| 6310382453 | acquired immunity | immunity to a particular disease that is not innate but has been acquired during life | | 0 |
| 6310382454 | lysozyme | An enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls; in mammals, found in sweat, tears, and saliva. | | 1 |
| 6310382455 | phagocytosis | process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris | | 2 |
| 6310382456 | hemocytes | Immune cells that circulate within the hemolymph of insects and ingest foreign substances by phagocytosis; secrete antimicrobial peptides | | 3 |
| 6310382457 | toll-like receptors | receptors on cell designed to look for specific bacteria | | 4 |
| 6310382458 | neutrophils | A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. | | 5 |
| 6310382459 | macrophages | Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. | | 6 |
| 6310382460 | eosinophils | white blood cell that are responsible for combating infection by parasites in vertebrates | | 7 |
| 6310382461 | dendritic cell | specialized macrophage that digests foreign cells and helps B and T cells to mark antigens for destruction | | 8 |
| 6310382462 | interferons | Antiviral proteins secreted by T cells | | 9 |
| 6310382463 | complement system | A group of blood proteins that bind non-specifically to the surface proteins of foreign cells (such as bacteria), ultimately leading to the destruction of the foreign cell - part of the innate immunity. | | 10 |
| 6310382464 | inflammatory response | nonspecific defense against infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain | | 11 |
| 6310382465 | mast cell | a large connective tissue cell that contains histamine and heparin and serotonin which are released in allergic reactions or in response to injury or inflammation | | 12 |
| 6310382466 | histamine | amine formed from histidine that stimulates gastric secretions and dilates blood vessels | | 13 |
| 6310382467 | Natural killer cell | a type of white blood cell that is present in individuals who have not been immunized and that kills a variety of cells | | 14 |
| 6310382468 | lymphocytes | The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system | | 15 |
| 6310382469 | t cell | lymphocyte that matures in the thymus; is responsible for cell-mediated immunity and also plays a role in humoral immunity | | 16 |
| 6310382470 | thymus | a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity | | 17 |
| 6310382471 | b cell | lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies; responsible for humoral immunity | | 18 |
| 6310382472 | cytokines | chemicals released by T helper cells that stimulate B cells | | 19 |
| 6310382473 | antigen receptors | the means by which B and T cells recognize specific antigens. | | 20 |
| 6310382474 | antibodies | Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents | | 21 |
| 6310382475 | immunoglobulins | Another word for antibodies | | 22 |
| 6310382476 | epitope | a localized region on the surface of an antigen that is chemically recognized by antibodies; also called antigenic determinant | | 23 |
| 6310382477 | b cell receptor | The antigen receptor on B cells. Each B cell is programmed to make a single type of immunoglobulin. The cell-surface form of this immunoglobulin serves as the B-cell receptor for specific antigen. Associated in the membrane with the immunoglobulin are the signal transduction molecules Igα and Igβ. | | 24 |
| 6310382478 | light chains | Polypeptide chains that contribute to the structure of an antibody. Two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains, joined by disulfide bridges, form a Y-shaped antibody molecule. | | 25 |
| 6310382479 | heavy chains | the larger of the two component polypeptides of an immunoglobulin molecule. Heavy chains come in a variety of heavy-chain classes or isotypes, each of which confers a distinctive effector function on the antibody molecule. | | 26 |
| 6310382480 | t cell receptor | The antigen receptor on T cells; a membrane-bound molecule consisting of one α chain and one β chain linked by a disulfide bridge and containing one antigen-binding site. | | 27 |
| 6310382481 | major histocompatibility complex | A family of genes that encode a large set of cell surface proteins called MHC molecules. Class I and class II MHC molecules function in antigen presentation to T cells. Foreign MHC molecules on transplanted tissue can trigger T cell responses that may lead to rejection of the transplant. | | 28 |
| 6310382482 | antigen presentation | The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell. | | 29 |
| 6310382483 | Class I MHC molecules | a collection of cell surface glycoproteins encoded by a familiy of genes called the major histocompatibility complex. In humans, these glycoproteins are also known as HLA, human leukocyte antigens. Found on all nucleated cells | | 30 |
| 6310382484 | cytotoxic t cell | T cell with CD8 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it | | 31 |
| 6310382485 | Class II MHC molecules | a collection of cell surface glycoproteins encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility compelx. In humans, these glycoproteins are also known as the HLA, human leukocyte antigens. Restricted to a few specilaized cell types | | 32 |
| 6310382486 | antigen-presenting cell | a type of migratory cell that processes and exposes antigens to T cells during an immune response; examples include macrophages and B cells in the skin, mucous membranes, and lymph nodes | | 33 |
| 6310382487 | helper t cell | T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells | | 34 |
| 6310382488 | effector cell | A muscle cell or gland cell that performs the body's responses to stimuli; responds to signals from the brain or other processing center of the nervous system. | | 35 |
| 6310382489 | memory cell | long-lasting lymphocyte formed during the primary immune response that is reactivated on exposure to the same pathogen, quickly producing many clones | | 36 |
| 6310382490 | clonal selection | antigens bind to specific receptors, causing a fraction of lymphocytes to clone themselves | | 37 |
| 6310382491 | primary immune response | The first encounter with an antigen, resuling in activated B cells (antibody secretion) and T cells (cellular lysis and lymphocyte proliferation). It takes approximately ten days, which long enough for symptoms of the infection to appear (because initial activation takes long time). | | 38 |
| 6310382492 | plasma cell | a lymphocyte-like cell that develops from a B lymphocyte in reaction to a specific antigen | | 39 |
| 6310382493 | secondary immune response | The adaptive immune response provoked by a second exposure to an antigen. It differs from the primary response by starting sooner and building more quickly. | | 40 |
| 6310382494 | humoral immune response | an immune response (chiefly against bacterial invasion) that is mediated by B cells | | 41 |
| 6310382495 | cell-medicated immune response | the branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic t cells, which defend against infected cells | | 42 |
| 6310382496 | CD4 | a cell-surface glycoprotein on some T cells that recognize antigens presented by MHC class II molecules. It binds to MHC class II molecules on the antigen-presenting cell and acts as a co-receptor to augment the T cell's response to antigen. | | 43 |
| 6310382497 | CD8 | A cell-surface glycoprotein on some T cells that recognize antigens presented by MHC class I molecules. It binds to MHC class I molecules on the antigen-presenting cell and acts as a co-receptor to augment the T-cell's response to antigen. | | 44 |
| 6310382498 | monoclonal antibodies | Antibodies produced by a single clone of B lymphocytes and that are therefore identical in structure and antigen specificity. | | 45 |
| 6310382499 | opsonization | process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis | | 46 |
| 6310382500 | membrane attack complex | A molecular complex including complement proteins that generates a 7-10-nm diameter pore in a bacterial membrane, causing the cell to die | | 47 |
| 6310382501 | active immunity | a form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens | | 48 |
| 6310382502 | passive immunity | an impermanent form of acquired immunity in which antibodies against a disease are acquired naturally (as through the placenta to an unborn child) or artificially (as by injection of antiserum) | | 49 |
| 6310382503 | ganglia | groups of nerve cell bodies that coordinate incoming and outgoing nerve signals | | 50 |
| 6310382504 | sensory neuron | a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord | | 51 |
| 6310382505 | interneuron | a neuron that carries nerve impulses from one neuron to another | | 52 |
| 6310382506 | motor neuron | a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord | | 53 |
| 6310382507 | peripheral nervous system | the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord | | 54 |
| 6310382508 | dendrites | branching extensions of neuron that receives messages from neighboring neurons | | 55 |
| 6310382509 | axon | long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron | | 56 |
| 6310382510 | axon hillock | specialized region of the axon, which connects the inital segment of the axon to the cell body | | 57 |
| 6310382511 | synaptic terminals | Ends of axons that form one side of the synaptic cleft; the location where neurotransmitters are stored. | | 58 |
| 6310382512 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons | | 59 |
| 6310382513 | presynaptic cell | the transmitting cell at a synapse | | 60 |
| 6310382514 | postsynaptic cell | cell that receives message | | 61 |
| 6310382515 | membrane potential | The charge difference between a cell's cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid, due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances. | | 62 |
| 6310382516 | resting potential | the potential difference between the two sides of the membrane of a nerve cell when the cell is not conducting an impulse | | 63 |
| 6310382517 | ion channel | Protein channel in a cell membrane that allows passage of a specific ion down its concentration gradient. | | 64 |
| 6310382518 | equilibrium potential | the membrane potential at which chemical and electrical forces are balanced for a single ion. | | 65 |
| 6310382519 | gated ion channel | A gated channel for a specific ion. When ion channels are opened or closed, the membrane potential of the cell is altered. | | 66 |
| 6310382520 | hyperpolarization | The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction. | | 67 |
| 6310382521 | voltage-gated ion channel | An ion channel that is opend or closed based on the electrical potential across the plasma membrane. Once opened, the channel allows ions to cross the membrane according to their concentration gradients. Examples are the Na+ and K+ voltage-gated channels involved in the action potential of neurons. | | 68 |
| 6310382522 | refractory period | The time after a neuron fires or a muscle fiber contracts during which a stimulus will not evoke a response | | 69 |
| 6310382523 | oligodendrocytes | produces myelin sheath in CNS | | 70 |
| 6310382524 | Schwann cell | any cell that covers the nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system and forms the myelin sheath | | 71 |
| 6310382525 | myelin sheath | a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next | | 72 |
| 6310382526 | nodes of Ranvier | Gaps in the myelin sheath of the axons of peripheral neruons. Action potentials can 'hump' from node to node, thus increasing the speed of conduction (saltatory conduction). | | 73 |
| 6310382527 | saltatory conduction | Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane. | | 74 |
| 6310382528 | synaptic vesicles | tiny sacs in a terminal button that release chemicals into the synapse | | 75 |
| 6310382529 | synaptic cleft | synaptic gap or synaptic space; tiny gap between the terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron (almost never touch); location of the transfer of an impulse from one neuron to the next | | 76 |
| 6310382530 | excitatory postsynaptic potential | a postsynaptic potential that depolarizes the neuronal membrane, making the cell more likely to fire an action potential | | 77 |
| 6310382531 | inhibitory postsynaptic potential | a postsynaptic potential that hyperpolarizes the neuronal membrane, making a cell less likely to fire an action potential | | 78 |
| 6310382532 | acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter that is a derivative of choline | | 79 |
| 6310382533 | biogenic amines | Neurotransmitters derived from amino acids | | 80 |
| 6310382534 | epinephrine | a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin) | | 81 |
| 6310382535 | norepinephrine | a catecholamine precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses | | 82 |
| 6310382536 | dopamine | a monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system | | 83 |
| 6310382537 | serotonin | a neurotransmitter involved in e.g. sleep and depression and memory | | 84 |
| 6310382538 | gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) | An amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates. | | 85 |
| 6310382539 | glutamine | a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory | | 86 |
| 6310382540 | neuropeptide | A relatively short chain of amino acids that serves as a neurotransmitter. | | 87 |
| 6310382541 | substance P | A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain. | | 88 |
| 6310382542 | endorphin | a neurochemical occurring naturally in the brain and having analgesic properties | | 89 |
