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AP Flashcards

9873323881	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	0
9873323882	Paradox	an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth	1
9873323883	Aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	2
9873323884	Oxymoron	conjoining contradictory terms (as in 'deafening silence')	3
9873323885	Ellipsis	in a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods	4
9873323886	Litotes	Employs an understatement by using double negatives	5
9873323887	Alliteration	Repetition of consonant sounds	6
9873323888	Parallelism	Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other	7
9873323889	Metaphor	A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.	8
9873323890	Apostrophe	A figure of speech wherein the speaker speaks directly to something nonhuman	9
9873323891	Idiom	Example sentence: Getting an A on this test is a piece of cake.	10
9873323892	Metonymy	substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it	11
9873323893	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant "passed away"	12
9873323894	epigram (n)	a short, witty saying	13
9873323895	epigraph (n)	quotation at the beginning of a literary work	14
9873323896	Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds	15
9873323897	Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	16
9873323898	Anaphora (n)	repetition of a word or phrase at beginning of a line or sentence	17
9873323899	Polysendeton	Repetition of conjunctions	18
9873323900	epithet	descriptive name	19
9873323901	epitaph	(n.) a brief statement written on a tomb or gravestone	20
9873323902	cacophony	harsh sounds	21

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AP Psychology Prep: Methods Flashcards

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6529780830	Hindsight Bias	The tendency upon hearing about research findings (and many other things) to think you knew it all along.	0
6529780831	Applied Research	Research that has clear, practical applications. (Comparing the efficiency of different methods)	1
6529780832	Basic Research	Research that explores questions that are of interest to psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications. (How do people in different cultures define intelligence?)	2
6529780833	Hypothesis	Expresses a relationship between two variables. (The "guess")	3
6529780834	Independent Variable	Manipulate this variable to affect the dependent variable.	4
6529780835	Dependent Variable	A change in the independent variable will produce a change in this variable.	5
6529780836	Theory	Aims to explain some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate testable hypotheses with hope of collecting data that support it.	6
6529780837	Operational Definition	A description of a variable that explains how you will measure it. Must be able to be repeated by other psychologists.	7
6529780838	Valid	Research is ____ when it measures what the researcher set out to measure; it is accurate.	8
6529780839	Reliabile	Research is ____ when it can be replicated; it is consistent.	9
6529780840	Participants	The individuals on which the research will be conducted.	10
6529780841	Sampling	The process by which participants are selected.	11
6530232967	Sample	Group of participants.	12
6529780842	Population	Anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample.	13
6529780843	Representative Sample	A sample that is representative of a larger population. (Large and diverse)	14
6529780844	Random Sampling	Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected (Increases the likelihood that the sample represents the population) (Use a computer, table of random numbers, names out of a hat)	15
6529780845	Stratified Sampling	A process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria. (If 1:1 ration of men to women, the sample will be arranged to have 1:1)	16
6529780846	Laboratory Experiments	An experiment conducted in a lab, a highly controlled environment.	17
6530232968	Field Experiments	Experiments conducted out in the world. More realistic that laboratory experiments.	18
6530232969	Experiment	The preferred method of research, because it is the only method that can show a causal relationship.	19
6529780847	Confounding Variables	Any difference between the experimental and control conditions, except for the independent variable, that might affect the dependent variable.	20
6537689597	Assignment	The process by which participants are put into a group, experimental or control.	21
6529780848	Random Assignment	Each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group.	22
6529780849	Controls	These diminish the chances of a confounding variable.	23
6537689598	Group Matching	Ensures that experimental and control groups are equivalent on some criterion (sex, IQ scores, age).	24
6537689599	Participant-Relevant Confounding Variable	A confounding variable related to assignment of participants in an experiment.	25
6537689600	Situation-Relevant Confounding Variable	A confounding variable related to the environmental difference between groups.	26
6537689601	Experimenter Bias	The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental or control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis.	27
6537689602	Double-Blind Procedure	Occurs when neither the participants nor the researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research.	28
6537689603	Demand Characteristics	When a participant picks up on cues about the purpose of the study.	29
6537689604	Response/Subject Bias	The tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways.	30
6537689605	Social Desirablity	The tendency of participants to give answers that reflect well upon them.	31
6537689606	Experimental Group	The group that gets the treatment operationalized in the independent variable.	32
6537689607	Control Group	The group that does not get the independent variable.	33
6537689608	Hawthorne Effect	Selecting a group of people to experiment on affects the performance of that group, regardless of what is down to those individuals.	34
6537689609	Placebo Method/Effect	When participants in the control group are given an inert but identical substance to the experimental group's. Separates the psychological effect from the physiological effect.	35
6537689610	Counterbalancing	Having half of the group be the experimental group first, and half the control group first, then having them switch groups.	36
6537689611	Correlation	Expresses the relationship between two variables without ascribing cause. Can be either positive or negative.	37
6537689612	Positive Correlation	The presence of one thing predicts the presence of another.	38
6537689613	Negative Correlation	The presence of one thing predicts the absence of another.	39
6537689614	Order Effects	When a group of participant is first the control group, then later the experimental, they may do better on the second test because they already did it.	40
6546623492	Ex Post Facto	When the researcher first observes the effect then tries to determine the cause. Participants aren't selected.	41
6546623493	Survey Method	A research method in which people take surveys. There is no independent or dependent variable, it cannot show a causal relationship, and it cannot control for participant-relevant variables.	42
6546623494	Naturalistic Observation	A research method in which researchers observe their participants in their natural habitats, without interacting with them. The goal is to get a realistic and rich picture of the participants' behavior.	43
6546623495	Longitudinal Study	A research method that is used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a group of participants. It gets the richest possible picture of what they study, but cannot be generalized to a larger population.	44
6546623496	Descriptive Statistics	Describes a set of data.	45
6546623497	Frequency Distribution	A summary of how often different scores occur within a sample of scores.	46
6622350290	Central Tendancy	Attempts to mark the center of a distribution. (Mean, median, mode)	47
6622350291	Mean	The average. Can be distorted by outliers, in which case the median should be used.	48
6622350292	Median	Central score in the distribution.	49
6622350293	Mode	Score that appears most frequently.	50
6622350294	Positively Skewed	When a distribution includes an extreme score that is very high. There are more low scores than high, and the mean is greater than the median.	51
6622350295	Negatively Skewed	When a distribution has an extreme score(s) that is very low. There are more positive scores than low, and the mean is lower than the median.	52
6622350296	Measures of Variability	A type of descriptive statistical measure that attempts to depict the diversity of a distribution. (Range, variance, and standard deviation).	53
6622350297	Range	Distance between the highest and lowest score in a distribution.	54
6622350298	Standard Deviation	The square root of the variance. Relates the average distance of any score in the distribution from the mean. The higher it is, the more spread out the distribution.	55
6622350299	Z-Score	Measures the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation.	56
6622350300	Normal Curve	A theoretical bell-shaped curve for which the area under the curve lying between any two z scores has been predetermined. 68% of scores fall within 1 standard deviation from the mean, 95% within 2 and 99% within 3.	57
6622350301	Percentiles	Indicate the distance of a score from 0.	58
6622350303	Correlation Coefficient	A statistic that can compute the strength of a correlation. Ranges from -1 to +1, where both 1's are a perfect correlation and 0 is no correlation.	59
6622350304	Scatter Plot		60
6622350305	Line of Best Fit (Regression Line)	The line drawn through a scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line.	61
6622350306	Inferential Statistics	Determines whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected.	62
6622350307	Sampling Error	The extent to which a sample differs from the population.	63
6622350308	Statistically Significant Results.	When the p value (the probability that the difference between the groups is by chance) is .05. This means that a 5% chance exists that the results occurred by chance.	64
6622350309	Institutional Review Board (IRB)	Reviews research proposals for ethical violations and/or procedural errors. This board ultimately gives researchers permission to go ahead with the research or required them to revise their procedures.	65
6622350310	APA	Developed strict guidelines about what animals and how animals can be used in psychological research.	66
6622350311	• Clear scientific purpose • Must answer a specific, important scientific question • Animal must be best-suited to answer the question at hand • Must care for and house animals in a humane way • Must acquire animals legally • Least amount of suffering feasible.	APA Guidelines	67
6622350312	• No Coercion • Informed consent • Anonymity or confidentiality • No mental or physical risk • Debriefing	Human Research Guidelines	68

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AP Flashcards

Social

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9702406984	attribution theory	a description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior	0
9702406985	fundamental attribution error	tendency to attribute others' behavior to their dispositions and our own behaviors to our situations	1
9702406986	self-serving bias	he tendency to assign oneself credit for successes but to blame failures on external forces	2
9702406987	attitude formation	direct contact, direct instruction, interaction with others, vicarious conditioning	3
9702407023	The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behaviors		4
9702406988	self-fulfilling prophecy	an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true	5
9702406989	foot-in-door phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later to a larger request	6
9702407024	central/peripheral route to persuasion		7
9702406990	cognitive dissonance	unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs	8
9702406991	conformity	adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard	9
9702406992	obedience	changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure	10
9702406993	social facilitation	a phenomenon in which we perform simple or well-learned tasks better when in the presence of others	11
9702406994	social loafing	the tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task	12
9702406995	bystander effect	the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present	13
9702406996	deindividuation	when immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with their personal values	14
9702406997	group polarization	tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group	15
9702406998	groupthink	A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts	16
9702406999	self-fulfilling prophecy	an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true	17
9702407000	mere exposure effect	phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it	18
9702407001	passionate love	an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction	19
9702407002	companionate love	the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined	20
9702407003	equity	a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it	21
9702407004	self-disclosure	the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others	22
9702407005	altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others	23
9702407006	bystander effect	the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present	24
9702407025	Antosocial/prosocial behaviors		25
9702407026	frustration-aggression hypothesis		26
9702407007	gender	the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male	27
9702407008	Race	A grouping of human beings with distinctive characteristics determined by genetic inheritance.	28
9702407009	ethnicity	affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture	29
9702407010	prejudice	A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.	30
9702407011	stereotype	a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing	31
9702407012	discrimination	Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.	32
9702407013	ingroup	a group that one belongs to and identifies with	33
9702407014	Outgroup	People who are not part of the ingroup.	34
9702407015	ingroup bias	the tendency to favor one's own group	35
9702407016	scapegoat theory	theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame	36
9702407017	just-world phenomenon	the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve	37
9702407018	superordinate goals	shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation	38
9702407027	Culture		39
9702407019	individualism	a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.	40
9702407020	collectivism	giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly	41
9702407021	cross-cultural research	research involving the exploration of the extent to which people differ from one culture to another	42
9702407028	culture-specific		43
9702407022	locus of control	extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control	44

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AP BIOLOGY TOPIC 1 Flashcards

The Chemistry of Life

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5187810665	matter	anything that takes up space and has mass	0
5187810666	element	substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions	1
5187810667	compound	substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio	2
5187810668	Which four elements make up 96% of living matter?	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen	3
5187810669	How many of the 92 elements are known to be essential to life?	25	4
5187810670	trace elements	those required by organisms in only minute quantities	5
5187810671	atoms	smallest unit of an element that still retains the property of the element; composed of neutrons, protons, electrons	6
5187810672	protons	positively charged particles, found in the nucleus and determine the element	7
5187810673	electrons	negatively charged particles found in electron shells around the nucleus, determine the chemical properties and reactivity of the element	8
5187810674	neutrons	particles with no charge, found in the nucleus; their number can vary in the same element, causing isotopes	9
5187810675	isotopes	forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons	10
5187810676	atomic number	number of protons an element possesses, unique to every element	11
5187810677	mass number	sum of an element's protons and neutrons	12
5187810678	How to read an element of the periodic table.		13
5187810679	chemical bonds	defined as interactions between the valence electrons of different atoms, hold together atoms to form molecules	14
5187810680	covalent bond	occur when valence electrons are shared by two atoms	15
5187810681	nonpolar covalent bonds	occur when the electrons being shared are shared equally between two atoms	16
5187810682	electronegativity	a tendency to attract electrons of a covalent bond; oxygen is extremely electronegative	17
5187810683	polar covalent bond	one atom has a greater electronegativity than the other, resulting in the unequal sharing of electrons	18
5187810684	ionic bonds	bonds in which two atoms attract valence electrons so unequally that the more electronegative atom steals the electron away from the less electronegative atom; occur because these ions will be either +/- charged	19
5187810685	ion	resulting charged atom or molecule	20
5187810686	hydrogen bonds	relatively weak bonds that form between the partial positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule and the strongly electronegative oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule	21
5187810687	Van der Waals interactions	very weak, transient connections that are the result of asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule, contribute to the 3D shape of molecules	22
5187810688	chemical reaction	shows the reactants and products	23
5187810689	reactants	starting materials	24
5187810690	products	ending materials	25
5187810691	What does the coefficient in front of each molecule in a chemical reaction signify?	number of molecules involved	26
5187810692	The number of atoms of each element is the ____ on each side of the reaction.	same	27
5187810693	chemical equilibirum	the point at which the forward and reverse reactions offset one another exactly, their concentrations have stabilized at a particular ratio, but they are not necessarily equal	28
5187810694	Describe the structure of water.	Water is composed of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen, bonded to form a molecule.	29
5187810695	Describe the polarity of a water molecule.	The oxygen region of the molecule has a partial negative charge, and each hydrogen has a partial positive charge.	30
5187810696	What type of bond holds water molecules together?	hydrogen bonds	31
5187810697	How many hydrogen bonds can each water molecule form at a time?	four	32
5187810698	Name the four water properties.	1. cohesion 2. high specific heat 3. ice floats 4. universal solvent	33
5187810699	cohesion	the linking of water molecules	34
5187810700	surface tension	allows a water strider to walk on top of a pond due as a result of cohesion	35
5187810701	adhesion	clinging of one substance to another ex: water droplets to a windshield	36
5187810702	transpiration	movement of water molecules up the very thin xylem tubes and their evaporation from the stomata in plants	37
5187810703	How do water molecules cling to each other?	cohesion	38
5187810704	How do water molecules cling to the walls of xylem tubes (capillary action)?	adhesion	39
5187810705	specific heat	the amount of heat required to raise or lower the temperature of a substance by 1 degree C	40
5187810706	What is a practical application of water's high specific heat?	makes the temperature of Earth's oceans relatively stable and able to support vast quantities of both plant and animal life	41
5187810707	Why does ice float?	water is less dense as a solid than in its liquid state, allowing ice to float; this keeps large bodies of water from freezing solid and moderating temperature	42
5187810708	solvent	substance that something is dissolved in	43
5187810709	solute	substance being dissolved	44
5187810710	solution	the combination of solvent and solute	45
5187810711	hydrophillic substances	water-soluble, these include ionic compounds, polar molecules, and some proteins	46
5187810712	hydrophobic substances	nonpolar and do not dissolve in water, oils	47
5187810713	pH scale	runs between 0 and 14 and measures the relative acidity and alkalinity of aqueous solutions	48
5187810714	acids	have an excess of H+ ions and pH below 7	49
5187810715	bases	have an excess of OH- ions and pH above 7	50
5187810716	What is the pH of pure water?	neutral, pH of 7	51
5187810717	buffers	substances that minimize changes in pH, they accept H+ from the solution when they are in excess and donate H+ when they are depleted	52
5187810718	carbonic acid (H2CO3)	an important buffer in living systems, moderates pH changes in blood plasma and the ocean	53
5187810719	What are the major elements of life?	PSCOHN, phosphorus, sulfate, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen	54
5187810720	organic compounds	contain carbon and hydrogen	55
5187810721	Is the artificial synthesis of organic compounds possible?	yes	56
5187810722	Stanley Miller experiment 1953	showed that the complex organic molecules could arise spontaneously	57
5187810723	Why is carbon so unique?	it has four valence electrons, it can form up to four covalent bonds, single/double/triple covalent bonds, can form large molecules, chains/ring-shaped/branched molecules	58
5187810724	isomers	molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their arrangement of these atoms, can result in molecules that are very different in biological activities ex: glucose and fructose	59
5187810725	functional groups	attached to the carbon skeleton and have diverse properties; the behavior of these organic molecules is dependent on the identity of functional groups	60
5187810726	hydroxyl	OH ex: alcohols such as ethanol, methanol function: helps dissolve molecules like sugars	61
5187810727	carboxyl	COOH ex: carboxylic acids like fatty acids and sugars function: acidic properties because tend to ionize, source of H+ ions	62
5187810728	carbonyl	CO ex: ketones and aldehydes like sugars	63
5187810729	amino	NH2 ex: amines such as amino acids	64
5187810730	phosphate	PO3 ex: organic phosphates like ATP, DNA, and phospholipids	65
5187810731	sulfhydryl	SH found in some amino acids, forms disulfide bridges in proteins	66
5187810732	methyl	CH3 the addition of this group affects the expression of genes	67
5187810733	polymers	long chain molecules made of repeating subunits called monomers ex: starch is a polymer composed of glucose monomers	68
5187810734	dehydration reactions	create polymers from monomers in which two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water	69
5187810735	hydrolysis	occurs when water is added to split large molecules, occurs in reverse of dehydration reactions	70
5187810736	carbohydrates	include both simple sugars and polymers; all exists in a ratio of 1C:2H:1O	71
5187810737	monosaccharides	monomers of carbohydrates ex: glucose and ribose	72
5187810738	polysaccharides	polymers of monosaccharides ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen	73
5187810739	What are the two functions of polysaccharides?	energy storage and structural support	74
5187810740	Provide two examples of energy storage polysaccharides.	starch, glycogen	75
5187810741	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants ex: potatoes	76
5187810742	glycogen	storage polysaccharide found in animals, vertebrate muscle cells, liver cells	77
5187810743	Provide two examples of structural support polysaccharides.	cellulose, chitin	78
5187810744	cellulose	major component of plant cell walls	79
5187810745	chitin	found in the exoskeleton of arthropods, like lobsters and insects and the cell walls of fungi	80
5187810746	lipids	all hydrophobic, are not polymers and are assembled from a variety of components ex: waxes, oils, fats, steroids	81
5187810747	fats	also called triglycerides, made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules	82
5187810748	fatty acids	include hydrocarbon chains of variable lengths, chains are nonpolar and hydrophobic	83
5187810749	saturated fatty acids	have no double bonds between carbons, tend to pack solidly at room temperature, are linked to cardiovascular disease, commonly produced by animals ex: butter, lard	84
5187810750	unsaturated fatty acids	have some carbon double bonds resulting in kinks, tend to be liquid at room temperature, commonly produced by plants ex: corn oil, olive oil	85
5187810751	What are the functions of lipids?	energy storage and protection of vital organs and insulation	86
5187810752	Describe the energy storage of lipids.	fats store twice as many calories per gram as carbohydrates	87
5187810753	Where is fat stored?	adipose cells	88
5187810754	phospholipids	make up cell membranes, have a glycerol backbone (hydrophilic head), have two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), arranged in a bilayer forming the cell membrane	89
5187810755	steroids	made up of four rings that are fused together	90
5187810756	cholesterol	steroid, component common of cell membranes	91
5187810757	What are examples of steroid hormones?	estrogen and testosterone	92
5187810758	proteins	polymers made up of amino acid monomers	93
5187810759	amino acids	contain a central carbon bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group (variable group or side chain)	94
5187810760	peptide bonds	link amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis	95
5187810761	What are the four levels of protein structure?	primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary	96
5187810762	primary structure	the unique sequence in which amino acids are joined	97
5187810763	secondary structure	refers to one of two three-dimensional shapes that are the result of hydrogen bonding: alpha helix and beta pleated sheet	98
5187810764	alpha helix	coiled shape, much like a slinky	99
5187810765	beta pleated sheet	accordion shape	100
5187810766	tertiary structure	results in a complex globular shape, due to interactions between R groups, such as hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges	101
5187810767	How are globular proteins held in position?	R group interactions	102
5187810768	quaternary structure	refers to the association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein ex: hemoglobin	103
5187810769	Protein shape is crucial to...	protein function. When a protein does not fold properly, its function is changed.	104
5187810770	chaperonins	protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of proteins within cells, provide an isolating environment in which a polypeptide chain may attain final confirmation	105
5187810771	denatured	result of a protein that has lost its shape and ability to function due to change in heat, pH, or some other disturbance	106
5187810772	What are the two nucleic acids?	DNA and RNA	107
5187810773	What are the monomers of nucleic acids?	nucleotidea	108
5187810774	What are the three components of nucleotides?	nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G, U) pentose (5C sugar, either ribose/deoxyribose) phosphate group	109
5187810775	Describe DNA.	molecule of heredity, double-stranded helix, A bonds to T, C bonds to G	110
5187810776	Describe RNA.	single stranded, does not contain Thymine (Uracil instead)	111

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The American Revolution - AP Flashcards

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5115292201	Olive Branch Petiton	peace petiton sent to king George by colonial delegates after the battles of Lexington and Concord by the Second Continental Congress	0
5115292202	Declaration of Independence	July 4, 1776 document written by Thomas Jefferson outlining reasons for the colonies to break the ties with England and establishing their theory of government based on Locke/Rousseau consent of the governed idea	1
5115292203	First Continental Congress	Delagates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Britain	2
5115292204	Second Continental Congress	12 delegates meet in Philadelphia to express their growing dissatisfaction with King George and Great Britain. Calls for an army led by George Washington.	3
5115292205	Continental army	commander is George Washington	4
5115292206	John Adams	made a motion to create a continental army with George Washington as commander on committee for Declaration of Independence	5
5115292207	George Washington	1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)	6
5115292208	Sam Adams	A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have led the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797.	7
5115292209	John Hancock	President of Continental Congress; first one to sign Declaration, leader of sons of liberty	8
5115292210	Ben Franklin	A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies. Postmaster General	9
5115292212	Thomas Jefferson	wrote Declaration of Independence	10
5115292213	Richard Henry Lee	A member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.	11
5115292214	Grievances	Complaints	12
5115292215	unalienable rights	A basic human right which cannot be taken away by government, and in Ben Franklin's view, also cannot be given away by the person, was stated in the Declaration of Independence. Life Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness	13
5115292216	Natural Rights	Life, Liberty, and Property John Locke	14
5115292218	Hessians	German soliders who were hired to fight for the British in the Revolutionary war	15
5115292221	Trenton and Princeton	British army settled for the winter; Washington crossed the Delaware river and successfully attacked on Christmas Eve; drove the British away when British reinforcements arrived	16
5115292222	Thomas Paine	"Common Sense" "The Crisis" "These are the times that try mens souls.	17
5115292224	Articles of Confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)	18
5115292232	Continental army lacked	training, supplies, and money	19
5115292237	British mercantilist policies	mercantilism- colonies exist to benefit the parent country taxes to repay the large debt from the war reinforcement of the Navigation Acts to stop colonial manufacturing and illegal trade Not well enforced - salutary neglect	20
5115292241	turning point on the war	Battle of Saratoga, convinced France and European nations to ally with patriots. France declared war on Britain and gave America money, equipment, and troops. later Spain and the Netherlands help	21
5154936016	Virtual Representation	The concept held by the British that the colonists were "virtually represented" by Parliament because they were all British and had their interests in mind, even though the colonists didn't vote for Parliament	22
5154956432	boycott	The refusal to buy goods in order to force a change by a group/nation	23
5154967385	Proclamation of 1763	Line established by the British to prevent westward settlement for the colonists protection and to help ease tensions with Native Americans in the west. Not well received by the colonists	24
5154989907	Boston Massacre	Incident in 1770 where British soldiers killed colonists who were harassing and protesting the soldiers' presence	25

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AP PSYCH VOCAB 14 Flashcards

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5642587023	social psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another.	0
5642592569	attribution theory	the theory that we obtain someone's behavior by editing either the situation or the persons disposition. (You attribute someones behavior, but in the way you want it)	1
5642617564	fundamental attribution error	the tendency, for observers when analyzing another's behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. (Assuming everyone drives like an a**hole because they like to)	2
5642707901	attitudes	feelings, often influenced by out beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects people or events.	3
5642723557	central route persuasion	attitude change path in which interested people focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. (Appealing to your BRAIN LOGIC area, rational arguments)	4
5642772221	peripheral route persuasion	attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues such as a speakers attractiveness.(Joining a dance class because a hot girl suggested it even though you look like a fish out of water when you dance and hate dancing)	5
5642790899	foot oil the door phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later for a greater request (Asking your mom to stay out one hour later than last week because you were a good kiddo)	6
5642809084	role	a set of expectations about a social position defining how those in at the position ought to behave (What makes you embarrassed to go to chess club because you think you're too cool for it)	7
5642832125	cognitive dissonance theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort, (Dissonance) of two clashing or inconsistent thoughts, (Cognitions) (Changing your thought about something you did to be able to sleep at night)	8
5642875471	conformity	adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a g group standard (Making fun of kids that are in chess club because you're cool and your cool friends are doing it, you conform with what they're doing and you add to it)	9
5642897444	normative social influence	influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval (Making fun of the chess club kids because ITS THE NORM to do so and you don't want to be different)	10
5642927674	informational social influence	influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality (taking someones word for it)	11
5642940629	social facilitation	stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others (Pretending to make fun of the chess kids when your cool friends are watching you)	12
5642956806	social loafing	the tendency for people in a social group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining (Not studying your vocab because you think I'll make a quizlet)	13
5642977451	deindividuation	the loss of self awareness and the self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (Being less self concise and less restrained in a group situation)	14
5642996991	group polarization	the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclination s through discussions within a group (discussing something in a group where most people agree or oppose it)	15
5643029216	group think	the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives (When you come up with a stupid idea and nobody in a group challenges it, most people will eventually agree with you)	16
5643056430	culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas attitudes, values and traditions share by a group of people transmitted from one generation to the next (you think white people don't have culture, try again honey ;)	17
5643135999	Norms	understood rule for accepted and expected hebavior. norms prescribe proper behavior	18
5643154204	personal space	the buffer one we like to maintain around our bodies	19
5643178338	prejudice	an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs negative feelings and predisposition to discriminatory action	20
5643190012	stereotype	a generalized and sometimes accurate belief about a group of people (All asians are good at math)	21
5643195987	discrimination	unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members	22
5643205862	in-group	"US" People with whom we usually share a common identity	23
5643208652	outgroup	"Them" Those perceived as different or apart from our in-group	24
5643230269	in-group bias	the tendency to favor our own group	25
5643232929	scapegoat theory	the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame	26
5643242628	other race effect	the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. also called the cross race effect and the own race bias	27
5643248726	just world phenomenon	the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefor get what they deserve and deserve what they get	28
5643259450	aggression	any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy	29
5643264715	frustration aggression principle	the principle that frustration creates anger which can generate aggression (Being frustrated and believing that you'll punch someone in the face if they talk to you)	30
5643279151	mere exposure effect	te phenomenon that repeated exposure level to novel stimuli increases liking of them (liking someone just because you see them often)	31
5643299755	passionate love	an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship	32
5643411076	compassionate love	the deep affectionate attachment we feel for this which whom our lives are intertwined	33
5643415694	equity	condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they gave to it	34
5643419951	self disclosure	revealing intimate aspects of ones self to others (opening up to them and telling them that you wet the bed when you were 15)	35
5643427452	altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others	36
5643437534	bystander effect	the tendency for any given bystander (person who is present) to be less likely to give aid if any other bystanders are present (Case study: Dozens of people saw a women get mugged, nobody helped her nor called the cops because they thought the other person(s) would instead of them)	37
5643457181	social exchange theory	the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs	38
5643469998	reciprocity norm	the expectation that people will help. not hurt those who have helped them. (Expecting someone to help you if you help them)	39
5643476727	social responsibility norm	an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them (expecting your parents to help you since you depend on them)	40
5643510163	conflict	a perceived incompatibility of actions goals or ideas	41
5643516770	social trap	a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self interest become caught in a mutually destructive behavior (If you can't beat them, join them)	42
5643538004	mirror image perception	mutual views often held by conflicting people as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the others die as evil and aggressive (Thinking you're an angel and the other person is evil)	43
5643550966	self fulfilling prophecy	a belief that leads to its own fulfillment	44
5643557150	superordinate goals	shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation	45
5643563451	GRIT	Graduated and Reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction, a strategy to decrease international tensions	46

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APES Laws Review Flashcards

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5817338910	Clean Air Act	A. 1963, National B. Law designed to control air pollution on a national level C. EPA	0
5817338911	Clean Water Acts	A. 1972, National B. Objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources C. EPA	1
5817338912	Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation Liability Act	A. 1980, National B. Created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment C. EPA	2
5817338913	Consumer Product Safety Act	A. 1972, National B. Established the CPSC an independent agency of the United States federal government and defined its basic authority C. CPSC	3
5817338914	Convention on International trade in Endangered Species	A. 1973, International B. Agreement between governments to protect wildlife against over-exploitation C. ICUN	4
5817338915	Emergency Planning & Community Right-To-Know Act	A. 1986, National B. Created to help communities plan for emergencies involving hazardous substances C. EPA	5
5817338916	Endanger Species Act	A. 1973, National B. designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction C. FWS	6
5817338917	Energy Policy Act	A. 2005, National B. Addressed energy production in the United Staes C. EPA	7
5817338918	Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act	A. 1938, National B. Gave authority to the FDA to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics C. FDA	8
5817338919	Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act	A. 1910, National B. Objective is to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use C. EPA	9
5817338920	Federal Water Pollution Control Act	A. 1972, National B. Objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources C. EPA	10
5817338921	Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act	A. 1980, National B. Enacted to provide financial and technical assistance to states for the development and implementation of conservation plans and programs for nongame fish and wildlife C. FWS	11
5817338922	Food Quality Protection Act	A. 1996, National B. Stricter safety standards, and a complete reassessment of all existing pesticide tolerance C. EPA	12
5817338923	Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Acts	A. 1938, National B. Gives authority to the FDA to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics C. FDA	13
5817338924	Hardrock Mining and Reclamation	A. 2009, National B. Allows foreign and domestic companies to take valuable minerals from public lands without paying royalties C. EPA	14
5817338925	Kyoto Protocol	A. 1978, International B. Sets binding obligations on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases C. UNFCC	15
5817338926	Law of the Sea Convention	A. 1982, International B. Defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to the their use of the world's oceans C. United Nations	16
5817338927	Marine Mammal Protection Act	A. 1972, National B. Prohibits the taking of marine mammals, and enacts a moratorium on the import, export, and sale of any marine mammal C. NOAA	17
5817338928	Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act	A. 1978, National B. Aims to reduce the amount of garbage that ships dump into the ocean C. NOAA	18
5817338929	Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act	A. 1934, National B. an adhesive stamp required by the United States to hunt migratory waterfowl such as ducks and geese C. FWS	19
5817338930	Montreal Protocol	A. 1987, International B. Protects the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion C. United Nations	20
5817338931	National Energy Act	A. 1978, National B. Designed to resolve a disjointed national energy policy and empowers the United States with greater control of its national energy destiny C. EPA	21
5817338932	National Environmental Policy Act	A. 1970, National B. Requires federal agencies to integrate environmental values into their decision making process by considering the environmental impacts of their proposed actions and reasonable alternatives to those actions C. EPA	22
5817338933	National Park Act	A. 1916, National B. To conserve the scenery and natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations C. NPS	23
5817338934	National Wildlife Refuge System Act	A. 1966, National B. Provides for the administration and management of the national wildlife refuge system C. FWS	24
5817338935	Nuclear Waste Policy Act	A. 1982, National B. Supports the use of deep geological repositories for the safe storage and/or disposal of radioactive wastes C. EPA	25
5817338936	Occupational Safety and Health Act	A. 1970, National B. Assures safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women C. DOL	26
5817338937	Ocean Dumping Ban Act	A. 1998, National B. Prohibits all municipal sewage sludge and industrial waste dumping onto the ocean C. EPA	27
5817338938	Oil Pollution Act	A. 1990, National B. Gave the government the power to react to oil spills faster and more efficiently C. EPA	28
5817338939	Oil Spill Prevention and Liability Act	A. 2004, National B. Improves the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills C. EPA	29
5817338940	Pollution Prevention Act	A. 1990, National B. Focused industry, government and public allention on reducing the amount of pollution through cost-effective changes in production, operation and raw material used C. EPA	30
5817338941	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	A. 1976, National B. Set standards for treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste in the United States C. EPA	31
5817338942	Safe Drinking Water Act	A. 1974, National B. Intended to ensure safe drinking water for the public C. EPA	32
5817338943	Soil and Water Conservation Act	A. 1977, National B. Requires USDA to periodically prepare a national plan for soil and water conservation on private lands based on an inventory and appraisal of existing recourse conditions and trends C. NRCS	33
5817338944	Soil Waste Disposal Act	A. 1965, National B. Sets standards for the treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste in the United States C. EPA	34
5817338945	Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act	A. 1977, National B. Regulate the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States C. FWS	35
5817338946	Toxic Substances Control Act	A. 1976, National B. regulates the introduction of new or already existing chemicals C. EPA	36
5817338947	Wild and Scenic Rivers Act	A. 1968, National B. Designation for certain protected areas in the United States C. FWS	37
5817338948	Wilderness Act	A. 1964, National B. Created the legal definition of wilderness in the United States C. FWS	38

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APES Nitrogen Cycle Terms Flashcards

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7383277386	Ammonia/Ammonium (NH3/NH4+)	Compounds of nitrogen and hydrogen that readily dissolve in water. In oxygen-rich water, NH4+ is microbially transformed to NO3- and in oxygen-poor water to molecular nitrogen. NH4+ and nitrate comprise most of the inorganic nitrogen in precipitation.	0
7383281540	Atmospheric Deposition	The process whereby airborne particles and gases are deposited on the earth's surface by wet deposition (precipitation) or by dry deposition (processes such as settling, impaction, and adsorption).	1
7383287072	Critical Load	The threshold of air pollution deposition that causes harm to sensitive resources in an ecosystem.	2
7383289440	Denitrification	The microbial process of converting NO3- through a series of intermediate steps to N2 gas, which occurs under very low oxygen conditions, such as in lake sediments.	3
7383291229	Dry Deposition	Atmospheric deposition that occurs when particles settle to a surface, collide with and attach to a surface, or when gases stick to a surface (adsorption) or are absorbed.	4
7383292879	Estuary	An arm of the sea at the mouth of a stream or river where freshwater and salt water meet.	5
7383295082	Eutrophication	A process in which nutrients degrade water quality due to excessive growth of microscopic plants and animals. As this matter dies and decays, it sometimes removes so much dissolved oxygen from the water that fish and other organisms cannot survive.	6
7383297669	Haber-Bosch process	Industrial process to convert inert, atmospheric N2 into NH3 using high pressures and temperatures and an iron catalyst.	7
7383300335	Hypoxia	A low-oxygen condition whereby decaying microscopic plants and animals in estuarine waters remove oxygen to a level below which most aquatic animals can survive. Although fish and shrimp can migrate from hypoxic zones, less mobile bottom dwellers cannot.	8
7383304341	Molecular nitrogen (N2)	An extremely stable gas, comprises 78% of the atmosphere. Converting this gas to other chemical compounds requires lots of energy. Also referred as Nonreactive Nitrogen (Nn-r).	9
7383307236	Nitrate (NO3-)	A compound of nitrogen and oxygen that is highly soluble in water. Nitrate is stable over a wide range of environmental conditions and is readily transported in surface water and groundwater.	10
7383310529	Non-reactive Nitrogen (Nn-r)	A nitrogen compound that is not ecologically or biologically active.	11
7383315130	Reactive Nitrogen (Nr)	Nitrogen compounds that are ecologically and biologically active. Nr can be in a reduced form as in ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), and organic compounds such as urea, amines, proteins, and nucleic acids. Nr can also be oxidized as in nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HONO), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO2), and nitrate (NO3-).	12
7383343324	Total Deposition	The amount of a chemical compound that is deposited to earth's surface via wet and dry deposition processes.	13
7383485656	Watershed	A land surface from which water drains to a lake, stream, river, estuary, or bay.	14
7383495394	Wet Deposition	Atmospheric deposition that occurs when rain, snow, or fog carry gases, particles and dissolved materials to the earth's surface.	15

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AP Vocabulary Lesson 18 Flashcards

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5394501796	Palpitate	Flutter, tremble, beat rapidly. "The dog was palpitating with excitement as his master went to get the leash."	0
5394505742	Enervate	Weaken, debilitate, cause to lose energy or nerve. A long illness can enervate even the strongest constitution.	1
5394509676	Defile	Make dirty, pollute, make ritually unclean, sully. "I wouldn't defile my hands with the profits from such cynical exploitation."	2
5394513817	Obviate	Eliminate as a requirement, make unnecessary. "A few phone calls can often obviate the delay of a protracted correspondence."	3
5394518140	Flail	Thrash, wave wildly, beat. "The younger child was flailing with this fists, trying to hit the older boy, who held him easily at arm's length."	4
5394526094	Capitulate	Surrender, yield. "The city capitulated to the victors without a shot being fired."	5
5394531776	Beguile	Trick or mislead, especially by pleasant or charming means. "While he pretended to be beguiled by Blanche's flirtatious attentions, Rochester knew that she was only interested in him for his money."	6
5394537579	Inculcate	Teach, instill, impress on the mind by repetition. "From earliest childhood they had been inculcated with the tenets of the community's beliefs."	7
5394543661	Ululate	Howl, hoot, wail in lamentation. "The ululating of the wolves is perhaps the most haunting sound in nature."	8
5394547395	Resuscitate	Bring back to life, revive. "Artificial respiration was used to resuscitate the swimmer."	9
5394551466	Ameliorate	Improve, make or become better. "With the recent influx of wealth into the country, social conditions can be expected to ameliorate."	10
5394556231	Wrest	Take by violence. "In a bloody coup, a military junta wrested control of the government from the president and his cabinet."	11

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AP Development Review Flashcards

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8934002582	overextension	when a categorical term (a word used to describe a group of things) is used in language to represent more categories than it actually does.	0
8934015709	Noam Chomsky	Proposed that children learn language because they possess an innate language acquisition device	1
8934024602	babbling	infant vocalizations such as "mamamam" and "dadadada"	2
8934028912	embryonic stage	the stage of prenatal development during which the developing organism is most vulnerable to injury is the:	3
8934032646	conservation	one of Piaget's developmental accomplishments, in which the child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass.	4
8934045124	crystallized intelligence	type of intelligence that does not decline with age	5
8934054747	Autonomy	During the second year of life toddlers, Erickson says children develop this when they begin to take on some personal responsibility for feeding, dressing, and bathing themselves in an attempt to establish what	6
8934065738	preconventional	moral development stage proposed by Kohlberg where right or wrong is determined by the potential of reward or punishment	7
8934087429	Authoritative	A parent that makes rules based on the input of their children practices	8
8934091402	culture	according to Lev Vygotsky this is most influential in children's development	9
8934104441	Accommodation	the cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding so that new information can be incorporated	10
8934109832	Object Permanence	According to Piaget, child's realization that objects exist even if he cannot see, hear, or touch it is called	11
8934121178	Egocentrism	an inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own	12
8934127757	Schema	an idea, or mental framework, a person uses to represent ideas or organize and interpret information	13