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.	17
5852112148	Metaphase	Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles	18
5852112149	Anaphase	Chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and move towards opposite poles of the dividing cell	19
5852112150	Telophase	Final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell	20
5852112151	Mitotic Spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.	21
5852112152	Centrosome	A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.	22
5852112153	Kinetochore	A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.	23
5852112154	Metaphase Plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	24
5852112155	Cleavage	(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane.	25
5852112156	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	26
5852112157	Cell Plate	A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	27
5852112158	Binary Fission	A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.	28
5852112159	Origin of Replication	The specific location on a DNa strand where replication begins.. Prokaryotes typically have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotes have several per chromosome.	29
5852112160	Growth Factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	30
5852112161	Density-Dependent Inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	31
5852112162	Anchorage Dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.	32
5852112163	Transformation	A phenomenon in bacteria. They have the ability to transform themselves by transferring genetic factors from one bacteria cell to another.	33
5852112164	Benign Tumor	An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.	34
5852112165	Malignant Tumor	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.	35
5852112166	Metastasis	Is the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body	36
5852112167	Angiogenesis	The process through which the tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply	37
5852112168	Zygote	Diploid cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg.	38
5852112169	Homologous Chromosomes	Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis.	39
5852112170	Haploid	An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes. (n)	40
5852112171	Diploid	Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n)	41

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AP Vocabulary List 17 Flashcards

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6159205542	astute	of keen penetration or discernment; sagacious; ingenious; clever	0
6159205543	beseech	to implore urgently; to beg	1
6159205544	capitulate	to surrender unconditionally	2
6159207591	deprecating	to express disapproval of; to protest against; belittle	3
6159207592	glean	to gather slowly and laboriously; to learn; to discover	4
6159207593	obfuscate	to confuse, bewilder, or stupefy; to make unclear	5
6159209883	pathos	a quality that evokes intense emotion	6
6159209884	primeval	of or relating to the first age or ages; based on primitive instinct	7
6159214296	salubrious	healthy	8
6159219435	solicitous	characterized by or showing interest or concern; eager or anxious to do something	9

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AP Fallacies Flashcards

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8776368115	Hasty Generalization	Making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate (usually because it is atypical or just too small).	0
8776374529	Missing the Point	The premises of an argument do support a particular conclusion--but not the conclusion that the arguer actually draws.	1
8776386646	Post hoc (false cause)	Assuming that because B comes after A, A caused B.	2
8776395258	Slippery Slope	When a relatively insignificant first event is suggested to lead to a more significant event, which in turn leads to a more significant event, and so on, until some ultimate, significant event is reached, where the connection of each event is not only unwarranted but with each step it becomes more and more improbable	3
8776403867	Weak Analogy	When an analogy is used to prove or disprove an argument, but the analogy is too dissimilar to be effective, that is, it is unlike the argument more than it is like the argument.	4
8776414327	Appeal to Authority	Using an authority as evidence in your argument when the authority is not really an authority on the facts relevant to the argument.	5
8776480924	Appeal to Pity	It takes place when an arguer tries to get people to accept a conclusion by making them feel sorry for someone.	6
8776488654	Appeal to Ignorance	The arguer basically says, "Look, there's no conclusive evidence on the issue at hand. Therefore, you should accept my conclusion on this issue."	7
8776509062	Straw man	Substituting a person's actual position or argument with a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of the position of the argument.	8
8776575058	Red herring	Partway through an argument, the arguer goes off on a tangent, raising a side issue that distracts the audience from what's really at stake. Often, the arguer never returns to the original issue.	9
8777075774	False dichotomy	In false dichotomy, the arguer sets up the situation so it looks like there are only two choices. The arguer then eliminates one of the choices, so it seems that we are left with only one option: the one the arguer wanted us to pick in the first place.	10
8777094254	Begging the question	Any form of argument where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises. It is a form of circular argument.	11
8777110418	Equivocation	Using an ambiguous term in more than one sense, thus making an argument misleading.	12
8777131944	Special pleading	A fallacy of logical argument in which the writer suppresses evidence that contradicts the conclusion in an inductive argument.	13
8777137486	Ad-hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "turn to the man."	14
8777145642	Bandwagon	A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.	15
8777151893	Appeal to nature	This argument goes that because something is natural, it must be better.	16
8777161155	Argument from Ignorance	An argument stating that something is true because it has never been proven false.	17
8777170892	Non-Sequitur	Latin for "does not follow." An argument in which the conclusion does not follow from the premises.	18
8777181932	Tu quoque	Latin for "you say": avoiding having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser - answering criticism with criticism.	19

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AP Lit Mythological Allusions Flashcards

Allusions to learn

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5969418482	Achilles' heel	MEANING: one spot that is most vulnerable; one weakness a person may have ORIGIN: Achilles was invulnerable except for his heel (Achilles tendon).	0
5969418483	Adonis	MEANING: a handsome young man ORIGIN: Aphrodite loved him and he was handsome and young	1
5969418484	Apollo	MEANING: a physically perfect male ORIGIN: the God of music and light; known for his physical beauty	2
5969418485	Atlantean	MEANING: strong like Atlas ORIGIN: Atlas carried the globe (world) on his shoulders	3
5969418486	Aurora	MEANING: early morning or sunrise ORIGIN: from the Roman personification of Dawn or Eos	4
5969418487	Bacchanalian	MEANING: pertaining to a wild, drunken party or celebration ORIGIN: from the Roman god of wine, Bacchus	5
5969418488	Gorgon	MEANING: a very ugly or terrible person, especially a repulsive woman ORIGIN: Medusa, one of three sisters who have snakes for hair and faces so horrible that anyone who looked at them turned to stone	6
5969418489	Harpy	MEANING: a predatory person or nagging woman ORIGIN: from harpy, a foul creature that was part woman, part bird	7
5969418490	Herculean	MEANING: very strong or of extraordinary power ORIGIN: from Hercules, Hera's glory	8
5969418491	Medea	MEANING: sorceress or enchantress ORIGIN: from Medea who helped Jason and the Argonauts capture the Golden Fleece; known for her revenge against Jason when he spurned her for the princess of Corinth and so murdered her own children by him.	9
5969418492	muse	MEANING: some creature of inspiration ORIGIN: the daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus, divine singers that presided over thought in all its forms	10
5969418493	narcissism	MEANING: being in love with our own self-image ORIGIN: named for Narcissus, a handsome young man who despised love. Echo, a nymph who was in love with him, was rejected and decreed, "Let he who loves not others, love himself." Hearing this, he fell in love with his image, while gazing in a pond, and drowned himself trying to capture it.	11
5969418494	Odyssey	MEANING: a long journey ORIGIN: named for Odysseus, the character in The Odyssey, by Homer. Odysseus makes his long journey back from the Trojan War, encountering several obstacles along the way only to return and find his wife Penelope accepting suitors.	12
5969418495	Olympian	MEANING: majestic in manner, superior to mundane affairs ORIGIN: any participant in the ancient or modern Olympic games; named after 12 gods that were supposed to reside on Mt. Olympus.	13
5969418496	Pandora's Box	MEANING: Something that opens the door for bad occurrences, opened by someone known for curiosity ORIGIN: named for Pandora who was the first mortal, sent by Zeus, to punish man for Prometheus' theft of fire. For her curiosity in opening the box, Zeus gave her all human ills in the world, leaving only hope at the bottom.	14
5969418497	Phoenix	MEANING: a symbol of immortality or rebirth ORIGIN: named after the Egyptian Mythology phoenix, a long bird which lived in the Arabian desert and then consumed itself in fire, rising renewed from the flame to start another long life.	15
5969418498	Plutocracy	MEANING: a government by the wealthy ORIGIN: named after Pluton, the "Rich Man," a ritual tile of Hades. He was originally the god of the fields because the ground was the source of all wealth, ores and jewels.	16
5969418499	Promethean	MEANING: life-bringing, creative, or courageously original ORIGIN: named after a Titan who brought man the use of fire which he had stolen from heaven for their benefit.	17
5969418500	Protean	MEANING: taking many forms, versatile ORIGIN: named after Proteus, a god of the sea, charged with tending the flocks of the sea creatures belonging to Poseidon. He had the ability to change himself into whatever form he desired, using this power particularly when he wanted to elude those asking him questions.	18
5969418501	psyche	MEANING: the human soul, self, the mind ORIGIN: named after Psyche, a maiden who, after undergoing many hardships due to Aphrodite's jealousy, reunited with Cupid and was made immortal by Jupiter; she personifies the soul joined to the heart of love.	19
5969418502	Pygmalion	MEANING: someone (usually a male) who tries to fashion someone into the person he desires ORIGIN: from a myth adapted into a play by George Bernard Shaw; a woman-hating sculptor who makes a female figure of ivory who Aphrodite brings to life for him.	20
5969418503	Sisyphean	MEANING: greedy and avaricious ORIGIN: from the shrewd and greedy king of Corinth, Sisyphus, who was doomed forever in Hades to roll uphill a heavy stone, which always rolled down again.	21
5969418505	Riddle of the Sphinx	MEANING: a riddle or question that is difficult to answer and without an answer, one may result in a terrible fate ORIGIN: A sphinx is a mythical creature with, as a minimum, the body of a lion and a human head. In Greek tradition, it has the haunches of a lion, the wings of a great bird, and the face of a woman. She is mythicised as treacherous and merciless. Those who cannot answer her riddle suffer a fate typical in such mythological stories, as they are killed and eaten by this ravenous monster.	22
5969418506	song of the sirens	MEANING: listening to the call of something that could result in death or destruction ORIGIN: dangerous and beautiful creatures, portrayed as femme fatales who lured nearby sailors with their enchanting music and voices to shipwreck on the rocky coast of their island.	23
5969418507	Oedipus complex	MEANING: a person's unconscious desire to mate with others who possess the traits of their opposite sex parent ORIGIN: in Greek mythology, Oedipus murders his father and marries his mother	24
5980443907	Trojan horse	MEANING: any trick or stratagem that causes a target to invite a foe into a securely protected bastion or place ORIGIN: The Trojan War - After a long and futile siege, the Greeks constructed a huge wooden horse and hid a select force of men inside. The Greeks pretended to sail away and the Trojans pulled the horse into their city as a victory trophy. That night the Greek force crept out of the horse and opened the gates for the rest of the Greek army, which had sailed back under cover of night. The Greeks entered and destroyed the city of Troy, decisively ending the war.	25