| CourseNotes

Models for AP Human Geo Flashcards

6758968043	John Snow	Epidemiology: identified and mapped the link between cholera outbreaks and contaminated water in SoHo London; one of the first to use geographic principles to explain the spread of disease	0
6758970439	Vidal De La Blache	Possibillism: Human-Environment interaction states that humans have a wide range of potential actions within an environment and they can overcome the environment limitations placed upon them	1
6758972491	Ellsworth Huntington	Environmental determinism: Climate and terrain were major determinant of the development of Civilization (past)	2
6758974076	Warren Thompson and Demographic Transition model	A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth rate and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. The model explains the changes in the natural increase rate as a function of economic development and provides another interpretation of population grown. According to the model, at low levels of economic development, birth and death rates are high, but births will significantly outpace deaths. As a country develops economically, birth and death rates will both decrease, ultimately flattening out at the same low level. The total population eventually plateaus as birth and death rates converge.	3
6758974078	E. G. Ravenstein	11 laws of migrations Three most important: 1) most people move for economic reasons 2)most long distance migrants are young, single men and 3)most long distance migrants head for major commercial centers in foreign countries, seeking greatest economic opportunities	4
6758976192	Thomas Malthus	This theory is the relationship of food supply to population growth. Hypothesized that: 1. Food production increases arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) 2. Population increases exponentially (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.) 3. Eventually, population will surpass our ability to produce food, leading to natural checks on population like war, disease, famine, death. Malthus was proven wrong because of technological developments that keep up with population growth	5
6758984936	Carl Sauer and the Cultural Landscape	Human activity superimposes itself on the physical landscape and each cultural group leaves its own distinct imprints on that landscape	6
6758986459	Richard Hartshorne: The evolution of boundaries	1. Antecedent: prior to human settlement/development 2. Superimposed: laid over top of existing cultural boundaries, typically by colonizers 3. Subsequent: after human settlement of the "frontier" 4. Relict: ancient, no longer in use (typically marked by walls or other historical markers (the Great Wall of China)	7
6758988414	Halford Mackinder and the Heartland Theory	1. Whoever rules Eastern Europe commands the Heartland 2. Whoever rules the Heartland commands the "World Island" (Euraisa) 3. Whoever rules the World Island commands the world	8
6758990043	Friedrich Ratzel and Organic Theory of Nations	States function like living organisms-Birth, Formative Development, Maturation, Decline, and Death-and they are eventually replaced with something new	9
6758992327	Nicholas Spykman	RImland theory (counter to the Heartland theory) is/was the key to Global Political Power; whoever controls the Rimland rules Eurasia, whoever rules Eurasia rules the world	10
6758994168	Mahan and the Maratime law theory	Sea Power Theory: Each country gets so many nautical miles off the coast that is in your control. Beyond those miles are considered international waters.	11
6758995719	Immanuel Wallerstein and the Core-Periphery (World Systems Theory)	1. Core: Most Developed Countries, High consumers 2. Semi-Periphery: Emerging economies, producers 3. Periphery: Less Developed Countries, Raw Materials and suppliers	12
6758997259	Alfred Weber and Least Cost Location of Industry	Industries will locate where they can minimize costs based on the types of work they do (Bulk Gaining vs. Bulk reducing). The goal is to minimize costs of transportation of materials to markets. Labor is also a consideration (high/low skill).	13
6758998857	W.W. Rostow and Modernization model (5 stages of development)	Modernization Model-5 stages 1. Traditional society 2. Pre-conditions to take-off 3. Take-off 4. Drive to maturity 5. High mass consumption (used to explain economic development)	14
6759003908	H. Carey and the Gravity model	Used to predict the movement of people, info, and commodities between cities. The model takes into account the population size of two places and their distance. Technology has impacted interactions due to distance.	15
6759006163	John Borchert and the Stages of Evolution of the American Metropolis (based on transportation)	1. Sail-wagon epoch (1790-1830) 2. Iron Horse epoch (1830-1870) 3. Steel Rail epoch (1870-1920) 4. Auto-Air-Amenity (1920-????) 5. High Technology Explains the development of urban centers based on different types of transportation; cities develop differently based on different advancements in transportation	16
6759007682	Walter Christaller and Central Place theory	Urban Hierarchy, Range, threshold, high/low order settlements and goods, hexagonal shape-identifies trade areas. Spatial distributions of cities of different sizes (hamlets, villages, towns, cities, metropolis-urban hierarchy)	17
6759009552	Chauncy Harris and E.L. Ullman- Multiple Nuclei Model	Modern cities develop with many nodes and functions as cities within cities; similar activities are attracted to one another and will cluster inside of cities based on need/access	18
6759009553	Homer Hoyt and the Sector Model	Cities are laid out in sectors, not rings, and certain areas of cities are more attractive than others. As a city grows it grows in wedges outward from the CBD. Best housing is connected to the CBD, industry and Retail areas develop in sectors along transportation routes. The serves as a refinement of the concentric ring/zone theory and claimed to represent the social pattern of Chicago	19
6759012722	Mark Jefferson and Primate city vs. Rank Size Rule	Many countries have one of these (dominated economics, social/cultural, politics, population) -The other theory states that the second largest city is ½ the size of the primate city, third largest city is 1/3 the size, x-th city is 1/x the size of the primate city	20
6759016435	T. G. McGee	Land Use in Southeast Asian Cities: old colonial port cities are surrounded by new commercial districts with no formal CBD	21
6759018358	Sub-Sahara Model	De Blij, a famous geographer, created this. The topics of Africa remain under 40% urbanized and outside this area, the remaining regions are about 57% urban. Africa has the world's fastest growing cities, and the impact that European Colonialism has had is clearly evident	22
6759018359	Esther Boserup	Agricultural Productivity Advances are made in order to provide for growing populations: 1. Forest Fallow 2. Bush Fallow 3. Shortened Fallow Periods 4. Annual Cropping 5. Double Cropping/Multi-Cropping Formalized the transition from extensive subsistence agriculture to more intensive cultivation; drawback is that increased use of land leads to loss of fertility	23
6759020888	Ernest Burgess	Concentric Zone Model: Cities grow out from CBD- Five Zones: 1. CBD 2. Industry/poor housing 3. Stable working class 4. Middle class/consumer zone 5. Suburbs Explains the distribution of population based on land use and price of land. Transportation has impacted this model.	24
6759022905	Johann Heinrich Von Thunen	Agricultural Location Theory (Concentric Circles) 1. Market (city) center 2. Market gardening and horticulture 3. Forest (for lumber/firewood) 4. Grains 5. Ranching (livestock) Close to the city center=multiple trips, highly perishable, low bulk to keep transportation costs low. Far from city center=few trips, less perishable, high bulk (only going once/twice). Farmers decide what to grow based on several factors, including the price of their yield for certain crops and the costs of producing that yield (Land, Transportation, bulk, perishability of product). Does not necessarily take into account transportation improvement	25

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AP Government Flashcards

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9845486795	Conservative	Status Quo, less Gov.	0
9845486796	Moderate	Mid-Ground	1
9845486797	Liberal	Peaceful gradual change, reject violent revolution	2
9845486798	Radical	Far Left, Resorts to extreme methods to bring about change.	3
9845486799	Political Spectrum	Tool used to visually compare different political positions by placing them on one or more axis.	4
9845486800	Right	Less Gov intervention, Traditional Values	5
9845486801	Left	More Gov Intervention, support change	6
9845486802	Parliamentary Government	Executive are members of the legislative branch	7
9845486803	Presidential Goverment	Separates Power between executive/legislative	8
9845486804	Reactionary	Far right, Extreme methods	9
9845486805	Representative Democracy	People represented through elected officials.	10
9845486806	The State	Body of people living in a defined territory, having power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority.	11
9845486807	Monarchy	Power in the hands of royalty	12
9845486808	Dictatorship	Ruled by a single leader not elected.	13
9845486809	Theocracy	Religious based Government	14
9845486810	Public Policies	All things a government decides to do.	15
9845486811	Conferred Power	Power which is agreed upon.	16
9845486812	Four aspects of the State	1. Population: must have people 2. Territory: recognized boundaries 3. Sovereignty: Having supreme and absolute authority in it's own territory 4. Government- Different forms	17
9845486813	Evolutionary theory	Developed out of early familiy	18
9845486814	Divine Right Theory	State created by God and those of royal birth have a divine right to rule.	19
9845486815	Force Theory	A group claimed control and forced all other to submit.	20
9845486816	Social or Political Contract theory	Peoples moral and/or political obligations are dependent on an agreement among them to form the society in which they live. *Law and political order are not natural, they are human creations.	21
9845486817	Confederate	An alliance of independent states	22
9845486818	Federal	Power is divided between a central gov't and several local gov't.	23
9845486819	State of Nature	Survival of the Fittest	24
9845486820	Unitary	All power belongs to one level of gov't	25
9845486821	Government	An organization of people set up to protect the community and make rules. -Protects community -Makes laws -Keeps order	26
9845486822	Politics	Activities relate to governance of a country or area	27
9845486823	Democracy	Gov elected by the people. Determine either directly or through elected Reps.	28
9845486824	Direct Democracy	People vote Directly on every issue	29
9845486825	Democrats	Generally liberal because they support gov reg. of the economy.	30
9845486826	Republicans	Generally Conservatives because they advocate a reduction in gov.	31
9845486827	Current issues (Left)	Left: Pro Gun control, Pro Choice, No Censorship, Prisons should Rehabilitate, Pro-privacy, Equal funding for Education.	32
9845486828	Current issues (Right)	Right: Anti-gun Control, Pro-life, Anti Flag burning, Prisons should punish, Prayer in schools, School vouchers.	33
9845486829	Taxation (Left)	Acceptable, Gov have $ to fund programs benefiting society, % taxes preferred over flat rate, rich= more tax	34
9845486830	Taxation (Right)	Taxes infringe on personal freedoms Taxes= bad for free market Taxes= Penalization those who are successful Taxes= Punish Profit Prefers flat tax	35
9845486831	Business Regulation (Left)	Yes on gov. Reg Market no reliable to provide safe work conditions Gov. reg= protect workers+ consumers= Everyone= chance to succeed	36
9845486832	Business Regulations (Right)	Business need free from gov. and supply and demand will guide Gov policies that affect products are bad Trickle down economics is the way to stimulate economy	37
9845486833	Political Rights (Left)	Extend Civil Rights to minority groups, students, prisoners, homosexuals, and poor. Protect individual rights: Free speech, pro-choice, anti-capital punishment, and privacy.	38
9845486834	Political Rights (Right)	Cent gov= diminish Issues dealt best on state and local level No change in family values ( usually christian centered) O.K to censor obscure ideas that shake Status Quo.	39
9845486835	Distribution of wealth (Left)	Disparity between rich and poor no good, taxes= distribute wealth. Gov more involved in ed, Health care, Child C., and Elderly. Pub Project= Stimulate economy	40
9845486836	Distribution of wealth (Right)	Business= right to make profit People are rich or poor b/c of choices they make Prosperous people should no be penalized.	41
9845486837	Economy (Left)	Minimum wage standards Public projects= more jobs Gov provide basic living standards of living to all citizens	42
9845486838	Economy (Right)	Economy works best in free market (Laissez- Faire) Forces of the market= trusted to meet needs of business, consumer, and workers. Gov. programs should not compete with private industry.	43
9845486839	Foreign Affairs (Left)	Spread Democracy + Protect human rights in the world Strong Support of UN.	44
9845486840	Foreign Affairs (Right)	Gov role= pro us business and econ. intervention in other countries. Fix us before we fix others Support tariffs (tax on imports)	45
9845486841	SCOPE OF THE GOVERNMENT (Left)	The government should serve as the equalizers in society and establish a basic standard of living, a minimum wage is an acceptable tool of government intervention. The left accepts government control and regulation of business and an active government that protects political rights.	46
9845486842	SCOPE OF THE GOVERNMENT (Right)	Government should be downsized. Large governments, both federal and state, have the power to control business interests and therefore potentially infringe on the freedoms of individuals. Government programs tend to provide unnecessary services that go beyond the scope of the constitution.	47
9845486843	Two- Party System	A system where two major political parties dominate politics within a government	48
9845486844	Third party	Any political party that is not one of the two major parties in a two-party system	49
9845486845	Plank	Each issue included in a political party's platform. Gives the candidates a clear political position with which they can campaign. They give voters a sense of what the candidates believe in, the issues they think are important, and how - if elected - they will address them.	50
9845486846	Becoming President	Step 1: Formation of a Presidential Exploratory Committee Step 2: Announcement of intention to run for president based on findings of the exploratory committee Step 3: Fundraising and gathering of support and endorsements from the general public as well as other politicians, special interest groups, corporations, etc. Step 4: Campaigning early, especially in states where primaries are important (Iowa, New Hampshire, candidates home state, etc.) Step 5: Continuing to campaign to beat out all other opponents from within your own party Step 6: Attending your party's National Convention and securing the nomination of the party Step 7: Campaigning nationwide against your opponents from other parties Step 8: Winning election and securing enough electoral college votes to be named the next president	51
9845486847	Three main concepts of Government brought by English Colonists	The need for an ordered social system, or government. The idea of limited government, that is, that government should not be all-powerful. The concept of representative government—a government that serves the will of the people.	52
9845486848	Royal Colonies	Ruled directly by the English monarchy.	53
9845486849	Proprietary colonies.	Land given to the colonist by the Monarchy	54
9845486850	Charter Colonists	Self-governed, and their charters were granted to the colonists.	55
9845486851	Confederation	A joining of several groups for a common purpose	56
9845486852	The Albany Plan	In 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan, an annual congress of delegates (representatives) from each of the 13 colonies would be formed.	57
9845486853	Stamp Act Congress	In 1765, a group of colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York. These delegates prepared the Declaration of Rights and Grievances against British policies and sent it to the king.	58
9845486854	First Continental Congress	The colonists sent a Declaration of Rights to King George III. The delegates urged each of the colonies to refuse all trade with England until British tax and trade regulations were repealed, or recalled.	59
9845486855	Second Continental Congress	In 1775, each of the 13 colonies sent representatives to this gathering in Philadelphia. The Second Continental Congress served as the first government of the United States from 1776 to 1781.	60
9845486856	Declaration of Independence	July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Between 1776 and 1777, most of the States adopted constitutions instead of charters.	61
9845486857	Common Features of State Constitutions	Popular Sovereignty Limited Government Civil Rights and Liberties Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances	62
9845486858	Popular Sovereignty	The principle of popular sovereignty was the basis for every new State constitution. That principle says that government can exist and function only with the consent of the governed. The people hold power and the people are sovereign.	63
9845486859	Limited Government	The concept of limited government was a major feature of each State constitution. The powers delegated to government were granted reluctantly and hedged with many restrictions.	64
9845486860	Civil Rights and Liberties	In every State it was made clear that the sovereign people held certain rights that the government must respect at all times. Seven of the new constitutions contained a bill of rights, setting out the "unalienable rights" held by the people.	65
9845486861	Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances	The powers granted to the new State governments were purposely divided among three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch was given powers with which to check (restrain the actions of) the other branches of the government.	66
9845486862	Articles of Confederation (AC)	Approved November 15, 1777 Est. "a firm league of friendship" between the states Needed the ratification of the 13 states March 1, 1781 Second Continental Congress declared the Articles effective	67
9845486863	Structure of Constitution	3 parts; the preamble, the articles(7), and the amendments	68
9845486864	The Preamble	intro, explains purpose of Constitution and purpose of govt	69
9845486865	Article I	establishes legislative branch	70
9845486866	Article II	creates an executive branch to carry out laws created by Congress	71
9845486867	Article III	creates judicial branch	72
9845486868	Article IV	explains the relationship of the states to one another and to the national govt	73
9845486869	Article V	spells out the ways the Constitution can be amended	74
9845486870	Article VI	contains the supremacy clause, establishing that federal law shall be the supreme law of the land	75
9845486871	Article VII	addresses ratification and says that 9 states are needed to ratify the Constitution	76
9845486872	Connecticut Compromise	Two houses Senate - equal representation House - proportional representation based on population Combination of Virginia and New Jersey plans	77
9845486873	6 Major Principles of Constitution	1. Popular sovereignty- rule by people 2. Federalism- power is divided between national and state govts 3. Separation of powers- limits the central govt by dividing power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches 4. checks and balances- each branch of govt exercises some control over the others	78
9845486874	Electoral College	a compromise, combining features of both congressional selection and direct popular election	79
9845486875	Electors	individuals selected in each state to officially cast that state's electoral votes; Wisconsin selects 10 electors	80
9845486876	Popular Vote	the popular vote winner may not win the electoral college; for example: small-state bias caused by each state getting at least three electoral votes regardless of its size	81
9845486877	The Virginia Plan	-Three Separate branches of government: Legislature, Executive, and Judicial -Bicameral legislature (2 parts) -Based on population or the amount of money given to support the central government -Members of House of Reps = based on population -Senate = chosen by House from a list from the State Legislature -Congress would be given powers it had under the Articles of Confederation -Any State law that conflicted with National Law would be vetoed -"National Executive" and "National Judiciary" -Council of Revision -Veto acts passed by Congress (but can be overridden by Congress) -State officers should take an Oath to the Union -Admission process for new States	82
9845486878	New Jersey Plan	-Unicameral (one body) Congress of the Confederation -Each state equally represented -Give them limited and closely monitored powers -Tax and regulate trade -Federal Executive -More than one person -Chosen by Congress/could be removed with a majority vote -Federal Judiciary -Single "supreme Tribunal" -Selected by the Executive Branch	83
9845486879	Three-Fifths Compromise	All "free persons" will be counted; 3/5 of all other persons Southerners could count slaves but had to pay taxes on them	84
9845486880	judicial review	power of courts to say that laws and actions of govt are invalid bc they conflict w the constitution's principles	85
9845486881	The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromises	Congress has the power to regulate foreign and interstate trade -Scared southerners because of slave trade -States cannot enact import/export taxes only federal government can -Could not act on the slave trade for 20 years	86
9845486882	AC (Power of congress)	Make war and peace Send and receive ambassadors Make treaties Borrow money Set up a money system Est. post offices Build a navy Raise an army by asking the states for troops Fix uniform standards of weights and measures Settle disputes among the states	87
9845486883	James Madison	James Madison was the co-author of the Articles of Confederation. Kept detailed records of the convention Conventions Floor leader Contributed more to the constitution than any other	88
9845486884	Constitutional Convention	Mid-February of 1787 meeting of all thirteen States, which eventually became the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.	89
9845486885	AC (States Obligations)	Pledge to obey the Articles and Acts of the Congress Provide the funds and troops requested by the congress Treat citizens of other states fairly and equally Give full faith and credit to public acts, records, and judicial proceedings Submit disputes to congress for settlement Allow open travel and trade b/w and among states Primarily responsible for protecting life and property Accountable for promoting the general welfare of the people.	90
9845486886	Weaknesses of the Articles	-One vote for each state, regardless of size. -Congress powerless to lay and collect taxes, and regulate foreign and interstate commerce. -No executive to enforce acts of congress. -No national court system. Amendment only with consent of all states. -Amendment only with consent of all State. -A 9/13 majority required to pass laws. -Articles only a "firm league of friendship"	91
9845486887	Lobbying	efforts by individuals or groups to influence governmental decision makers Types of lobbying; -full-time employee -temporary employee -often former legislatives	92
9845486888	Inside lobbying	appeals directly to lawmakers and their staff -through meetings -by providing research and info -by testifying at committee hearings	93
9845486889	Outside lobbying	attempt to influence decision makers indirectly, by influencing the public -try to build public support -increase conflict about an issue -lobby other groups and try to form alliances tactics: direct contact, direct mail, and media advertisements	94
9845486890	Electioneering	-efforts to help candidates financially -efforts to help candidates gain voter support	95
9845486891	Litigation	testifying to influence public policy	96
9845486892	Types of Interest Groups	-economic interests -environmental interests -equality interests -consumer and other public interest lobbies	97
9845486893	Economic Interests	trade associations; - organized commercial groups, farm organizations - corporations; form own interest groups, hire lobbyists - labor unions, professional associations	98
9845486894	Environmental Interests	- sprang up since 1970 - profound policy impact bc of numbers, not money	99
9845486895	PAC	Political Action Committees; raise and spend money to influence electoral outcomes	100
9845486896	Equality Interests	14th Amendment guarantees equality Minorities and Equality - social welfare policies Women	101
9845486897	Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies	Represent broad classes of people or the public as a whole -consumer, voters, reformers, etc Public Interest Groups -policies that are in the public's interest Think tanks -conduct research -advocate a strong ideological viewpoint	102
9845486898	How do interest groups shape public policy?	lobbying, electioneering, litigation, going public	103
9845486899	Law making process	http://integrationsolutions.westlaw.com/gov/leghist/images/cap.gif	104
9845486900	Presidential Roles	Chief of State - the ceremonial head of the government of the United States Chief Executive - given this title by the Constitution Chief Administrator - carry out the laws, head of the federal bureaucracy Chief Diplomat - main architect of America's foreign policy Commander in Chief - head of the nation's armed forces Chief Legislator - can push for laws to be passed Chief of Party - Leader of their political party	105
9845486901	Presidential Qualifications	Must be a natural born citizen Be at least 35 years old Have lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years	106
9845486902	Who takes over if pres. cannot	Vice President Speaker of the House President pro tempore Secretary of State	107
9845486903	22nd Amendment	set 2 term limit on	108
9845486904	Presidential pay	$400,000 a year and $50,000 expense account	109
9845486905	Presidential Benefits	Live in the White House (132 Rooms) Yacht, Automobiles, Air Force One Lifetime pension of $143,800 a year Camp David - Resort in Maryland	110
9845486906	Presidential power	Power to appoint cabinet members, diplomats and ambassadors, judges Power to make treaties - formal agreement between two or more sovereign state Executive Agreement - pacts between the President and the heads of foreign states Recognition - President can acknowledge the legal existence of a country and its government	111
9845486907	Presidential Legislative power	Recommend Legislation Veto Bills Can call for a special session of Congress	112
9845486908	Presidential Judicial power	Reprieve - postponement of the execution of a sentence Pardon - legal forgiveness of a crime (only involving a federal offense) Commutation - reduce the length of a sentence or a fine Amnesty - a general pardon offered to a group of violators 1977 - Pardon to Vietnam War draft evaders	113
9845486909	Main jobs of House and Senate	Make Laws Declare War Represent their Constituents	114
9845486910	House Membership	435 members (each state's delegation is determined by its population)	115
9845486911	Senate Membership	100 members (two per state)	116
9845486912	House Qualifications	25 years old U.S Citizens for 7 years Resident of State they're representing	117
9845486913	Senate Qualifications	30 years old U.S citizens for 9 years Resident of State they're representing	118
9845486914	Terms limit for House	2 years entire house elected every two years	119
9845486915	Terms limit for Senate	1/3 of Senate 2 years	120
9845486916	"Leader" of House	Speaker of the House	121
9845486917	"Leader" of Senate	Vice President	122
9845486918	How House is elected	Directly voted by voter per district	123
9845486919	How Senate is elected	Directly by the voters of a state	124
9845486920	Reapportionment	Applies only to HOUSE redistribution of seats every 10 years states gain or lose seats based on their population growing or shrinking	125
9845486921	Thomas Paine	Author of book "Common Sense"	126
9845486922	Gerrymandering	an attempt by politicians to create unbalanced districts for their party's political gain	127
9845486923	Special Powers of House	Brings impeachment charges May choose the President if there is no majority in the electoral system Must start all revenue bills	128
9845486924	Special Powers of Senate	Acts as jury in impeachment trials (2/3 vote needed) May choose the Vice President if there is no majority in the electoral system Must ratify treaties with foreign nations by 2/3 vote Must approves Presidential appointments (majority needed)	129
9845486925	What makes an interest group successful?	access, info, leadership skills, numerical strength, group unity, money	130
9845486926	CBO	- strengthen Congress' role in the budgeting process	131
9845486927	Pluralist Theory	- groups link ppl and govt - competition between interest groups is a central part of American democracy - different groups have strengths in different areas	132
9845486928	Types of Committees	Standing committees - handle bills in different policy areas Select - may be temporary and permanent and usually have focused responsibility Joint Committees - draw their membership from both the Senate and the House Conference Committees - are formed when Senate and the house pass different versions of the same bill	133
9845486929	Elite Theory	- reject the pluralists' assertion that competing groups balance power - believe unequal distribution of power in society ensures that interests of some groups will dominate others	134
9845486930	Hyperpluralist Theory	- argue that pluralism in the US is out of control -results in govt that is very subservient to interest groups and tries to appease them all	135
9845486931	4 Models of Representations	delegate model - assumes that a representative's job is to convey the will of the majority of their constituents to the legislature trustee model - should take the majority view into account but use his or best judgment when voting or acting on behalf of constituents politico model -middle path between trustees and delegate model conscience model - should generally follow what the follow what the public says unless it goes against their deepest values	136
9845486932	Agenda setting	bringing issues to the public's attention and placing them on the national agenda	137
9845486933	GAO	Government Accountability Office - broad authority to oversee the operations and finances of executive agencies	138
9845486934	GPOthec	Government Printing Office - distributes over 200,000 govt publications in U.S. govt bookstores throughout the nation	139
9845486935	Types of gerrymandering	Partisan gerrymandering - drawing a district to favor one political party over others Incumbent gerrymandering - a state legislature is so closely divided that neither political party has an advantage Racial gerrymandering - drawing a district to favor one racial group over others Affirmative racial gerrymandering - creation of predominately African American and minority districts whenever possible	140
9845486936	Free rider problem	barrier to collective action bc ppl can reap the benefits of group efforts without participating	141
9845486937	Single-issue groups	groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics	142
9845486938	CRS	Congressional Research Service - works for the U.S. Congress and provides nonpartisan an policy and research analysis to committees and members of both houses	143
9845486939	Edmund Burke	contrasts with the idea of representatives as delegated who feel obligated to vote according to the views of the "folks back home" regardless of their own personal viewpoint	144
9845486940	Caucus	a group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic	145
9845486941	House Rules Committee	the committee in the House of Representatives that reviews most bills coming from a House committee before they go to the full House	146
9845486942	Companion legislation	similar or identical legislation which is introduced in Senate and House	147
9845486943	Omnibus legislation	large bills that often cover several topics and may contain extraneous, or pork-barrel projects	148
9845486944	Who runs for congress?	People involved: Law Business Public service	149
9845486945	legislative oversight	congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings	150
9845486946	power of the purse	congressional exclusive power to authorize expenditures by all avenues of the federal govt	151
9845486947	advice and consent	advice and consent and confirmation of presidential appointments and treaties	152
9845486948	Seniority system	governs most committee assignments and movement into committee leadership positions	153
9845486949	Pork barrel	federal projects, grants, and contracts available to state and local govts, businesses, colleges, and other institutions	154
9845486950	congressional casework	activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals, particularly by cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get ppl what they think they have a right to get	155
9845486951	partisan polarization	a vote in which a majority of democratic legislators oppose a majority of republican legislators	156
9845486952	incumbent advantages	advertising - gather info through technological sources-thus having the incumbents' personal interests credit claiming - enhancing their standing w constituents through service to individuals and the district weak opponents -no name recognition campaign spending - the candidate who spends the most money tends to win misinformed voters	157
9845486953	federalist	a person who advocates or supports a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority	158
9845486954	anti-federalist	somebody who opposed the U.S. Constitution when it was being drawn up	159
9845486955	filibuster	any member can speak for as long as he or she wants on any given use	160
9845486956	Amendment 1 freedoms	Freedom of Religion, freedom of speech, Freedom of expression, Freedom of the Press, and Freedom of Assembly.	161
9845486957	bill of rights	the first ten amendments to the US Constitution	162

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AP Comp Gov Russia Flashcards

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6807297367	Mikhail Gorbachev	Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 whose efforts to reform the USSR led to its collapse. Implemented perestroika and glasnost.	0
6807299009	Nikita Khrushchev	Stalin's successor, was more open in his dealings with the West, was said to believe in peaceful coexistence with the West and challenged the west in economic rather than military competition, helped Fidel Castro (Cuban Missile Crisis)	1
6807299010	Vladimir Lenin	founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.	2
6807300524	Karl Marx	father of communism	3
6807300525	Dmitry Medvedev	current PM of Russia, switches with Putin when his term is over	4
6807306128	Vladimir Putin	current President of Russia (2000-08, 2012-present). He consolidated power and crushed any revolution against him. Much more authoritarian than in the past. Yeltsin's handpicked authoritarian successor; placed significant restrictions on media freedom, abolished regional elections and distinction between judicial and executive authority; supported renationalization of some industries and more state regulation of energy policy and economic planning in general	5
6807306129	Joseph Stalin	Leader of the CPSU and Soviet Union, 1924-53. Succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953).	6
6807308063	Boris Yeltsin	Former reformist communist leader and president of Russia, 1991-2000. Heads the Russian Federation and proposed conservative transition to a market economy and immediate neoliberal economic reform. Approved the 1991 Constitution (ratified in 1993) by referendum. Created new law that the president can bypass the Duma (through decrees)	7
6807308064	Bolshevik Revolution (1917)	dismantled the Czarist regime and replaced it with the Communist Regime led by Lenin. Reds vs Whites.	8
6807310465	1991 Revolution	coup attempt to remove the government from Gorbachev and replace it with the CPSU again, failed and Gorbachev came back into power	9
6807310466	Stalinism	achieved in the name of Communism but was more like totalitarianism; benefited only government and relied on terror tactics, secret police, bogus trials and assassination	10
6807310467	Collectivization	Stalin in the late 1920s and early 1930s, took over privatized agricultural land and turned them into State Owned Enterprises (SOE's)	11
6807312189	Collective Farms	organized land and labor into large farms and had quotas on how much was to be produced in a specific amount of time. Part of the 5-year plan. Led to mass faminetotal fail...	12
6807312190	Kulaks	a peasant in Russia, wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labor. Emerging after the emancipation of serfs in the 19th century, the kulaks resisted Stalin's forced collectivization, but millions were arrested, exiled, or killed.	13
6807314005	Purges	campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union which occurred from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants and the Red Army leadership, and widespread police surveillance, suspicion of "saboteurs", "counter-revolutionaries." Imprisonment, and arbitrary executions done by the NKVD (Russian Secret Police)	14
6807316269	Regime Type under Stalin	Totalitarian	15
6807318440	Khrushchev's Secret Speech	denunciation of the deceased Soviet leader Joseph Stalin made by Nikita S. Khrushchev to a closed session of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.	16
6807318441	De-Stalinization	(in communist countries) the policy of eradicating the memory or influence of Joseph Stalin and Stalinism, especially after 1956.	17
6807321137	Perestroika	GORBACHEV POLICY: political/economic reform or change. Started in 1985. Initially, the policy emphasized decentralization of economic decision-making, increased enterprise autonomy, expanded public discussion of policy issues, and a reduction in the international isolation of the Soviet economy. Over time, restructuring took on a more political tone, including a commitment to glasnost and demokratizatsiia.	18
6807323840	Glasnost	GORBACHEV POLICY: policy of "openness", which involved an easing of controls on the media, arts, and public discussion, leading to an outburst of public debate and criticism covering most aspects of Soviet history, culture, and policy.	19
6807323841	Democratization	GORBACHEV POLICY: demokratizatsiia, the policy of democratization in 1987 as an essential component of "perestroika." The policy was part of a gradual shift away from a vanguard party approach toward an acceptance of liberal democratic norms. Initially, the policy embraced multicandidate elections and a broadening of political competition within the Communist Party itself; after 1989, it involved acceptance of a multiparty system.	20
6807323842	New Thinking	GORBACHEV POLICY:New Thinking" was Gorbachev's slogan for a foreign policy based on shared moral and ethical principles to solve global problems rather than on Marxist-Leninist concepts of irreconcilable conflict between capitalism and communism.	21
6807333752	Type of Government	Federation	22
6807328408	Power Vertical	a term used by Vladimir Putin to describe a unified and hierarchical structure of executive power ranging from the federal level to the local level, which can be reinforced by various mechanisms such as appointment of lower officials by higher-level officials and oversight of activities of lower organs by higher ones.	23
6807329972	Treaties Linking Republics	attempt to revert the collapse of the USSRfails. Many republics are still loyal to Russia.	24
6807335475	Asymmetric Federalism	a system of governance in which political authority is shared between a central government and regional or state governments, but where some sub-national units in the federal system have greater or lesser powers that others.	25
6807345942	Legitimacy	Strong Autocratic Rule, Charismatic/Cult of Personality, Constitution of 1993, Communism	26
6807354369	Tsars/Czars	emperors of Russia, pre-1917	27
6807356533	Communist	post-1917	28
6807358862	Marxism-Leninism	Lenin's interpretation of Marxism/Communism	29
6807358863	Vanguard Party	a political party that claims to operate in the "true" interests of the group or lass it purports to represent, even if this understanding doesn't correspond to the expressed interests of the group itself.	30
6807360564	Democratic Centralism	developed by V.I. Lenin and practiced, with modifications, by all communist party-states. Its principles include a hierarchical party structure in which (1) party leaders are elected on a delegate basis from lower to higher party bodies; (2) party leaders can be recalled by those who elected them; and (3) freedom of discussion is permitted until a decision is taken, but strict discipline and unity should prevail in implementing a decision once it is made.	31
6807360565	Constitution of 1993	created by referendum under Yeltsin in 1993. It created a Super-Presidency by granting him decree power.	32
6807364412	Cleavages: Nationality	Chechnya and Caucasus Region	33
6807367602	Chechnya	ethnic republic that declared its independence in September 1991, against which Yeltsin launched a disastrous full-scale military attack in 1994 which led to the death of thousands of civilians. Largely Muslim, continues to struggle for independence from Russia.	34
6807369367	Caucasus Region	Southern area of Russia, very mountainous. Majority Muslim population. Includes Chechnya, as well as countries such as Georgia.	35
6807371026	Cleavages: Religion	Russian Orthodox Church: majority of Russians are Orthodox, 41%, Islam and Other Minority Religions: 14%	36
6807381469	Cleavages: Social Class	Nomenklatura->Equality of Result: the system of patronage in Communist countries, not equal	37
6807386614	Cleavages: Region	Rural vs Urban	38
6807386615	New Economic Policy	proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who described it as a progression towards "state capitalism" within the workers' state of the USSR.	39
6807386616	5 Year Plans	In the former Soviet Union and other communist countries, the period for which Gosplan developed goals and quotas.	40
6807388716	Command Economy	an economic system in which the government controls a country's economy (used in the USSR)	41
6807388717	Market Economy	an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices	42
6807390567	Communism	the state plans and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party holds power, claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people	43
6807390568	Socialism	system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the whole community	44
6807390569	Capitalism	an economic system based on private property and free enterprise	45
6807393017	Shock Therapy	employed by Yeltsin to revive the economy, Policies that rapidly shifts to a market economy	46
6807393018	Insider Privatization	refers to the transformation of formerly state-owned enterprises into joint-stock companies or private enterprises in which majority control of the enterprise is in the hands of employees and/or managers of that enterprise.	47
6807394619	Loans for Shares	under Yeltsin, some of the largest state industrial assets were leased through auctions for money lent by commercial banks to the government. The auctions were rigged and lacked competition, being largely controlled by favored insiders with political connections or used for the benefit of the commercial banks themselves. As neither the loans nor the leased enterprises were returned in time, this effectively became a form of selling, or privatizing, state assets at very low prices.	48
6807394620	Oil & Gas Reserves	many have been exploited (used to be a rentier state, has since diversified), following the collapse of the USSR petroleum output sharply declined.	49
6807394841	Corporations	many exist in Russia; some are privately owned and some are government owned	50
6807397975	Soviet Era Institutions	o General Secretary: head of the CPSU and President o Politburo: the principal policymaking committee in the former Soviet Union, founded in 1917	51
6807401143	Semi-Presidential	has both a President and a PM	52
6807403304	Dual Executive	two executives direct/lead the country o President: currently Vladimir Putin Presidential Decree: law made by the President and bypasses the legislature o Prime Minister(PM): currently Dmitry Medvedev	53
6807406193	Bicameral Legislature	two houses o Duma: lower house, rubberstamp ->controlled by Putin, elected, has more power compared to the Federation Council o Federation Council: upper house, approve laws, elected, approve new lands and territories (Chechnya), delay legislation	54
6807406194	Constitutional Court	verify if all laws made are constitutional, rubberstamp, does not oppose Putin	55
6807408801	Absolute & Concrete Judicial Review:	Abstract review advises on or judges the validity of a law at the request of the government and does not need to be prompted by a specific legal case. Concrete judicial review arises in the context of a lawsuit in which one party sues another party in a court of law and asks a court to render a decision based on the law to settle the dispute.	56
6807408802	Supreme Court	highest court, supposed to have judicial review...all in Constitution, but NO OPPOSITION TO PUTIN, rule of law is also very weak	57
6807408803	Appointment of Judges	appointed by Putintherefore loyal	58
6807411246	Power/Role of Courts	judicial review, rule of law (HAHA NOT HAPPENING) pro Putin	59
6807411247	Rule of Law	very weak...non-existent???	60
6807413436	Political Parties	NO CLEAR POLITCAL PLATFORM FOR ANY PARTY and BASED AROUND KEY PEOPLE, most parties align with United Russia	61
6807413437	CPSU (Soviet Era)	primary and dominant party, has since dismantled	62
6807416136	United Russia	dominant party in Duma and ruling party, wins around 70% of vote every single time(FISHY???), they alone can change the constitutionhave SUPERMAJORITY	63
6807416135	Communist Party of the Russian Federation(CPRF/KPRF)	only real opposition party, barely gets any votes, but has the 2nd highest seats	64
6807418335	Liberal Democrats	third party in Russia, third highest seats, vote with United Russia	65
6807418336	A Just Russia (Fair Russia)	fourth party that barely gets seats	66
6807418527	Yabloko	a pro-democracy "liberal" pro-west, pro-privatization party... here's another worthless party used for "competitive" elections... (apple party)	67
6807420151	Union of Right Forces	joined forces with Yabloko... and yet still a worthless party...	68
6807420152	Parties of Powers	and another worthless party...	69
6807422302	One Party State	A one-party state is a form of government where the country is ruled by a single political party, meaning only one political party exists and the forming of other political parties is forbidden. (other parties are allowed but must be approved, but never win compared to United Russia	70
6807424573	One Party Dominant State	one party dominates all the elections and are predicted to win the election and seats uncontested	71
6807424575	Gazprom	Russia's Largest Corporation holds the world's largest natural gas reserves, carries out business of extraction, production, transport, and sale of natural gas, private	72
6807424888	Rosneft:	integrated oil company, majority owned by government	73
6807426712	Russian Technology	state corporation, promote development, production and export of hi-tech industrial products for civil and defense sectors	74
6807426713	United Aircraft Corporation	majority stake belonging to the Russian Government, it consolidates Russian private and state-owned aircraft construction companies and assets engaged in the manufacture, design and sale of military, civilian, transport, and unmanned aircraft.	75
6807426714	Co-Optation	Incorporating activists into the system while accommodating some of their concerns.	76
6807428736	Patron-Client Systems	Nomenklatura: the system of patronage in Communist countries	77
6807428737	Oligarchy:	Russian Captains of Industry who wield tremendous economic power but politically have been cut off from political power by Vladimir Putin. Most seized power during the Shock therapy session of Yeltsin in the 1990s	78
6807428738	Mikhail Khodorkovsky (Mr. K)	Founder and CEO of Yukos oil, Russia's first Billionaire and poweful Oligarch who was jailed by Putin. charged with corruption and embezzlement and exiled	79
6807431052	Boris Berezovsky	Loans for shares, Sibneft oil company, murdered	80
6807434235	Duma Elections	changed election laws (in 2015) after the Winter of Discontent, he also changed may other laws o Before 2007: mixed SMD and PR+5% threshold o 2007-2015: ONLY PR+7% threshold o 2016-Present: mixed SMD and PR+5% threshold	81
6807436206	Presidential Elections	directly elected, needs majority to win (50.1%), no run-off	82
6807436207	Single Member District(SMD)	half of the seats in the Duma are elected FPTP/SMD.	83
6807436208	Proportional Representation	used to elect the DUMA from 2007 - 2015.	84
6807437950	Threshold	parties must get at least 5% of the Proportional "national"vote before being granted seats in the Duma	85
6807437951	Civil Code Law	systematic collection of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of private law such as for dealing with business and negligence lawsuits and practices	86
6807437952	Pravda	Russian broadsheet newspaper	87
6807439960	Death of Journalists	many deaths have been reported as accidents, suicides, etc.... these people wrote anti-Putin articles and mysteriously disappeared	88
6807442018	State Corporatism	the state requires all members of an economic sector to join an officially designated interest group. Such interest groups thus attain public status, and they participate in national policy-making. The result is the state has great control over the groups, and groups have great control over their members.	89
6807442019	Nashi	pro- Putin youth movement in Russia, which declares itself to be a democratic, anti-fascist, anti-'oligarchic-capitalist' movement	90
6807446461	Statism	a political belief in which the state has substantial centralized control over social and economic affairs	91
6807446462	Slavophiles	Russian intellectuals in the early nineteenth century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic People.	92
6807448154	Head of Government	Prime Minister Dmitryi Medvedev , domestic affairs	93
6807448155	Head of State	President Vlad! Kommandant-in-chief, in charge of nuking 'merica.	94
6807473114	Migration Route	west to east	95

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AP Psychology Flashcards

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9800908988	Drive-Reduction Theory	Theory that views motivated behavior as directed toward the reduction of a physiological need	0
9800911861	Dopamine	A neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention and emotion.	1
9800911862	External Cues	When the goal is to produce a better objective performance	2
9800915016	Intrinsic Motivation	A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	3
9800915017	Somatosensory Cortex	A brain area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations	4
9800925167	Basilar Membrane	Membrane supporting the organ of Corti and hair cells in the cochlea	5
9800928602	Social Facilitation	Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others	6
9800930609	Implicit Memory	Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously	7
9800932587	Motor Neurons	Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.	8
9800932588	Retinal Display	the differences between the images stimulating each eye	9
9800935772	Heuristic	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently	10
9800937046	Procedural Memory	A type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits	11
9800941402	Inattentional Blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere	12
9800943105	Distributed Practice	spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods	13
9800945682	General Adaptation Syndrome	Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion	14
9800947342	Big Five Personality Traits	1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism	15
9800950395	Self-fulfilling Prophecy	when a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true, due to the simple fact that he or she expects it to come true.	16
9800953110	Confirmation Bias	A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	17

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AP Statistics Flashcards

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9866384697	5 number summary	The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum value for a data set. These five values give a summary of the shape of the distribution and are used to make box plots. The five numbers that help describe the center, spread and shape of data	0
9866384698	z score	a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean) -Number of standard deviations a score is above or below the mean (positive above, negative below	1
9866384699	standard deviation	A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean. A measure of spread. Specifically, the typical distance the data points are from the mean.	2
9866384700	population	(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn What the sample in an experiment or study usually reperesents	3
9866384701	categorical data	Data that can be placed into categories . For example "gender" is a categorical data and the categories are "male" and "female". Labels or names used to identify categories of like items If you asked people in which month they were born or what their favorite class is, they would answer with names, which would be categorical data. However, if you asked them how many siblings they have, they would answer with numbers, not categories Labels or names used to identify categories of like items	4
9866384702	quantitative data	Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association. numerical information describing how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, etc. age is quantitative	5
9866384703	bar graph	a type of graph in which the lengths of bars are used to represent and compare data in categories A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to represent data.	6
9866384704	parameter	(n) a determining or characteristic element; a factor that shapes the total outcome; a limit, boundary a characteristic or constant factor something that determines the limits of certain data values	7
9866384705	sample	A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole. a small part of a population that represents the whole A survey in star city representing the entire state of arkansas	8
9866384706	random	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. Assigning subjects to expenrimental groups based on chance. pulling names or numbers out of a hat	9
9866384707	bias	Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population Any way that tampers with the accuracy of the sample	10
9866384708	Undercoverage	A sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population. When some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample	11
9866384709	nonresponse	bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond When many people of a sample do not respond	12
9866384710	voluntary response bias	Bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample.	13
9866384711	statistic	Application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data	14
9866384712	independent	(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables	15
9866384713	historgram	graphical representation of a frequency distribution using vertical bars but bars touch each other to indicate variables are related	16
9866384714	box plot	A dsiplay that shows the distribution of values in a data set seperated into four equal-sized groups. A box plot is constructed from the five number summary of the data.	17
9866384715	scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).	18
9866384716	correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1	19
9866384717	skewness	The extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of the distribution of a quantitative variable rather than in a symmetric pattern around its center	20
9866384718	varience	commons measure of spread about the mean as center	21
9866384719	statistical significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance/The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low	22
9866384720	P-value	A measure of statistical significance. The lower, the more likely the results of an experiment did not occur simply chance.	23
9866384721	empirical rule	The rules gives the approximate % of observations w/in 1 standard deviation (68%), 2 standard deviations (95%) and 3 standard deviations (99.7%) of the mean when the histogram is well approx. by a normal curve	24
9866384722	lurking variable	A variable that has an important effect on the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied	25
9866384723	null hypothesis	Hypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables. The aim of research is to reject this hypothesis	26
9866384724	alternate hypothesis	, is the hypothesis to be considered as an alternative to the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis will be rejected in favor of the Ha only if the sample data strongly indicate that the null hypothesis is false.	27
9866384725	quota sample	A sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given population	28
9866384726	probability	A number with a value from 0 to 1 that describes the likelihood that an event will occur. example, if a bag contains a red marble, a white marble and a blue marble then the probability of selecting a red marble is 1/3.	29
9866384727	descriptive statistics	Mathematical procedures for organizing collections of data, such as determining the mean, the median, the range, the variance, and the correlation coefficient	30
9866384728	mean	A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list.	31
9866384729	median	A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.	32
9866384730	mode	Measure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score.	33
9866384731	range	Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.	34
9866384732	data	Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis	35
9866384733	Q1	A location measure of the data such that has one fourth or 25% of the data is smaller than it. Found by dividing the ordered data set in half (excluding the middle observation if n is odd) and finding the median of the lower half of the data.	36
9866384734	Q3	A location to measeure when counting data to such as the median where instead of counting 50% it is 75% from the beginning of the sorted data	37
9866384735	minimum	(n.) the smallest possible amount; (adj.) the lowest permissible or possible	38
9866384736	outlier	A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set	39
9866384737	margin of error	In statistical research, the range of outcomes we expect for a population, given the data revealed by a sample drawn from that population	40
9866384738	statistical normal	scoring the middle of the bell-curve; low, moderate, or high scoring	41
9866384739	simple random sample	A sample selected in such a way that every element in the population or sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen. Equivalently, all samples of size n have an equal chance of being selected. A sample of size n selected from the population in such a way that each possible sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected.	42
9866384740	sampling distribution	Distribution of sample proportions from sample to sample. A sampling distribution of a sample statistic for a fixed sample size n is the distribution of that statistic derived from every possible sample of size n for a given population. A distribution of statistics obtained by selecting all the possible samples of a specific size from a population	43
9866384741	stratified random sample	A method of sampling that involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. a sampling design in which the population is divided into several groups, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum	44
9866384742	systematic sample	A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame. When there is no relationship between the order of the sampling frame and the variables of interest, a systematic sample can be representative.	45
9866384743	cluster sample	Is obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals.	46
9866384744	10% rule	a sample has to be lass than 10% of the whole population	47
9866384745	Interpolation	The estimation of an unknown number between known numbers. Interpolation is a way of approximating price or yield using bond tables that do not give the net yield on every amount invested at every rate of interest and for every maturity.	48
9866384746	Qualitative	Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements.	49
9866384747	theoretical probability	A probability obtained by analyzing a situation. If all of the outcomes are equally likely, you can find the theoretical probability of an event by listing all of the possible outcomes and then finding the ratio of the number of outcomes producing the desired event to the total number of outcomes. For example, there are 36 possible equally likely outcomes (number pairs) when two fair number cubes are rolled. of these six have a sum of 7, so the probability of rolling a sum of 7 is 6/36 or 1/6	50
9866384804	experimental probability		51
9866384748	block design	The subjects in an experiment are first divided into groups (called 'blocks') based on some common characteristic (such as gender) that is hypothesised to have an effect on the response. Randomization of treatments then happens within each block (each block is like its own mini-experiment)."	52
9866384749	blinding	The practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo.	53
9866384750	double blind	An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the people who work with them know which treatment each subject is receiving Neither the subjects nor the people who have contact with them know which treatment a subject received	54
9866384751	placebo	A fake treatment. A chemically inert substance that produces real medical benefits because the patient believes it will help her	55
9866384752	least squares regression line	the line with the smallest sum of squared residuals	56
9866384753	type I error	An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a "false positive	57
9866384754	type II error	An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a "false negative	58
9866384805	joint frequency		59
9866384755	matched pairs	an observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable	60
9866384756	conditional prabability	probability given that something else has already occurred	61
9866384757	sample space	Set of all possible outcomes of an experiment	62
9866384758	confounded variable	A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable. (Note: Usually confounded variables are lurking variables but only a few lurking variables are also confounded.)	63
9866384759	marginal frequency	A set of intervals, usually adjacent and of equal width, into which the range of a statistical distribution is divided, each associated with a frequency indicating the number of measurements in that interval.	64
9866384760	coefficient of determination	The statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. Represents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation. Statistic that represents amount of variance accounted for by a correlation.	65
9866384761	binomial	A two-name naming system.	66
9866384762	unimodal	having one mode; this is a useful term for describing the shape of a histogram when it's generally mound-shaped a data set with one mode such a normal distribution usually has only one mode	67
9866384763	bimodal	A type of distribution, where there is two or more categories with an equal count or cases and with more cases than the other categories. A distribution with two modes	68
9866384764	experiment	A kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. Testing the hypothesis	69
9866384765	law of large numbers	(statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics	70
9866384766	extrapolation	calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values	71
9866384767	snowball	Huyen wanted to conduct market research to find out why students were unhappy with Marketing 431, probably the finest course ever to be offered by a university. In order to do this she needed to find people who were unhappy with the course. Figuring that these people would talk to each other, she used a sampling technique where she found one person who was unhappy with the course and, after asking her research questions, asked this person for the name of another person who was unhappy with the course.	72
9866384768	IQR	A measure of variability, based on dividing a data set into quartiles Difference between upper and lower quartile of a boxplot	73
9866384769	Confidence interval	A range of values for a variable of interest; the specified probability is called the confidence level and the end points of the confidence interval are called the confidence limits A range of numbers in which most of the data values are likely to fall. we are 95% confident that etc.	74
9866384770	Standard Error	A statistic providing an estimate of the possible magnitude to error. The larger the standard error of measurement, the less reliable the score. Standard deviation of sampling distribution	75
9866384806	Residual		76
9866384771	Convenience sample	Whenever a sample is taken it gives an improper results because the sample was taken from a very convenient area instead of representing a population	77
9866384772	simulation	A representation of a situation or problem with a similar but simpler model or a more easily manipulated model in order to determine experimental results.	78
9866384773	degrees of freedom	The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects.	79
9866384774	two way table	A table containing counts for two categorical variables. It has r rows and c columns. describes to categorical variables with row variable and column variable	80
9866384775	spread	The visible variation in a sample distribution	81
9866384776	center	The measure of the distance the mode is from the center of a distribution	82
9866384807	shape		83
9866384808	discrete random variable		84
9866384809	central limit theorem		85
9866384810	standardized value		86
9866384811	mutually exclusive		87
9866384777	wording bias	Whenever a bias is created in a sample by the way the survey is worded to favor one question	88
9866384812	causation		89
9866384813	z test		90
9866384814	t test		91
9866384778	chi squared goodness of fit	tests how well close the observes data is to what would be expected under the model. If a sign diff is found b/w the two then ob. data has not been generated by chance. nominal data Determine if scores from one variable match expectations for that distribution a gambler placed $1,000 into a game of greed in which he lost. He hopes to catch his opponent and bust him for loading the dice. He does this by choosing one dice to roll 36 times. He knows that the each side has an equal chance of landing face up. He hopes to get an outcome abnormal to this. Given the data below, can we prove that the dice are loaded	92
9866384779	frequency table	A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each class. A chart showing the number of times a specific event happens.	93
9866384780	area principle	the area occupied by a part of the graph should correspond to the magnitude of the value it represents	94
9866384815	simpsons paradox		95
9866384781	contingency table	displays counts, and, sometimes, percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more variables. The table categorizes the individuals on all variables at once, to reveal possible patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the category of the other. A two-variable table with cross-tabulated data.	96
9866384782	stem and leaf display	A multiple column table depicting the individual digits of the scores. A score of 95 would have a stem of 9 and a leaf of 5, a score of 62 would have a stem of 6 and a leaf of 2. If a particular stem has more than one leaf, such as the scores 54, 58, and 51, the stem of 5 has three leaves, in this case 458. . It shows the range of values of the variable	97
9866384783	multimodal	Describes a graph of quantitative data with more than two clear peaks. A distribution with more than two modes	98
9866384784	uniform	A histogram doesn't appear to have any mode and in which all the bars are approximately the same height Evenly spaced	99
9866384785	symetric	When in a normal distribution both sides are identical	100
9866384786	time plot	Displays data that change over time. Often, successive values are connected with lines to show trends more clearly. Sometimes a smooth curve is added to the plot to help show long-term patterns and trends. Displays data that change over time.	101
9866384787	se	standard deviation of residuals	102
9866384788	r2	overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearlly relating to y and x	103
9866384816	leverage		104
9866384789	influential point	a point when omitted will give very different results	105
9866384790	census	When a survey has no sample but instead test or surveys the entire population	106
9866384817	multistage samole		107
9866384791	pilot	small trial run of a survey to see if questions are clear	108
9866384792	convenience sample	Choosing a sample because it is convenient. failing to get a proper representation of the population because If you survey everyone on your soccer team who attends tonight's practice, you are surveying a convenience sample.	109
9866384793	response bias	Anything in a survey design that influences responses falls under the heading of response bias. One typical response bias arises from the wording of questions, which may suggest a favored response. Voters, for example, are more likely to express support of "the president" than support of the particular person holding that office at the moment. Anything that changes the response in a survey A police officer asking teenagers about drug use	110
9866384794	observational study	A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed. A study that observes characteristics of an existing population. usually a survey	111
9866384795	retrospective study	What study examines whether a past association exists between an exposure of interest and development of a present condition? data are collected from the past by going back in time	112
9866384796	prospective study	an observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes	113
9866384797	statistic factor	A multifactor model in which statistical methods are applied ot a set of historical returns to determine portfolios that best explain either historical return covariances or variances.	114
9866384798	control group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	115
9866384799	blinding	The practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo.	116
9866384800	placebo effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.	117
9866384801	trial	A performed experiment based upon the hypothesis you made.	118
9866384802	maximum	(n.) the greatest possible amount or degree in a data sample the largest value in a set of data	119

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AP Psychology - Cognition - Memory Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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4976981456	memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.	0
4976981457	encoding	the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.	1
4976981458	storage	the retention of encoded information over time.	2
4976981459	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage.	3
4976981460	sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.	4
4976981461	short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.	5
4976981462	long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.	6
4976981463	working memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.	7
4976981464	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	8
4976981465	automatic processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.	9
4976981466	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.	10
4976981467	rehearsal	the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.	11
4976981468	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.	12
4976981469	serial position effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.	13
4976981470	visual encoding	the encoding of picture images.	14
4976981471	acoustic encoding	the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.	15
4976981472	semantic encoding	the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.	16
4976981473	imagery	mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.	17
4976981474	mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.	18
4976981475	chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.	19
4976981476	iconic memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.	20
4976981477	echoic memory	A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.	21
4976981478	long-term potentiation (LTP)	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.	22
4976981479	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.	23
4976981480	amnesia	the loss of memory.	24
4976981481	implicit memory	retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative or procedural memory.)	25
4976981482	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)	26
4976981483	hippocampus	a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.	27
4976981484	recall	a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.	28
4976981485	recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.	29
4976981486	relearning	a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.	30
4976981487	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.	31
4976981488	déjà vu	that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.	32
4976981489	mood-congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.	33
4976981490	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.	34
4976981491	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.	35
4976981492	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.	36
4976981493	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.	37
4976981494	source amnesia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.	38
4976981495	serial processing	occurs when the brain computes information step-by-step in a methodical and linear matter	39
4977010332	elaborative rehearsal	a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over	40
4977058279	maintenance rehearsal	repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory	41
4977076984	procedural memory	a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills	42
4977082447	episodic memory	A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences.	43
4977112926	context effects	common retrieval cue, memory aided by being in physical location where encoding took place	44
4977148560	recency	recall is strongest for items at the end of a list.	45
4977154459	primacy	recall is strongest at the beginning of list	46
4977170186	state-dependent	the theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.	47
4977189485	pegword	process of remembering a rhyme that associates numbers with words and words with the items to be remembere	48
4977195731	method of loci	A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations	49
4977202672	availability heuristics	a shortcut in decision-making that relies on the information that is most readily available, rather than the total body of information on a subject	50
4977208891	representativeness heuristics	used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty	51
4977240478	algorithms	step-by-step	52
4977245951	trial and error	the process of experimenting with various methods of doing something until one finds the most successful	53
4977248972	insight	when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning	54
4977254337	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	55
4977262165	framing	an example of cognitive bias, in which people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented	56
4977274738	fixation	an excessive attachment to some person or object that was appropriate only at an earlier stage of development	57
4977285068	functional fixedness	the tendency to think about things only in terms of their usual uses; can be a hindrance to creative thinking	58
4977293502	prototypes	categorize	59
4977308597	convergent thought	finding the one and only true answer to a question	60
4977308598	divergent thought	alternative solutions or possible	61
4977313608	belief preseverance	our tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted	62
4977317403	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	63
4977324595	Hermann Ebbinghaus	Memorized nonsense syllables in early study on human memory	64
4977329569	Wolfgang Kohler	considered to be the founder of Gestalt Psychology. Insight in chimps	65
4977332680	Elizabeth Loftus	her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony	66
4977338300	George A. Miller	he is considered to be one of the founders of Cognitive Psychology. He tests immediate memory by tasking people to repeat certain digits over a span of time.	67

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PRE-AP PIGGY BANK Flashcards

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7536029669	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.	0
7536046901	Alliteration	The repitition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words	1
7537081726	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	2
7537100292	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage	3
7537115395	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them	4
7537127194	Anaphora	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	5
7537139750	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event.	6
7537149572	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun	7
7537159540	Antithesis	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences.	8
7537181283	Atmosphere	the emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established party by setting and partly by the author's choice of objects the tare described	9
7537264999	Chiasmus	a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of analogous words	10
7537276681	Clause	a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb	11
7537293099	Colloquial/colloquialism	the use of slang or informalities in speech or writing	12
7537322850	Connotation	The nonliteral associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning	13
7537328329	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color	14
7537337657	Diction	Related to style, the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness	15
7537350132	Didactic	having the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	16
7537364981	Expletive	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive	17
7537382330	Euphemism	a more agreeably or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept	18
7537393744	Exposition	In essays, one of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration	19
7537408621	Genre	the major category into which a literary work fits	20
7537415955	Homily	This term literally means "sermon", but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice	21
7537428602	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	22
7548713885	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arrows emotion, or represent abstractions.	23
7548724466	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.	24
7548731199	Irony/Ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant.	25
7548738434	Juxtaposition	When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.	26
7548751019	Litotes	figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite	27
7548758470	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.	28
7548771242	Mood	Deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude.	29
7548782708	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words	30
7548787394	Oxymoron	A figure os speech where the author groups apparently contradictory terms	31
7548796934	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity	32
7549127220	Parallelism	Grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.	33
7549135572	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	34
7549148407	Periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.	35
7549153233	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	36
7549165575	Predicate adjective	One type of subject complement is an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb.	37
7549173529	Predicate nominative	A second type of complement- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject.	38
7549178445	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms.	39
7549185797	Rhetoric	Describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	40
7549195138	Sarcasm	Involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.	41
7549202938	Satire	A work that targets human vice and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.	42
7549210967	Subject complement	The word or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes the subject of the sentence by either renaming it or describing it.	43
7549220594	Subordinate clause	Word group containing both a subject and verb, but cannot stand alone.	44
7549228278	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.	45
7549241724	Tone	Describes the authors attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.	46
7549247256	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas.	47
7549251999	Understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact, presents something as less significant than it is.	48
7549256278	Undertone	An attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece.	49

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AP Euro Period 2 Flashcards

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8607804982	Absolutism	The idea that a monarch holds all power and governs by divine right. The monarch only has to answer to God	0
8607804983	Divine Right Theory of Rule	Belief that God placed each ruler on the throne and therefore they owe their authority to no kne	1
8607804984	Cardinal Richelieu	Regent for Louis XIII, set in place the cornerstone of French absolutism. Attempted to break the power of nobility by creating the intendant system	2
8607804985	Intendants	Created under Richelieu. These were administrative officials who were hired from the merchant or banking classes to oversee the 33 districts of France and check the power of the local nobles	3
8607804986	Corvee	Labor tax created under Richelieu placed on peasants so whenever infrastructure improvement was need, peasants could be used as free labor	4
8607804988	Fronde	A series of civil wars in France by nobles against Louis XIV's . Key role in Louis XIV's decision to leave Paris and build the Versailles Palace	5
8607804989	Louis XIV	Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France for 42 years however his many wars bankrupted the country. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. Created Estate System Colbertism Revoked Edict of Nantes Made Catholicism mandatory	6
8607804990	War of Spanish Succession	The powers of Europe fought against a possible unity of France and Spanish, which would then upset the balance of power. It was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht.	7
8607804991	Treaty of Utrecht	Prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire	8
8607804992	Versailles	Beautiful but excessive palace in Baroque style that was built by Louis XIV that bankrupts the country. This controls the nobles because they are distracted by living there and Louis can easily keep an eye on them. Nobles become indebted to Louis through gambling	9
8607804993	Mercantilism	economic policy in France developed by Jean Baptiste Colbert. Inward looking policy. prioritizes exports and imposes trade tariffs on imports. Controls manufacture and guilds to regulate domestic French production to be sold abroad. Laissez faire policies with the colonies that gives them a sense of autonomy.	10
8607804996	Jacques Boussuet	Catholic bishop who advocates for absolutism. He says that monarch's power derives from God and the king represents God on earth	11
8607804997	Jean Bodin	French political philosopher who was a strong proponent of absolutism during the reign of Louis XIV. Believed that all laws and government were decreed by the king.	12
8607805000	James I	Son of Mary Queen of Scots, Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings. Loves art and the theatre. Publishes a version of the Bible	13
8607805002	Charles I	King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War in which he was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649	14
8607805003	Gunpowder Plot	Occurred in 1605 when Guy Fawkes hired a group of men to blow up Parliament when the protestant King James I and the rest of the protestants Parliament members were inside. He did it solely because he wanted a Catholic England	15
8607805004	Petition of Rights	Limited the power of Charles I of England. He signed it so that he could get money for his war with Spain a) could not declare martial law during peacetime b) could not collect taxes without Parliamentary approval c) no trial without Jury d) No quartering of soldiers	16
8607805005	Ship Money	Tax imposed to all costal cities in England. This is expanded to all cities but is not approved by parliament. Charles I also revives old feudal taxes	17
8607805006	Long Parliament	Parliament that meets for a longer period of time during Charles I's reign. Insists that Charles must sign the Petition of Rights, eradicate the Star Chamber Court and end religious unity. Charles I refuses which starts the English Civil War	18
8607805007	Oliver Cromwell	General of the Roundheads who helps them win. He is a Radical Puritan. He becomes the monarch of England after Charles I is executed Puritan unity in England First holocaust against Irish revolt Raises taxes which causes the wealthy to move to France	19
8607805008	Pride's Purge	Parliament got rid of everyone who supported the monarchy so the Rump Parliament was left	20
8607805009	Rump Parliament	50/500 original parliament who did not support the King. They vote to have Charles I executed and he is	21
8607805010	Navigation Act	Allows English ships to stop any ship they want to	22
8607805012	Charles II	Becomes leader of England after Cromwell. Restores a constitutional government. He does not punish Cromwell supporters except for the Rump Parliament. The Restoration. Did little to challenge Parliament.	23
8607805015	Claridon Code	Passed under Charles II This bans Puritans from government	24
8607805016	Test Act	This prevents Catholics from taking political office. This is done to protect the government from retaliation from French Catholics	25
8607805017	Whigs vs Tories	First moment in modern western civilization in which political parties are allowed to exist and debate over political policy. Name the two parties in England	26
8607805018	James II	Is only monarch for a short time because he tries to reinstate absolutism. Parliament says no, so he goes to the Netherlands and lives without power. This is significant because itis someone in power willingly giving up their power without conflict	27
8607805019	William of Orange and Mary Stuart	Only co-rulers in British history. They are protestants from the Netherlands who were crowned following the Glorious Revolution.	28
8607805020	Bill of Rights	This is the basis to every single parliament or congress in the world today 1. Parliamentary Supremacy 2. No taxation without Parliamentary approval 3. Free Debate 4. Free Elections 5. Cannot declare war without Parliamentary approval 6. Trial by Jury 7. No unreasonable bail 8. Parliament must meet frequently	29
8607805021	Toleration Act	True and honest toleration. You may openly practice religion but that doesn't mean your community won't punish you	30
8607805023	Glorious Revolution	Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights.	31
8607805024	George I	A German Protestant prince who spoke no English, therefore completely let Parliament have control and started the Cabinet, which was a handful of Parliament advisers	32
8607805025	George III	English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.	33
8607805026	Ivan III	"Ivan the Great" The prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia, and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia.	34
8607805027	Ivan IV	"Ivan the Terrible" Russian ruler; cruel and tyranical; murdered nobility; extremely paranoid (killed his own son); taxed people heavily; took title of "czar"	35
8607805028	Time of Troubles	During which the Russian nobles elected series of tsars a tried to demand their liberties. Contending factions and civil war. Finally in 1613 national assembly elected a 17 year old boy as tsar - start of Romanov dynasty.	36
8607805029	Peter the Great	Becomes the Czar at 18 years old after Ivan the Terrible. He tours Western European countries and reforms the government off of the absolutism ideas in the rest of Europe. Mandatory 25 year conscription in the army Makes himself head of the church Women are not allowed to leave the home All sons of noble families must go to western university	37
8607805031	Table of Ranks	Peter the Great declares that every noble person Russia has to participate in the government. This checks the power of the nobles because it forces them to become government workers	38
8607805032	St. Petersburg	Peter the Great sees Paris and he wants a grand city for the wealthy in Russia so he builds this huge city in 10 years by forcing 50,000 surfs to work for free and forcing their families to send them food	39
8607805035	Marie Theresa of Austria	Hapsburg leader that ruled as an absolute monarch. She failed recapture Silesia from Frederick the Great, but exanded her kingdom and made it more powerful.	40
8607805036	Fredrick William I	Solidified autocratic rule in Prussia by doubling the size of the military	41
8607805037	French Estate System	You are legally appropriated into which estate (class) you are a part of. The way of dividing French society.	42
8607805038	1st Estate	1% of the Population. Bishops and Cardinals (not priests) that come from the noble class. Legally exempt from paying taxes. Receive tithes	43
8607805039	2nd Estate	2% of the population. The aristocratic class, have easy legal loopholes out of taxation	44
8607805040	3rd Estate	97% of the Population. Broken down into the Bourg, the Sans Cullotes and the peasants. Anyone who is not in the nobility is considered this class. Subject to a great many taxes	45
8607805041	Bourgeoisie	Highly educated and wealthy such as doctors, lawyers and management positions. Pay taxes at 6%	46
8607805042	Sans Culottes	Small Business owners/Working class. Have a living income and work in urban cities. They feel the strains of the economy the most because they have no direct access to food. Pay taxes at 22%	47
8607805043	Peasants	Farmers. 85% of the population. Pay taxes at 70%	48
8607805045	Estates General	The French Style Parliament in that each estate gets one vote. This makes it so that the 1+2 estate always work together in the Parliament. White men who own property can vote no matter what	49
8607805046	Cahier de doleances	Anyone can send in complaints to be read by the Estates General	50
8607805047	Louis XVI	French monarch during the French Revolution.	51
8607805048	Mary Antoinette	Is extremely fearful of the National Assembly so she has Louis surround his place with 18,000 troops as a precaution, this causes outrage and fear among the 3rd estate	52
8607805050	Abbey Sieyes	This is a call to arms for the 3rd Estate to identify as the most important estate. This often serves as a foundation for protests in the 3rd estate. Author of What is the Third Estate.	53
8607805051	National Assembly	When the third estate believes they are locked out of the normal estates general assembly hall they meet in a tennis court and declare legitimate and legal authority. It becomes the leading legislative force in France during the Moderate Phrase	54
8607805052	Tennis Court Oath	This declares that the 3rd Estate will not leave the tennis court until there is a new constitution for France. They want to abolish feudalism and manorialism	55
8607805053	Storming of the Bastille	The working class storms this castle because it represents complete monarchial control, even though it is only an arms depot. The Persians steal guns and amp which shows the National Assembly has power	56
8607805054	George Danton	French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the Girondins, but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror	57
8607805055	Declaration of the Rights of Man	This is the French Bill of Rights that only applied to white men. This grants a basic rights to white men such as freedom of speech, thoughts, religion, due process, taxation with representation.	58
8607805056	Declaration of the Rights of Woman	This document, written by Olympe de Gouges wrote in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man, states that Woman deserve the same political rights of men	59
8607805057	Great Fear	Third Estate rises up against the nobility and destroys feudal residencies which caused some nobility to leave France	60
8607805058	August Decrees	Decrees passed by the National Assembly of France in August of 1789 renouncing and abolishing most of the traditional privileges of the nobility and the clergy.	61
8607805059	Women's March on Versailles	This is the first major, public revolt led by women. These women march to Versailles because they cannot feed their children	62
8607805060	Civil Constitution of the Clergy	A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.	63
8607805061	Constitution of 1791	This has a separation of powers, voting rights for property owners. This document gives all citizens equal rights (even black citizens in colonies!)	64
8607805063	Law Maxum	The government controlled the price of bread	65
8607805064	Flight to Varennes	Louis XVI and his family try to raise a counterrevolutionary army but they are caught and become prisoners of the Parisian mob	66
8607805065	Declaration of Pillnitz	This stated that Austria would get involved if France is not returned to its old regime ways	67
8607805066	Assignats	Currency that the National Assembly prints in excess in order to pay for their debts. This makes the money worthless and causes huge inflation	68
8607805068	Brunswick Manifesto	Prussia says that if harm comes to the king, the people will be attacked.	69
8607805069	Storming of the Tuleries	Considered the turning point from the moderate to radical phase of the French Revolution. The working class storms the castle and over a thousand people are killed	70
8607805070	September Masacre	12,000 prisoners are moved from one prison to another. A rumor spreads that these prisoners have been collaborating wit the king so they are butchered by the working class	71
8607805072	Jacobin	Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.	72
8607805073	First Coalition	An alliance of Austria, Great Britain, Netherlands, Prussia and Spain which was organized against Fraance	73
8607805074	Levee en Masse	National Conscription for the first time in France	74
8607805075	National Convention	New representatives are elected and this takes over as the parliamentary system during the radical phase	75
8607805076	Maximilien Robespierre	He becomes the de facto speaker for the National Convention. He is known as a the champion for the working class. He executes Louis XVI and institutes the first republic in France	76
8607805079	Committee of Public Safety	This is set up by Robespierre in order to rule over everything with no checks to its power	77
8607805080	Reign of Terror	This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed. Over 20,000 people were executed	78
8607805081	The Republic of Virtue	An attempt by Robspierre to de-Catholize France	79
8607805082	Thermidorian Reaction	Robpierre installs an absolutist regime with no representation. However, he realizes he has gone too far so he tries to kill himself in the bathtub, however, he is unsuccessful so he is dragged out of the tub and beheaded bleeding and naked.	80
8607805083	The Directory	The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic for four years after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power	81
8607805084	Napoleon	A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean.	82
8607805085	Coup d'état of 1799/ 18th Brumaire	When Napoleon returns from his Egyptian Campaign, Abbey Sieyes is so impressed with his efforts that is is given control of a part of the coup against the French Government	83
8607805086	Consulate	Napoleon establishes himself as the First Consulate for life instead of Sieyes	84
8607805087	Concordat of 1801	This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France in which the palpacy renounced claims over church property and Napoleon was allowed to nominated bishops	85
8607805088	Code Napoleon	The codification and condensation of laws assuring legal equality and uniformity in France Became a model for codes of law in many European countries	86
8607805089	Bank of France	Napoleon establishes this and it is still around today. It collects and distributes taxes fairly, no one is exempt	87
8607805090	Confederation of the Rhine	Created by Napoleon, it was a loose alliance of German states that ended the Holy Roman Empire after defeating Austria. This abolished feudalism and awakened German nationalism	88
8607805092	Emperor of France	Napoleon holds a legitimate election for emperor and overwhelmingly wins the title. He holds a massive coronation and crowns himself in order to slow that he alone has the power to give himself power	89
8607805094	Jacques-Louis David	An artist who works for Napoleon to create Propaganda -Death of Marat -Napoleon crossing the Alps	90
8607805095	Napoleon Crossing the Alps	Shows Napoleon as idealistic, brave, a great leader painting by David. Napoleon's victory of the Austrians in Italy.	91
8607805096	Death of Marat	Painting by David	92
8607805101	Trafalgar	The British barely beat Napoleon in this battle so he cuts off Britain as a trading partner which devastates the French economy	93
8607805102	Russian invasion	Russia refuses to accept continental law so France goes to war with them. Russia practices Scorched Earth military strategy so they destroy all of France's supply lines until his supply line is 2,000 miles Because of this 500,000 men die from hypothermia and starvation	94
8607805103	The Continental System	After Trafalgar, France destroys all trade with Britain which destroys the French economy. He coerced Russia, Denmark, Prussia, Portugal and France to join him but this is unsuccessful	95
8607805104	Peninsular Wars	Joseph of Spain who is Napoleon's brother is especially cruel which causes widespread revolt through Portugal and Spain. Britain funds guerrilla warfare.	96
8607805105	100 days	Period of time when Napoleon returned to France a year after his exile to Elba and restored himself as emperor for a few months. He was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo	97
8607805106	Battle of Waterloo	this was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler	98
8607805107	Toussaint L'Ouverture	First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.	99
8607805109	Congress of Vienna	Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.	100
8607805110	Age of Enlightenment	Weakening of the monarchy coupled with the rise of a powerful and very wealthy nobility. Characterized through Freedom of Expression, Constitutional Government, Religious Toleration, Reason Rationalism and Optimism	101
8607805112	Natural Law	Created by Isaac Newton. Everything in nature has been discovered. Natural principles are absolute and in science we must learn to understand what has already been discovered	102
8607805113	Baruch Spinoza	Believed in an impersonal mechanical universe. Denied Free will. one of the first ardent athiests	103
8607805115	Cesare Beccaria	Considered the father of Humane law. He determines through research that torture does not lead to accurate information and that capital punishment does not deter crime. He believes that punishment should be used to deter crime and reform the criminal and should be quick and fast	104
8607805116	Laissez-Faire	Hands off government in financial business deals. "To let alone"	105
8607805118	Coffee Houses	These play a huge role in the Age of Enlightenment. Come from the ottoman empire to Europe. They are extraordinarily expensive so they are a status symbol where aristos can go and talk about ideology.	106
8607805119	Thomas Hobbes	A British Philosophe who believes that humanity is awful and that Absolutism is the solution to Humanities problems because man has no capacity for self-government Levianthan- A book that says the government is a kind of monster	107
8607805120	John Locke	Philosophe who Believes that man is naturally wonderful and friendly. It is our life experiences that determine who we are. Believes in a constitutional monarchy. Life, liberty and property. Author of Two Treatises on Government	108
8607805121	Two Treatises on Government	Written by John Locke. This says that men have the Natural Right to life, liberty and property. If the Government fails to protect our natural rights, the people have the power to overthrow the government.	109
8607805122	Voltaire	Wrote "Candide", French Philosophe who views institutionalized religion as a bad thing. "Ecrasez l'infame"He believes in Freedom of Expression for the aristocracy. Religious Toleration and Free Speech.	110
8607805123	Baron Montesquieu	"Spirit of Laws". Defined theory of separation powers as well as checks and balances.	111
8607805124	Jean Jacques Rousseau	People are inherently unequal, creates the noble savage idea, materialism is the root of evil in society, the majority should control a nation. Believed that emotion was as powerful as reason. "Man is born free, but everywhere in chains."	112
8607805125	Thomas Paine	"Common Sense". Advocated deism and progress and the idea of an improved society through natural laws	113
8607805126	Social Construct or The General Will	The idea by Rousseau that states that the ideal society can be created if people can work together and create a commune without government	114
8607805127	Denis Diderot	French Philosophe who loves collecting information so he creates the first Encyclopedia, Encyclopedie. It is oppressed by the french monarchy because it includes information about oner governments in the world. He is saved by Catherine the Great of Russia and is placed in charge of her personal library	115
8607805128	Philosophe	Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time	116
8607805129	Mary Woolstoncraft	Highly intelligent woman who responds to Rousseau's view on women by completely shutting down his claims. Author of On the Vindication of the Rights of Women.	117
8607805130	Madame de Geoffrin	She was a very critical debater in the salon movement in the Enlightenment period that patronized certain works, such as the Encyclopedia	118
8607805131	Physiocrats	Economists during the Age of Enlightenment	119
8607805132	Francois Quesnay	French physiocrat who believes that successful business does not have government regulation on financial matters. This is the beginning of the theory of Laissez Faire.	120
8607805133	Adam Smith	British Physiocrat who says that limited government regulation is good but that does not mean that business should abuse labor. Believed in the invisible hand and specialization of task	121
8607805135	Deism	The belief that God is great and created everything but then he took a step back to let it take its course. Believe that Christ is not the son of God	122
8607805138	John Wesley	The founder of Methodism	123
8607805139	Methodism	Belief that there is a specific checklist one must complete in order to get to heaven.	124
8607805141	Enlightened Despotism	A ruler who aimed for the advancement of society by fostering education, aiding the economy and promoting social justice	125
8607805142	Fredrick II of Prussia	King of Prussia. "Fredrick the Great" He subscribes to Enlightenment in that he limits torture, establishes a 1 year public education system and has a system of religious toleration. He wants to expand the size of Prussia so he takes territory from Austria-Hungary which ignites the French and Indian War	126
8607805143	Cathrine the Great.	German Princess who took over Russia after killing her husband. She destroys the Table of Ranks system and frees surfs. Aristos revolt against her so she slaughters the uprising and enslaves 20 million surfs. During the Primean War she takes Crimea and a part of Poland	127
8607805144	Joseph II of Austria	Emperor of Austria-Hungary empire. Bans capital punishment and torture. He makes aristos pay races and makes it so that they are equal in the law. Abolishes surfs (slavery). Establishes a 3 year public education system. He is hated by aristos and loved by peasants so he must create a secret police	128
8607805145	Rococo Art	Placed emphasis on the carefree life of the aristocracy rather than on grand heroes or pious martyrs	129
8607805149	Fredrick Williams I of Prussia	King of Prussia who promised and later reneged on his promises for constitutional reforms in 1848.	130
8607805150	Olympe de Gauge	"Declaration of the Rights of Women" French writer who promoted the rights of women during the French Revolution; eventually guillotined for her outspoken ideas	131
8607805151	Handel	Baroque German composer who spent much of his life in England; best known for his Messiah, a masterpiece even in today's world	132
8607805152	Bach	Composer who believed music was a means to worship God and lived a quiet life at a church; created the Mass in B Minor	133
8608586111	Prussia	This quote best describes which country "It is not a state that possesses an army, but an army that possesses a state?	134
8608602029	Beard Tax	This tax imposed in Russia by Peter the Great, met opposition from the Orthodox Church.	135
8608619806	Vermeer	A Dutch painter who used a great deal of light. He enjoyed painting people doing everyday things.	136
8608637209	War of Austrian Succession	This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, 1740-1748. It violated the Pragmatic Sanction	137
8608647477	Enclosure Act	Law passed in England in the late 1700's that converted public lands into private property	138
8608664945	England	This country took the lead in the Industrial Revolution due to the supply of natural resources and transportation network.	139
8608673488	Canal	This man made body of water, improved trade by allowing ships to transport goods both directions with ease.	140
8608693397	Joint Stock Company	The Dutch and British East India Companies are examples of which type of company.	141
8608698821	Salons	These informal gatherings in France aided in the dissemination of information during the Enlightenment	142
8608710654	Rembrandt van Rijn	greatest Dutch artists of the period; painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants	143
8608727243	Columbian Exchange	The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.	144
8608740518	Cottage Industry	Business in the home where goods were hand-made prior to the industrial revolution	145