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AP Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards

10411821484	Anion	A negatively charged ion.	0
10411821485	Atom	The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.	1
10411822025	Atomic Mass	The total mass of an atom, numerically equivalent to the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom.	2
10411822886	Atomic Nucleus	An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons.	3
10411825132	Atomic Number	The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript.	4
10411825723	Cation	A positively charged ion.	5
10411826385	Chemical Bond	An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.	6
10411826697	Chemical Equilibrium	In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time.	7
10411827357	Chemical Reaction	The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter	8
10411827745	Compound	A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.	9
10411828679	Covalent Bond	A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.	10
10411829251	Dalton	A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu.	11
10411829252	Double Bond	A double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms.	12
10411829669	Electron	A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.	13
10411830470	Electron Shell	An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom.	14
10411831271	Electronegativity	The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.	15
10411831272	Element	Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions.	16
10411832927	Energy	The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).	17
10411833214	Essential Element	A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.	18
10411833215	Hydrogen Bond	A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule.	19
10411833576	Ion	An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge.	20
10411834108	Ionic Bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.	21
10411834917	Ionic Compound	A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt.	22
10411834918	Isotope	One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass.	23
10411835239	Mass Number	The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.	24
10411835630	Matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass.	25
10411836080	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	26
10411836484	Neutron	A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral), found in the nucleus of an atom.	27
10411837266	Nonpolar Covalent Bond	A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.	28
10411837267	Orbital	The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.	29
10411837607	Polar Covalent Bond	A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.	30
10411838451	Potential Energy	The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure).	31
10411839099	Product	A material resulting from a chemical reaction.	32
10411839100	Proton	A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.	33
10411839723	Reactive Isotope	An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy.	34
10411840031	Reactant	A starting material in a chemical reaction.	35
10411840032	Salt	A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound.	36
10411840336	Single Bond	A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.	37
10411841303	Trace Element	An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.	38
10411841304	Valence	The bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valence) shell.	39
10411841910	Valence Electron	An electron in the outermost electron shell.	40
10411842572	Valence Shell	The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.	41
10411842864	Van der Waals Interactions	Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges.	42

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APES Flashcards

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4748502487	Exponential growth	When a quantity increases at a fixed percentage per unit of time such as 2% per year	0
4748502488	Enviornmental science	Study of how the earth works how we interact with the earth and how to deal with enviornmental problems	1
4748502489	Ecology	A biological science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their enviornment	2
4748502490	Sustainability	Ability of earths various systems including human cultural systems and economies to survive and adapt to changing enviormental conditions indefinitley	3
4748502491	Enviornmental sustainable society	Meets the basic resource needs of its people in a just and and equitable manner without degrading the natural capital that supplies these resources	4
4748502492	Developed country	Most are highly industrialized and have a high average per capita GDP (1.2 billion people)	5
4748502493	Developing country	Middle income modertaly developed (5.4 billion people)	6
4748502494	Sustainable yeild	Highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply	7
4748502495	Enviornmental degradation	Whenever we exceed a resources natural replacement rate the available supply begins to shrink	8
4748502496	Common property	Free acess resources	9
4748502497	Tragedy of the commons	The degradation if renewable free acess resources	10
4748502498	Point source pollution	Single indentifiable sources	11
4748502499	Nonpoint source pollution	Larger dispensed and often difficult to identify	12
4748502500	Malnutrition	Lack of protein and other nutrients for good health	13
4748502501	Affluenza	Unstainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism	14
4748502502	Biodiversity	Great variety of genes species ecosystems and ecological process have provided	15
4748502503	Aldo leopold	Believed the role of the human species should be to protect nature not conquer it published sand county almanac	16
4748502504	John muir	Nature preservationist founded the sierra club	17
4748502505	Gifford pinchot	First chief	18
4748502506	Theodore roosevelt	President	19
4748502507	Franklin roosevelt	Created the CCC	20
4748502508	Rachel carson	Published silent spring	21
4748539386	What are developed countries?	U.s, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand	22
4748541776	What are developing countries	China India Brazil Mexico	23

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AP Flashcards

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5679907014	Missouri compromise	Which is the following is this document referring to?	0
5679907015	Louisianna Territory	It makes a refernce to what US land gain?	1
5679907016	Alexander Cornerstone speach stated that	B	2
5679907017	The civil war would abolish slavery	In Lincoln'a second inaugural address what was the point he was trying to get across	3
5679907018	First Confiscation act	The fugitive slave law was made official by WHAT act	4
5679907019	Battle of Wilson's creek	What battle made the union lose control of southwest Missouri	5
5679907020	Ulysses S. Grant	Who was the commander during the battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson	6
5679907021	Union victory	The battle of Shiloh was considered a	7
5679907022	Manasas	Th second battle of bull run took place at	8
5679907023	Second battle of manasas	In which battle did john pope fail?	9
5679907024	Both won and lost	Who won the battle of Antietam pick Best choice	10
5679907025	Lincoln was dissapointed	What is the main reason general George McClellan was removed from command from the battle of Antietam	11
5679907026	Lincoln had faith in army	Which of following is best choice	12
5679907027	Lees greatest victory	Which of the following stAtements BEST identifies the battle of Chamclorville	13
5679907028	Battle of stones river	Which battle had highest percent of cadualties	14
5679907029	Union did not receive necessary supplies needed to go across the river and fight the confederates	Why did the union lose at battle of Fredericksburg?	15
5679907030	Joseph hooker was well know for motivating his soldiers and always moving forward to fight	Why is Joseph Hooker described as such a reliable leader of the Potomac? Pick the BEST choice given	16
5679907031	It was a suggestion	Why did Lincoln tell Rosecrans, "But this is not an order"? Choose the BEST answer	17
5679907032	Due to Lincoln saying that Rosecrans currently did not have enough power to try and face the rebellion. They followed Lincoln's ordered and slowly let the rebellion play out.	Why did Lincoln tell Rosecrans to let the rebellion dwindle and die rather to make a physical approach?	18
5679907033	Jackson	What general lost an arm	19
5679907034	Chancellorsville	Lees perfect battle	20
5679907035	Hooker	What general was relived by Lincoln after a poor perormance	21
5679907036	Lee	Who is considered best and most well known confederate general	22
5679907037	Grant	Which general is FOUND of $50 bill	23
5679907038	Black army hats	The iron brigade were known for wearing what during the war	24
5679907039	The honor people who fought and died at Gettysburg	Lincolns main purpose in writing Gettysburg adress	25
5679907040	It was now time to grant full citizen to former slaves who had beef rides by the emancipation proclamation	Which of the following most closely reflect the meaning Lincoln hoped listeners would derive from its Gettysburg address	26
5679907041	Death of Frederick Douglas	What was a key importance of the battle of Fort Wagner	27
5679907042	Confederate brags army lost	Which of the following is flase	28
5679907043	The difference in artillery made a difference	Which of The following is true	29
5679907044	Grant	Which major figure was never intimidated by general lee	30
5679907045	Confederate outnumbered union and Siegel was a confederate officer	Which are false	31
5679907046	Lee	The battle of cold harbor was whose last major battle	32
5679907047	Destruction of factories and farms	What new method of war helped end the civil war quicker	33
5679907048	Confederate union troops	Who most disliked the change in military leaders from Joseph Johnson to john hood	34
5679907049	Union general Sherman led a group of soldiers to take control of atlanta	The battle of jonesboro was a battle in which	35
5679907050	It no longer allowed black troops in prisoner exchaneg	Servile insurrection causes Abraham Lincoln to be angry mostly because	36
5679907051	Battle of Fort pillow	Nathan Forrest led a raid against colored regiments in which bagfle	37
5679907052	All of the aboe	What weee the reasons for the sour defeat in Petersburg/Richmond	38
5679907053	Granted citizenship to anyone.l born in USA	What did the citizens rights act state	39
5679907054	The battle of Petersburg	What was the last significant battle of the civil war	40
5679907055	John Wilkes booth	Who assassinated ave lincoln	41
5679907056	Emancipation of slaves	What was a legacy of the war	42
5679907057	Abraham Lincoln	Who lead the union army	43
5679907058		Who was the waiter of the martyr	44

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Myers' AP Psychology for AP*: Unit 5 Flashcards

(BG AP Psych)

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5334657128	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	0
5334657129	circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle	1
5334657130	REM sleep	rapid eye moment sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active	2
5334657131	alpha waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state	3
5334657132	sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation	4
5334657133	hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus	5
5334657134	delta waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep	6
5334657135	NREM sleep	non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep	7
5334657136	narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times	8
5334657137	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings	9
5334657138	night terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by a high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered	10
5334657139	dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it	11
5334657140	manifest content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)	12
5334657141	latent content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)	13
5334657142	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)	14
5334657143	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur	15
5334657144	posthypnotic suggestions	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors	16
5334657145	dissociation	a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others	17
5334657146	psychoactive drug	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods	18
5334657147	tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect	19
5334657148	withdrawal	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug	20
5334657149	physical dependence	a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued	21
5334657150	psychological dependence	a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions	22
5334657151	addiction	compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences	23
5334657152	depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce activity and slow body functions	24
5334657153	barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment	25
5334657154	opiates	opium and its derivatives, (such as morphine and heroin); they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety	26
5334657155	stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up the body functions	27
5334657156	amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes	28
5334657157	methamphetamine	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels	29
5334657159	THC	the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations	30
5334657161	insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep	31
5334657165	ecstasy (MDMA)	a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition	32
5334657166	hallucinogens	psychedlic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input	33
5334657167	LSD	a powerful hallucigenic drug; also known as acid	34

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AP Biology Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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6247410980	two	How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?	0
6247410981	genome	-consists of all the DNA in a cell -holds specific genetic traits	1
6247410982	chromosomes	-packages in a cell which contain DNA molecules -humans have 46 -each species has a specific number	2
6247410983	chromatin	-makes up chromosomes -complex of DNA and protein	3
6247410984	somatic cells	-have two sets of chromosomes -go through mitosis -nonreproductive	4
6247410985	gametes	-have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells -go through meiosis -reproductive cells	5
6247410986	sister chromatids	-each duplicated chromosome has two -separate during cell division	6
6247410987	centromere	-narrow waist of the duplicated chromosome -where the two chromatids are most closely attached	7
6247410988	cytokinesis	-division of the cytoplasm	8
6247410989	interphase	-where 90% of a cell's life is spent -cell growing and chromosomes coping -3 subphases: -G1 -Synthesis -G2 -cell is growing	9
6247410990	G2	In which subphase of interphase are the chromosomes duplicated?	10
6247410991	prophase	-first stage of mitosis -spindle fibers start to forms -nucleus thins -sister chromatids combine to make chromosomes	11
6247410992	prometaphase	-second stage of mitosis -the nuclear envelope fragments -the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes	12
6247410993	metaphase	-third phase of mitosis -chromosomes line up in the center of the cell -spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of each sister chromatid	13
6247410994	anaphase	-fourth phase of mitosis -sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell	14
6247410995	telophase	-fifth and final stage of mitosis -genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell -nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push each other elongating the cell	15
6247410996	mitotic spindle	-apparatus of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis	16
6247410997	centrosome	-microtubule organizing center -replicates, each set goes to opposite ends -spindle fibers grow out from them	17
6247410998	kinetochores	-protein complexes that assemble on sections of DNA at centromeres -where spindle fibers and microtubules attach	18
6247410999	metaphase plate	-midway point between the spindles two poles -where chromosomes line up in metaphase	19
6247411000	cleavage furrow	-formed during late telophase and cytokinesis	20
6247411001	cell plate	forms in plant cells during cytokinesis	21
6247411002	binary fission	-prokaryotic method of reproduction and cell division -chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively more apart	22
6247411003	cell cycle control system	-directs sequential event of the cell cycle -regulated by internal and external force -receives signals from the cytoplasm	23
6247411004	checkpoints	-where the cell cycle stops until a go ahead signal is received -G1 is the most important for many cells	24
6247411005	G0	-the nondividing stage of the cell if it does not pass the G1 checkpoint	25
6247411006	growth factors	proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide	26
6247411007	density dependent inhibition	crowded cells stop dividing	27
6247411008	cancer cells	-cells that exhibit neither density dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence -escape the usual control system -do not need growth factors to divide	28
6247411009	tumors	-masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue -formed by cancer cells	29
6247411010	benign tumor	-lump of abnormal cells remaining only at the original site of the cancer	30
6247411011	malignant tumor	invade surrounding tissue	31
6247411012	metastasize	exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumors	32
6247411013	46	What is the chromosome number for humans?	33
6247411014	homologous chromosomes	-2 chromosomes in each pair -same length and shape -carry genes controlling the same inherited characters	34
6247411015	diploid cell	-has two sets of chromosomes -human # is 46 -2n	35
6247411016	haploid	-gamete -contains a single set of chromosomes -n	36
6247411017	fertilization	the union of gametes (sperm and egg)	37
6247411018	zygote	-fertilized egg -one set of chromosomes from each parent -diploid cell produces somatic cells by mitosis	38
6247411019	prophase I	-occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis -chromosomes condense -synapse and crossing over -tetrads and chiasmata	39
6247411020	synapsis	-homologous chromosomes loosely pair up -align gene by gene -get together with homologous pair	40
6247411021	crossing over	nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments	41
6247411022	metaphase I	homologous pairs line up in the middles of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to them	42
6247411023	anaphase I	-chromosomes move toward each pole -sister chromatids move as one unit toward the pole	43
6247411024	telophase I	-beginning: each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes -each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids	44
6247411025	prophase II	spindle apparatus forms	45
6247411026	metaphase II	-because of crossing over the sister chromatids are no longer genetically identical -kinetochores of sister chromosomes attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles	46
6247411027	anaphase II	-sister chromatids of each chromosome move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles	47
6247411028	telophase II	-chromosomes arrive at opposite poles -nuclei form and the chromosomes begin decondensing	48
6247411029	independent assortment of chromosomes	-mechanism contributing to genetic variation -homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly -metaphase I -each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs -the number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is 2^n where n is the haploid number	49
6247411030	crossing over	-mechanism contributing to genetic variation -produces recombinant chromosomes -begins in early prophase I -homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene -homologue portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places -combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome	50
6247411031	random fertilization	-any sperm can fuse with any ovum -the fusion of two gametes produces a zygote with any of about 70 trillion diploid combinations -each zygote has a unique genetic identity	51

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Mitosis - AP Biology Flashcards

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5725065733	G1 Phase	First stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is diploid.	0
5725065734	G0 Phase	Cell is performing its normal functions, but has left the cell cycle and is not dividing.	1
5725065735	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	2
5725065736	G2 Phase	Last stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is tetraploid.	3
5725065737	Interphase	Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases	4
5725065738	Prophase	Phase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, nucleolus disappears, and spindle fibers begin to form.	5
5725065739	Metaphase	Phase of mitosis in which spindle fibers help chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell.	6
5725065740	Anaphase	Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.	7
5725065741	Telophase	Phase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell"	8
5725065742	Cytokinesis	At the end of telophase, actin fibers form an equator around the cell and contract, separating the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.	9
5725065743	Centriole	A paired cluster of microtubules near the nucleus in animal cells. This organelle organizes spindle fibers during mitosis.	10
5725065744	Centromere	Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach to one another. Contains the kinetochore.	11
5725065745	Kinetochore	A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.	12
5725065746	Spindle Fibers	Made of microtubules that connect centrioles to kinetochores of chromosomes and that separate sister (mitosis) or homologous (meiosis) chromosomes during cell division	13
5725065747	Chromosome	A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.	14
5725065748	Chromatid	One of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome.	15
5725065749	Haploid	A cell with only one copy of each chromosome.	16
5725065750	Diploid	A cell with two copies of each chromosome.	17
5725065753	Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK)	A group of protein kinases that are activated by the formation of a complex with a cyclin and are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Only active when bound to a cyclin.	18
5725065754	Cyclin	A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.	19
5725065758	Proto-oncogene	A normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene; a gene with a potential to cause cancer but that requires some alteration to become an oncogene.	20

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vocab ap language arts. Flashcards

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7318772351	factious	adj. causing disagreement	0
7318780116	ignoble	adj. dishonorable; shameful	1
7318787701	boor	n. a rude or impolite person	2
7318790389	aegis	n. a shield; protection	3
7318801525	perspicacity	n. keenness of judgment	4
7318803845	fervent	adj. eager; earnest	5
7318809012	rectify	v. to correct; to make right	6
7318812102	enervate	v. to weaken	7
7318819165	besiege	v. to overwhelm; to surround and attack	8
7318822190	ephemeral	adj. lasting only a brief time; short-lived	9
7318829185	altruism	n. a concern for others; generosity	10
7318831811	carrion	n. decaying flesh	11
7318835762	erotic	adj. pertaining to sexual love	12
7318842863	amorphous	adj. shapeless, formless, vague	13
7318847264	opulent	adj. rich, luxurious; wealthy	14

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AP Flashcards

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7231303088	Verber	Udsagnsord	0
7231303089	Substantiver	Navneord	1
7231303090	Adjektiver	Tillægsord	2
7231303091	Adverbier	Biord	3
7231303092	Pronominer	Stedord	4
7231303093	Præpositioner	Forholdsord	5
7231303094	Konjunktioner	Bindeord	6
7231303095	Numeralier	Talord	7
7231303096	Artikler	Kendeord	8
7231303097	Interjektioner	Udråbsord	9
7231303098	Proprier	Egennavne	10
7231303099	Imperativ	Bydemåde	11
7231303100	Infinitiv	Navnemåde	12
7231303101	Præsens	Nutid	13
7231303102	Præteritum	Datid	14
7231303103	Præsens participium	Lang tillægsform	15
7231303104	Perfektum participium	Kort tillægsform	16
7231303106	Perfektum	Før nutid	17
7231303108	Plusquamperfektum	Før datid	18
7248446319	Dativobjekt	hensynsled	19
7248447623	Akkusativobjekt	genstandsled	20
7248447912	Subjekt	Grundled	21
7248448442	Verballed	udsagnsled	22
7248449253	Subjektsprædikat	omsagnsled til grundled	23
7248449649	Præpositionsled	forholdsordsled	24
7709259290	Positiv (smuk)	1. grad	25
7709263224	Komparativ (smukkere)	2. grad	26
7709266658	Superlativ (smukkest)	3. grad	27
7709274770	Personlige pronominer	personlige stedord	28
7709277791	Possessive pronominer	ejestedord	29
7709279802	Relative pronominer	henførende stedord	30
7709285582	Interrogative pronominer	spørgende stedord	31

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AP Government: Interest Groups Flashcards

AP Test Prep

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6503873015	K Street	A shorthand term for Washington lobbyists, derived from the name of the street in Washington, DC, where lobbying firms were once concentrated.	0
6503873016	Lobbyist	someone who tries to persuade legislators to vote for bills that the lobbyists favor	1
6503873017	Interest Group	an organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy	2
6503873018	Solidary Incentives	the social rewards (sense of pleasure, status, or companionship) that lead people to join political organizations	3
6503873019	Material Incentives	Benefits that have a monetary value, including money, gifts, services, or discounts received as a result of one's membership in an organization.	4
6503873020	Purposive Incentives	a reason for supporting or participating in the activities of a group that is based on agreement with the goals of the group	5
6503873021	Ideological Interest Group	political organization that attracts members by appealing to their political convictions or principles	6
6503873022	Public-Interest Lobby	a political organization whose goals will principally benefit nonmembers	7
6503873023	Communication Workers of America v. Beck (1988)	Declared that employees don't have to pay union dues for partisan political activities	8
6503873024	Social Movement	a widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order	9
6503873025	Environmental Movement	a social movement organized around concerns about the relationship between humans and the environment	10
6503873026	Feminist Movement	the movement aimed at equal rights for women	11
6503873027	Union Movement	in the 1800's working people became much more involved in politics. To create reforms workers joined together in voluntary associations called unions. Factory workers were faced with painfully long hours, and awful working conditions. They always had the threat of being laid off standing over them. They created a union to work to gather against the authorities.	12
6503873028	Foundations	charitable organizations that donate funds or assets for a specific purpose.	13
6503873029	Direct Mail	advertising sent directly to prospective customers via the mail	14
6503873030	Political Cue	a signal telling a legislator what values are at stake in a vote, and how that issue fits into his or her own political views on party agenda	15
6503873031	Insider Strategy	strategy of lobbyists that work closely with a few key members of Congress, meeting them privately to exchange information and favors.	16
6503873032	Grassroots Lobbying	efforts by groups and associations to influence elected officials indirectly, by arousing their constituents. (Going directly to the people, Ex. NRA)	17
6503873033	Astroturf Lobbying	when groups create front organizations designed to give the appearence of a greater level of public concern than really exists. ("Fake" Grassroots)	18
6503873034	Revolving Door	Employment cycle in which individuals who work for government agencies that regulate interests eventually end up working for interest groups or businesses with the same policy concern.	19
6503873035	Ethics in Government Act (1978)	Sets requirements for financial disclosure for elected public officials, and placed restrictions on former government officials lobbying activities (Watergate).	20
6503873036	Lobbyist Disclosure Act (1995)	Legislation aimed at bringing a level of accountability to federal lobbying practices in the US.	21
6503873037	Pluralist Theory	A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies.	22
6503873038	Elitist Theory	a theory that a few top leaders make the key decisions without reference to popular desires	23
6503873039	Hyperpluralist Theory	A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. Hyperpluralism is an extreme form of pluralism	24
6503873040	Trade Association	nonprofit organization that promotes the interests of a particular industry	25
6503873041	Iron Triangles	mutually dependent relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees. They dominate some areas of domestic policymaking.	26
6503873042	Free Rider Problem	the problem faced by interest groups when citizens can reap the benefits of interest group action without actually joining, participating in, or contributing money to such groups. (Unions likewise)	27
6503873043	Think Tanks	public interest organizations that do research on policy questions and disseminate their findings in books, articles, conferences, op-ed essays for newspapers, and testimony before Congress.	28
6503873044	Earmarks	Pet projects added to appropriation bills by congressmen for their local issues, called "wasteful spending" and "pork barrel legislation" by critics.	29
6503873045	Influence Peddling	using personal friendships and inside information to get political advantage	30

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AP European History: The Reformation Flashcards

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7385536596	protestant	a member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches.	0
7385536597	Erasmus	(1469-1536) greatest humanist in northern Europe; Christian humanism; critic of scholasticism, monastic life.	1
7385536598	indulgences	in Christian theology, the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds—became regular practice in High Middle Ages—sparked Luther's reform.	2
7385536599	95 Thesis	(by Luther) protest against sale of indulgences—sparked the Reformation.	3
7385536600	Transubstantiation	bread and wine flesh and blood.	4
7385536601	Peasants' Revolt	1381, uprising among the peasant and artisan classes in England. Marched on London, occupying city and executing unpopular ministers; after the death of leader, Wat Tyler, persuaded to disperse by Richard II.	5
7385536602	Anabaptists	Protestant, didn't believe in infant baptism only adult—more aware/ own decision as adult.	6
7385536604	Peace of Augsburg	legal recognition of Lutheranism in territories ruled by Lutheran leaders; Catholic territories stayed Catholic.	7
7385536605	Cuis region eius religio	"Whose realm, whose religion."	8
7385536606	Institutes of the Christian Religion	(by Calvin) philosophy of predestination: argues that grace was bestowed on few individuals, and rest were condemned to hell	9
7385536610	Justification by faith alone	(Ulrich Zwingli) Doctrine of Martin Luther saying that only faith allowed someone to get into heaven; good works had nothing to do with salvation.	10
7385536612	Zwingli	(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism; state to supervise church; justification by faith alone, emphasized scripture; no indulgence; denied all sacraments; killed in battle.	11
7385536614	Edward VI	"boy-king" Henry VIII was father; institute genuine Protestant theology into church.	12
7385536615	Mary	(r. 1553-1558) "Bloody Mary" daughter of Catherine of Aragon; married to Phillip II. Condemned Protestant beliefs burned hundreds as heretics (sister to Elizabeth)	13
7385536616	Elizabeth	(r.1558-1603) "Virgin Queen" final religious settlement—church of England followed "middle-road" Protestant course. (sister to Mary)	14
7385536617	Thomas More	(1466-1536) leading English humanist; promoter of new learning; author of Utopia.	15
7385536618	Thomas Cromwell	(1485-1540) advisor of Henry VIII who was responsible for acquisition of land and financial overseer.	16
7385536619	Council of Trent	(1545-1563) reforms to the Catholic Church and reestablished many church doctrines; dominated by papacy; limits on simony; forbade selling indulgence. 1 Traditional teachings of sacraments, 2 salvation from faith, 3 faith from Bible.	17
7385536620	Luther	(1483-1546) German; near death experience became monk; unworthy of salvation. 95 Theses: horrified By Tetzel, Protest against sale of indulgences spark Reformation; you need faith alone.	18
7385536621	Calvin	French; reformer of the Protestant Reformation who built upon Luther's ideas and created Calvinism; Institutes of Christian Religion.	19
7385536624	Predestination	Doctrine of John Calvin: God determined who would be saved and who wouldn't; men had no influence over fate. Some have grace, all others condemned to hell.	20
7385536625	Henry VIII	powerful English monarch, supported Catholic Church. Wife: Catherine of Aragon; Children: Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth; Ann Boleyn: mistress. Criticized Luther with Defense of Seven Sacrament. Act of Supremacy.	21
7385536626	Act of Supremacy	(1534) king is supreme Head of Church of England.	22
7385536627	Anglican Church	(1534) the reformed church of England, retaining elements of Roman Catholic dogma.	23
7385536631	Diet of Worms	(aka Edicts of Worms) meeting of German nobility; Charles V asked Luther to recant ideas.	24
7385536632	Paul III	(1468-1549) Made great reform in the Catholic Church; established Council of Trent, appointed reform-minded cardinals and bishops, established the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, approved establishment of new religious orders, and passed many Tridentine decrees.	25
7385536634	Society of Jesus	(Jesuits) Ignatius Loyola; if Bible didn't exist there was still the spirit; contrary to Luther's beliefs.	26
7385536638	St. Teresa of Avila	Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun	27
7385536639	Catholic Reformation	response/challenge to Protestant Reformation—"Counter-Reformation"; Council of Trent Thirty Years' War.	28
7385536640	Cardinal Wolsey	(1475-1530) Cardinal, highest ranking church official, Lord Chancellor (England). Dismissed by Henry VIII not getting pope to annul marriage to Catherine of Aragon.	29
7385536642	Charles V	(1519-1556) heir to Spanish, Habsburg and Burgundian lines; Holy Roman Emperor.	30
7385536644	John Knox	(1513-1572) Dominated movement for reform in Scotland. Persuaded Parliament to end papal authority, abolished Mass, and established Presbyterian Church of Scotland.	31

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