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Chapter 19 APES Flashcards

6215941082	Adaption	A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce	0
6215941083	Albedo	Surfaces ability to reflect light	1
6215941084	Global change	Change that occurs in the chemical, biological, and physical properties of the planet	2
6215941085	Global climate change	Changes in the climate of Earth; an aspect of global change	3
6215941086	Global warming	The warming of the oceans, landmasses, and atmosphere of Earth; an aspect of global climate change	4
6215941087	The greenhouse effect		5
6215941088	Greenhouse warming potential	An estimate of how much a molecule of any compound can contribute to global warming over a period of 100 years relative to a molecule of CO2	6
6215941089	Methane (CH4)	Created when there is not enough oxygen available to produce carbon dioxide	7
6215941090	Nitrous Oxide (N20)	A natural component of the nitrogen cycle that is produced through the process of denitrification	8
6215941091	Water Vapor (H20)	The most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and the greatest natural contributor to global warming	9
6215941092	Kyoto protocol	An international agreement to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases from all industrialized countries to 5.2 percent below their 1990 levels by 2012	10
6215941093	Reasons why the US didn't sign the Kyoto protocol	-Too much uncertainty in Global warming -Unfair that developing countries have no reduction requirements	11
6215941094	Carbon sequestration	An approach to stabilizing greenhouse gases by removing CO2 from the atmosphere	12
6215941095	CAFE Standards	Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards enacted into law in 1975, established fuel efficiency standards for passenger cars and light trucks	13
6215941096	Cap and trade	Market-based system of pollution control whereby individual businesses can buy and sell emission credits even while the total level of industry pollution is capped at some level	14
6215941097	Carbon dioxide (CO2)	The greatest contributor to the greenhouse effect because its concentration is so much higher than any of the others	15
6215941098	CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)	Potent greenhouse gases with very high greenhouse warming potentials	16
6215941099	Glacial periods	A period of global cooling occurs in which earths temperatures decline and ice begins to accumulate	17
6215941100	Global cooling	Global cooling apparently can be promoted by an increase of SO4 from volcanic eruptions (plus abundant ash and clouds), as well as human produced aerosols	18
6215941101	Greenhouse gases	Primary Sources:Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and CFCs Natural Sources: Volcanic eruptions, decomposition, digestion, denitrification, evaporation, and evapotranspiration Anthropogenic Sources: burning of fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation, landfills, and industrial production of chemicals	19
6215941102	HCFCs (Hydrochlorofluorocarbons)	An alternative refrigerant which are less harmful to the ozone layer, but still have very high greenhouse warming potentials	20
6215941103	Interglacial periods	Warmer periods when the ice retreats to cover less of the earths surface	21
6215941104	IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)	Aims to provide comprehensive scientific assessments of current scientific, technical and socio-economic info worldwide about the risk of climate change caused by human activity	22
6215941105	Methane hydrates	Methane that is believed to be locked in cold ocean seabeds from millions of years ago; Holds a lot of carbon	23
6215941106	Mitigation	The policy of constructing or creating man-made habitats, such as wetlands, to replace those lost to development	24
6215941107	Soil sequestration	Plants such as switchgrass can remove CO2 from air and store it in the soil	25
6215941108	UV; visible light	Incoming solar radiation is composed of _______ and ________ ________	26
6215941109	1/3	__/__ of the incoming radiation is reflected by atmosphere, clouds and surface of planet	27
6215941110	Clouds	The rest of the solar radiation is absorbed by ______ or the earth's surface	28
6215941111	Greenhouse gases	The surface of the earth then radiates the heat back into the atmosphere as ____________ _______	29
6215941112	absorbed; emitted	The infrared radiation is either _________ or __________	30
6215941113	Warmer	When greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation, the planet is {WARMER/COOLER}	31
6215941114	More	The {MORE/LESS} greenhouse gases there are in the atmosphere, the warmer the planet will be	32
6215941115	Water Vapor	Which GHG is least impacted by humans?	33
6215941116	CO2	Which GHG has the greatest impact on the greenhouse effect?	34
6215941117	Burning fossil fuels	Identify the anthropogenic source: -Produces CO2 -Rate of source is much greater than producers taking in CO2	35
6215941118	Agriculture	Identify the anthropogenic source: -Nitrous Oxide -Excess nitrates=N2=Denitrification	36
6215941119	Deforestation	Identify the anthropogenic source: -CO2 -Build up of CO2 because there are no trees to filter it out	37
6215941120	Landfills	Identify the anthropogenic source: -Methane -Household waste that decomposes=low oxygen environment=methane	38
6215941121	Industry	Identify the anthropogenic source: -CFCs -Air conditioners, freezers, etc=CFCs	39
6215941122	Natural sources of Methane	Wetlands, animal digestion (termites)	40
6215941123	Natural sources of Nitrous Oxide	Denitrification	41
6215941124	Natural sources of Water Vapor	Hydrolic cycle	42
6215941125	Anthropogenic sources of Methane	Livestock, landfills, production of natural gases/petroleum	43
6215941126	Anthropogenic sources of Nitrous Oxide	Agriculture soil, manure as organic fertilizer, nitrogen fixed crops	44
6215941127	Anthropogenic sources of Carbon Dioxide	Burning fossil fuels	45
6215941128	Ways to measure historical temp levels/CO2 levels	-Measuring ocean and land temps -Ice cores	46
6215941129	Positive feedback loop	Output increases original effect of the stimulus	47
6215941130	Negative feedback loop	Output shuts off original effect of the stimulus	48
6215941131	Electrolysis	Splitting water to get oxygen	49
6215941132	Carbonic Acid	CO2 + H2O = _______ ______	50
6215941133	Denitrification	Nitrate changes to nitrogen gas	51
6215941134	Aerobic decomposition	_______________ _____________ releases CO2	52
6215941135	SO2	-Burning coal -Some autofuels (diesel)	53
6215941136	NOx	-Fertilizer -Coal -Autofuels	54
6215941137	Catalytic converter	NOx ----> \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| ----> N2 >Tailpipe CO -----> \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| ----> O2	55
6215941138	Photochemical smog	NOx + Methane + Sunlight = ______________ ________	56
6215941139	Atmosphere	When the Earth experiences higher temperatures, the oceans warm and cannot contain as much CO2 gas and, as a result, they release CO2 into the ________________	57
6215941140	The fundamental basis of climate change	Greenhouse gas concentrations are increasing and that this will lead to global warming is not in dispute among the vast majority of scientists	58

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AP E: La Musique Flashcards

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5819374670	le musicien	musician	0
5819374671	le chanteur	male singer	1
5819374672	la chanteuse	female singer	2
5819374673	la chanson	song	3
5819374674	le groupe	band	4
5819374675	l'orchestre (m)	band/orchestra	5
5819374676	le chef d'orchestre	composer	6
5819374677	composer	to compose	7
5819374678	les paroles (f)	lyrics	8
5819374679	chanter	to sing	9
5819374680	la guitare	guitar	10
5819374681	la batterie	drums	11
5819374682	les cuivres (f)	brass	12
5819374683	les cordes (f)	strings	13
5819374684	la percussion	percussion	14
5819374685	l'auditeur (m)	listener	15
5819374686	enregistrer	to record	16
5819374687	télécharger	to download	17
5819374688	le lecteur MP3	MP3 player	18
5819374689	la radio	radio	19
5819374690	le casque	headphones	20
5819374691	le fan	fan	21
5819374692	l'adepte (m)	follower/fan	22
5819374693	la prestation	performance	23
5819374694	la variété française	French pop music	24
5819374695	anglo-saxon	British and American	25
5819374696	percer	to break through	26
5819374697	le refrain	chorus	27
5819374698	répéter	to rehearse	28
5819374699	la répétition	rehearsal	29
5819374700	pratiquer	to practice (an instrument)	30
5819374701	la voix	voice	31
5819374702	la chorale	choir	32
5819374703	le choriste	choir singer	33
5819374704	le piano	piano	34
5819374705	le clavier	keyboard	35
5819374706	la symphonie	symphony	36
5819374707	passionnant	exciting	37
5819374708	le tube	hit	38
5819374709	le top 40	Top 40 charts	39
5819374710	le hit-parade	music charts	40
5819374711	la bande sonore	soundtrack	41
5819374712	le spectacle musical	musical (theater)	42

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AP world ch 25 Flashcards

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6237328251	Hernan Cortes political pg. 669	Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.	0
6237328252	Motecuzoma II political pg. 670	the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520.	1
6237328253	Francisco Pizarro political pg. 670	Francisco Pizarro González was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire.	2
6237328254	Atahualpa political pg. 670	the last Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire before the Spanish conques	3
6237328255	Cabeza de Vaca political pg. 676	Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca was a Spanish explorer of the New World, and one of four survivors of the 1527 Narváez expedition	4
6237328256	James Cook political pg. 689	Captain James Cook FRS RN was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy.	5
6237328257	Mestizo interactions pg. 676	Mestizo is a term traditionally used in Spain, Spanish America, and the Philippines to mean a person of combined European and Amerindian or Asian descent, or someone who would have been deemed a Castizo (one European parent and one Mestizo parent)	6
6237328258	Mita interactions pg. 679	Mit'a was mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire.	7
6237328259	Encomienda economic pg. 679	The encomienda system was used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas, whereby conquistadors (conquerers) were granted the towns of the native people they conquered.	8
6237328260	Taino cultural pg. 666	The Taíno were an Arawak people who were the indigenous people of the Caribbean and Florida	9
6237328261	Conquistadores political pg. 668	Conquistadors is a term used to refer to the soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense.	10
6237328262	Treaty of Tordesillas political pg. 671	Treaty of Tordesillas, (June 7, 1494), agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.	11
6237328263	Tupac Amaru rebellion political pg. 680	The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (1780-c. 1782) was an uprising of native and mestizo peasants against the Bourbon reforms in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. While Túpac Amaru II, an early leader of the rebellion, was captured and executed in 1781, the rebellion continued for at least another year under other leaders.	12
6237328264	Engenho political pg. 681	Engenho is a colonial-era Portuguese term for a sugar cane mill and the associated facilities.	13
6237328265	Indentured labor economic pg. 681	Indentured servitude was a labor system in which people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a fixed term of years. It was widely employed in the 18th century in the British colonies in North America and elsewhere.	14
6237328266	Aboriginal Australians cultural pg. 687	Aboriginal Australians are legally defined as people who are members "of the Aboriginal race of Australia"	15

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AP variants Flashcards

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5999111763	Atrium to the his bundle	Jahmes Fiber	0
5999111764	Fasciculoventricular	Very rare (short HV is the only finding)	1
5999111765	Concealed	___ (conducting V-->A) rate dependent AV pathways are fairly frequent.	2
5999111766	Latent	__ pathways conduct anterograde but very late and are thus not seen on ECG.	3
5999111767	Posteroseptal	AP that exhibit AVN-like features (called 'decremental AP') are most often___.	4
5999111768	Atriofascicular	Antegrade conducting, rate dependent AP, ie Maheim fibers. These are less common: the most frequent type is__ (usually AL part of TV--> RV apex)	5
5999235550	right sides	Antegrade conducting AV AP with rate-dependence are rare: these are usually __.	6
5999235551	LBBB	Rate dependent AF fibers often have nl ECG. With atrial stim, esp. near the AP, will show pre-excitation resembling___	7
5999235552	Nodoventricular	Ventricular pre-excitation with rate-dependence, sometimes called Mahaim, who originally ascribed these AP as____. We now know there are many forms.	8
6721886749			9

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MacArthur AP III and AP IV Additional Terms for AP Exam Flashcards

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6440318073	Abstract	Language that describes concepts rather than concrete images.	0
6440325965	Ad Hominem	An attack on the person rather than the persons ideas: "against the man."	1
6440330685	Allegory	Work that functions on a symbolic level.	2
6440333624	Allusion	Reference contained in a work.	3
6440335637	Analogy	Basis for comparison. A comparison to a parallel situation.	4
6440339267	Anecdote	Story or brief episode told to make a point.	5
6440342680	Antecedent	Word, clause, or phrase to which the pronoun refers.	6
6440347934	Antithesis	Two contrasting images; ideas balanced by word, phrase, clause, or paragraph.	7
6440352728	Argument	Single assertion or a series of them presented and defended by writer.	8
6440356062	Attitude	Relationship an author has toward subject and/or audience.	9
6440358754	Balance	Situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal; i.e., in sentences, paragraphs, or sections of a longer work.	10
6440365645	Cacophony	Harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage of literary work.	11
6440369287	Character	One carrying out action of plot in literature; i.e., major, minor, static, or dynamic types.	12
6440374218	Colloquial	Slang in writing, used to provide local color and informality.	13
6440377361	Comic Relief	Inclusion of humorous character or scene to contrast and intensify tragic event.	14
6440381441	Conflict	Clash between opposing forces in a literary work.	15
6440385494	Connective Tissue	Elements that create coherence in a written piece.	16
6440411806	Connotation	Interpretation of word based on associated images rather than literal meaning.	17
6440416700	Deduction	Process of moving from general rule to specific example.	18
6440419503	Denotation	Literal or dictionary meaning of a word.	19
6440421978	Dialect	Re-creation of a regional spoken language, such as Southern dialect.	20
6440424853	Diction	Author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning.	21
6440428122	Didactic	Work wholly designed to teach; usually formal.	22
6440434337	Discourse	Discussion of specific topic.	23
6440438814	Ellipsis	Series of three periods indication omission of word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, or whole section from a text.	24
6440444822	Epigraph	Quotation at beginning of a work that hints at its theme.	25
6440454062	Eupemism	More acceptable or pleasant way of saying something that might be either inappropriate or uncomfortable.	26
6440458851	Euphony	Please, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work.	27
6440461829	Exposition	Background information presented in a literary work.	28
6440465734	Extended Metaphor	Sustained comparison, often referred to as a "conceit."	29
6440468475	Figurative Language	Devices used by writing that are not literal; i.e., metaphor simile, motif, symbol, hyperbole, etc.	30
6440477071	Flashback	Device that enables writer to refer to past thoughts, events, or episodes.	31
6440480232	Form	Shape or structure of a literary work.	32
6440482637	Hyperbole	Extreme exaggeration.	33
6440484266	Image	Verbal approximation of a sensory impression, concept, or emotion.	34
6440487484	Imagery	total effect of related sensory images in a literary work.	35
6440490116	Induction	Process moving from a given series of specifics to a generalization.	36
6440492798	Inference	Conclusion on can draw from presented details.	37
6440495782	Invective	Abusive attack.	38
6440497994	Irony	Unexpected twist or contrast between what happens and what was intended or expected to happen.	39
6440501501	Logic	Process of reasoning.	40
6440502835	Logical Fallacy	Mistake in reasoning.	41
6440504512	Metaphor	Direct comparison between dissimilar things.	42
6440506816	Metonymy	Figure of speech in which a representative term is used for larger idea; i.e., often "part for whole."	43
6440511372	Monologue	Speech given by one character.	44
6440514430	Motif	Repetition or variations of an image or idea used to develop them and/or characters.	45
6440518507	Narrator	Speaker of a literary work.	46
6440520614	Onoamatopoeia	Words that sound like the sound they represent.	47
6440524318	Oxymoron	Image of contradictory term; i.e., jumbo shrimp.	48
6440527618	Pacing	Movement of a literary piece from one point or section to another.	49
6440531178	Parable	Story that operates on more than one level, often to teach a moral lesson.	50
6440534617	Parody	Comic imitation of a work that ridicules the original.	51
6440536750	Pathos	Aspects that elicit emotion.	52
6440539800	Pedantic	Describes writing that borders on lecturing; often scholarly, academic, overly difficult and distant.	53
6440546468	Periodic Sentence	Main clause occurs at end of sentence. Phrases and/or dependent clauses precede main clause.	54
6440551041	Personification	Assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts.	55
6440557135	Persuasion	Argument with a goal toward causing audience to act.	56
6440562790	Plot	Series of events in literary work.	57
6440564774	Point of View	Meth of narration in literary work.	58
6440567009	Pun	A play on works that often has a comic effect.	59
6440571640	Reductio ad Absurdum	Latin for "to reduce to the absurd." Can be used both for comic effect and argument. A logical fallacy as it reduces an argument to an "either/or" choice.	60
6440582344	Rhetoric	Tools enabling a writer to present ideas to audience effectively.	61
6440586557	Rhetorical Question	A question posed by not expected to be answered. Used to pose an idea.	62
6440590184	Sarcasm	Comic technique that ridicules through caustic language.	63
6440596788	Satire	Mode of writing based on ridicule, which criticizes the society without often offering a solution.	64
6440604343	Setting	Time and place of literary work.	65
6440739274	Simile	Comparison using "like" or "as."	66
6440742052	Stage Directions	Playwright's specific instructions concerning sets, characterization, delivery, etc.	67
6440748022	Stanza	Unit of poem, similar in rhyme, meter and length to rest of poem.	68
6440750929	Structure	Organization and form of work.	69
6440752125	Style	Unique way author presents ideas and includes diction, syntax, imagery, structure, and content.	70
6440758030	Summary	Reducing of original text to essential parts.	71
6440761664	Syllogism	Format of formal argument, consisting of major premise, minor premise, and conclusion.	72
6440766568	Symbol	Something standing for something else.	73
6440773124	Synecdoche	Figure of speech utilizing a part as representative of a whole.	74
6440776931	Syntax	Grammatical structure of prose and poetry.	75
6440780157	Synthesis	Integration of sources into the development and support of a writer's thesis or claim.	76
6440784843	Theme	Underlying ideas illustrated through characterization, motifs, language, plot, etc.	77
6440788181	Thesis	Main idea of a piece of writing.	78
6440789735	Tone	Author's attitude toward subject.	79
6440791468	Transition	Word, phrase, or sentence that links or provides coherence in writing.	80
6440796393	Understatement	Opposite of exaggeration.	81
6440798537	Voice	1. Relationship between a sentence's subject and verb; i.e., active vs. passive voice. 2. "Sound" of a writer's style.	82

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AP Biology Functional Groups Flashcards

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4971040611	Phosphate Group	consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms.	0
4971040612	Amino Group	composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton. It acts as a base by picking up H+ from a solution. Organic compounds with an amino group are called amines. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, contain a carboxyl and an amino group.	1
4971040613	Carbonyl Group	a carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. If the carbon of the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton, the compound is called an aldehyde; if it is within the chain, the compound is called a ketone. Sugars contain a carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups	2
4971040614	Hydroxyl Group	consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton. Ethanol and other organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups are called alcohols.	3
4971040615	Carbonyl Group	Carbon with a double bonded oxygen	4
4971040616	Sulfhydryl	consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen	5
4971040617	Carboxyl Group	A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.	6
4971040618	Methyl	consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogens. Compounds with these groups are called methylated compounds.	7
4971044434	hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.	8
4971046101	covalent bond	A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons	9
4971048054	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	10
4971049285	polar covalent bond	A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally	11
4971064616	cation	A positively charged ion	12
4971065007	anion	A negatively charged ion	13

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AP Biology Chapter 54 Flashcards

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5035908255	Community	A group of populations of different species living close enough to interact	0
5035908256	Interspecific interactions	Interactions with individuals of other species in the community	1
5035908257	Interspecific competition	(-/-) interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survivial	2
5035908258	Competitive Exclusion	A slight reproductive advantage (use resources efficiently) of one species will eventually lead to local elimination of the inferior competitor	3
5035908259	(Ecological) Niche	The sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment (role) (Space, Food, Location, Breeding)	4
5035908260	Relationship between coexistence and niches	Two species CANNOT coexist if they have identical niches, but they CAN coexist if they find significant differences in their niches	5
5035908261	Resource partitioning	Differentiation of species that allows similar species to coexist in a community	6
5035908262	Fundamental niche	Niche that could be potential occupied by a species	7
5035908263	Realized niche	The portion of its niche a species actually occupies	8
5035908264	Allopatric	Geographically separate	9
5035908265	Sympatric	Geographically overlapping	10
5035908266	Character displacement	Characteristics typically diverge more in geographically overlapping regions than in separated regions	11
5035908267	Predation	(+/-) Predator/Prey	12
5035908268	Predator Senses	Heat-sensing, smell, sight, claws, venom	13
5035908269	Prey Protection	Hiding, Fleeing, Herding, Alarm calls	14
5035908270	Aposematic Coloration	Warning Coloration/ Effective chemical defense system	15
5035908271	Cryptic Coloration	Camouflage	16
5035908272	Batesian mimicry	Harmless species can mimic a harmful species	17
5035908273	Mullerian mimicry	Two or more harmful species resemble each other, warns off predators	18
5035908274	Predator mimicry	Predator poses to be harmless	19
5035908275	Herbivory	(+/-) Organism eats parts of plants or algae	20
5035908276	Herbivore adaptation	Chemical sensor, smell, specialized teeth, specialized digestion	21
5035908277	Plant Defense	Poison, bad taste	22
5035908278	Symbiosis	When individuals of two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another	23
5035908279	Parasitism	(+/-) Parasite organism derives nutrients from host organism, and the host organism is harmed	24
5035908280	Endoparasites	Parasites that live in the body of their hosts	25
5035908281	Ectoparasites	Parasites that feed on the external surface of a host	26
5035908282	Parasite Behvaior	Sometimes require multiple hosts, change behavior of hosts	27
5035908283	Mutualism	(+/+) Interspecific interaction that benefits both species	28
5035908284	Obligate mutualism	One of the species in the interaction has lost the ability to survive on its own	29
5035908285	Facultative Mutualism	Both species can survive alone	30
5035908286	Commensalism	(+/0) Interaction that benefits one species but has no effect on the other	31
5035908287	Facilitation	Species have positive effects on the survival and reproduction of other species without necessarily in a symbiosis	32
5035908288	Species Diversity	Variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community	33
5035908289	Species richness	Number of different species int he communtiy	34
5035908290	Relative abundance	The proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community	35
5035908291	Shannon diversity	A way to calculate indexes of diversity	36
5035908292	Why is it hard to determine the number and relative abundance of species in a community	Most species in a community are relatively rare, micro, and hard to identify	37
5035908293	Biomass	The total mass of all organisms in a habitat	38
5035908294	Invasive Species	Organisms that become established outside their native range	39
5035908295	Trophic Structure	The feeding relationships between organisms in a community (food energy)	40
5035908296	Food Chain	TROPHIC LEVELS: Producers (Autotrophs)-> Consumers-> Decomposers, shows an interwoven flow of energy	41
5035908297	Food Web	Food Chains linked together, overlapping parts, shows the flow of energy	42
5035908298	What is the highest number of links on the typical food web	No more than 5	43
5035908299	Energetic Hypothesis	Aims to explain why food chains are short by saying that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain	44
5035908300	Dominant species	Species in a community that are most abundant- thus play the biggest role (even trees)	45
5035908301	Keystone species	Not usually overly abundant, but play a pivotal ecological role for the community	46
5035908302	Ecosystem engineers	Species that dramatic alter their environment	47
5035908303	Bottom-up model	Unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels N->V->H->P N=nutrients V=plants (vegetation) H=herbivores P=predators	48
5035908304	Top-down model (trophic cascade)	Suggests that predation controls community organization because predators limit herbivores and so on N<-V<-H<-P N=nutrients V=plants (vegetation) H=herbivores P=predators	49
5035908305	Biomanipulation	Using the top-down model to improve the environment (purify lakes)	50
5035908306	Balance of nature view	Biological Communities are at an equilibrium and interspecific competition determines community composition and stability	51
5035908307	Stability	A community's tendency to reach and maintain a relatively constant composition of species	52
5035908308	Climax community	A community controlled and kept stable solely by predictable climate	53
5035908309	Disturbance	an event such as a storm, fire, flood, drought, or human activity that changes a community by removing organisms or resource availability	54
5035908310	Nonequillibrium model	Describes most communities as constantly changing after a disturbance	55
5035908311	Intermediate disturbance hypothesis	Moderate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity than do high or low levels of disturbance	56
5035908312	What is the norm for most communities in terms of equillibrium	Nonequillibrium	57
5035908313	Ecological succession	Disturbed areas gradually replaced by different species and then replaced by other species and so on	58
5035908314	Primary succession	When species first colonize a disturbed area (usually prokaryotes and protists)	59
5035908315	Secondary succession	An existing community has been cleared by a disturbance that leaves the soil intact- which then allows the area to return to something similar to its original state	60
5035908316	Tropics	Where is plant and animal life generally more abundant compared with the rest of the globe?	61
5035908317	Species richness in a community may occur over time as what occurs?	Speciation	62
5035908318	Evapotransportation	The evaporation of water from soil and plants	63
5035908319	Potential evapotransportation	Measures potential water loss that assumes water is readily available	64
5035908320	Species-area curve	Describes patterns of species richness	65
5035908321	Species area relationship	S is the number of species found in a habitat, A is the area of the habitat, and z tells you how many more species should be found in a habitat was area increases	66
5035908322	Island equillibrium	It is better to study equillibrium on islands because of their isolation and manageable size	67
5035908323	Two factors that determine the number of species on islands	Rate of immigration of new species, rate of extinction of species	68
5035908324	Island equilibrium model	Predicts that an equilibrium will be reached when the rate of species immigration equals the rate of extinction	69
5035908325	Pathogens	Disease-causing microorganisms, viruses, viroids, or prions	70
5035908326	Zoonotic pathogens	Cause 3/4 of emerging human diseases and many of the most devastating diseases-- pathogens transferred to humans from animals	71
5035908327	Vector	Organism serves as an intermediate species between an infected animal and a human (lice, ticks, mosquitos)	72
5035908328	How much energy is transferred between the links of a food chain?	10% (Ten Percent) (Energy is lost from one trophic level to the next)	73
5035908329	What happens to the other 90% of energy not transferred from trophic levels	Lost as heat, motion, maintaining life	74
5035908330	How much energy starts with the autotroph?	100% (One Hundred Percent)	75

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AP Government: Civil Rights Flashcards

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5208284065	Civil Rights	-Government action to create equal conditions -Right of a minority group to be free from discrimination by the majority -Equal treatment of minorities by states guaranteed by Equal Protection Clause of Fourteenth Amendment and, at the federal level, by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment	0
5208284066	Equal Protection Clause	-Contained in Fourteenth Amendment -Declares that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" -Protects minorities from discrimination by state governments	1
5208284067	Civil Rights Act of 1964	-Landmark legislation that banned racial segregation in schools, public transportation, public facilities and employment—ended Jim Crow -Based on the federal government's power to control interstate commerce	2
5208284068	Voting Rights Act of 1965	-Landmark legislation that outlawed discriminatory voting practices responsible for widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the South -Ended literacy tests	3
5208284069	Affirmative Action	-Policy designed to correct effects of past racial or gender discrimination by giving certain preferences in education or employment to these groups -Courts are increasingly limiting the use of racial preferences	4
5208284070	Imminent action	Considered "unprotected speech" if a person's speech incites others to take violent action. Involved in the case of Brandenburg vs. Ohio	5
5208284071	Clear and present danger	Interpretation by Justice Oliver Wendell Homes regarding limits on free speech if it presents a danger to the public or leads to illegal actions; for example, one cannot shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater.	6
5208284072	Selective Incorporation	The case-by-case process by which liberties listed in the Bill of Rights have been applied to the states using the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.	7
5208284073	Miranda Rights	Statements required of police that inform a suspect of his or her constitutional rights protected by the fifth amendment, including the right to an attorney provided by the court if the suspect cannot afford one	8
5208284074	Good-faith exception	Courts recognize that minor mistakes may occur while gathering evidence, but that the evidence may still be used in the trial.	9
5208284075	Original Intent	A view that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the Framers' ideas - conservatives often support this perspective	10
5208284076	Living Constitution	Assumes that the Constitution was meant to be a dynamic document whose meaning has to account for contemporary social and political context.	11
5208284077	Suspect Classification	Strict scrutiny: tendency to strike down as unconstitutional any legislation that singles out race or ethnicity, unless the government has a compelling interest in such legislation	12
5208304521	Strict Scrutiny	Supreme Court rule that classification by race and ethnic background is inherently suspect and must be justified by a "compelling public interest"	13
5208317847	Brown v. Board of Education	Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson; ended legal segregation, saying school segregation is unconstitution	14
5208322868	Plessy v. Ferguson	Supreme Court case that upheld separate-but-equal segregation in 1896	15

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AP Terms to Know Flashcards

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4909918371	anaphora	the regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of two or more successive phrases or clauses.	0
4909918372	chiasmus	a reversal in the word order of words in two otherwise parallel sentences	1
4909918373	apostrophe	the direct address to an absent or dead person, or to an object, quality, or idea.	2
4909918374	hyperbole	a rhetorical figure in which emphasis is achieved through exaggeration	3
4909918375	metaphor	figurative language that describes something as though it actually were something else	4
4909918376	metonymy	the substitution of one term for another that is generally associated with it. (ex. the crown declared that the man would be executed.)	5
4909918377	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole (ex. all hands on deck)	6
4909918378	onomatopoeia	the use of words that sound like a noise	7
4909918379	paradox	a statement or expression so surprisingly self-contradictory but ends up being true on some level	8
4909918380	parallelism	the use of similar grammatical structures or word order.	9
4909918381	personification	the use of human characteristics to describe animals, things, or ideas.	10
4909918382	point of view	the perspective that a narrator takes toward the events it describes	11
4909918383	pun	a witty word-play which reveals that words with different meanings have similar or even identical sounds	12
4909918384	satire	writing that ridicules or holds up to contempt the faults of individuals or groups	13
4909918385	polysyndeton	the repetition of conjunctions in a sentence	14
4909918386	asyndeton	the omission of conjunctions in a sentence	15
4909918387	archetype	a symbol found in many cultures	16
4909918388	dramatic irony	a situation where the audience knows something that the characters on stage are not aware of	17
4909918389	allusion	a reference to a piece of literature, character, historical figure that the author assumes the reader will recognize	18
4909918390	diction	the word choices made by a writer	19
4909918391	didactic	having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing	20
4909918392	exposition	the beginning portion of Freytag's pyramid where the background information, characters and setting are introduced	21
4909918393	denouement (catastrophe)	The final outcome of the main dramatic complication in a literary work or the outcome of a complicated sequence of events	22
4909918394	theme	Central idea of a work of literature	23
4909918395	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	24
4909918396	Hubris	Pride that challenges the role of the gods	25
4909918397	Catharsis	An emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety	26
4909918398	Tragic flaw	A character trait that leads to the downfall of a hero, while also (often) making him admirable	27
4909918399	Satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	28
4909918400	Foible	a minor character flaw	29
4909918401	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	30
4909918402	Inuendo	a hint, indirect suggestion or reference, often in a derogatory sense	31
4909918403	Malapropism	a word humorously misused	32
4909918404	Sarcasm	A mocking, often ironic or satirical remark.	33
4909918405	Hyperbole	An exaggeration	34
4909918406	Anecdote	A short and amusing or interesting story	35
4909918407	Epiphany	A moment of sudden revelation or insight	36

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AP Biology Chapter 22 Flashcards

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5114466457	On the Origin of Species	Darwin; many modern species are decendents of ancestral species; the mechanism for this evolutionary process is natural selection	0
5114466458	Natural Selection	A population can change over generations if individuals with certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others. Result=evolutionary adaptation.	1
5114466459	Evolutionary Adaption	the accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in a specific enviroment.	2
5114466460	Evolution	change over time in the genectic composition of a population, also refers to the gradual appearance of all biological diversity	3
5114466461	Aristotle	All Living forms could be arranged on a scale, ladder of increasing complexity, later called the "scale of nature" Opposed any concept of evolution and viewed species as fixed and unchanging.	4
5114466462	Old Testament	Species were individually designed by God and perfect	5
5114466463	Carolus Linnaeus	Swedish Physician and Botanist, founded taxonomy. Grouped similiar species into increasingly general catergories. Similarity between species did not imply evolution but pattern of creation.	6
5114466464	Taxonomy	Linnaeus, a system for naming species and classifying species into a heirarchy of increasingly complex organisms. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species	7
5114466465	Binomial System	Linnaeus, naming organisms according to genus and species	8
5114466466	Darwin's Influence by?	Fossils, Remains, Traces of Organisms from Sedimentary Rocks	9
5114466467	Georges Cuvier	developed Paleontology; study of fossils. Documented in Paris Basin---> documented succession of fossil species and found extinction to be common.	10
5114466468	Who adopted Catastrophism?	Cuvier------------> speculation that boundaries between strata were due to local floods or droughts that destroyed species. Eventually repopulated by species immigrating from unaffected areas.	11
5114466469	James Hutton	Geology= Theory of Gradualism----> Geological changes took place slowly but its a continous process.	12
5114466470	Charles Lyell	Theory of Uniformiarinism, geological processes had not changed throughout Earth's history.	13
5114466471	Who had influence on Darwin	Hutton and Lyell= Geologic Events are slow than Earth must be older than 6,000 yrs old estimated from Bible. Second, Gradualism can produce substantial change over long period of time.	14
5114466472	Jean Baptiste Lamarck	Applied Concept of Gradualism to Biological Evolution Proposed two mechanisms for Evolution..Use and Disuse, Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics. Thought that evolutionary change was driven by innate drive of organisms to increasing complexity.	15
5114466473	"Use and Disuse"	Lamarck---------->Parts of the body that are used become larger and stronger whereas parts that are not used dissappear.	16
5114466474	Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics	Modifications acquired during ones lifetime can be passed to offspring. BIGGEST Mistake to contribution of Evolution. Larmarck	17
5114466475	Alfred Russel Wallace	Young Naturalist also developed Natural Selection Theory	18
5114466476	Descent with Modifcation	All organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor that lived in the remote past. Over evolutionary time, the descendants of that common ancestor develop modifications or adaptations that allow them to reproduce in specific habitats.	19
5114466477	Ernst Mayer	dissected logic of Darwins Theory into three inferences based on five observations	20
5114466478	Observation 1	Population size would increase---> organisms reproduced successfully	21
5114466479	Observation 2	Populations tend to remain stable in size except for seasonal fluctuations.	22
5114466480	Observation 3	Enviromental Resources are limited. Inference #1---Production of more individuals than enviroment can lead to struggle for existence with only fraction of offspring surviving.	23
5114466481	Observation 4	Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics. No two individuals are alike.	24
5114466482	Observation 5	Much of this variation is heritable. Inference #2---Survival in the struggle for existence is not random but depends on inherited traits. Inference #3----This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to a gradual change in population with favorable characteristics accumulating.	25
5114466483	Thomas Malthus	influenced Darwin.."overproduction" Human Suffering--disease, famine, was the inescapable consequence of the potential for human populations to increase faster than food supplies and other resources.	26
5114466484	Differential Reproductive Success	Organisms with traits favored by the enviroment produce more offspring than do organisms without those traits--results in the favored traits being disproportionately represented in the next generation.	27
5114466485	Artificial Selection	modifying a variety of domesticated plants and animals over many generations by selecting individuals with the desired traits as breeding stock.	28
5114466486	Darwins Main Idea 1	Natural Selection is differential success in reproduction (unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce) results from individuals that vary in heritable traits and their enviroment.	29
5114466487	Darwins Main Idea 2	The Product of Natural Selection is the Increasing adaptation of organisms to their enviroment.	30
5114466488	Darwins Main Idea 3	If an enviroment changes over time, or if individuals of a species move to a new enviroment, Natural Selection may result in adaptation to the new conditions, sometimes giving rise to a new species in the process.	31
5114466489	Evolution Through Natural Selection	Individuals do not Evolve---Natural Selection can act only on heritable traits, traits that are passed from organisms to their offspring (editing mechanism) it cannot create favorable traits It can only act on existing variation----A trait that is favorable in one enviroment may be useless or detrimental in another.	32
5114466490	John Endler & David Reznick	Guppies, HIV	33
5114466491	Homology	Similarity in characteristic traits from common ancestry. Forelimbs in humans, cats, whales. All have different functions. Not obvious in adults but evident at embryonic development. Anatomical Similarites, Vestigial Organs, Genes and Protein, Genetic Code.	34
5114466492	Vestigial Structures	No importance to organism, but had important functions in ancestors. Some are homologous structures.	35
5114466493	Analogous Structures	Similiar Function but did not arise the same..wings in insects, wings in bird, wings in bat.	36
5114466494	Biogeography	Species tend to be more closely related to other species from same area than to other species with the same way of life that live in different areas.	37
5114466495	Fossil Record	Succession of Life Forms is consistent with Descent of Modification	38

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