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AP French: Les Defis Mondiaux Flashcards

6389514380	le racisme	racism	0
6389514381	la xénophobie	xenophobia	1
6389514382	l'intolérance	intolerance	2
6389514383	la discrimination	discrimination	3
6389514384	la ségrégation	segregation	4
6389514385	le ghetto	ghetto	5
6389514386	le stéréotype	stereotype	6
6389514387	le préjugé	prejudice	7
6389514388	la haine	hate	8
6389514389	l'antisémitisme	anti-semitism	9
6389514390	l'intégration	integration	10
6389514391	l'assimilation	assimilation	11
6389514392	la diversité	diversity	12
6389514393	le crime	crime	13
6389514394	le rassemblement	rally/meeting/gathering	14
6389514395	la manifestation	demonstration	15
6389514396	la lutte	struggle/conflict/combat	16
6389514397	le combat	combat, fighting	17
6389514398	la démonstration	demonstration	18
6389514399	la mobilisation	rallying	19
6389514400	l'immigration	immigration	20
6389514401	le réfugié	refugee	21
6389514402	le port du voile	The wearing of the veil	22
6389514403	la laïcité	secularism	23
6389514404	le pays d'accueil	country who welcome refugees	24
6389514405	la patrie	homeland	25
6389514406	le pays d'origine	country of origin (home country)	26
6389514407	la solidarité	solidarity	27
6389514408	les bénévoles	volunteers	28
6389514409	les bonnes œuvres	charitable work	29
6389514410	l'antiracisme	anti-racism	30
6389514411	la collecte de fonds	Fundraising	31
6389514412	un centre d'accueil	welcoming center	32
6389514413	un sans domicile fixe (SDF)	someone without permanent housing	33
6389514414	un sans-abri	homeless person	34
6389514415	sans-papiers	illegal immigrant (undocumented)	35
6389514416	loger	to accommodate, to lodge, to let stay	36
6389514417	migrer	to migrate	37
6389514418	lutter pour/lutter contre	fight for/fight against	38
6389514419	s'assimiler	to assimilate	39
6389514420	s'intégrer	to integrate, to incorporate, to include	40
6389514421	se débrouiller	to manage	41
6389514422	expulser	to expel, to eject	42
6389514423	se méfier	to distrust	43
6389514424	mépriser	to despise	44
6389514425	rejeter	to release, to reject	45
6389514426	persécuter	to persecute	46
6389514427	accueillir	to welcome	47
6389514428	tolérer	to tolerate	48
6389514429	prévenir	to prevent to warn	49
6389514430	soigner	to treat, to care for	50
6389514431	l'écosystème	ecosystem	51
6389514432	l'habitat	environment, habitat	52
6389514433	la centrale nucléaire	nuclear power plant	53
6389514434	l'essai nucléaire	nuclear test	54
6389514435	les polluants	pollutants	55
6389514436	une substance cancérogène	carcinogen/ carcinogenic (something causing cancer)	56
6389514437	nuisible	harmful, detrimental	57
6389514438	la gestion des déchets	waste management	58
6389514439	le traitement des poubelles	waste treatment	59
6389514440	la décharge/le centre d'enfouissement des déchets (m)	landfill	60
6389514441	l'incinération	incineration, burning	61
6389514442	l'enfouissement des déchets (m)	burying of waste	62
6389514443	la poubelle	trash can	63
6389514444	les ordures (f)	garbage--trash	64
6389514445	les déchets domestiques/toxiques/solides	household/toxic/solid waste	65
6389514446	l'herbicide	herbicide, weedkiller	66
6389514447	le pesticide	pesticide	67
6389514448	la déforestation	deforestation	68
6389514449	la fonte des glaces	glacial melting	69
6389514450	un gaz à effet de serre	greenhouse gas	70
6389514451	le réchauffement climatique	global warming	71
6389514452	la famine	famine	72
6389514453	la sécheresse	drought	73
6389514454	l'inondation (f)	flood	74
6389514455	la marée noire	oil spill	75
6389514456	la fuite de pétrole	oil leak	76
6389514457	l'érosion	(Soil) erosion	77
6389514458	la catastrophe	catastrophe	78
6389514459	l'énergie solaire	solar energy	79
6389514460	l'énergie éolienne	wind energy	80
6389514461	le véhicule hybrid	hybrid car	81
6389514462	le développement durable	sustainable development	82
6389514463	écologique	ecological	83
6389514464	équitable	sustainable	84
6389514465	biologique/bio	organic	85
6389514466	biodégradable	biodegradable	86
6389514467	l'éco-emballage	environmentally-friendly packaging	87
6389514468	le nettoyage	cleaning	88
6389514469	nocif	harmful	89
6389514470	le pétrole	Oil	90
6389514471	l'essence (f)	Gas	91
6389514472	la raffinerie de pétrole	oil refinery	92
6389514473	la couche d'ozone	ozone layer	93
6389514474	le cyclone	hurricane, storm	94
6389514475	l'eau courante	common water (not to drink)	95
6389514476	l'eau potable	drinking water	96
6389514477	polluer	to pollute	97
6389514478	émettre	To emit	98
6389514479	gaspiller	to waste	99
6389514480	conserver	to conserve	100
6389514481	sauvegarder	to save	101
6389514482	recycler	to recycle	102
6389514483	trier	to sort, classify	103
6389514484	purifier	to purify	104
6389514485	réutiliser	to reuse	105
6389514486	le gaspillage	waste	106
6389514487	le recyclage	recycling	107
6389514488	écologique	ecological	108
6389514489	abolir	to abolish	109
6389514490	pur(e)	to pure	110
6389514491	en plein air	outdoors	111
6389514492	la surpopulation	overpopulation	112
6389514493	le trou dans la couche d'ozone	hole in the ozone layer	113
6389514494	un emballage en plasitique	plastic wrapping	114
6389514495	le réchauffement climatique	global warming	115
6389514496	améliorer	to improve	116
6389514497	des déchets toxiques (m)	toxic waste	117
6389514498	l'effet de serre (m)	greenhouse effect	118
6389514499	une population croissante	growing population	119
6389514500	une usine	a factory	120
6389514501	sauver la planète	save the planet	121
6389514502	proposer une solution	propose a solution	122
6389514503	le sol	soil	123
6389514504	un désherbant	weedkiller	124
6389514505	une mauvaise herbe	a weed	125
6389514506	un OGM( un organisme génétiquement modifié)	a GMO	126
6389514507	un aliment	a food	127
6389514508	en surpoids	overweight	128
6389514509	sain(e)	healthy	129
6389514510	la malbouffe	junk food	130
6389514511	un consommateur	a consumer	131
6389514512	un agriculteur	a farmer	132

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ap Flashcards

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7905026996	Digestive Tract	- Long muscular tube extending from mouth to anus (approximately 30 ft) - Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine	0
7905032660	Accessory organs	- Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas	1
7905039721	Mucosa	-innermost layer - Epithelium; lamina propria; muscularis mucosa	2
7905049449	Muscularis externa	- Inner circular layer; outer longitudinal layer	3
7905055686	Serosa (visceral peritoneum)	- Areolar tissue; mesothelium	4
7905066832	Adventita	Fibrous connective tissue layer found in parts of digestive tract that lack serosa	5
7905076363	MUCOSA Inner Epithelium	Simple columnar in most of digestive tract - Stratified squamous from mouth through esophagus, and in lower anal canal	6
7905083071	MUCOSA Lamina Propria	loose connective tissue layer	7
7905089899	MUCOSA Muscularis Mucosa	thin layer of smooth muscle - Tenses mucosa creating grooves and ridges that enhance surface area and contact with food - Improves efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption	8
7905101578	Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)	Abundance of lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules located throughout the mucosa	9
7905108893	Submucosa	thicker layer of loose connective tissue - Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, submucosal nerve plexus, and mucus-secreting glands	10
7905118790	Muscularis Externa	produces contractions to propel food and residue through the tract (motility)	11
7905128099	MUSCULARIS EXTERNA (2 levels of muscle)	Inner circular layer: forms valves (sphincters) that regulate the passage of material through the tract • Outer longitudinal layer	12
7905135776	MUSCULARIS EXTERNA Myenteric nerve plexus	between muscle layers	13
7905150456	Serosa	membrane layer (visceral peritoneum) - Covers the lower esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver	14
7905157083	Adventita	fibrous connective tissue layer - Covers parts of digestive tract where serosa is absent - Pharynx, most of the esophagus, and rectum	15
7905168608	Enteric Nervous System (ENS)	present in esophagus, stomach, and intestines; regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow	16
7905181465	ENS Networks of Neurons (2)	- Submucosal (Meissner) plexus: - Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus	17
7905193494	Submucosal (Meissner) plexus	- in submucosa; controls glandular secretion of mucosa and movements of muscularis mucosae	18
7905199626	Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus	- parasympathetic ganglia and nerve fibers between layers of muscularis externa; controls peristalsis and other contractions	19

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Ch. 4 AP Biology Flashcards

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5131432024	cell theory	all organisms consist of one or more cells; cells are basic unit of life; all cells come from division of pre-existing cells.	0
5131438801	cytoplasm	jellylike mixture of water and solute in a cell.	1
5131443577	Nucleus	Holds the DNA, double membrane	2
5131446879	Organelle	structure in a cell that carries out a specific function	3
5131447668	Plasma membrane	Functional barrier of a cell	4
5131455886	Biofilm	Community of microbes living within a shared mass of secreted slime.	5
5131457659	cell wall	rigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells.	6
5131463892	flagellum	long, slender cellular structure used for motility	7
5131465428	Nucleoid	region where DNA is concentrated in a bacterium	8
5131468815	Pilus	a protein filament that projects from the surface of some prokaryotic cells	9
5131472322	plasmid	small circle of DNA in some bacteria	10
5131473762	Ribosome	small organelle that carries out protein synthesis.	11
5131479947	Chromatin	Term for all of the DNA and associated proteins.	12
5131481446	Nuclear Envelope	a double membrane around the nucleus	13
5131483006	Nucleolus	in the nucleus, a dense regions where ribosome subunits are produced.	14
5131488223	nucleoplasm	fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope	15
5131491188	central vacuole	fluid filled organelle in many plant cells	16
5131493340	endomembrane system	series of interacting organelles; ER, Golgi bodies, vesicles, that produce lipids and proteins.	17
5131499027	endoplasmic reticulum	membrane-enclosed organelle that is continuous with the nuclear envelope, makes lipids, breaks down carbs, produces proteins.	18
5131506849	Golgi body	organelle that modifies proteins and lipids, then packages products into vesicles.	19
5131510152	lysosome	enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down cellular waste	20
5131512839	peroxisome	enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxins.	21
5131517220	vacuole	organelle filled with fluid	22
5131520731	vesicle	Small, membrane-enclosed organelle; stores, transports, or breaks down contents.	23
5131535354	Mitochondrion	organelle that produces ATP	24
5131535355	Chloroplast	Organelle of photosynthesis	25
5131538159	plastid	double membrane organelle that functions in photosynthesis, pigmentation, or storage in plant cells.	26
5131552055	basal body	organelle that develops from a centriole	27
5131553198	cell cortex	reinforcing mesh of cytoskeletal elements under a plasma membrane	28
5131556497	centriole	barrel-shaped organelle from which microtubules grow	29
5131558518	cilium	short, movable structure that projects from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells.	30
5131563415	cytoskeleton	dynamic framework of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their structures	31
5131566440	intermediate filament	stable cytoskeletal element that structurally supports cells and tissues	32
5131570140	microfilament	a fiber of actin subunits	33
5131572410	microtubule	large cytoskeletal fiber, made of tubulin subunits	34
5131575598	motor protein	type of energy-using protein that moves cell parts	35
5131578744	pseudopod	A temporary protrusion that helps some eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey.	36
5131586665	adhering junction	cell junction that fastens an animal cell to another cell	37
5131588576	cuticle	secreted covering at a body surface	38
5131590256	extracellular matrix (ECM)	complex mix of cell secretions	39
5131594728	gap junction	cell junction that forms a closable channel across plasma membrane of animal cells	40
5131598790	lignin	material that strengthens plant cell walls	41
5131600080	plasmodesma	cell junction that forms an open channel between cytoplasm of adjoining plant cells	42
5131603210	primary wall	the first cell wall of young plant cells	43
5131604482	secondary wall	lignin-reinforced wall that forms inside the primary wall of plant cells	44
5131608189	tight junction	cell junction that fastens together the plasma membrane of adjacent animal cells.	45

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Ap Psychology BIOPSYCH Flashcards

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5093744396	Biological psychology	The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, or hormonal). And psychological processes. (Some biological psychologist call themsleves Neuroscientists, neuropsychologist, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists) Self-The scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.	0
5093744397	Neuron	A nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system. Self-nerve cell	1
5093744398	Dendrites	A neuron's bushy branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. Self-neuron branches that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.	2
5093744399	Axon	The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neuron or to muscles or glands. Self-neuron extension that passes messages on to ofher neurons.	3
5093744400	Myelin Sheath	A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage like node to the next. Self-fatty tissue layer that encases the axons of some neurons.	4
5093744401	Action potential	A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. Self-A neural inpulse.	5
5093744402	Refractory Period	A period of inactivity after a neuron has fired. Self- a period of inactivity after a neuron has functioned.	6
5093744403	Threshold	The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. Self- level of stimulation needed for a neural impulse.	7
5093744404	All or none response	A neuron's reaction to either firing with a full strength response or not firing. Self- neurons reaction.	8
5093744405	Synapse	The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron in the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft. Self- the junction between the axon tip.	9
5093744406	Neurotransmitters	Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neuron's. When released by the sending neuron, Nero transmitters travel across the synapse and binder receptor sites on the receiving neuron, and thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.	10
5093744407	Reuptake	A neurotransmitters reabsorbtion by the sending neuron. Self-A neurotransmitters reabsorbtion by the sending neuron.	11
5093744408	Endorphins	Natural opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. Self- neurotransmitters likens to pain control and pleasure.	12
5093744409	Agonist	A molecule that,by binding to a receptor site,stimulates a response. Self- a molecule that when bonded to a receptor site stimulates a response.	13
5093744410	Antagonist	A molecule that, by binding to receptors site, inhibits or blocks a response. Self-A molecule that when find it to a receptor site blocks a response.	14
5093744411	Nervous system	The bodies speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system. Self- The bodies electrochemical communication network.	15
5093744412	Central nervous system	The brain and spinal cord. Self-The brain and spinal cord	16
5093744413	Peripheral nervous system	The sensory and motor neuron's that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. Self-Canex the central nervous system to the rest the body.	17
5093744414	Nerves	Bundled axons that form Neurocables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. Self-Canex the central nervous system with muscles glands and sense organs.	18
5093744415	Sensory neuron's	Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Self- neurons that carry information from sensory receptors in the brain and spinal cord.	19
5093744416	Motor neuron's	Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. Self-Carry information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.	20
5093744417	Interneurons	Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. Self-neurons within the brain and spinal cord.	21
5093744418	Somatic nervous system	The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body skeletal muscles. Self- controls the body's skeletal muscles.	22
5093744419	Autonomic nervous system	The part of the Perepheral nervous system that controls the glands in the muscles of the internal organs such as the heart. It's sympathetic division arouses it's parasympathetic division calms. Self-controls the glandsin the muscles of internal organs.	23
5093744420	Sympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. Self- arouses the body.	24
5093744421	Parasympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body conserving its energy. Self- calms	25
5093744422	Reflex	A simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk response. Self- automatic response	26
5093744423	Endocrine system	The bodies slow chemical communication system a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream Self- chemical communication system	27
5093744424	Hormones	Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues. Self- chemical messengers	28
5093744425	Adrenal glands	A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse a body in times of stress. Self- endocrine glands	29
5093744426	Pituitary gland	The endocrine system is most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. Self- most influential gland	30
5093744427	Lesion	Tissue destruction Self- tissue destruction	31
5093744428	EEG	And amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. Self- amplified recording of electrical waves.	32
5093744429	CT scan	A series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into us composite representation of a slice of the brain structure. Self- a series of xray photographs.	33
5093744430	PET scan	A visual display of brain activity that the text where radioactive form of glucose goes well the brain performs a given task. Self- a visual display of brain activity.	34
5093744431	MRI	A technique that uses magnetic field and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy. Self- magnetice field and radio waces for picture.	35
5093744432	F MRI	A technique for revealing blood flow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. F MRI scans show brain function as well as it structure. Self-show brain function as well as its structure.	36
5093744433	Brainstem	The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the school the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions. Self-oldest part and central core of the brain.	37
5093744434	Medulla	The base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing. Self-base of the brainstem.	38
5093744435	Thalamus	The brain sensory control center located on top of the brainstem it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. Self-Brain sensory control center.	39
5093744436	Reticular formation	A nerve network that travel to the brain stem in Falmouth and plays in important role in controlling arousal. Self-A nerve network.	40
5093744437	Cerebellum	At the rear of the brainstem functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory. Self- back of the brainstem.	41
5093744438	Limbic system	Neural System located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives. Self-neural system.	42
5093744439	Amyglada	Two neuralclusters in the limbic system link to emotion. Self- neural structures linked to emotion.	43
5093744440	Hypothalamus	A Neuro structure lying below the thalamus it directs several maintenance activities helps govern the endocrine system be at the pituitary gland and his link to emotion a reward. Self- neuro structure lying below the thalamus.	44
5093744441	Cerebral cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neuro cells covering the cerebral hemispheres. Self- interconnected neuro cells.	45
5093744442	Glial cells	Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, they may also play a role in learning and thinking. Self- cells in the nervous system.	46
5093744443	Frontal lobe	Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the four head involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. Self- speaking and muscle movement.	47
5093744444	Parietal lobe	Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear receives sensory input for touch and body position. Self-receives sensory input for touch and body position.	48
5093744445	Occipital lobe	Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head include areas that receive information from the visual fields. Self-includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.	49
5093744446	Temporal lobe	Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears includes auditory areas each receiving information primarily from the opposite ears. Self-includes auditory areas.	50
5093744447	Motor cortex	An area at the rear of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movement. Self-Controls voluntary movement.	51
5093744448	Somatosensory cortex	Area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. Self-processes body touch and movement sensations.	52
5093744449	Association areas	Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions rather they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. Self-areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor functions.	53
5093744450	Plasticity	The brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. Self- the brains ability to change.	54
5093744451	Neurogenesis	The formation of new neuron's. Self-The formation of new neuron's.	55
5093744452	Corpus callosum	The large band of Neuro fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and caring messages between them. Self-band of fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres.	56
5093744453	Split brain	A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains to hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them. Self- a condition where the two hemispheres are split.	57
5093744454	Consciousness	Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. Self-awareness of ourselves and our environment.	58
5093744455	Cognitive Neuroscience	But interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition including perception thinking memory and language. Self- The interdisciplinary study of the brain.	59
5093744456	Dual processing	The principle that information is simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks Self-info is process on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.	60
5093744457	Behavior genetics	The study of the relative power and limits of genetic environmental influences on behavior. Self-The study of limits of genetic environmental influences on behavior.	61
5093744458	Environment	Every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us. Self- every external influence.	62
5093744459	Chromosomes	Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes Self-made of DNA molecules that contain genes	63
5093744460	DNA	A complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up the chromosomes	64
5093744461	Genes	The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins	65
5093744462	Genome	The complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in the organisms chromosomes.	66
5093744463	Identical twins	Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into, creating two genetically identical organisms.	67
5093744464	Fraternal twins	Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs they are genetically no closer than Brothers and sisters but they share a fetal environment	68

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AP Biology napoleons Buttons Flashcards

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4745407591	Tin	What metal might have been the downfall of Napoleons army	0
4745407592	New Amsterdam	What city was deemed less valuable than the spice nutmeg	1
4745407593	Vitalism	What is the belief that there is something mystical about compounds derived from plants and animals	2
4745407594	Carbon	What element defines a compound as organic	3
4745407595	It's chemical structure	What about a compound determines what it does (its function)?	4
4745407596	Carbon	Which Adam is represented by the intersection of lines in the simplest structural diagrams/formulas	5
4745407597	Benzene, the ring structure	What does an aromatic compound contain	6
4745407598	Venice	What city at the worlds spice Kings	7
4745407599	Pepper	Controlling the trade of what molecule began the Portuguese empire	8
4745407600	Shape	The reason we feel the heat of piperine, it fits onto a protein of our pain nerve endings	9
4745407601	Pepper	What relatively insignificant compound was responsible for beginning today's complex economic structure of the world stock markets	10
4745407602	Ferdinand Magellan	Who was the first person that was accredited with circumnavigating the world, who was really just trying to get faster access to spices	11
4745407603	The bubonic plague	What disease, did Europeans believed they were protected from by wearing no make around their neck	12
4745407604	Ecstasy	What is the common drug name of three, four - methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA), derived from safrole of the sassafras tree	13
4745407605	Vitamin C	What is a Ascorbic acid known as	14
4745407606	Scurvy	What disease was a result of a deficiency of ascorbic acid	15
4745407607	He discovered anti-scorbutic, he discovered Hawaii, he was the first person to circumnavigate New Zealand, he charted the coast of the Pacific Northwest, he was the first to cross the Antarctic Circle	List some four or five of the things cook accomplished	16
4745407608	Nitrogen	What element was originally thought to be in all vitamins	17
4745407609	Most of vertebrates except some mammals like primates	Which animals can synthesize ascorbic acid in their livers	18
4745407610	Collagen	Ascorbic acid is vital in the production of what protein	19
4745407611	Botulism	What lethal tocsin does vitamin C help prevent as a preservative	20
4745407612	100 LBS	What amount did the per capita per person consumption of sugar reach in the 1900s	21
4745407613	66%	What percentage of African slaves labored on sugar plantations in the New World	22
4745407614	H2O, water	What molecule is removed when one glucose molecule is joined to one fructose molecule to form a sucrose molecule	23
4745407615	Sucrose	Which of the following is not an isomer of the others	24
4745407616	Sucralose	Artificial sweetener or replaces hydroxyl groups (-OH) with chlorine Adams to keep the body for metabolizing it	25
4745407617	Lead acetate	What was the first artificial sweetener	26
4745407618	The industrial revolution	What greatly impacted the cotton industry in England	27
4745407619	The slave trade	What greatly impacted the cotton industry in the United States	28
4745407620	B - glucose	What is a glucose molecule with the hydroxyl (-OH) at the first carbon above the ring	29
4745407621	A - glucose	What is a glucose molecule with the hydroxyl (-OH) at the first carbon below the ring	30
4745407622	Mammals except for some that have special compartments in their stomachs like cows, horses, and rodents	Which organism cannot digest and absorb cellulose	31
4745407623	Bacteria, regurgitation, and extra compartments of the stomach help digest cellulose	Which of the following is not an update in that allows animals today just in absorb cellulose	32
4745407624	A - linkages	What kind of languages do storage polysaccharides have	33
4745407625	B - linkages	What kind of languages do structural polysaccharides have	34
4745407626	Glycogen	Which storage polysaccharide can provide more quick energy because it is branched	35
4745407627	Celluloid	Which modified cellulose product was used in the motion pictures	36
4745407628	Nitric acid	The following is not a component of gunpowder	37
4745407629	The expanding gases	What propels the projectiles when using	38
4745407630	Exothermic	How are explosive reactions classified because they give off heat	39
4745407631	Toluene, nitrotoluene, Dinitritoluene, and Trinitrotoluene	List the chemicals of this chapter in order from least to most explosive	40
4745407632	It can dilate blood vessels	How can the explosive nitroglycerin be useful in the human body	41
4745407633	Alfred Bernhard Nobel	Who invented dynamite	42
4745407634	Trinitrotoluene	Which explosive became the explosive of choice for a heavy artillery during World War I	43
4745407635	Ammonia	What chemical, important as a fertilizer in food production, is also needed for producing nitric acid which is necessary for making explosives	44
4745407636	China	The silk industry get started	45
4745407637	Serine, alanine, and glycine	What are the most common amino acids making up silk	46
4745407638	Peptide bonds	What is the name of the bond holding adjacent amino acids together	47
4745407639	Cross attractions	What type of bonds hold of Jason parallel chains of silk together	48
4745407640	Secondary	What is the level of protein structure for pleaded sheets	49
4745407641	Louis Pasteur	Who is paper on germ theory influenced what Lister did as a doctor	50
4745407642	THC - tetrahydrocannabinol	What naturally occurring phenol compound has hallucinogenic properties and is considered illegal	51
4745407643	Leo Baekeland	Who initiated the age of plastics	52
4745407644	Elephants	What animals were saved by making billiard balls out of Bakelite	53
4745407645	Vanilla - vanillin	What food flavoring agent do we get from lignin in wood	54
4745407646	Isoprene	Rubber is a polymer of what molecule (C5H8)	55
4745407647	Cis	This occurs when similar atoms are on the same side of the double bond	56
4745407648	Trans	This occurs when similar atoms are not on the same side of the double bond	57
4745407649	Golf	What sport benefited from the trans - Isoprene polymers in the 1840s	58
4745407650	Vulcanization	What process forms disulfur cross - links in rubber	59
4745407651	The atomic bomb	The production of large quantities of rubber by the US in world war two has been described as the second greatest feat of engineering of the 20th century. What is considered the first	60
4745407652	Purple	Color was reserved for kings or emperors	61
4745407653	Red	What color does the molecule Alizarin produce	62
4745407654	Blue	What color does the molecule indigo produce	63
4745407655	Yellow/orange	What color does the molecule saffron produce	64
4745407656	Purple	What color does the molecule Tyrian produce	65
4745407657	Malaria	Mauve dye was discovered while trying to chemically synthesize quinine to resist what does he needs	66
4745407658	Edward Jenner	Who successfully demonstrated producing immunity to small pox	67
4745407659	Acetyl salicylic acid	What form of salicylic acid turned out to be effective without some of the negative side effects	68
4745407660	Mercury treatments	How did they treat syphilis for hundreds of years	69
4745407661	Folic acid	Do sulfa drugs not allow bacteria to produce	70
4745407662	The B lactam ring	What unstable structure allows penicillin to work	71
4745407663	4	How many fused rings are found in steroids	72
4745407664	Estrone	What was the first sex hormone isolated	73
4745407665	Progesterone	What hormone suppresses ovulation during pregnancy	74
4745407666	Norethindrone	What chemical was synthesized as a hormone treatment to support pregnancy or to relieve menstrual irregularity, but became "the pill"	75
4745407667	Yes - gossypol	Has there ever been an attempt to develop an oral contraceptive for men even though they don't have a hormone cycle	76
4745407668	90%	What percentage of accused witches where women and their accusers were just as likely also to be women as men	77
4745407669	Herbalists	What many of the woman accused of witchcraft called because of their skills in the use of local plans to cure disease and provide relief from pain	78
4745407670	The toad	What animal, after the cat, is most commonly attributed to witchcraft	79
4745407671	Nitrogen	Alkaloids have one or more of these Adams usually as a part of a ring of carbon atoms	80
4745407672	Cocaine	What was considered to be a wonder drug when it was isolated in the 1880s	81
4745407673	A fungus	What organism produces the alkaloid that caused ergotism, which may have been responsible for witchcraft without actually affecting the accused	82
4745407674	LSD	Popular drug was the result of the 25th derivative of lysergic acid, by Albert Hoffman	83
4745407675	18th-19th century	What century did opium shift from being used as a medicinal herb to being used to achieve a dreamlike state for enhancing creativity	84
4745407676	Hong Kong	What colony, recently given back to China, was obtained by Britain after the first opium war	85
4745407677	Heroin	What narcotic was made from acetylating morphine	86
4745407678	Acetic acid	What chemical helps authorities find heroin manufactures	87
4745407679	King James I of England	What ruler said tobacco smoking was dangerous to the lungs in 1604	88
4745407680	Stimulant/depression	Nicotine initially acts as blank, but in large doses becomes a blank	89
4745407681	Nicotine	Which chemical is a natural insecticide	90
4745407682	It does, but only because it inhibits adenosine	Does caffeine keep you awake	91
4745407683	Anandamide	What compound in chocolate is responsible for the feel-good appeal that is associated with THC in marijuana	92
4745407684	Caffeine	Which alkaloid is encouraged and children and has not been shown to have any significant medical side affects	93
4745407685	Caffeine - coffee beans, Theophylline - Tea, Theobromine- Coco	What is the usual source of the following alkaloids	94
4745407686	5000 to 7000 years	How long has the Olivetree been grown for fruit	95
4745407687	Salicylic acid	What molecule is found in the all of the leaves that helped reduce fevers	96
4745407688	Olympians	Who are given wreathes of olive leaves for victories	97
4745407689	The Mediterranean cool the air of the coast, that's why it's thrived there	Why does the Olivetree not grow inland	98
4745407690	Triglycerides	What are fats and oils called because they contain on glycerol and three fatty acid	99
4745407812	H2O is dropped in the combination of a glycerol and a HOOC	How are triglycerides formed	100
4745407813	It's unsaturated	What is a fatty acid that contains carbon to carbon double bond	101
4745407814	Hydrogenation - adding hydrogen	How are transference formed by humans	102
4745407815	Yes, the Olivetree used all the nutrients in the soil which kept farmers from growing other crops	Was the decline of Greece due to the all olive oil trade	103
4745407816	Yes by the 16th century	Was bathing in Europe considered dangerous, unfashionable, and sinful	104
4745407817	Water-soluble, fat soluble	So molecules clean because one end of the molecule is blank and one end of the molecule is blank	105
4745407818	White gold	What was known as due to its value	106
4745407819	Ostia	Which city is cited as being one of the first examples of the impact of human industrial activity on the environment	107
4745407820	Grand Banks cod	What fish was driven to near exiting Chin because salt was used to preserve it, allowing fisherman to travel greater distances to catch it	108
4745407821	Negative	What type of charge do electrons have	109
4745407822	Cytoplasm is negative	What is the difference in charge due to salt of the cytoplasm compared to outside the cell wall	110
4745407823	Electrolysis	What is the process for separating salt sodium from chlorine using an electrical current	111
4745407824	1872	Earmarked that era of refrigeration	112
4745407825	SS Paraguay	Ship completed the first successful voyage of a refrigerator ship	113
4745407826	Decomposed, therefore I am bowl, they smell bad, and/or they were poisonous	Why don't ammonia, either, methyl chloride, or sulfur dioxide make good refrigerants	114
4745407827	In the 1950s	When were refrigerators considered a standard home appliance in the development world	115
4745407828	1,000,000 tons	How many tons of CFC were being produced annually by the early 1970s	116
4745407829	15 to 30 km above ground	Where is the ozone layer found	117
4745407830	100,000	How many ozone molecules can one chlorine and I'm reaching the upper atmosphere via a CFC molecule destroy	118
4745407831	1979	When was the manufacturing of PCB in the United States out lawed	119
4745407832	It released CFC and DDT	Why were the bug bombs used in World War II double blow to the environment	120
4745407833	Bioaccumulation	DDT and it's breakdown products being fat soluble lead to them working their way up the food chain/web. what is the movement of molecules up the food chain/web into greater quantities at the top of the food chain/web known as	121
4745407834	It inhibits an enzyme that supplies calcium two eggs, which caused eggs to be very fragile	What does DDT due to hurt birds of prey	122
4745407835	Dioxin	What is considered to be the most lethal man-made compound	123
4745407836	2-3,000,000	People die each year from malaria	124
4745407837	P.falciparum	What is the most lethal malaria species that infects humans	125
4745407838	Quinine	Is in the bark of the Chinchona trees that make it counteract malaria	126
4745407839	1820	When was quinine finally isolated and purified	127
4745407840	DDT	Chemical was found to interfere with the nerve control process of insects but not other animals	128
4745407841	1955	What year did the world health organization, WHO, begin a duty to campaign to eliminate malaria worldwide	129
4745407842	Sickle cell anemia	What genetic disorder is the natural defense to malaria if you are a carrier but don't actually have the disorder	130
4745407843	Cool cell has a change on the B strand, a change of Valine instead of glutamic acid	What is the difference in amino acids from hemoglobin molecule with that of one that has sickle cell	131
4745407844	It is an acidic nonpolar amino acid	Changing one amino acid, glutamic acid to Valine, results in sickle cell. Glutamic acid is an acidic or electrically charged amino acid. What is valine	132

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AP French- Le Transport Flashcards

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6025258157	appuyer	to press a button	0
6025258158	attacher	to fasten	1
6025258159	atterrir	to land	2
6025258160	composter	to punch	3
6025258161	décoller	to take off	4
6025258162	se déplacer	to get around	5
6025258163	enregistrer	to check	6
6025258164	éteindre	to extinguish	7
6025258165	faire une escale	to stop over	8
6025258166	se rendre	to go	9
6025258167	valider	to validate	10
6025258168	une agence de voyages	travel agency	11
6025258169	un aller-retour	round-trip ticket	12
6025258170	un aller simple	one-way ticket	13
6025258171	l'arrivée	arrival	14
6025258172	le bureau de renseignements	information counter	15
6025258173	le comptoir	airline ticket counter	16
6025258174	une correspondance	connection, transfer point	17
6025258175	le départ	departure	18
6025258176	une grève	strike	19
6025258177	le haut-parleur	loud speaker	20
6025258178	les heures de pointe	rush hour	21
6025258179	l'horaire	schedule	22
6025258180	un tarif	fare	23
6025258181	réduit	reduced	24
6025258182	les transports en commun	mass transport	25
6025258183	une valise	suitcase	26
6025258184	la ceinture	seat belt	27
6025258185	la compagnie aérienne	airline	28
6025258186	la piste	runway	29
6025258187	la porte	gate	30
6025258188	un steward	flight attendant	31
6025258189	une hôtesse de l'air	flight attendant	32
6025258190	le vol	flight	33
6025258191	un arrêt	stop	34
6025258192	une bouche de métro	subway entrance	35
6025258193	un carnet de tickets	book of tickets	36
6025258194	le distributeur	ticket dispenser	37
6025258195	un plan	map	38
6025258196	le quai	platform	39
6025258197	une rame	subway train	40
6025258198	la RATP	Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens	41
6025258199	La RATP	Paris bus and subway agency	42
6025258200	le RER	Réseau Express Régional	43
6025258201	le RER	suburban rapid transit line	44
6025258202	la sortie	exit	45
6025258203	la voie	track	46
6025258204	la voiture	subway or railway car	47
6025258205	l'avant	front	48
6025258206	le bouton	button	49
6025258207	le car	intercity bus	50
6025258208	le couloir	aisle	51
6025258209	le chemin de fer	railroad	52
6025258210	un compartiment	compartment	53
6025258211	une couchette	bunk	54
6025258212	la gare	station	55
6025258213	l'indicateur	train schedule	56
6025258214	la période creuse	slack period	57
6025258215	un rapide	express train	58
6025258216	un réseau	network	59
6025258217	la SNCF	Société Nationale des Chemins de fer	60
6025258218	la SNCF	French national railroad system	61
6025258219	le système ferroviaire	train system	62
6025258220	à bord	on board	63
6025258221	à destination de	bound for	64
6025258222	affiché	posted	65
6025258223	direct	non-stop	66
6025258224	de location	rental	67
6025258225	en partance pour	departing for	68
6025258226	en provenance de	arriving from	69
6025258227	fumeur	smoking	70
6025258228	non-fumeur	non-smoking	71

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AP Biology: Unit 1 Flashcards

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4764626284	What is an atom?	smallest unit of matter that retains it properties	0
4764628909	What composes an atom?	neutrons, protons, electron	1
4764629748	What is a proton?	a positively charged particle inside of the nucleus	2
4764630601	What is an electron?	a negatively charged particle surrounding the nucleus	3
4764632432	What does an electron form around the nucleus?	an electron cloud	4
4764633023	What is a neutron?	neutral particle that form the nucleus of the atom	5
4764634208	What is an atomic number?	The number of protons inside of the nucleus	6
4764635415	What does the atomic number tells us about the electrons?	The electrons are the same number as the protons	7
4764636220	How do you calculate atomic mass?	sum of the protons and the neutrons in the nucleus	8
4764637657	What is a compound?	substance made up of 2 or more components in a fixed ratio	9
4764638843	What is an element?	substance that can't be broken down by a chemical reaction	10
4764640845	The most abundant elements in living things are:	oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen	11
4764642032	What are some examples of biologically important trace elements?	iron (vertebrates) and iodine (thyroid gland)	12
4764642846	What are isotopes? What makes them different from each other?	different atomic forms of the same element; they have the same protons but not the same number of neutrons creating different masses	13
4764644885	Name the 3 main types of bonds in order from most strong to least strong?	covalent, ionic, hydrogen	14
4764646635	What is a covalent bond?	sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms	15
4764646636	What is a single bond?	a type of covalent bond that only shares one pair of electrons	16
4764648572	What is a double bond?	a type of covalent bond that only shares two pairs of electrons	17
4764649767	What is a non-polar covalent bond?	a bond where electrons are shared equally	18
4764650459	What is a polar-covalent bond?	a bond where electrons are unequally distrbuted	19
4764651132	What is an ionic bond?	tranferring of electrons to from bonds that take place between cations and anions	20
4764652985	What is an cation?	a positively charged ion	21
4764653669	What is an anion?	a negatively charged ion	22
4764655106	What is a hydrogen bond?	noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom	23
4764657088	Why is the periodic table set up the way it is?	it is organized by number of valence electrons in the outer shell; they share common properties	24
4764658188	What are Van der Waals interactions?	individually weak attractions that occur only when atoms and molecules are close together	25
4764661634	In what type of molecules can you see Van der Waals interactions?	VERY large molecules that can be broken apart easily	26
4764663029	What's an example of a Van der Waals interactions that cannot be broken apart easily?	a Gecko sticking to a wall	27
4764664490	How does a molecule's shape affects its function?	it determines the polarity of the molecule, determines what chemical reactions can take place and what bonds it may form	28
4764666346	The linear shape does what to the molecule:	make it nonpolar	29
4764666921	The bent shape does what to the molecule:	make it polar	30
4764669229	The trigonal plane shape does what to the molecule:	make it polar	31
4764671374	The tetrahedral shape does what to the molecule:	make it nonpolar	32
4764672009	How does a reaction work?	making and breaking of chemical bonds between molecules or ions to reach chemical equilibrium	33
4764673114	How do you read a chemical equation?		34
4764677847	Organisms exchange matter to do what 3 things:	grow, reproduce and maintain order	35
4764679798	What determines water's properties?	polarity and hydrogen bonds	36
4764680641	What is fitness?	the ability to support life	37
4764682568	What bond holds a hydrogen molecule together?	polar covalent bonds; WITHIN a water molecules	38
4764683477	What is a polar molecule?	a molecule with unequal distribution of charge; in the case of water, oxygen is more electronegative so it "hogs" all the electrons	39
4764686334	What bond holds hydrogen molecules to each other?	hydrogen bonds	40
4764687595	What type of substances do hydrogen bonds happen to?	polar and ionic	41
4764688518	What are the 4 emergent properties of water?	cohesion, high specific heat, insulation of bodies of water due to floating ice, and important solvent	42
4764689601	What is cohesion?	linking of like water molecules	43
4764691358	What does cohesive behavior describe?	the attraction to itself and other things	44
4764693378	What is the cause of cohesion?	hydrogen bonds	45
4764693886	What is adhesion? What do those substances HAVE to be?	clinging of water molecules to another substance; have to be polar	46
4764695516	Why are cohesion and adhesion important?	they allow photosynthesis by taking a huge role in the transpiration in plants	47
4764697273	What is surface tension?	measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid	48
4764697986	What is this related to?	cohesion	49
4764699326	When can a bug or an object stand in the surface of water?	when the push of the water upwards > the push of the object into the water	50
4764701927	What is specific heat?	heat required to raise or lower the temperature of 1 g of an object by 1 C	51
4764704837	Describe what water High Specific Heat determines:	water gains and loses heat very slowly relative to other materials	52
4764706767	What does water's HSH to for the environment?	keeps Earth's oceans temp stable to supports life in oceans and helps regulate planet's temp	53
4764708553	What causes water's HSH?	hydrogen bonds; heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break and released when they form	54
4764711066	Ice is denser than water. True or False?	false	55
4764712956	What does the ice floating on top to for that body of water?	keeps large bodies of water from freezing solid, moderating temp; it disperses heat and protects wildlife	56
4764715694	What type of substances will dissolve in water	polar and ionic	57
4764716843	What does hydrophilic mean?	it "likes" water meaning it can dissolve	58
4764718974	What types of bonds are hydrophilic?	polar covalent and ionic bonds	59
4764719932	What does hydrophobic mean?	it "dislikes" meaning it can't dissolve	60
4764720828	What types of bonds are hydrophobic?	non polar covalent bonds	61
4764722746	Why is water an important solvent?	it allows for the distribution of nutrients	62
4764724631	What is a hydration shell?	ion in a dissolved ionic compound is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules	63
4764726742	Why is water a versatile solvent?	its polarity	64
4764728167	What causes these emergent properties?	oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen; it is a polar substance	65
4764729620	Disassociation of water leads to:	acids and bases	66
4764735057	What forms an acid?	excess H+	67
4764735058	What forms an base?	excess OH-	68
4764737615	What is a buffer?	solutions that accept or donate a H+	69
4764738159	What is an example of a buffer?	carbonic acid	70
4764738846	Why is carbonic acid important?	regulates pH changes in blood (7.4) an ocean (6.4)	71
4764740919	Enzymes have to have what 2 specific things to function:	shape and pH	72
4785707323	All ________ are__________;not all __________are_________	enzymes, proteins; proteins, enzymes	73
4764742033	What is denaturing?	when you distort an enzyme's shape or pH and is no longer functional	74
4764743493	What is the conformation of an enzyme?	its shape	75
4764745711	Small changes in enzymes to not affect the functionality. True or false?	false	76
4764747466	Carbon moves through the environment to build:	lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid and proteins	77
4764750740	What is carbon used in?	storage and cell formation	78
4764752368	What does nitrogen build?	proteins and nucleic acids	79
4764752813	What is phosphorus used for?	DNA and in certain lipids	80
4764756577	In an environment, atoms...	cycle	81
4764757946	What is vitalism?	idea that organic compounds are only in organisms; disproved when chemists synthesized these compounds	82
4764759375	What is mechanism?	view that all natural phenomena are governed by physical/chemical laws (once you figure out how to make it work, you can replicate inside or outside the human body; emergent properties mess with this a little bit)	83
4764761071	Who showed the abiotic synthesis of organisms?	Stanley Miller	84
4764762335	What is abiotic synthesis?	taking something that is not alive and creating an organism from it	85
4764763400	What does this idea support?	that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds could have been the origin of life (near a volcano)	86
4764765535	Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to:	form large, complex and diverse molecules	87
4764796873	3 examples of molecules formed by carbon:	proteins, DNA, carbohydrates	88
4764797582	What are organic compounds?	these contain hydrogen atoms as well as carbon atoms held together in a nonpolar covalent bond	89
4764799874	Why is carbon so special? (4 things)	has 4 valence electrons to form up up to 4 covalent bonds; bonds can be single, double, or triple; can form large molecules; be ring-shaped or branched	90
4764817552	What are functional groups?	components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions	91
4764819174	What gives the functional groups its unique properties?	their number and arrangement	92
4764820332	What are the 7 functional groups?	hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amine, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl	93
4764822921	Significance of the hydroxyl group:	(OH-) form hydrogen bonds and make things POLAR and allows things to dissolve	94
4764825533	Significance of the carbonyl group:	(CO)	95
4764826349	Significance of the carboxyl group:	(COOH) make things acid by giving away a proton	96
4764827087	Significance of the amine group:	(NH2): amino acids (bases) and has a carboxyl group	97
4764827919	Significance of the sulfhydryl group:	(SH) in proteins they form disulfide bridges (strong covalent bond) to strengthen the structure of a protein	98
4764830030	Significance of the phosphate group:	(PO4): POLAR, examples are ATP and DNA	99
4764831173	Significance of the methyl group:	(CH3) fatty acids ends in this group	100
4764833273	What does the image on the back of this flashcard represent?	hydroxyl	101
4764839508	What does the image on the back of this flashcard represent??	carboxyl	102
4764841188	What does the image on the back of this flashcard represent???	amine	103
4764842702	What does the image on the back of this flashcard represent????	phosphate	104
4764843963	What does the image on the back of this flashcard represent?????	Sulfhydryl	105
4764847122	What is ATP?	(adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell	106
4768010775	What determines the properties of a molecule?	sub-components and biological sequence of molecules	107
4768013621	What is derived from a monomer's assembly?	structure and function	108
4768014277	What other factor affects functionality?	directionality	109
4768015745	Most macromolecules are...	polymers	110
4768016258	What are polymers?	large chains of repeating chains of subunits called monomers	111
4768017828	What is starch composed of?	glucose monomers	112
4768019582	What creates polymers and what does it remove?	synthesis reactions (condensation and dehydration) and they remove water	113
4768020417	What is hydrolysis?	split large molecules and add water	114
4775477880	What are carbohydrates used for?	fueling and building material	115
4775479529	3 groups of carbohydrates:	monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides	116
4775482739	What is a monosaccharide?	simple sugars; single monomers	117
4775483976	Examples of monosaccharide:	glucose, fructose, galactose	118
4775484731	What is a disaccharide?	complex sugars; two monomers joined	119
4775486260	Examples of disaccharide:	sucrose, lactose, maltose	120
4775488199	What is a polysaccharide?	complex sugars; polymers with many units; monomers of polymer is monosaccharide	121
4775489657	Examples of polysaccharide:	starch, cellulose, glycogen	122
4775492109	What kind of ratio do all carbohydrates have?	CH20	123
4779713775	Is a monosaccharide a carbohydrate?	yes	124
4779724522	Components of sucrose:	glucose and fructose	125
4779725302	Components of lactose:	glucose and galactose	126
4779725303	Components of maltose:	glucose and glucose	127
4779729646	Glucose is a _______ linkage	1:4	128
4779734083	Components of starch and glycogen:	glucose monomers linked together	129
4779735052	What is the difference between the structure of a starch and a glycogen?	starch is straight; glycogen is branched	130
4779736011	What makes starch straight?	1:4 linkages of glucose	131
4779736796	What makes glycogen branched?	1:6 linkages of glucose	132
4779747422	2 main functions of carbohydrates:	energy storage (short-term) and structural support	133
4779749764	Starch is_________________	short-term energy storage carbohydrate for plants	134
4779751304	Glycogen is_________________	short-term energy storage carbohydrate for animals (muscle and liver cells)	135
4779752120	Fats are_________________	long-term energy storage for animals	136
4779756194	Cellulose is_________________	major component of plant cell wall	137
4779757022	Chitin is________________	the exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi	138
4779772971	What makes cellulose different from starch?	different two ring forms of glucose (alpha and beta)	139
4779777112	What is the form of cellulose?	beta glucose	140
4779777866	What is the form of starch?	alpha glucose	141
4779778592	What does beta glucose do to the form of the cell?	makes them straight	142
4779779498	What does alpha glucose do to the form of the cell?	makes a spiral or helix	143
4779792764	Why is it that starch and cellulose can't be digested both?	enzymes that digest (break apart) starch by hydrolysis can't hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose	144
4779796045	What does cellulose end up as in the human digestive tract?	as insoluble fiber	145
4779797139	How can herbivores digest cellulose?	some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose; herbivores (cows and termites) have symbiotic relations with these microbes	146
4779818573	All _____ are _____ but not all _____ are _____	fats, lipids, lipids, fats	147
4779826475	All lipids are:	non polar and hydrophobic	148
4779828938	What makes a lipid hydrophobic?	has a long hydrocarbon chains with no oxygen bonded to it	149
4779834992	Are lipids polymers?	No, they have compounds	150
4779837746	What type of group do they have?	carboxyl	151
4779847260	What is the basic structure of all fatty acids?	triglycerides (3 carbon chain) (glycerol)	152
4779849034	Examples:	waxes, oils, fats, steroids	153
4779850987	What are the 2 types of fatty acids?	saturated and unsaturated	154
4779852660	What makes a saturated fatty acid different from a unsaturated fatty acid?	saturated fatty acids don't have any carbon to carbon double bonds while unsaturated do (sometimes multiple)	155
4779854571	At room temp, saturated fats are:	solid	156
4779855589	At room temp, unsaturated fats are:	liquid	157
4779856579	What are saturated fatty acids linked to?	cardiovascular diseases	158
4779858249	What produces saturated fatty acids?	animals	159
4779858374	What produces unsaturated fatty acids?	mostly plants	160
4779859874	Examples of saturated fatty acids:	butter and lard	161
4779868649	Examples of unsaturated fatty acids:	corn oil and olive oil	162
4779869642	Major functions of lipids:	long-term energy storage, protection and insulation of organs, phospholipids, steroids	163
4779874091	Where in the protection and insulation of lipids stored in?	adipose cells	164
4779875309	What happens when phospholipids are added to water?	they self-assemble into a bilayer arrangement with hydrophobic tails pointing to the interior and hydrophilic outside	165
4779887519	Examples of steroids:	cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone	166
4779890426	Why is cholesterol important?	common component of animal cell membrane	167
4780928618	What are proteins?	Polymers made of amino acids monomers	168
4780929801	4 characteristics of amino acids:	alpha central carbon, carboxyl and amine group, R group (side chain), one hydrogen atom	169
4780932746	What link amino acids?	peptide bonds that are formed by dehydration synthesis	170
4780933866	Function depends on what 2 things:	order and number of amino acids	171
4780935949	How many levels of protein structures?	4	172
4780937082	What describes primary structure?	order that the amino acids are bonded together	173
4784526415	What bonds primary structure?	peptide bonds	174
4784527549	What are primary structures based on?	R groups that DNA code for	175
4780938460	What describes secondary structure?	how a polypeptide chain will fold because of H bonding	176
4784533268	Forms of secondary structure:	alpha helix and beta pleated sheet	177
4784530732	How does an alpha helix secondary structure look like?	coiled	178
4784531968	How does an beta pleated sheet secondary structure look like?	accordion	179
4780941867	What does tertiary structure give the protein?	complex globular shape	180
4784539892	What causes tertiary structure?	bending and grouping of R groups	181
4784536691	What type of polypeptide form does a tertiary structure have to be?	fully folded	182
4780944334	What do interactions of R groups cause?	difference in bending and grouping	183
4784542660	Hardest structure to break apart:	primary	184
4784543709	Why is primary structure harder to break apart?	because of the strong convalent bonds that keep them together	185
4780946838	Examples of interactions of R groups:	hydrophobic interactions van der wals interactions hydrogen bonds disulfide bridges	186
4780948374	What is quaternary structure?	association of two or more polypeptide chains into a large protein	187
4780949765	Example of a quaternary structure:	hemoglobin 4 polypeptide chains	188
4780951386	Protein shape is crucial to_________________	function	189
4784523532	Does a quaternary structure function without the other?	No	190
4780952683	What diseases can a misshapen protein cause?	sickle cell anemia	191
4780953990	What do the sequence of amino acids determine?	protein's 3D shape	192
4780955382	What are chaperonins? What do they create?	proteins that assist in proper folding of proteins; an isolated environment	193
4780957131	2 types of nucleic acids:	DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) and RNA (ribose nucleic acid)	194
4780958796	What are DNA and RNA composed of?	nucleotide monomers	195
4780960107	What are the nucleotides?	nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, urasil) pentose sugar (5) phosphate group	196
4784577673	How does one bond and read a nucleic acid?	always bond a phosphate to a sugar and read it by the but of the sugar up; 3:5	197
4780962197	DNA deals with....	heredity	198
4780963118	Nucleotides in DNA and their pairs:	A-T, G-C	199
4780964378	RNA deals with....	a lot of different uses, protein-building	200
4780965736	Nucleotides in RNA and their pairs:	A-U G-C	201

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Ap Spanish Verb Tenses Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4821618798	"Was (able)"	Preterite hablé hablamos hablaste hablasteis habló hablaron comí comimos comiste comisteis comió comieron	0
4821618799	"Used to be (able)"	Imperfect Aba ía	1
4821618800	"Will be (able)"	Future hablaré hablaremos hablarás hablaréis hablará hablarán	2
4821618801	"Would be (able) to"	Conditional podría podríamos podrías podríais podría podrían	3
4821618802	"Have been (able)"	Present Perfect he hemos + past participle = podido has habéis ha han	4
4821618803	"Had been (able)"	Pluperfect había habíamos + past participle = podido habías habíais había habían	5
4821618804	"Will have been (able)"	Future Perfect habré habremos + past participle = podido habrás habréis habrá habrán	6
4821618805	"Would have been (able)"	Conditional Perfect habría habríamos+past participle = podido habrías habríais habría habrían	7

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AP Memorization Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7127403688	acetate ion	C₂H₃O₂⁻	0
7127411077	CH₃OO⁻	acetate ion	1
7127412182	ammonium ion	NH₄⁺	2
7127413254	carbonate ion	CO₃²⁻	3
7127413918	chlorate ion	ClO₃⁻	4
7127414209	hydroxide ion	OH⁻	5
7127436233	nitrate ion	NO₃⁻	6
7127436548	phosphate ion	PO₄³⁻	7
7127437258	sulfate ion	SO₄²⁻	8
7127440949	# of valence electrons for strontium?	2	9
7127442350	# of valence electrons for tellurium?	6	10
7127444353	# of electron shells (energy levels) for barium?	6	11
7127446596	# of electron shells (energy levels) for antimony?	5	12
7127447370	core charge of cesium?	+1	13
7127447857	core charge of germanium?	+4	14
7127486039	silicate ion	SiO₄³⁻	15
7127486282	arsenate ion	AsO₄³⁻	16
7127486978	selenate ion	SeO₄²⁻	17
7127487482	stannate ion	SnO₄⁴⁻	18
7127488922	antimonate ion	SbO₄³⁻	19
7127489305	tellurate ion	TeO₄²⁻	20
7127490211	fluorate ion	FO₃⁻	21
7127490609	bromate ion	BrO₃⁻	22
7127490957	iodate ion	IO₃⁻	23
7127491270	borate ion	BO₃³⁻	24
7127493246	lithium ion	Li⁺	25
7127493801	beryllium ion	Be²⁺	26
7127494098	aluminum ion	Al³⁺	27
7127496785	What is the name of the manganese ion in MnSO₄?	manganese(II)	28
7127501324	What is the name of the lead ion in Pb₃P₄?	lead(IV)	29
7127508614	nitride ion	N³⁻	30
7127508998	sulfide ion	S²⁻	31
7127510270	perchlorate ion	ClO₄⁻	32
7127510737	bromite ion	BrO₂⁻	33
7127511219	hypofluorite ion	FO⁻	34
7127512258	hydrochloric acid	HCl(aq)	35
7127517572	HClO₄(aq)	perchloric acid	36
7127518162	HBrO₃(aq)	bromic acid	37
7127518619	HIO₂(aq)	iodous acid	38
7127521063	HClO(aq)	hydrochlorous acid	39
7127527441	avogadro's number	6.02x10²³	40
7127528284	molar volume of a gas at STP	22.4L	41
7127530341	7 diatomic elements	Br₂I₂N₂Cl₂H₂O₂F₂	42
7127532145	7 strong acids	HCl (hydrochloric acid) HBr (hydrobromic acid) HI, HClO4, HClO3, HNO3 and H2SO4	43
7148465589	H	hydrogen	44
7148465590	He	helium	45
7148465591	Li	lithium	46
7148465592	Be	beryllium	47
7148465593	B	boron	48
7148465594	C	carbon	49
7148465595	N	nitrogen	50
7148465596	O	oxygen	51
7148465597	F	fluorine	52
7148465598	Ne	neon	53
7148465599	Na	sodium	54
7148465600	Mg	magnesium	55
7148465601	Al	aluminium	56
7148465602	Si	silicon	57
7148465603	P	phosphorus	58
7148465604	S	sulfur	59
7148465605	Cl	chlorine	60
7148465606	Ar	argon	61
7148465607	K	potassium	62
7148465608	Ca	calcium	63
7148465609	Sc	scandium	64
7148465610	Ti	titanium	65
7148465611	V	vanadium	66
7148465612	Cr	chromium	67
7148465613	Mn	manganese	68
7148465614	Fe	iron	69
7148465615	Co	cobalt	70
7148465616	Ni	nickel	71
7148465617	Cu	copper	72
7148465618	Zn	zinc	73
7148465619	Ga	gallium	74
7148465620	Ge	germanium	75
7148465621	As	arsenic	76
7148465622	Se	selenium	77
7148465623	Br	bromine	78
7148465624	Kr	krypton	79
7148465625	Rb	rubidium	80
7148465626	Sr	strontium	81
7148465627	Y	yttrium	82
7148465628	Zr	zirconium	83
7148465629	Nb	niobium	84
7148465630	Mo	molybdenum	85
7148465631	Tc	technetium	86
7148465632	Ru	ruthenium	87
7148465633	Rh	rhodium	88
7148465634	Pd	palladium	89
7148465635	Ag	silver	90
7148465636	Cd	cadmium	91
7148465637	In	indium	92
7148465638	Sn	tin	93
7148465639	Sb	antimony	94
7148465640	Te	tellurium	95
7148465641	I	iodine	96
7148465642	Xe	xenon	97
7148465643	Cs	caesium	98
7148465644	Ba	barium	99
7148465645	La	lanthanum	100
7148465646	Ce	cerium	101
7148465647	Pr	praseodymium	102
7148465648	Nd	neodymium	103
7148465649	Pm	promethium	104
7148465650	Sm	samarium	105
7148465651	Eu	europium	106
7148465652	Gd	gadolinium	107
7148465653	Tb	terbium	108
7148465654	Dy	dysprosium	109
7148465655	Ho	holmium	110
7148465656	Er	erbium	111
7148465657	Tm	thulium	112
7148465658	Yb	ytterbium	113
7148465659	Lu	lutetium	114
7148465660	Hf	hafnium	115
7148465661	Ta	tantalum	116
7148465662	W	tungsten	117
7148465663	Re	rhenium	118
7148465664	Os	osmium	119
7148465665	Ir	iridium	120
7148465666	Pt	platinum	121
7148465667	Au	gold	122
7148465668	Hg	mercury	123
7148465669	Tl	thallium	124
7148465670	Pb	lead	125
7148465671	Bi	bismuth	126
7148465672	Po	polonium	127
7148465673	At	astatine	128
7148465674	Rn	radon	129
7148465675	Fr	francium	130
7148465676	Ra	radium	131
7148465677	Ac	actinium	132
7148465678	Th	thorium	133
7148465679	Pa	protactinium	134
7148465680	U	uranium	135
7148465681	Np	neptunium	136
7148465682	Pu	plutonium	137
7148465683	Am	americium	138
7148465684	Cm	curium	139
7148465685	Bk	berkelium	140
7148465686	Cf	californium	141
7148465687	Es	einsteinium	142
7148465688	Fm	fermium	143
7148465689	Md	mendelevium	144
7148465690	No	nobelium	145
7148465691	Lr	lawrencium	146
7148465692	Rf	rutherfordium	147
7148465693	Db	dubnium	148
7148465694	Sg	seaborgium	149
7148465695	Bh	bohrium	150
7148465696	Hs	hassium	151
7148465697	Mt	meitnerium	152
7148465698	Ds	darmstadtium	153
7148465699	Rg	roentgenium	154
7148465700	Cn	copernicium	155
7148465701	Nh	nihonium	156
7148465702	Fl	flerovium	157
7148465703	Mc	moscovium	158
7148465704	Lv	livermorium	159
7148465705	Ts	tennessine	160
7148465706	Og	oganesson	161

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AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7306391340	substantiver	navneord	0
7306392673	artikler	kendeord	1
7306396416	verber	udsagnsord	2
7306398269	adjektiver	tillægsord	3
7306400220	adverbier	biord	4
7306400837	pronominer	stedord	5
7306401313	præpotinioner	forholdsord	6
7306402557	konjunktioner	bindeord	7
7306403410	numeralier	talord	8
7306403882	interjektioner	udråbsord	9
7306405960	positiv	1 grad	10
7306406422	komparativ	2 grad	11
7306406753	superlativ	3 grad	12
7306406991	præsens	nutid	13
7306407196	præteritum	datid	14
7306407652	perfektum	førnutid	15
7306408104	pluskvamperfektum	førdatid	16
7306408286	futurum	fremtid	17
7306411251	proprierne	egennavnene	18
7306416659	singularis	ental	19
7306416864	pluralis	flertal	20

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