Learning - AP Psych Flashcards
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| 5563424084 | habituation | Def: learning not to respond to a stimulus Example: no longer noticing the loud train horn in your neighborhood | 0 | |
| 5563439270 | mere exposure effect | Def: preferring something simply because you've already been exposed to it Example: choosing Herbal Essence shampoo because you recognize it from a commercial | 1 | |
| 5563452884 | behavioral learning | Def: a category of learning that includes classical and operant conditioning and is referred to in terms of stimulus and response Example: Learning to walk, speak, or do math would all be types of behavioral learning | 2 | |
| 5563475558 | classical conditioning | Def: when a reflex becomes associated with a neutral stimulus and then takes on the ability to elicit the same response Example: Pavlov pairing a tone with salivation and the dog learning to associate a tone with food |  | 3 |
| 5563497389 | neutral stimulus | Def: any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning Example: a color, a noise, a fabric | 4 | |
| 5563511971 | unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | Def: the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response Example: food | 5 | |
| 5563516631 | unconditioned response (UCR) | Def: the response elicited by an UCS without prior learning Example: salivating | 6 | |
| 5563523850 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | Def: previously the neutral stimulus; once it's paired with the UCS, it becomes the CS Example: a color, a noise, a fabric | 7 | |
| 5563542376 | conditioned response (CR) | Def: the response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus and is now associated with the CS Example: salivating | 8 | |
| 5563559057 | acquisition | Def: the initial learning stage in which the organism displays the CR when exposed to the CS Example: salivating occurs when the tone is presented, after it's been paired with food | 9 | |
| 5563568402 | extinction | Def: the weakening of the CR when the UCS is removed Example: Presenting just the tone without the food over a period of time will weaken the salivating response | 10 | |
| 5563601182 | spontaneous recovery | Def: the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay Example: once the tone no longer produces salivation, you can wait a period of time and then reintroduce the tone. Chances are, salivation will reoccur | 11 | |
| 5563639082 | Ivan Pavlov | the scientist who discovered classical conditioning; did the famous experiments with dogs, food, a tone, and salivation | 12 | |
| 5563653293 | stimulus generalization | Def: the extension of a learned response to a similar stimulus Example: If the pitch of the bell at school changed but still sounded close enough to the original, it would produce the same response of everybody packing up to leave. | 13 | |
| 5563666717 | stimulus discrimination | Def: not producing the same response to a stimulus that is similar Example: If the sound of the bell at school quite a bit longer or shorter than normal, it probably wouldn't produce the same packing up behavior. Instead, students would look at each other and wonder what's going on. | 14 | |
| 5563685853 | experimental neurosis | Def: a pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a learning task that it too difficult, usually one that involves aversive or painful stimuli Example: When Pavlov's dogs couldn't tell the difference between a circle and an ellipse, they were shocked. That difficult learning task and those shocks led the dogs to snap and bite their handlers. | 15 | |
| 5563710252 | Little Albert | a case study of a little boy who was conditioned by John Watson to be afraid of furry objects; this case has recently been called into question | 16 | |
| 5563734074 | taste-aversion learning | Def: a biological tendency for an organism to learn, after one experience, to avoid a food if eating is followed by illness Example: I threw up once after eating cottage cheese, so now it makes me nauseous just thinking about it, and I won't ever eat it again. | 17 | |
| 5563763174 | operant conditioning | Def: the likelihood of a response happening again depends on the consequences (rewards or punishments) of the behavior Example: learning to obey curfew to avoid having the car taken away | 18 | |
| 5563784153 | law of effect | Def: the idea that behavior that produced rewards would be learned by the organism; first proposed by Edward Thorndike Example: a hungry animal would work to solve a problem in order to obtain a food reward | 19 | |
| 5563798437 | B.F. Skinner | American psychologist who popularized the concept of operant conditioning; used an operant chamber or Skinner box to give animals reinforcers or punishment based on their behavior | 20 | |
| 5654081296 | reinforcer | Def: a condition that occurs after a response and strengthens that response Example: a kid whines until he gets candy, so he's more likely to whine the next time to get candy again | 21 | |
| 5563815140 | positive reinforcement | Def: something presented after a response to increase the likelihood of that response Example: Giving a dog a treat for sitting will increase the likelihood it will sit again. | 22 | |
| 5563825337 | negative reinforcement | Def: the removal of an unpleasant stimulus Example: Using an umbrella removes wetness; therefore, umbrella using behavior is likely to happen again Special note: this is not the same as punishment; don't let the word negative make you think it's bad. Think of negative as in math terms - something unpleasant is being taken away. | 23 | |
| 5654070336 | operant chamber | Def: an apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers based on an animal's behavior; also called a Skinner box |  | 24 |
| 5654118067 | continuous reinforcement | Def: a type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced Example: Make sure your dog gets a food treat each and every time it sits. Use this method when teaching a new trick or concept, so the organism gets consistent feedback that it's doing the behavior correctly | 25 | |
| 5654132112 | intermittent reinforcement | Def: a type of reinforcement schedule by which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced; also called partial reinforcement Example: After your dog learns to sit by command, you might only give it a food treat every once in awhile; it no longer needs constant reinforcement | 26 |
