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AP/Honors Week 1 Flashcards

5949923181	diction	the formality of the writer's language; considers writer's selection of words and phrases and sentence construction/syntax	0
5949936181	repetition	A technique in which a sound, word, phrase, or line is repeated for emphasis or unity	1
5949940008	apostrophe	A prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity.	2
5949949403	pun	A play on words that wittily exploits a double meaning	3
5949958271	stanza	A group of lines in a poem	4
5949962160	deplore	to feel or express regret or disapproval	5
5949965839	shun	to keep away from	6
5949969445	perish	to die	7
5949969446	hymn	A song or poem that praises God	8
5950003632	subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	9
5950006280	occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.	10
5950012199	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	11
5950015558	plot	A series of related events in a story, each connected to the next; a structure	12
5950015559	character	A person in a story	13
5950017603	point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	14
5950017604	setting	The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.	15
5950017605	theme	A unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work.	16
5959847129	myopia	nearsightedness; lack of foresight	17
5959855969	sharecropper	person who rents a plot of land from another person and farms it in exchange for a share of the crop	18
5959867370	universal theme	A message about life that is expressed regularly in many different cultures and time periods	19
5978573904	primary source	the literary work	20
5978583043	secondary source	Commentary on, interpretations of, or discussions about original material	21

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Digestive SnowAP Flashcards

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5501876279	gastroenterology	What is the branch of medicine concerned with the structure, functions, diseases, and pathology of the stomach and intestines?	0
5501876281	"to prepare food for cellular utilization"	What is the primary function of the digestive system?	1
5501876282	digestive organs & accessory digestive organs	What are the two categories of organs that make up the digestive system?	2
5501876283	gastrointestinal (GI) tract	The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine make up what portion of the digestive system?	3
5501876284	accessory digestive organs	The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas make up what portion of the digestive system?	4
5501876285	ingestion, digestion, peristalsis, secretion, absorption, elimination	List the six main functions of the digestive system.	5
5501876286	ingestion	What function of the digestive system involves the introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity?	6
5501876288	"digestion"	What function of the digestive system involves the breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules?	7
5501876289	mechanical digestion	What aspect of digestion involves the break down of ingested material into smaller pieces of the same material?	8
5501876290	chemical digestion	What aspect of digestion involves the break down of molecules into their component parts?	9
5501876291	mastication	What is the medical term for chewing?	10
5501876292	peristalsis	What is the process of muscular contraction that forms ripples along part of the GI tract and causes material to move further along the tract?	11
5501876293	segmentation	What is the churning and mixing of movement that occurs in the small intestine?	12
5501876294	secretion	What is the process of producing and releasing fluid products, such as acid, bile, digestive enzymes, and mucin?	13
5501876296	"absorption"	What is the passive or active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins, and water across the GI tract epithelium and into GI tract blood and lymphatic vessels?	14
5501876297	feces	What are all the undigestable materials as well as waste products secreted by the accessory organs into the GI tract and discharged through the anus?	15
5501876298	defecation	What is the process of elimination by the digestive system?	16
5501876299	oral cavity	What is the anatomical term for the mouth?	17
5501876300	nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium	What type of tissue lines the oral cavity?	18
5501876302	"buccinator"	What muscle lies within the cheek?	19
5501876303	lips	What are the anterior terminations of the cheeks?	20
5501876304	gingivae	What is the anatomical term for the gums?	21
5501876306	"labial frenulum"	What thin folds of mucosa on the midline attach the lips to the gums?	22
5501876307	palate	What forms the roof of the mouth?	23
5501876308	hard palate & soft palate	What are the two portions of the palate?	24
5501876309	maxilla & palatine	What bones form the hard palate?	25
5501876310	uvula	What is the conical, median projection of the soft palate?	26
5501876312	"tongue"	What accessory organ of the digestive system lies on the floor of the oral cavity and is composed largely of skeletal muscle covered with stratified squamous epithelium?	27
5501876313	lingual frenulum	What thin, vertical mucous membrane attaches the floor of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity?	28
5501876314	3	How many pairs of multicellular salivary glands are there?	29
5501876315	parotid salivary glands	What salivary glands are located anterior and inferior to the ear and partially cover the masseter?	30
5501876316	parotid duct	What structure drains the largest salivary glands?	31
5501876317	lateral to the second upper molar	Where does the parotid gland enter the oral cavity?	32
5501876318	submandibular salivary glands	What salivary glands lie inferior to the body of the mandible?	33
5501876319	submandibular ducts	What structure drains the salivary glands lying inferior to the body of the mandible?	34
5501876320	on the lateral sides of the lingual frenulum	Where do the ducts of the submandibular glands enter the oral cavity?	35
5501876321	sublingual salivary glands	What salivary glands are named for their position inferior to the tongue?	36
5501876322	crown	What part of a tooth is exposed and covered with enamel?	37
5501876323	neck	What part of a tooth lies within the gums?	38
5501876324	root	What part of a tooth lies within the bone of the jaw?	39
5501876325	dental alveoli	What are the sockets that hold the roots of the teeth?	40
5501876326	alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible	What processes of what bones hold the teeth?	41
5501876327	dentin	What forms the primary mass of a tooth?	42
5501876328	enamel	What material covers the crown of a tooth?	43
5501876329	pulp cavity	What is the space that lies within the center of a tooth?	44
5501876330	pulp	What fills the space within a tooth?	45
5501876331	root canal	What passage within a tooth opens into the connective tissue surrounding root and is continuous with the pulp cavity?	46
5501876332	apical foramen	What is the opening between the root canal of a tooth and the surrounding connective tissue?	47
5501876333	mesial surface	What surface of a tooth is closest to the tooth anterior to it or is closest to the midline?	48
5501876334	distal surface	What surface of a tooth is closest to the tooth posterior to it or is farthest from the midline?	49
5501876335	buccal surface	What surface of a tooth is adjacent to the internal surface of the cheek?	50
5501876336	labial surface	What surface of a tooth is adjacent to the internal surface of the lip?	51
5501876337	lingual surface	What surface of a tooth faces the tongue?	52
5501876338	occlusal surface	What surface of a tooth is where the teeth from the opposing superior or inferior arch meet?	53
5501876339	deciduous teeth	What set of teeth erupt between 6 months and 30 months after birth and are eventually lost?	54
5501876340	permanent teeth	What set of teeth begin appearing at about six years of age and remain through the lifetime of the individual?	55
5501876341	20	How many deciduous teeth are there?	56
5501876342	32	How many permanent teeth are there?	57
5501876344	"incisors"	What chisel-shaped teeth have only one root?	58
5501876345	canine teeth	What teeth have a pointed tip for puncturing and tearing?	59
5501876346	premolars	What teeth have flat crowns with prominent ridges and may have one or two roots?	60
5501876347	molars	What teeth are the thickest, have large, broad, flat crowns with distinctive cusps, and three or more roots?	61
5501876349	"Dental formula for deciduous teeth: I2/2, C1/1, DM2/2 = 10 x 2 = 20 (I = incisor; C = canine; P = premolar; DM = deciduous molar; M = molar)"	Give the dental formula for deciduous teeth.	62
5501876351	"Dental formula for permanent teeth: I2/2, C1/1, P2/2, M3/3 = 16 x 2 = 32 (I = incisor; C = canine; P = premolar; DM = deciduous molar; M = molar)"	Give the dental formula for permanent teeth.	63
5501876352	In adults the right, third, upper molar is number one. The right, second, upper molar is number two. The numbering continues anteriorly to the incisors, then posteriorly to the left, third, upper molar which is number 16. The left, third, lower molar is number 17. The numbers progress around the lower jaw to the right, third, lower molar which is number 32.	How are teeth numbered in an adult?	64
5501876354	"pharyngeal constrictors"	What three pairs of skeletal muscles form the wall of the pharynx and take part in swallowing?	65
5501876355	serous membrane	What type of membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?	66
5501876356	parietal peritoneum	What part of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity adheres to the wall?	67
5501876357	visceral peritoneum	What part of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity adheres to the surface of the internal organs?	68
5501876358	peritoneal cavity	What is the potential space between the layers of the lining of the abdominopelvic cavity?	69
5501876359	intraperitoneal organs	What term describes abdominopelvic organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum?	70
5501876360	retroperitoneal organs	What term describes abdominopelvic organs that typically lie against the posterior abdominal wall and thus have only their anterior aspects covered with peritoneum?	71
5501876361	mesenteries	What are the double-layered folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize the intraperitoneal GI tract organs?	72
5501876362	greater omentum	What extension of the peritoneum extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach, covers most of the abdominal organs, and is attached to the transverse colon?	73
5501876363	lesser omentum	What extension of the peritoneum extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver?	74
5501876364	mesentery proper	What fan-shaped fold of peritoneum suspends most of the small intestine from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall?	75
5501876365	mesocolon	What fold of peritoneum attaches parts of the large intestine to the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall?	76
5501876366	peritoneal ligament	What type of mesentery attaches one organ to another organ or attaches an organ to the anterior or lateral abdominal wall?	77
5501876367	falciform ligament	What fold of peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior internal abdominal wall?	78
5501876368	mucosa	What layer of tissue lines the lumen of the GI tract?	79
5501876369	submucosa	What layer of the GI tract is highly vascular, holds mucin-secreting glands, and houses an extensive nerve plexus?	80
5501876370	muscularis	What layer of the GI tract typically contains two layers of muscle?	81
5501876371	adventitia or serosa	The outer most tunic of the GI tract may be either of what two structures?	82
5501876372	celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery	The branches of what three arteries supply the abdominal GI tract?	83
5501876373	lacteal	In the small intestine, each villus usually contains a single blind-ended central lymphatic capillary. What is the anatomical term for this lymphatic capillary?	84
5501876374	celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, inferior mesenteric plexus	List the three autonomic plexuses associated with the GI tract.	85
5501876375	esophagus	What is the tubular organ extending from the pharynx to the stomach?	86
5501876376	esophageal hiatus	The esophagus passes through what opening in the diaphragm?	87
5501876377	vertebral bodies	The esophagus lies immediately anterior to what structures?	88
5501876378	superior esophageal sphincter & inferior esophageal sphincter	What two sphincters are associated with the esophagus?	89
5501876379	J-shaped	What is the shape of the stomach?	90
5501876380	left upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the diaphragm	Where is the stomach located?	91
5501876381	cardia	What region of the stomach is attached to the esophagus?	92
5501876382	fundus	What is the dome-shaped region of the stomach?	93
5501876383	body	What is the largest region of the stomach?	94
5501876384	pylorus	What region of the stomach is funnel-shaped and attached to the duodenum?	95
5501876385	pyloric sphincter	What circular muscle of the stomach regulates the material entering the small intestine?	96
5501876386	greater curvature	What is the inferior convex border of the stomach?	97
5501876387	lesser curvature	What is the superior concave border of the stomach?	98
5501876388	gastric folds (gastric rugae)	What are the internal folds of the stomach?	99
5501876389	small bowel	What is another term for the small intestine?	100
5501876390	duodenum	What is the first segment of the small intestine?	101
5501876391	major duodenal papilla	Bile and pancreatic juice enter the small intestine through what structure?	102
5501876392	jejunum	What is the second segment of the small intestine?	103
5501876393	ileum	What is the third segment of the small intestine?	104
5501876394	ileocecal valve	What circular muscle controls the flow of material from the small intestine to the large intestine?	105
5501876395	large bowel	What is a synonym for the large intestine?	106
5501876396	cecum	What is the first region of the large intestine?	107
5501876397	right lower quadrant	Where is the first region of the large intestine located?	108
5501876398	vermiform appendix	What thin, hollow, fingerlike sac lined by lymphocyte-filled lymphatic nodules is attached to the first region of the large intestine?	109
5501876399	ascending colon	What segment of the large intestine extends from the ileocecal valve superiorly along the right lateral border of the abdominal cavity?	110
5501876400	hepatic flexure (right colic flexure)	What bend in the colon occurs near the inferior surface of the liver?	111
5501876401	transverse colon	What segment of the large intestine projects horizontally across the anterior region of the abdominal cavity?	112
5501876402	splenic flexure (left colic flexure)	What bend in the colon occurs near the spleen?	113
5501876403	descending colon	What segment of the large intestine lies along the left side of the abdominal cavity?	114
5501876404	sigmoid colon	What segment of the large intestine is S-shaped and turns inferomedially into the pelvic cavity?	115
5501876405	rectum	What segment of the large intestine is straight and lies on the posterior wall of the true pelvis?	116
5501876406	anal canal	What is the terminal section of the large intestine?	117
5501876407	internal and external anal sphincters	What two circular muscles regulate the passage of feces from the anal canal?	118
5501876408	anus	What is the posterior opening of the alimentary canal?	119
5501876409	teniae coli	What are the three, thin, distinct, longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle on the exterior of the large intestine?	120
5501876410	sacculations (haustra)	What are the many pouches that the large intestine is divided into?	121
5501876411	epiploic appendages (omental appendages)	What are the lobules of fat hanging off the external surface of the large intestine?	122
5501876412	right upper quadrant immediately inferior to the diaphragm	Where is the liver located?	123
5501876413	4	How many lobes make up the liver?	124
5501876414	right lobe & left lobe	What are the two major lobes of the liver?	125
5501876415	falciform ligament	What separates the two major lobes of the liver?	126
5501876416	round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)	What remnant of the fetal umbilical vein is associated with the liver?	127
5501876417	caudate lobe & quadrate lobe	What are the two minor lobes of the liver?	128
5501876418	caudate lobe	What lobe of the liver lies adjacent to the inferior vena cava?	129
5501876419	quadrate lobe	What lobe of the liver is adjacent to the gallbladder?	130
5501876420	porta hepatis	What is the area where blood and lymphatic vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter the liver?	131
5501876421	gallbladder	What saclike organ is attached to the inferior surface of the liver?	132
5501876422	cystic duct	What structure fills and drains the gallbladder?	133
5501876423	pancreas	What retroperitoneal organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions and extends horizontally from the edge of the duodenum toward the left side abdominal cavity, touching the spleen?	134
5501876424	head	What portion of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum?	135
5501876425	body	What is the central, elongated portion of the pancreas extending toward the left lateral abdominal wall?	136
5501876426	tail	What portion of the pancreas approaches the spleen?	137
5501876427	pancreatic duct	What structure within the pancreas drains pancreatic juice and bicarbonate to the duodenum?	138
5501876428	biliary apparatus	What system of ducts carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum?	139
5501876429	left and right hepatic ducts	What structures drain bile from the left and right lobes of the liver?	140
5501876430	common hepatic duct	Structures draining the right and left lobes of the liver merge to form what structure?	141
5501876431	cystic duct	What structure carries bile to and from the gallbladder?	142
5501876432	common bile duct	The union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct forms what structure?	143
5501876433	hepatopancreatic ampulla	What is the enlargement in the posterior abdominal wall where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct merge?	144
5501876434	major duodenal papilla	Bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum via what structure?	145

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Ap Flashcards

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9544239639	psychological disorder	deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors	0
9544239640	medical model	the view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin	1
9544239668	psychoanalytic model		2
9544239641	humanistic model	A model of abnormal behavior that emphasizes personal growth, free will, and responsibility.	3
9544239642	cognitive model	the view that emphasizes thinking as the key element in causing psychological disorders	4
9544239643	biological model	view that psychological disorders have a biochemical or physiological basis	5
9544239644	sociocultural model	the idea that abnormal behavior must be understood within the context of social and cultural forces	6
9544239645	bio-psycho-social model	assumes that disorder is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors	7
9544239646	insanity	relatively permanent disorder of the mind	8
9544239647	DSM-IV-TR	Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition, Text Revision	9
9544239669	The Rosenhan study: The Influence of Labels		10
9544239648	anxiety disorders	disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness	11
9544239670	bipolar and related disorder		12
9544239649	depressive disorders	emotional disorders primarily involving sadness, despondency, and depression	13
9544239650	dissociative disorders	conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings	14
9544239671	feeding and eating disorders		15
9544239651	neurodevelopmental disorder	a disorder that stems from early brain abnormalities	16
9544239652	neurocognitive disorders	psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system not arising until adulthood	17
9544239653	obsessive-compulsive and related disorders	extreme preoccupations with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors	18
9544239654	personality disorders	the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms	19
9544239655	schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders	mental disorders characterized by distortions of reality	20
9544239672	somatic symptoms and related disorders		21
9544239673	trauma stressor disorder		22
9544239656	hypochondriasis	a psychological disorder characterized by a pre-occupation with a fear of having a serious illness	23
9544239657	conversion disorders	changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary body function	24
9544239674	Theories about the causes of Somatoform disorders		25
9544239658	dissociative amnesia	loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete	26
9544239659	dissociative fugue	A form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity.	27
9544239675	dissociative identity disorder		28
9544239676	Theories about the causes of Dissociative disorders		29
9544239660	major depression	A severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability	30
9544239677	Seasonal Affective disorder		31
9544239678	Bipoloar Disorder		32
9544239661	schizophrenia	a group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions	33
9544239662	delusions	false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders	34
9544239663	hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus	35
9544239664	disorganized schizophrenia	A type of schizophrenia in which particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behavior is seen.	36
9544239665	Paranoid Schizophrenia	preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity	37
9544239666	Catatonic Schizophrenia	Marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity	38
9544239667	Undifferentiated Schizophrenia	mixture of symptoms and does not meet the diagnostic criteria for any one type of schizophrenia	39

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AP Voc. El medioambiente I Flashcards

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6647074817	el león	lion	0
6647074818	el leopardo	leopard	1
6647074819	la liebre	hare	2
6647074820	la lila	lilac	3
6647074821	lindo	pretty	4
6647074822	la linterna	lantern, flashlight	5
6647074823	el lirio	lily	6
6647074824	el lobo	wolf	7
6647074825	la lumbre	flame	8
6647074826	la llama	llama	9
6647074827	el llano	plain, flat	10
6647074828	llover	to rain	11
6647074829	la llovizna	drizzle	12
6647074830	lluvioso	rainy	13
6647074831	la manada	herd, flock	14
6647074832	el manzano	apple tree	15
6647074833	el mapa	map	16
6647074834	la margarita	daisy	17
6647074835	la mariposa	butterfly	18
6647074836	la menta	peppermint	19
6647074837	el meteorólogo	weatherman	20
6647074838	la miel	honey	21
6647074839	la mochila	backpack	22
6647074840	el mono/el chango/el mico	monkey	23
6647074841	la montaña	mountain	24
6647074842	la mosca	fly	25
6647074843	el murciélago	bat	26
6647074844	el naranjo	orange tree	27
6647074845	narciso	narcissus, daffodil	28
6647074846	natural	natural	29
6647074847	la naturaleza	nature	30
6647074848	naturalmente	naturally	31
6647074849	la nieve	snow	32
6647074850	la noche	night	33
6647074851	el nogal	walnut tree	34
6647074852	la nube	cloud	35
6647074853	nubloso/nublado	cloudy	36
6647074854	la nuez	nut, walnut	37
6647074855	nutritivo	nutritious	38
6647074856	oler	to smell	39
6647074857	el olfato	sense of smell	40
6647074858	el olivo	olive tree	41
6647074859	el olmo	elm tree	42
6647074860	ordeñar	to milk	43
6647074861	la orquídea	orchid	44
6647074862	el oso	bear	45
6647074863	la oveja	sheep	46
6647074864	el paisaje	landscape	47
6647074865	el pájaro	bird	48
6647074866	la palma	palm leaf, branch	49
6647074867	la palmera	palm tree	50
6647074868	la pantera	panther	51
6647074869	el papagayo/el loro	parrot	52
6647074870	el parque	park	53
6647074871	la parrillada	grill, barbecue	54
6647074872	el pato	duck	55
6647074873	la península	peninsula	56
6647074874	el periquito	parakeet	57
6647074875	el perro	dog	58
6647074876	el pétalo	petal	59
6647074877	la petunia	petunia	60
6647074878	el pez	fish	61
6647074879	picar	to sting, bitem chop, dice	62
6647074880	la piedra	stone, rock	63
6647074881	el pingüino	penguin	64
6647074882	el pino	pine tree	65
6647074883	el planeta	planet	66
6647074884	la planta	plant	67
6647074885	la playa	beach	68
6647074886	el pollo	chicken	69
6647074887	el potro	colt	70
6647074888	prender/encender	to ignite, turn on	71
6647074889	la preservación	reserve	72
6647074890	preservar	to preserve	73
6647074891	la primavera	spingtime	74
6647074892	la raíz	root	75
6647074893	la rama	branch	76
6647074894	el ramo	wreath, bouquet	77
6647074895	la rana	frog	78
6647074896	la rata	rat	79
6647074897	el ratón	mouse	80
6647074898	el ratoncito	little mouse	81
6647074899	el rebaño	flock	82
6647074900	reciclado	recycled	83
6647074901	recoger	to pick up	84
6647074902	relámpago/un rayo	lightening	85
6647074903	el reptil	reptile	86
6647074904	el rinoceronte	rhinocerous	87
6647074905	el río	river	88
6647074906	el roble	oak	89
6647074907	la rosa	rose	90
6647074908	el ruido	noise	91
6647074909	el salvaje	savaje, wild	92
6647074910	salvar	to save	93
6647074911	el sapo	toad	94
6647074912	la selva/la jungla	jungle	95
6647074913	la serpiente / la culebra/la víbora	snake	96
6647074914	el tallo	stem, stalk	97
6647074915	tecnológico	technological	98
6647074916	la tempestad/la tormenta	storm	99
6647074917	el ternero	veal, calf	100
6647074918	el terremoto	earthquake	101
6647074919	el terreno	soil, land, terrain	102
6647074920	el tiempo	weather	103
6647074921	la tienda	tent	104
6647074922	la tierra	land, earth, dirt	105
6647074923	el tigre	tiger	106
6647074924	el tornado	tornado	107
6647074925	el toro	bull	108
6647074926	la tortuga	turtle	109
6647074927	el tronco	trunk	110
6647074928	tropical	tropical	111
6647074929	el trópico	tropic (zone)	112
6647074930	el trueno	thunder	113
6647074931	el tulipán	tulip	114
6647074932	urbano	urban	115
6647074933	la vaca	cow	116
6647074934	el valle	valley	117
6647074935	el venado / el ciervo	deer	118
6647074936	la vicuña	vicuña (Andean animal like a llama)	119
6647074937	la violeta	violet	120
6647074938	volar (ue)	to fly	121
6647074939	la yegua	mare (female horse)	122
6647074940	el zoólogo	the zoologist	123
6647074941	el zorro	fox	124
6647074942	zumbar	to buzz, swarm	125
6647074943	la loma/la colina/el cerro	hill	126

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AP Flashcards

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9556986073	Hyperextension	leaning back	0
9556986074	flexion	Decreases the angle -leaning forward -picking hand up forward -lifting leg up backwards from knee	1
9556988949	Extension	Increases angle -head straight up -lifting hand up backwards -lifting leg up forward	2
9556992847	Adduction	hand towards body	3
9556992848	Abduction	hand away from body	4
9556995016	Circumduction	hand in circle	5
9557031771	Supination	radius and ulna parallel	6
9557031772	Pronation	radius rotates over ulna	7
9557079171	Eversion	foot turns outward	8
9557079172	Inversion	foot turns inward	9
9557084176	Opposition	grasping thumb and fingers	10

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AP photosynthesis Flashcards

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5558532244	ATP	adenosine triphosphate	0
5558532245	autotroph	producer	1
5558532246	heterotroph	consumer	2
5558532247	photosynthesis	process of using light to make food	3
5558532248	chlorophyll	light absorbing molecule	4
5558532249	thylakoid	each sac in the grana	5
5558532250	stroma	dense fluid outside the grana	6
5558532251	NADP+	a carrier molecule in photosynthesis (empty taxi)	7
5558532252	light reactions	first step in photosynthesis that harnesses light	8
5558532253	ATP synthase	protein that generates ATP	9
5558532254	Calvin cycle	second step in photosynthesis that coverts CO2 to glucose.	10
5558532255	calorie	amount of energy needed to raise 1g water 1 degree celsius	11
5558532256	glycolysis	first step in cellular respiration that creates pyruvic acid	12
5558532257	cellular respiration	entire process of releasing the energy of glucose using oxygen	13
5558532258	NAD+	electron carrier in cell respiration (empty taxi)	14
5558532259	fermentation	process cells use to release energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen	15
5558532260	Kreb's Cycle	second stage of cell. respiration which converts pyruvate to carbon dioxide	16
5558532261	Electron Transport Chain	Third stage of cell. respiration which generates the most ATP	17
5558532262	stomata	pores in the leaf for gas exchange	18
5558532263	mesophyll	interior tissue of the leaf where chloroplasts are	19
5558532264	water	provides the electrons in photosynthesis	20
5558532265	photophosphorylation	method of creating ATP using light	21
5558532266	carbon fixation	incorporating CO2 into organic molecules during the Calvin cycle	22
5558532267	wavelength	distance between crests of waves that determines the type of energy	23
5558532268	electromagnetic spectrum	entire range of radiation	24
5558532269	photons	particles of light	25
5558532270	spectrophotometer	measures pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths	26
5558532271	absorption spectrum	graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength	27
5558532272	action spectrum	profiles the effectiveness of different wavelengths in driving a process	28
5558532274	accessory pigments	pigments that broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis (general word)	29
5558532275	carotenoid	absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll	30
5558532276	photosystem	consists of a reaction center complex and a light harvesting complex	31
5558532277	electron transport chain	links PSII and PSI	32
5558532278	NADP+	electron carrier in photosynthesis (empty taxi)	33

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ap Flashcards

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9576806896	fascism	a strong allied state that limits the power of the individual -response to communism (neg) -both however were totalitarian systems of rule by only one party	0
9576813518	both communism and fascism	promised better lives and destroyed all opostiton	1
9576818616	communism	class differences disappear, rapid industrialization	2
9576823543	mussolini	organized the fascist party, which was a combination of socialism and nationalism -blackshirts stopped opposition -support of conservative	3
9576831116	march on rome	1922 government collapsed in Italy with mussolini having the right to create a new government- a totalitarian state was created	4
9576841172	weimar republic	a provisional government both socialist and democratic was created to negotiate peace with the allies	5
9576845980	weimar constitution	1919 first modern democracy the reichstag was an elected parliament	6
9576850514	munich beer hall putsch	with economic disasters hitler and his brownshirts tried to gain control	7
9576855862	dawes plan	stabilized german economy in 1924	8
9576858762	lacarno treaties	1925 nations agreed to respect the borders drawn	9
9576861786	kellogg-briand pact	1928 condemned warfare	10
9576865690	enabling act	granted hitler dictatorial powers	11
9576871243	mandate system	league of nations distributed german and ottoman possestions to france and great britian	12
9576996160	both nazism and fascism	both Nazism and fascism reject the ideologies of liberalism, Marxism and democracy	13

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APES Ch. 8 Flashcards

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5483767227	Core	the innermost zone of Earth's interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It includes a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer.	0
5483770027	Mantle	the layer of Earth above the core, containing magma	1
5483771519	magma	molten rock	2
5483772906	asthenosphere	the layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock	3
5483904300	lithosphere	the outermost layer of Earth, including the mantle and crust	4
5483906348	crust	in geology, the chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere	5
5483908406	hot spot	in geology, a place where molten material from Earth's mantle reaches the lithosphere	6
5483913531	plate tectonics	the theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion	7
5483916051	tectonic cycle	the sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere	8
5483919284	subduction	the process of one crustal plate passing under another	9
5483921038	volcano	a vent in the surface of Earth that emits ash, gases, or molten lava	10
5483922425	divergent plate boundary	an area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other	11
5483925817	seafloor spreading	the formation of new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward from Earth's mantle to the surface	12
5483936060	convergent plate boundary	an area where plates move toward one another and colide	13
5484127825	transform fault boundary	an area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other	14
5483936791	fault	a fracture in rock caused by a movement of Earth's crust	15
5483940023	seismic activity	the frequency and intensity of earthquakes experienced over time	16
5483942801	fault zone	a large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred	17
5483944874	earthquake	the sudden movement of Earth's crust caused by a release of potential energy along a geological fault and usually causing a vibration or trembling in Earth's surface	18
5483951733	epicenter	the exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake	19
5483964703	richter scale	a scale that measures the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake	20
5483966400	rock cycle	the geologic cycle governing the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion, among other processes	21
5483971255	igneous rock	rock formed directly from magma	22
5483975758	intrusive igneous rock	igneous rock that forms when magma rises up and cools in a place underground	23
5483977956	extrusive igneous rock	rock that forms when magma cools above the surface of Earth	24
5483980291	fracture	In geology, a crack that occurs in rock as it cools	25
5483983368	sedimentary rock	rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments	26
5483988048	metamorphic rock	rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure	27
5483992147	physical weathering	the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals	28
5483993626	chemical weathering	the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both	29
5484000083	acid precipitation/acid rain	precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor and sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere	30
5484007378	erosion	the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem	31
5484009850	parent material	rock material from which the inorganic components of soil are derived	32
5484013856	soil degradation	the loss of some or all of a soil's ability to support plant growth	33
5484015313	horizon	a horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as texture and color	34
5484018884	O horizon	the organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition	35
5484021756	A horizon/Topsoil	frequently the top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together	36
5484026992	E horizon	a zone of leaching, or eluviation, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon or, less often, the A horizon	37
5484049350	B horizon	a soil horizon composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter	38
5484052856	C horizon	the least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material	39
5484059208	cation exchange capacity (CEC)	The ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cation	40
5484065663	base saturation	the proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage	41
5484071976	crustal abundance	the average concentration of an element in Earth's crust	42
5484072905	ore	a concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable minerals can be extracted	43
5484076530	metal	an element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy, and to perform other important functions	44
5484080105	reserve	in resource management, the known quality of a resource can be economically recovered	45
5484083741	strip mining	the removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore	46
5484085532	mining spoils/tailings	unwanted waste material created during mining	47
5484089001	Open-pit mining	a mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground	48
5484091025	Mountaintop removal	a mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives	49
5484094501	placer mining	the process of looking for minerals, metals, and precious stones in river sediments	50
5484098895	subsurface mining	mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100m (328 feet) below the surface of earth	51

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APES Chapter 15 Vocab Flashcards

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4881789021	aqueducts	canals or ditches used to carry water from one location to another	0
4881789007	aquifers	permeable layers of rock and sediment that contain groundwater	1
4881789025	artesian wells	wells created by drilling a hole into a confined aquifer	2
4881789013	confined aquifer	an aquifer surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay that impedes water flow	3
4881794399	consumptive use	the process of removing water from a body of surface water or from an aquifer and not returning it.	4
4881789028	cone of depression	an area from which the groundwater has been rapidly withdrawn	5
4881789012	dam	a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water	6
4881789024	desalinization	the process of removing salt from salt water	7
4881789020	eutrophic	high level of productivity	8
4881789018	fish ladders	a stair-like structure that allows migrating fish to get around a dam	9
4881789011	floodplain	the land adjacent to a river that is flooded periodically	10
4881789023	impermeable surface	pavement or buildings that do not allow water penetration	11
4881789026	levee	an enlarged bank built up on each side of the river to prevent flooding	12
4881789014	oligotrophic	low level of productivity due to a low amount of nutrients in the water	13
4881839037	primary treatment	a stage of wastewater treatment in which contaminants are physically removed.	14
4881789019	recharge	an opening at the land's surface allowing a confined aquifer to be recharged	15
4881789015	reservoir	a body of water created by blocking the natural flow of a waterway	16
4881789008	saltwater intrustion	an infiltration of salt water in an area where groundwater pressure has been reduced from extensive drilling of wells	17
4881884075	secondary treatment	a stage in wastewater treatment in which bacteria is used to remove organic materials and chemicals are used to remove pathogens	18
4881916022	sinkholes	the process in which land subsides, or gives way with little or no warning	19
4881789022	springs	natural sources of water formed when water from an aquifer percolates up to the ground surface	20
4881789010	unconfined aquifers	aquifers made of porous rock covered by soil, which water can easily flow into and out of	21
4881789016	water table	the uppermost level at which the water in any given area fully saturates the rock or soil	22
4881923285	watershed	the area of land drained by a river system	23
7336684800	riparian	land areas adjacent to a river, such as its banks	24
7336693764	benthic zone	area that extends along the bottom of the lake or pond; invertebrates live here	25
7336701764	littoral zone	shallow edges of a lake or pond where plants grow from the bottom and reach the water's surface.	26

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AP Biology cell division Flashcards

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6112899932	mitosis	-functions in growth and repair -produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells -chromosome number(2n) remains the same 2n=2n+2n -consists of phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase	0
6112899933	kinetochore	disk-shaped protein that attaches chromatid to the mitotic spindle	1
6112899934	centromere	specialized region that holds two sister chromatids together	2
6113168811	sister chromatids	two strands of DNA; one is a replica of the other	3
6113172526	interphase	-consists of G1, S, and G2 phase	4
6113173515	g1 phase	intense growth and biochemical activity phase	5
6113174603	s phase	synthesis or replication of DNA	6
6113175719	g2 phase	-cell continues to grow and prepare for division -most of a cell's life is spent in interphase nucleolus is visible	7
6113177915	mitosis	division of nucleus	8
6113181302	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm	9
6113184331	ratio of volume to the surface area and capacity of the nucleus	two factors limit cell size and promote cell division	10
6113186332	checkpoints	built-in ________ in G1, G2, and M phase halt or trigger cell division	11
6113187610	restriction point	-most important checkpoint -occurs in G1 phase -without the go ahead signal, the cell becomes a non-dividing cell(G0). -Ex: muscle and nerve cells	12
6113268270	cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases(CDKs)	timing of cell division is also controlled by cyc______ and cyc_____________________(CDKs)	13
6113270432	cyclins	are synthesized in response to various molecular signals, including growth factors	14
6113275322	prophase	-nuclear membrane disintegrates -strands of chromosomes condense and become visible -nucleolus disappears	15
6113277436	metaphase	-chromosomes line up SINGLE FILE on the metaphase plate -centrioles are at opposite ends of the cell -spindle fibers run from centrioles to kinetochores	16
6113280322	anaphase	-sister chromatids separate as spindle fibers pull them apart -shortest phase of mitosis	17
6113281520	telophase	-chromosomes cluster at opposite ends of the cell -nuclear membrane reforms -supercoiled chromosomes unravel and become invisible again -spindle fibers may still be visible	18
6113284531	animal cell cytokinesis	-division of the cytoplasm -forms a cleavage furrow	19
6113291502	plant cell cytokinesis	-division of the cytoplasm -forms a cell plate	20
6113293320	cleavage furrow	-forms down the middle of dividing ANIMAL CELLS ONLY -actin and myosin microfilaments pinch in the cytoplasm, enabling the cell to break in two	21
6113295200	cell plate	-forms down the middle of dividing plant cells only -formed by fusion of vesicles from the golgi apparatus	22
6113296827	contact inhibition	-phenomenon in which cells cease dividing when they become crowded -also called density-dependent inhibition -a property of normal cells grown in culture -cancer cells do not exhibit this characteristic; their growth is uncontrolled	23
6113304422	meiosis	-produces gametes in gonads -2n=n+n -consists of two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II	24
6113306838	meiosis I	-reduction division -SYNAPSIS and CROSSOVER occur -homologous chromosomes separate	25
6113308724	meiosis II	-like mitosis in that chromosome number remains the same -sister chromatids separate; they uncouple at the centromere	26
6113310449	synapsis	-occurs during prophase of meiosis I -homologous chromosomes pair up in a tetrad, bivalent, or synaptonemal complex -preparation for crossover	27
6113313137	chiasmata	-the site of crossover of nonsister chromatids -appears as an X-shaped region under the microscope	28
6113314715	crossing over	-occurs during prophase I of meiosis -exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids -increases variation in offspring -produces recombinant chromosomes consisting of combined genes from two parents -occurs after synapsis	29
6113335008	metaphase (mitosis vs. meiosis)	-in MITOSIS, sister chromatids separate; in MEIOSIS I, homologous pairs separate -mitotic daughter cells are identical to each other and to the parent cell -because of the exchange of genetic material during meiosis(cross over), gametes are very different from each other	30

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