Flashcards
AP US History Period 1 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5107271398 | maize cultivation | The growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans. | 0 | |
| 5107271399 | hunter-gatherer economy | A nomadic way of life with no agriculture focused on following food sources including animals and wild plants | 1 | |
| 5107271400 | western hemisphere | The Americas |  | 2 |
| 5107271401 | west africa | A area of Africa that was previously unreachable until the invention of the caravel by the Portuguese, leading to exploitation of the region for its gold and slaves |  | 3 |
| 5107271402 | plantation-based agriculture | Large scale agriculture worked by slaves | 4 | |
| 5107271403 | capitalism | Economic system based on private investment and possessions | 5 | |
| 5107271404 | Cultural autonomy | Freedom of a group to express ones own culture without outside control i.g. The Christianization of the natives took away there Cultural autonomy | 6 | |
| 5107271405 | great basin | Desert area with no drainage to the ocean |  | 7 |
| 5107271406 | agricultural economy | economy based on the production of crops | 8 | |
| 5107271407 | spanish exploration | Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god | 9 | |
| 5107271408 | encomienda system | A government system where natives were given to colonists to work in return for converting them to Christianity. | 10 | |
| 5107271409 | empire building | The Spanish increasing their empire through grafting their culture onto the natives and taking over the land | 11 | |
| 5107271410 | white superiority | The European idea they were superior to other cultures/ races and needed to enforce European culture/religion on them | 12 | |
| 5107271411 | great plains | The open plains of the Midwest where the natives adapted to roming the prairies on horseback | 13 | |
| 5107271412 | permanent villages | The settlements of Indians tribes based on the spread of agriculture | 14 | |
| 5107271413 | Portuguese exploration | Due to advancements in sailing technology the Portuguese were able to sail down the coast of Africa and open trade of gold and slaves, settle and make plantations and eventually find the way around Africa to the indies | 15 | |
| 5107271414 | slave labor | Forced labor of people considered property by the people in charge | 16 | |
| 5107271415 | feudalism | A political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection | 17 | |
| 5107271416 | political autonomy | the ability of a state to govern themselves without outside control | 18 | |
| 5107271417 | Colombian exchange | the exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills |  | 19 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10216150175 | Atom | The smallest unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. |  | 0 |
| 10216150176 | Molecule | The smallest particle in a chemical element or compound. These particles are made up of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. |  | 1 |
| 10216150177 | Covalent bond | A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. |  | 2 |
| 10216150178 | Ionic bond | A type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. |  | 3 |
| 10216150179 | Macromolecule | A very large molecule, such as protein, commonly created by polymerization of smaller subunits (monomers). They are sometimes composed of thousands or more atoms. |  | 4 |
| 10216150180 | Tissue | Distinct types of material which make up organisms and consist of specialized cells and their products. |  | 5 |
| 10216150181 | Carbohydrate | A biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms. Examples are sugar, cellulose, chitin and starch. |  | 6 |
| 10216150182 | Nucleic acid | A large biological molecule made up of nucleotides. Examples are DNA and RNA. |  | 7 |
| 10216150183 | Protein | A large biological molecule composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. Examples include all enzymes, collagen, keratin, insulin, immunoglobulins, muscle fibers. |  | 8 |
| 10216150184 | Lipid | A large biological molecule made up of fatty acids that are not soluble water. Examples include fats, waxes, and cholesterol. |  | 9 |
| 10216150185 | Isotope | each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element. |  | 10 |
| 10216150186 | Enzyme | a protein produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. |  | 11 |
| 10216150187 | Monomer | a subunit of a bigger molecule, a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. |  | 12 |
| 10216150188 | Polymer | a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins. | | 13 |
| 10216150189 | Element | each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances. |  | 14 |
APES Ecosystems Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9840969237 | intraspecific | organisms of the same species (intra=within) | 0 | |
| 9840971719 | interspecific | populations of different species (inter=between) | 1 | |
| 9840978940 | groups of organisms, least specific to most specific | biosphere -> ecosystems -> communities -> populations -> species -> organisms | 2 | |
| 9840985701 | ways members of a population can be dispersed in an area (3) | - clumped - random - uniform | 3 | |
| 9840988645 | clumped spacing | - some parts dense, some not - found in areas w/ patchy resources - most common found in nature because animals need certain resources to survive and when they become sparse during certain parts of the year, animals clump around those resources e.g elephants clumping around water holes in dry season - or because of family groups ex. wildebeests - or animals that are often prey clump for safety eg. ducks - or because young offspring are immobile and dependent on parents eg. chimpanzees - threatened or endangered species are more likely to be clumped |  | 4 |
| 9841018100 | random spacing | - occurs in areas where environmental conditions and resources are consistent - lack of any strong social interactions between species eg. dandelion seeds dispersed by wind |  | 5 |
| 9841061092 | uniform spacing | - found in populations in which distance b/w neighboring individuals is maximized; - usually b/c of competition for a resource like moisture, nutrients - or because of social interactions like territoriality eg penguins aggressively defend their territory so the pop is uniformly spaced | 6 | |
| 9841078749 | allelopathy | eg. creosote bushes release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants around them causes uniform spacing | 7 | |
| 9841104102 | ecological niche | particular area within a habitat occupied by an organism, includes the function of than organism within an ecological community; also takes into account and types and amts of resources a species uses, and its interactions with biotic and abiotic factors in its habitat | 8 | |
| 9841120347 | generalists | - live in broad niches - can withstand wide range of environmental conditions - cockroaches, mice, humans |  | 9 |
| 9841123402 | specialists | - narrow niches - sensitive to environmental changes - t/f more prone to extinction - giant panda (only eats a certain type of bamboo) |  | 10 |
| 9841134327 | specialists vs generalists: who would win | - when environmental conditions are stable, specialists have an advantage because there are few competitors (because each species occupies its own unique niche (competitive exclusion principle)) - when habitats are subject to rapid changes, generalists are more adaptable so usually do better | 11 | |
| 9841139008 | Law of Tolerance | - the existence, abundance, and distribution of species depends on the tolerance level of each species to physical and chemical factors | 12 | |
| 9841163126 | limiting factor | - any abiotic factor that limits growth of a pop; ex. level of soil in nutrients, amount of water, light, temp (on land); in sea, pH, amt of dissolved oxygen in water, salinity | 13 | |
| 9841170462 | temporal partitioning | two species eliminating direct competition by utilizing the same resource at different times; ex. one species of mouse feeds on insect during the day, a different species of mouse feeds during night |  | 14 |
| 9841180169 | spatial partitioning | - when competing species use the same resource by occupying different areas or habitats within the range of occurrence of the resource ex. difference species of fish feeding at different levels of a lake ex. different species of monkey feeding at different heights in a tree |  | 15 |
| 9841193820 | morphological partitioning | - two species share the same resource but have evolved slightly different structures to utilize it eg. two different species of bees have evolved different proboscis to utilize various sized flowers of the same species |  | 16 |
| 9841203986 | types of resource partitioning (3) | - temporal partitioning - spatial partitioning - morphological partitioning | 17 | |
| 9841214528 | amensalism | :( & :| - one suffers and the other is not affected - ex. one organism releases a chemical compound that is detrimental to another organism (allelopathy) | 18 | |
| 9841222011 | commensalism | :D & :| - one benefits and the other is not affected eg. one uses the other for transportation (remora on a shark) eg. one uses the other for housing (birds living in the holes of trees) eg. one using something that the other created (hermit crabs using the shells of marine snails for protection) | 19 | |
| 9841235766 | competition | :D & :( - intraspecific (b/w members of the same species) or interspecific (b/w members of different species) - driving force of evolution types of competition: - interference - exploitation - apparent | 20 | |
| 9841255511 | competition - interference | occurs directly between individuals by interfering with foraging, survival, or reproduction by preventing a species from establishing itself within a habitat | 21 | |
| 9841259584 | competition - exploitation | occurs indirectly through a commmon limiting resource that acts as an intermediate - by using the resource it depletes the amt available for others | 22 | |
| 9841262132 | competition - apparent | occurs indirectly between two species, which are both sough after by the same predator | 23 | |
| 9841264031 | mutualism | :D & :D symbiosis! | 24 | |
| 9841270921 | parasitism | :D & :( - if the parasite lives on host it is an ectoparaiste (mosquito, leech) - if it lives in the host it is an endoparasite (tapeworm) - if it feeds on other parasites it is an apiparasite - if it must keep its host alive it is an biotrophic parasite (viruses) - if it must eventually kill its host it is a necrotroph - if it involves behaviors that benefit the parasite and harm the host it is a social parasite (cuckoo birds use other birds to raise their young) - hosts have evolved defenses (immune systems, plant toxins) to diminish parasitism | 25 | |
| 9841297919 | predation | :D & :( - can be opportunistic and eat anything or can be specialists and only eat certain organisms - carnivores and omnivores | 26 | |
| 9841318120 | saprotrophism | :D & X( - saprotrophs obtain nutrients from dead or decaying plants, animals through absorption of organic compounds - fungi, bacteria, protozoa, vultures, dung beetles | 27 | |
| 9841339802 | keystone species | - a species whose very presence contributes to diversity of life; if they were removed other species would go extinct; doesn't have to be a huge part of the ecosystem to have a huge effect - ex. a small predator that prevents a particular herbivorous species from decimating a dominant plant species; since prey numbers are low, the keystone predator numbesr could be even lower and still be effective - EXAMPLES (important) - starfish/ sea stars: prey on sea urchins, mussels, shellfish that have no natural predators, if they were removed the other pops would explore and drive out other species, decimate coral reefs - yellowstone wolf (?) - sea otters in kelp forests: prey on sea urchins; kelp forests serve as anchors; the sea urchins would otherwise destroy kelp forests | 28 | |
| 9841372743 | edge effect | - how the local environment changes along a boundary or edge - when trees are cut sunlight reaches the ground and changes the environment, makes it warmer and drier, less suitable for plants | 29 | |
| 9841430232 | edge species | - survive well in a forest edge since they can find food in the clearing, are able to benefit from the two habitats being close, can hide in trees, or are adapted to humans interfering - deer, elk, white tailed deer, pheasants | 30 | |
| 9841443411 | the opposite of edge species | - don't do well in edges - owls - organisms cannot adapt to the change | 31 | |
| 9841450506 | open community | - if the edge effect is gradual or has indistinct boundaries over which many species cross | 32 | |
| 9841452983 | closed community | - if the edge effect sharply divides a community from its neighbors | 33 | |
| 9841456223 | what determines a biome | - temp and precipitation | 34 | |
| 9841462464 | biomes are classified by | dominant type of plant and animal life (which is determined by climate) | 35 | |
| 9841465343 | species diversity within a biome is directly related to | net productivity, availability of moisture, temp | 36 | |
| 9841478814 | aquatic biomes: | - water is buoyant so species don't have to have support structures like legs - water has a high thermal capacity so species don't have to spend much energy on temp regulation - organisms can get nutrients directly from water - ex filter feeders that consume detritus; barnacles, clams, oysters - water lets eggs disperse - water screens out UV radiation | 37 | |
| 9841491154 | major biomes of the world |  | 38 | |
| 9841497010 | antarctic seas are (not productive, productive) | productive because phytoplankton grow during long ass summer and feeds lots of krill that seas and whales and penguins eat | 39 | |
| 9841513240 | ocean temperatures affect | wind patterns, cloud cover, surface temp | 40 | |
| 9841515529 | oceans supply oxygen through | photosynthetic bacteria, marine algae | 41 | |
| 9841517153 | abyssal zone | - deep ocean, cold, lots of oxygen, few nutrients - contains mid ocean ridges which have hydrothermal vents which have chemosynthetic bacteria |  | 42 |
| 9841522368 | benthic zone | - between abyssal and pelagic zone - temp dec with depth since light cannot penetrate further down - nutrient rich - seaweed, bacteria, fungi, sponges, anenomes, worms, sea stars, fishes |  | 43 |
| 9841532231 | coral reefs | - warm shallow waters - barriers along continents (ex. Great Barrier Reef off Australia), fringing islands, or atolls - coral = algae (zooanthellae) and tissues of animal polyp - coral gets nutrients through the algae photosynthesizing and using tentacles to get plankton from water - microogranisms, invertebrates, fshes, sea urchins, octopuses, sea stars |  | 44 |
| 9841543101 | intertidal zone | - where ocean meets land |  | 45 |
| 9841546081 | pelagic zone | - open ocean - thermal stratification |  | 46 |
| 9841555273 | littoral zone | (lake) - shallow, warm, close to shore - diverse community |  | 47 |
| 9841557164 | limnetic zone | (lake) - well lighted - phyto and zoo plankton - freshwater fish | | 48 |
| 9841560914 | profundal zone | (lake) - cold, not lighted a lot | | 49 |
| 9841564871 | rivers and streams | - at beginning (source): clear water, high oxygen lvls, freshwater fish like trout - middle: width inc, diversity inc - end (mouth): murky water from sediments which dec light that can penetrate --> less diverse in flora; less oxygen --> fish that require less oxygen |  | 50 |
| 9841582786 | wetlands | - plants adapted to v moist - hydrophytes - most diverse of all ecosystems |  | 51 |
| 9841587612 | deserts | - defined by rainfall, not temp - succulents (store water, have small surface area and vertical orientation so less exposure to sun, open stomata at night, waxy leaves to min transpiration, deep roots to tap groundwater, shallow roots to collect water quick after short rainfalls) - cacti (succulents): spines to reflect sunlight, create shade, discourage eating, secrete toxins into soil (allelopathy) - plants store biomass in seeds - animals are small, underground burrows, nocturnal, aestivation (summer hibernation) |  | 52 |
| 9841635692 | tropical forests | - near eq, greatest diversity of species - two seasons - rainy and dry - length of sunlight doesn't vary b/c near eq - soil is nutrient poor d/t competition - nutrients stored in plant tissue - rapid decomposition, soil subject to leaching |  | 53 |
| 9841671811 | temperate forests | - u know what these are |  | 54 |
| 9841675174 | taiga aka boreal forests | - largest terrestrial biome - cold, snowy, nutrient poor and acidic soil |  | 55 |
| 9841680793 | grasslands | - g(r)assy - savanna aka tropical grasslands or temperate grasslands | 56 | |
| 9841685002 | savanna aka tropical grasslands | - scattered individual trees - warm climate with a lot of rain and then a drought (Africa, Aus, India, S Am, etc) |  | 57 |
| 9841694894 | temperate grassland | - grasses w/o trees - AFRICAN VELDT! Argentina, steppes, prairies - nutrient rich soil, roots hold it together |  | 58 |
| 9841707315 | tundra | - cold desert - lots of biological fixation (N2 into NH3 (ammonia) for plants) - phosphorus impt, can limit production - two types: arctic and alpine | 59 | |
| 9841717747 | arctic tundra | N Hem - cold desert - permafrost |  | 60 |
| 9841723430 | alpine tundra | - mntns throughout world, high altitude - trees cannot grow - cold - well drained soil unlike arctic tundra |  | 61 |
| 9841735155 | photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 - plants capture light through chlorophyll, contained in organelles called chloroplasts - photoautotrophs | 62 | |
| 9841744840 | cellular respiration | - plants emit CO2 - but they produce less than they absorb so they are net sinks - C6H1206->CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released) goal is to create ATP occurs in all living things | 63 | |
| 9841750604 | factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis | amt of light, its wavelength, CO2 concentration, availability of water, temp | 64 | |
| 9841755772 | organisms dependent on autotrophs are called | heterotrophs | 65 | |
| 9841764326 | less than __% of sunlight that uses Earth is used for photosynthesis | 3% for land plants, 1% for aqyatic plants | 66 | |
| 9841766143 | the second law of thermodynamics | - any closed system tends spontaneously toward increasing disorder (entropy) - some energy is transferred to its surroundings as heat in any energy conversion - no process can be 100% efficient | 67 | |
| 9841777399 | the ____ law of ______ explains the rule of 10% | second law of thermodynamics | 68 | |
| 9841779226 | losses of energy in a food pyramid | - only 10% retained as you go up each lvl - losses in: - digestive inefficiency: much plant material not able to be broken down - energy used by predators for cellular respiration - energy req for temp regulation - energy used by predators to obtain food or for reproduction - energy released through the decay of waste products | 69 | |
| 9841790984 | detritus energy pyramids | - smaller organisms, exist in environments rich in nutrients so energy is not needed to obtain good - organisms cannot move on their own - trophic levels more complex and include algae, fungi, baceria, etc. | 70 | |
| 9841801702 | aquatic biomass pyramid | "inverted" - - producers are microscopic algae- even though there's a shit ton of them they have a small biomass |  | 71 |
| 9841820501 | GPP | - Gross Primary production: the rate at which plants capture and fix (store) a given amt of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time | 72 | |
| 9841824887 | NPP | - Net Primary Production: GPP minus what energy is used for cellular respiration etc; the rate at which all plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy | 73 | |
| 9841838571 | equation for NPP | NPP = GPP - plant respiration | 74 | |
| 9841839934 | where is the highest NPP found | - overall, oceans because they're huge - but ratio wise, estuaries | 75 | |
| 9841852535 | tropical rain forests cover __% of the earth's surface but hold ___ of all species | 7%; 1/2 | 76 | |
| 9841854455 | natural selection | - on individual and species lvl - u know what this is - stabilizing, directional, and disruptive | 77 | |
| 9841861882 | stabilizing selection | - most common - selection against extremes eg. babies born with high weights or low weights are selected against |  | 78 |
| 9841869249 | directional selection | - selection against one extreme, but for another |  | 79 |
| 9841873415 | disruptive selection | - selection against the average - bimodal: favors individuals at the extremes - population changes, evolution occurs |  | 80 |
| 9841888159 | polygenic effect | when genes at more than one locus contribute to the same trait | 81 | |
| 9841891790 | polyploidy in plants | - when the entire set of chromosomes is multiplied - ex of sympatric speciation: species arise within the same overlapping geographic range, which can occur through hybridization - hybridization: chromosomes from two different species are artificially combined to from a hybrid species OR chromosomes naturally fail to segregate during meiosis, producing diploid gametes - cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, bananas, wheat, potatoes | 82 | |
| 9841927789 | phylogenetic tree |  | 83 | |
| 9841931110 | speciation | - occurs w/ reproductive isolation, when segments of a population become so isolated that they evolve separately | 84 | |
| 9841934788 | adaptive radiation | - rapid speciation to fill ecological niches - driven by mutation or natural selection - general adaptation, environmental change, geographic isolation | 85 | |
| 9841952161 | general adaptation | - type of adaptive radiation - species develop a radical new ability to reach new parts of their environment - ex. bird flight | 86 | |
| 9841960516 | environmental change adaptation | - type of adaptive radiation - due to lg changes in the environment, species branch into new species and occupy new niches - ex. after the dinosaurs went extinct, mammals spread and developed rapidly | 87 | |
| 9841969759 | geographic isolation adaptation | - type of adaptive radiation - isolated ecosystems are colonized by species that undergo rapid divergent evolution - ex. Darwin finches | 88 | |
| 9841974066 | coevolution | when two or more species affect each other's evolution - ex. an evolutionary change in the structure (morphology) of a plant might affect the morphology of a herbivore that eats the plant, which might affect the evolution of the plant, which might affect the evolution of the herbivore - likely to happen when different species have close ecological interactions | 89 | |
| 9841989069 | convergent evolution | - where organisms not closely related to each other independently acquire analogous (similar) characteristics while evolving in separate ecosystems - ex. evolution of wings in birds, insects, and bats | 90 | |
| 9841996145 | divergent evolution | - where two+ related species become more ad more dissimilar | 91 | |
| 9841999660 | parallel evolution | - where two independent species evolve together at the same time in the same ecosystem and acquire similar characteristics - ex. plants evolving to have similar forms of leaves | 92 | |
| 9842007316 | gradualism | - says evolution is a slow, stepwise development of a species over millions of years | 93 | |
| 9842010153 | punctuated equilibrium | - thinks some species arose suddenly in a short period of time after long periods of stability; triggered by changes in physical or biological environment (like a drought or a new predator; ex. the abrupt appearance of the flowering plant without a fossil record) | 94 | |
| 9842020899 | examples of ecosystem services | - the procceses by which the environment produces resources - clean water - timber - habitat for fisheries - pollination of native / agricultural plants - moderating weather extremes and their impacts - dispersing seeds - mitigating droughts and floods - protecting from UV rays - cycling nutrients - protecting shores from erosion - detoxifying and decomposing waste - controlling agricultural pests - maintaining biodiversity - generating and preserving soils, renewing their fertility - contributing to climate stability - purifying air and water - regulating disease-carrying organisms - pollinating crops and natural vegetation | 95 | |
| 9842046202 | passive vs active movement | active = walking, swimming etc passive = the wind carrying seeds, sea currents carrying oyster larvae | 96 | |
| 9842055711 | why do organisms move | - to disperse to new habitats to reduce intraspecific competition - by finding new habitats it increases the range of the species and larger range = better off in terms of evolution | 97 | |
| 9842065204 | geographic ranges change as a result of | - colonization and establishment - localized extinction | 98 | |
| 9842069284 | colonization and establishment | - when populations expand in new areas - initiated by disturbance, abiotic environmental change | 99 | |
| 9842073243 | localized extinction | - results in the elimination of populations from all or part of former range - caused by biotic interactions or abiotic envi change | 100 | |
| 9842080207 | different mechanisms or plants to disperse offspring | - special structures to be carried by wind - special structures to be carried by water - fruit encased seeds to be eaten and pooped - adhesion - physical ejection of seeds | 101 | |
| 9842090690 | succession | the gradual, orderly process of ecosystem development from changes in the community composition and the production of a climax community characteristic of a particular geographic region - describes the changes in an ecosystem through time and disturbance | 102 | |
| 9842099190 | rate of succession is affected by | - facilitation: when one species modifies and envi to the extent it meets the needs of another species - inhibition: the same thing but so it's not suitable for another species - tolerance: when one species is not affected by another species | 103 | |
| 9842107327 | pioneer species | - earlier successional species - generalists - short reproductive time (plants) - animals have low biomass, reproduce quick | 104 | |
| 9842113776 | types of succession (5) | allogenic primary progressive retrogressive secondary | 105 | |
| 9842117883 | allogenic succession | changes in the environmental conditions create conditions beneficial to new plant communities | 106 | |
| 9842119336 | primary succession | the establishment of pioneer plant species in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil (ex lichen on bare rocks) | 107 | |
| 9842126126 | progressive succession | communities become more complex over time by having a higher species diversity and greater biomass | 108 | |
| 9842128027 | retrogressive succession | the environment deteriorates and results in less biodiversity and less biomass | 109 | |
| 9842128028 | secondary succession | succession on a site where an existing community has been disrupted but topsoil remains (ex. after a forest fire) | 110 | |
| 9842131886 | stages of succession example |  | 111 | |
| 9842136034 | r-strategists | mature rapidly, short lived, number of organisms within a species is high, low biodiversity, niche generalists grow exponentially when environmental conditions allow them to reproduce a species that produces large numbers of offspring but provides few resources for their support | 112 | |
| 9842140117 | K-strategists | mature slowly; long lived; lower number of organisms within a species; greater biodiversity; niche specialists A species that produces relatively few young but invests considerable resources into their support | 113 |
AP Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6884138876 | assertion | a declaration or statement | 0 | |
| 6884138877 | clarity | clearness in thought or expression | 1 | |
| 6884138878 | cogent | convincing; reasonable | 2 | |
| 6884138879 | coherent | Logically conected | 3 | |
| 6884138880 | cohesive | condition of sticking together | 4 | |
| 6884138881 | didactic | intended to instruct | 5 | |
| 6884138882 | discourse | verbal expression or exchange, conversation | 6 | |
| 6884138883 | emphasize | to give special attention to stress | 7 | |
| 6884138884 | fluid | easily flowing | 8 | |
| 6884138885 | implication | the act of suggesting or hinting | 9 | |
| 6884138886 | lucid | easily understood or clear | 10 | |
| 6884138887 | rhetoric | the art of using language effectively and persuasively | 11 | |
| 6884138888 | arbiter | a judge who decides a disputed issue | 12 | |
| 6884138889 | biased | prejudiced | 13 | |
| 6884138890 | exculpate | to free from guilt or blame | 14 | |
| 6884138891 | impartial | not in favor of one side or the other, unbiased | 15 | |
| 6884138892 | incontrovertible | not able to be denied or disputed | 16 | |
| 6884138893 | integrity | trustworthiness; completeness | 17 | |
| 6884138894 | objectivity | treating facts without influence from personal feelings or prejudices | 18 | |
| 6884138895 | penitent | expressing remorse for one's misdeeds | 19 | |
| 6884138896 | plausible | seemingly valid or acceptable; credible | 20 | |
| 6884138897 | substantiated | supported with proof or evidence; verified | 21 |
AP Psychology Personality Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9051917541 | Sigmund Freud | Founder of psychoanalysis Originally a medical doctor and found that his patients were suffering from an illness with psycho-logical causes This led him to develop theories of the unconscious mind, psycho-sexual development and Psychoanalysis |  | 0 |
| 9051917542 | Psychoanalytic Theory | Psychologist: Sigmund Freud Behavior is due to unconscious motives and conflicts Early childhood experiences determine personality |  | 1 |
| 9051917543 | Unconscious Mind | -foundation for the psychoanalytic theory -controls the phenomena of repressed feelings, automatic skills, subliminal perceptions, thoughts, habits and automatic reactions as well as possibly holding emotional complexes, phobias and desires. |  | 2 |
| 9051917544 | Id | located in the unconscious present at birth Ruled by the "Pleasure Principle" and has no values, morality, or logic (animal instincts) |  | 3 |
| 9051917545 | Ego | located in both conscious, & unconscious Developed after birth, the self Ruled by the "Reality Principle" and balances the id and superego by being organized, rational, and postponing gratification |  | 4 |
| 9051917546 | SuperEgo | located in both conscious, & unconscious developed by age 5 Ruled by the "Morality Principle" and is the opposite of the Id because it is the internal, parental voice with rules and values |  | 5 |
| 9051917547 | Free Association | A technique used to access the unconscious patient freely exposes his/her ideas, impressions, etc. |  | 6 |
| 9051917548 | Freudian Slips | Slips of the tongue that expose the unconscious |  | 7 |
| 9051917549 | Psychosexual Development | - sequential and discontinuous stages with changing erogenous zone and conflict in each stage if conflict is not successful resolved, the result is fixation O.A.P.L.G (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital) |  | 8 |
| 9051917550 | Oral stage | Age: 0-1 Erogenous Zone: Mouth Task: Oral Activities (sucking, chewing, biting, etc) Fixation: Smoking, Over-eating |  | 9 |
| 9051917551 | Anal stage | Age: 1-3 Erogenous Zone: Anus Task: Potty Training Fixation: Anal retentive or Anal Expulsive |  | 10 |
| 9051917552 | Latency stage | Age: 6 to puberty Erogenous Zone: None Task: develop relationships with same sex peers to strengthen gender identity Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage |  | 11 |
| 9051917553 | Phallic stage | Age: 3-5 Erogenous Zone: Genitals Task: Gender Identity Fixation: Narcissism, Homosexuality |  | 12 |
| 9051917554 | Genital stage | Age: Puberty to death Erogenous Zone: Genitals Task: Find a hetero-sexual relationship Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage but old conflicts will arise |  | 13 |
| 9051917555 | Penis Envy | Freudian theory that girls become upset and scarred because because they don't have a penis and a penis is a key to being successful. Phallic Stage |  | 14 |
| 9051917556 | Electra Complex | girls sexually desire dad and hate mom but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development |  | 15 |
| 9051917557 | Oedipus Complex | boys sexually desire mom and hate dad but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development |  | 16 |
| 9051917558 | Defense mechanisms | - extreme measures protect the ego from threats; operate unconsciously and deny, falsify, or distinct reality - not successful coping strategies because they do not remove stressors |  | 17 |
| 9051917559 | Neo-Freudians | Jung, Horney, Adler Believed that Freud put too much emphasis on sex and there needed to be more emphasis on social factors |  | 18 |
| 9051917560 | Collective unconscious | Psychologist: Carl Jung Defined: A warehouse of "instinctive memories" passed down to each generation and all humans share and is made up of archetypes |  | 19 |
| 9051917561 | Archetypes | Defined: Inherited universal concepts that create the Collective Unconscious Examples: Anima v. Animus, Mother v. Father, Persona v. Shadow, Hero v. Villain |  | 20 |
| 9051917562 | Basic Anxiety | Psychologist: Karen Horney anxiety that is created by being born helpless. Most overcome this, those who don't develop neurotic personalities- aggressive, compliant, or withdrawn |  | 21 |
| 9051917563 | Womb envy | Psychologist: Karen Horney Defined: women do not suffer from "penis envy" but are envious of male's superior status. Men are envious of a women's ability to have children and therefore, they compensate with other forms of achievement. |  | 22 |
| 9051917564 | Inferiority Complex | Psychologist: Alfred Adler Defined: people who compensate for feelings of inferiority (feeling like they're less than other people, not as good as others, worthless, etc.) by acting ways that make them appear superior. |  | 23 |
| 9051917565 | Projective Tests | Description: Provide ambiguous stimuli in order to trigger the projection of one's inner dynamics Strengths: Provide lots of information Weaknesses: highly subjective and has low reliability Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test, & Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Draw a Person test |  | 24 |
| 9051917566 | Rorschach Inkblot Test | seeks to identify people's inner feelings and conflicts by analyzing their interpretations of 10 inkblots. Critics question the validity and reliability of the tests. |  | 25 |
| 9051917567 | Thematic Apperception Test | people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them. Presumably, their accounts reflect their interests and inner feelings. |  | 26 |
| 9051917568 | Humanistic Psychologists | Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow Description: People develop their personality by trying to reach their full potential Strengths: model was built in a therapy setting Weaknesses: concepts are vague and subjective, individualistic and western based and naive because it fails to appreciate the reality of our capacity for evil |  | 27 |
| 9051917569 | Self-Concept | Psychologist: Carl Rogers Goal: Actualizing Tendency (full potential) Theory: A person has who they are, Real Self, and who they want to be, Ideal Self and a successful persoanlity has congruence People need genuineness (honesty), unconditional positive regard (love), and empathy (understanding) to develop a good persoanlity |  | 28 |
| 9051917570 | Congruence | A person's Real Self and Ideal Self can merge together Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory | 29 | |
| 9051917571 | Incongruence | When a person's Real Self and Ideal self do not match, causing anxiety. Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory |  | 30 |
| 9051917572 | Unconditional positive regard | Defined: receiving acceptance, value, and love from others without requirements Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality |  | 31 |
| 9051917573 | Empathy | People will try to understand one's feelings and mirror it back to them Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality |  | 32 |
| 9051917574 | Hierarchy of Needs | Psychologist: Abraham Maslow Description: Pyramid |  | 33 |
| 9051917575 | Trait Theories | Description: focuses on identifying how people typically behave but does NOT explain how personality developed Strengths: based on empirical evidence with factor analysis Weaknesses: people might behave differently based on the situation they are experiencing Tests: 16 Personality Factors (16 PF), 3 Dimensions, and Myers Briggs |  | 34 |
| 9051917576 | Factor analysis | - a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups of items, to simplify a long list of items into a small number of dimensions -used with trait theories |  | 35 |
| 9051917577 | Self-Report Inventories | Description: a questionnaire which is used to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors Strengths: empirically derived Weaknesses: social desirability-people can lie and manipulate the information Tests: MMPI, CPI, 16 PF |  | 36 |
| 9051917578 | MMPI | Most extensively researched personality inventory. Used to assess mental health professions (police, nurses, doctors, pilots) |  | 37 |
| 9051917579 | Big Five Trait Theory | Psychologists: McCrae and Costa Description: OCEAN or CANOE Significance: traits are stable in adulthood, heritability accounts for 50% of personality and can be used to predict other personal attributes | 38 | |
| 9051917580 | Openess | characteristics such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests |  | 39 |
| 9051917581 | Conscientiousness | include high levels of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors. |  | 40 |
| 9051917582 | Extraversion | characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressivenes |  | 41 |
| 9051917583 | Agreeableness | includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection and other pro-social behaviors. |  | 42 |
| 9051917584 | Neuroticism | characterized by sadness, moodiness and emotional instability |  | 43 |
| 9051917585 | Social Cognitive Approach to Personality | Description: Personality is influenced between the interaction of a person's traits (including their thinking) and their social context Strengths: based on empirical evidence Weaknesses: minimizes the importance of one's inner traits, emotions, and unconscious motives Examples: Reciprocal Determinism, Locus of Control Psychologists: Bandura |  | 44 |
| 9051917586 | Reciprocal determinism | Psychologist: Bandura Defined: Personality is developed by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. How it works: Everyone has a "self-system" of skills abilities and attitudes Self-Efficacy is what can change the system |  | 45 |
| 9051917587 | External Locus of Control | The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate Effects: Pessimism and often learned helplesses |  | 46 |
| 9051917588 | Internal Locus of Control | The perception that you control your own fate Effects: Optimism Optimism leads to longer lives with less illnesses but excessive optimism can also lead us to be blind to risks and overconfidence | | 47 |
| 9051917589 | Self- efficacy | Defined: the belief in your own ability to deal with different situations and accomplish specific goals It is NOT self esteem which is your general sense of self worth Consequences: people with high self-efficacy are able to succeed because they have an internal locus of control |  | 48 |
| 9051917590 | Compensation | Defense Mechanism where people try to overcome feelings of inferiority in one area by striving to be superior in another area Major part of Alfred Adler's theory |  | 49 |
All AP Gov Terms Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9852338672 | digital citizen | daily internet user with high-speed home internet access and the technology and literacy skills to go online for employment, news, politics, entertainment, commerce, and other activities | 0 | |
| 9852340943 | news aggregator | Applications or feeds that collect web contents on one location. They are websites such as Google News, Reddit, and RealClear Politics, all of which cover thousands of stories everyday. These sites make getting different perspectives of news stories, or just different stories in general, much easier because they are in one location. | 1 | |
| 9852345188 | digital divide | The gap in access to the Internet among democraghic groups based on education, income, age, geographic location, and race/ethnicity | 2 | |
| 9852348027 | niche journalism | News that is targeted towards a specific type of person or group of people. It delivers exactly what certain types of groups want to hear and keeps people within a group of like-minded people. | 3 | |
| 9852350475 | citizen journalism | News reported and distributed by citizens, rather than professional journalists and for-profit organizations | 4 | |
| 9852353346 | selection bias | Refers to the coverage on only a certain aspect of a news story or event. A news report may only provide one angle, and avoid coverage of other sides to the event. In other words, the public is not presented with the whole story, which can affect the way they perceive a certain event or issue. | 5 | |
| 9852355919 | framing | The language and context that the media presents the news in and gives the media the ability to control or alter the public's perception of the news. | 6 | |
| 9852362337 | priming | The process of preparing the public to have a specific idea or belief in mind when talking about different people or ideas. The media does this by calling attention to certain issues while leaving others out. This makes it where when a story airs, the audience already has a certain perception of the person or idea at hand. | 7 | |
| 9852366632 | adversarial journalism | A form of journalism that seeks to uncover wrongdoings of public officials. It can include various methods such as moving away from the agreed-upon interview topic or switching to an embarrassing subject that was agreed to be out-of-bounds. | 8 | |
| 9852371752 | Pentagon Papers | Consisting of over 7,000 pages, is the name given to the classified Department of Defense study of American involvement in Vietnam during the end of WWI until 1967. Daniel Ellsberg, an anti-war military analyst, photocopied these because he thought the US public should be aware of the information and contained information from the CIA. | 9 | |
| 9852376544 | FCC (Federal Communications Commission) | An independent government agency overseen by Congress. Its primary objective is to regulate interstate and international communications by several different outlets such as radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. | 10 | |
| 9852378905 | fairness doctrine | In 1949, the FCC issued this which required broadcasters to include "controversial issues of public importance" and both sides of those issues. So when discussing politics, the network was required to express the opposing opinions on air. This is over now, ended officially in 2011, because the doctrine continued to be problematic regarding 1st amendment rights. | 11 | |
| 9852378906 | equal time rule | This was set in place by the FCC and ensures that broadcasters on the radio or TV give equal amounts of air time to both political party candidates that are running for office. | 12 | |
| 9852380901 | sound bites | A short extract from a recorded interview, chosen for its pungency or appropriateness. Often used as headlines, they are phrases that have no trouble catching on in the media and often influence how the public sees or remembers an issue. | 13 | |
| 9852536844 | information superhighway | The Internet; due to the amount of information transferred. | 14 | |
| 9852542753 | media monopoly | the ownership and control of the media by a few large corporations | 15 | |
| 9852549681 | non-profit journalism | journalism that operates and serves public good without making a profit | 16 | |
| 9852386827 | government | The formal institutions that are needed to provide the people with public goods they do not have access to individually. An example of such a good is defense against foreign aggression and the enforcement of rights. | 17 | |
| 9852386828 | politics | "the conflict over leadership, structure, and policies of government" (4). Though we mainly think of this concept in terms of government, it can also be used to talk about leadership in businesses or other organizations. | 18 | |
| 9852386829 | citizenship | The informed and active membership in a political community. | 19 | |
| 9852390164 | autocracy | a form of government where a single ruler has power, such as a dictator or king/queen. | 20 | |
| 9852401216 | oligarchy | a small group that controls most of the governing decisions; could be a family, or other wealthy groups in society. | 21 | |
| 9852404181 | democracy | "A system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials" | 22 | |
| 9852404182 | representative democracy | people vote for who will make decisions for them in a higher level of government, someone to speak on their behalf | 23 | |
| 9852406243 | direct democracy | the purest form of democracy, every vote is counted the same, regardless of who they are. | 24 | |
| 9852412892 | authoritarian | Do not allow freedoms of speech, press, and religion, and they do not follow majority rule nor protect minority rights. The government may nontheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions. Their leaders often come from one small group, such as top military officials, or from a small group of aristocratic families. | 25 | |
| 9852417396 | totalitarian | Political system in which the government uses political, economic and ideological control to exercise power and dominate all aspects of public and private life. It eliminates all other social instituions that might challenge it. | 26 | |
| 9852424735 | republican | Also known as a representative democracy, it is a government style in which the population elects representatives and top government officials. In order words, the power resides within the people and the candidates they elect who then influence governmental decision making. However, the people do not have the authority to vote directly on laws and legislation. | 27 | |
| 9852431354 | constitutional/limited government | A government whose powers are limited by a constitution | 28 | |
| 9852434338 | political culture | The political traits that are characteristic of a society. It is formed through the values, beliefs, and attitudes that people hold about the way a government works. While it has remained relatively constant in the US throughout time, it can shift and change slightly over time due to to major events such as war, social issues or revolutions, or times of economic crisis. | 29 | |
| 9852442861 | popular sovereignty | The principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives, who are the source of all political power. This applies to federalism in which the federal government's power is balanced with those of the states. | 30 | |
| 9852445097 | pluralism | It is the view that in democracies, power should be shared among a pressure group of people with differing backgrounds. This means that minorities should be represented. Varying backgrounds include people of different cultures, religions, economic backgrounds and more. The pressure groups should not consist mainly of elites. Diversity is essential to an accurate representation of society. This system is said to increase sense of community by representation of more than one background. | 31 | |
| 9852452542 | Second Treatise of Civil Government | This is a document written by John Locke on government. It addresses the reasons for establishing and abolishing a government. This influences the Declaration of Independence's placing the power of the government in the people as well as, the reasons for dissolving a government. | 32 | |
| 9852452543 | natural rights | The rights every person is born with and entitled to. In the Declaration of Independence, these rights are defined as "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." These ideas were originally from the Enlightenment; however, they were quickly incorporated into American society. | 33 | |
| 9852455624 | unalienable rights | Rights that every human is born with. These rights are stated in the natural rights clause (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness). Since a government does not give these to a people, they have no right to take them away. | 34 | |
| 9852462885 | consent of the governed | Giving the power to the people. The people vote and have a say in the government, which limits the power of the governing body. The people, or the governed, are seen as the ones who have the power. In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson puts a large emphasis on this. He states that if the government begins to ignore the power of the people or abuse them, the governed can overthrow the corrupt governing body. | 35 | |
| 9852462886 | Shay's Rebellion | From 1786 to 1787, Daniel Shay, a farmer from Massachusetts, led an armed rebellion of farmers to a federal arsenal in Springfield, Massachusetts. The group raided the arsenal to rebel against the imprisonment of debtors and other economic injustices towards farmers. Since the Articles of Confederation said the federal government could not raise a national army, they could not put down the rebellion. This event exposed a major flaw in the Articles of Confederation. | 36 | |
| 9852468572 | NJ Plan | Designed to protect the states with smaller populations, the plan called for equal representation | 37 | |
| 9852468573 | VA Plan | Designed to allow the voices of the bigger states to be heard, the plan called for proportional representation | 38 | |
| 9852468574 | Connecticut Compromise | The decision the Constitutional Convention made in 1787 that regarded the legislative system Decided to incorporate the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan Both of these together created Congress. | 39 | |
| 9852471254 | Bicameral | The legislative structure which is made up of two branches or houses. This is seen in the Congress of the United States, which is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. | 40 | |
| 9852473068 | 3/5 Compromise | When the Constitution was being drafted in 1787, determining the number of seats for each state in the House of Representatives became an issue. The compromise states that all slaves of a particular state are to be counted as 3/5 of a white person | 41 | |
| 9852484587 | federalists | Those who favored a strong national government and supported the Constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787 | 42 | |
| 9852484588 | anti-federalists | Do not trust the system of central government and therefore did not support the ratification of the Constitution in 1789 Had a fear of strong national governments and favored strong state governments | 43 | |
| 9852486895 | James Madison | Known as the "Father of the Constitution" for his role in drafting the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights, along with promoting it through The Federalist Papers | 44 | |
| 9852492034 | Federalist Papers | A series of 85 essays on the Constitution of the US. Established by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in order to persuade New York to support the ratification of the Constitution. Defended the federal system and a central argument is that the Articles of Confederation is deeply flawed, and the Constitution would fix the Articles of Confederation's many weaknesses without taking away the people's democracy | 45 | |
| 9852561002 | John Stuart Mill | Wrote "On Liberty"; believed in absolute freedom of opinions to be protected | 46 | |
| 9852573944 | Federalist No. 10 | Written by James Madison who argued that factions are natural but their effects must be controlled | 47 | |
| 9852581068 | Federalist No. 51 | Written by James Madison who argued for a republican government with a system of checks and balances | 48 | |
| 9852588278 | Bill of Rights | First ten amendments | 49 | |
| 9852596857 | Federalism | A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments | 50 | |
| 9852600325 | Preamble | Introduction to the Constitution; explains purpose of Constitution | 51 | |
| 9852603312 | Electoral College | the body of electors from each state who formally elect the president and vice-president | 52 | |
| 9852605529 | Checks and Balances | a system in which each branch of government is able to check, or restrain, the power of the others | 53 | |
| 9852617393 | Baron de Montesquieu | Created the theory of separation of powers | 54 | |
| 9852626671 | Delegated/Enumerated Powers | The powers that belong to the federal government | 55 | |
| 9852629080 | Implied Powers | Not expressed but can be considered through the use of the Necessary and Proper (elastic) Clause | 56 | |
| 9852629081 | Strict vs Loose Constuction | ___________ ________________believes in a literal interpretation of the Constitution while _______________ ___________________believes that the constitution should be interpreted in light of changing conditions | 57 | |
| 9852632893 | Reserved Powers | Powers given to the state government alone; 10th amendment | 58 | |
| 9852668943 | Concurrent Powers | Powers held jointly by the national and state governments | 59 | |
| 9852668944 | Denied Powers | Powers that neither state or national governments are allowed to have | 60 | |
| 9852676693 | Supremacy Clause | Constitution is the supreme law of the land; federal over state | 61 | |
| 9852681524 | Preemption | the federal government's ability to take over a state government function | 62 | |
| 9852684471 | Unwritten Constitution | customs, traditions, and practices not written in constitution that are part of our system of government | 63 | |
| 9852696042 | Police Power | state power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals | 64 | |
| 9852706266 | Full Faith and Credit Clause | States are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states | 65 | |
| 9852710169 | Privileges and Immunities Clause | States are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states | 66 | |
| 9852716125 | Commerce Clause | Clause stating that Congress can regulate interstate and international commerce | 67 | |
| 9853111261 | dual federalism | layer cake federalism; clear division of governing authority between national and state governments | 68 | |
| 9853111262 | cooperative federalism | marble cake federalism; system in which both federal government and state governments cooperate in solving problems | 69 | |
| 9853111263 | creative federalism | system in which states received federal grants to achieve national goals | 70 | |
| 9853111264 | regulated federalism | congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards | 71 | |
| 9853111265 | new federalism | attempts by presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants | 72 | |
| 9853111266 | fiscal federalism | Federal government using money (grants) to influence & control states | 73 | |
| 9853111267 | devolution | the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states | 74 | |
| 9853111268 | grants-in-aid | money given by the national government to the states | 75 | |
| 9853111269 | block grants | Federal money given to the states with few restrictions about how it should be spent | 76 | |
| 9853111270 | categorical grants | Federal money given to the states for a specific purpose | 77 | |
| 9853111271 | project grants | Grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications | 78 | |
| 9853111272 | formula grants | Grants in which a formula is used to determine how much money each state receives | 79 | |
| 9853111273 | revenue sharing | the distribution of a portion of federal tax revenues to state and local governments | 80 | |
| 9853111274 | federal overreach | the federal government stepping in on state issues and powers; ex. gun laws in school zones | 81 | |
| 9853225122 | First Amendment | freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition | 82 | |
| 9853225123 | Establishment Clause | Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion | 83 | |
| 9853225124 | Fourteenth Amendment | Guarantee all citizens "equal protection of the laws" | 84 | |
| 9853225125 | incorporation doctrine | the adding of the Bill of Rights protections to the states | 85 | |
| 9853225126 | due process clause | part of the 14th amendment which guarantees that no state deny basic rights to its people; civil liberty | 86 | |
| 9853225127 | equal protection clause | prohibits government actions from unreasonably discriminating between different groups of people; civil right | 87 | |
| 9853299098 | 14th amendment | equal protection under the law | 88 | |
| 9853299099 | de jure v. de facto segregation | de facto means "in fact" or "in reality" while de jure means "by law." After Brown v. Board was decided, there was de jure desegregation but de facto segregation in the South. | 89 | |
| 9853299100 | Civil Rights Act of 1957 | The first Civil Rights Bill passed since Reconstruction; focused on voting rights and desegregation | 90 | |
| 9853299101 | Civil Rights Act of 1960 | Enacted penalties on anyone who obstructed anyone's right to vote | 91 | |
| 9853299102 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | made discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics illegal in employment and public facilities or accommodations. | 92 | |
| 9853299103 | Title VII | Portion of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibits employment discrimination | 93 | |
| 9853299104 | Equal Pay Act 1963 | Illegal in the United States to pay men and women working in the same place different salaries for similar work | 94 | |
| 9853299105 | Voting Rights Act 1965 | Prohibits racial discrimination in voting Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution Outlawed literacy tests | 95 | |
| 9853299106 | Title IX | No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. | 96 | |
| 9853299107 | Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 | Prohibits discrimination based on disability Requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, and imposes accessibility requirements on public accommodations | 97 | |
| 9853299108 | affirmative action | Policy that gives special consideration to women and minorities to make up for past discrimination; schools cannot have a set quota but can take race into consideration | 98 | |
| 9853299109 | DACA | Immigration policy that allows some individuals who were brought to the United States illegally as children to receive a renewable two-year period of deferred action from deportation and become eligible for a work permit in the U.S Does not provide a path to citizenship for recipients | 99 | |
| 9853299110 | Dream Act (Dreamers) | A legislative proposal for a process to qualify alien minors in the United States that would first grant conditional residency to alien minors and, upon meeting further qualifications, permanent residency | 100 | |
| 9853525271 | impeachment | charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives; Senate declares final decision | 101 | |
| 9853525272 | conference committees | temporary committees formed to decide differences in House and Senate versions of a bill | 102 | |
| 9853525273 | constituent | supporter; voter | 103 | |
| 9853525274 | standing committees | permanent committees responsible for legislation in particular policy areas | 104 | |
| 9853525275 | select committees | Congressional committees appointed for a limited time and purpose | 105 | |
| 9853525276 | joint committees | Congressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses | 106 | |
| 9853525277 | congressional oversight | congress's authority to monitor the activities of agencies and administrators | 107 | |
| 9853525278 | reapportionment | the process of reassigning representation based on population; occurs after every census | 108 | |
| 9853525279 | gerrymandering | Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power | 109 | |
| 9853525280 | logrolling | vote trading; voting to support a colleague's bill in return for a promise of future support | 110 | |
| 9853525281 | pork-barrel legislation | laws passed by Congress that appropriate money for local federal projects | 111 | |
| 9853525282 | filibuster | a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches; used in Senate | 112 | |
| 9853525283 | cloture | a procedure used in the Senate to limit debate on a bill | 113 | |
| 9853525284 | regulatory policy | a set of rules that places restrictions on the activities of individuals or groups | 114 | |
| 9853525285 | incumbents | those already holding office In congressional elections, they usually win | 115 | |
| 9853525286 | gridlock | A situation in which government is incapable of acting on important issues | 116 | |
| 9853525287 | Majority Leader | The elected leader of the majority party; The lead speaker for the majority party during floor debates; Develops the calendar; Assists the president or speaker with program development, policy formation and policy decisions | 117 | |
| 9853525288 | Minority Leader | Leader of the minority party; Holds same duties as majority leader; most likely to become Speaker of the House if majority party switches | 118 | |
| 9853525289 | Whips | Assistant to the Majority and Minority Leaders; keeps a head count of votes; rounds up members for important votes | 119 | |
| 9853525290 | Speaker of the House | Leading officer in the House of Representatives, chosen by the majority party | 120 | |
| 9853525291 | President Pro Tempore | Serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the VP; chosen by the majority party | 121 | |
| 9853525292 | Contract with America | Republican plan for political reform | 122 | |
| 9853893798 | bully pulpit | the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public; F.D. Roosevelt and his fireside chats | 123 | |
| 9853893799 | Executive Office of the President | an organization of several agencies staffed by the President's closest advisors | 124 | |
| 9853893800 | Executive Order | A rule issued by the president that has the force of law | 125 | |
| 9853893801 | Executive Agreement | An agreement between the president and the leader of another country; doesn't have to go through Congress | 126 | |
| 9853893802 | Executive Privilege | the power that allows a president to refuse to release information to Congress or a court | 127 | |
| 9853893803 | Cabinet | group of officials who head government departments and advise the President | 128 | |
| 9853893804 | White House Staff | The president's personal assistants and advisers | 129 | |
| 9853893805 | veto | Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature; if vetoed, bill goes back to Congress and if they override with 2/3 vote, the bill is passed | 130 | |
| 9853893806 | line-item veto | power of president to veto only a specific part of a bill; now unconstitutional | 131 | |
| 9853893807 | pocket veto | indirect veto of president by refusing to sign it before 10 day period; automatically gives up ability to be overruled by Congress | 132 | |
| 9853893808 | riders | Unrelated amendments added to a bill | 133 | |
| 9853893809 | National Security Council | Organization within the EOP that advises the president on national security | 134 | |
| 9853893810 | Office of Management and Budget | organization within the EOP that oversees the budgets of departments and agencies | 135 | |
| 9853893811 | Council of Economic Advisors | Organization within the EOP that advises the president on economic policy | 136 | |
| 9853893812 | State of the Union Address | Annual speech by the President about issues in the country | 137 | |
| 9853893813 | War Powers Resolution | President can send troops without congressional approval for up to 60 days; if Congress does not approve within those 60 days, the troops must retreat | 138 | |
| 9854469851 | Marbury v. Madison | Established judicial review | 139 | |
| 9854469852 | standing | the right of an individual or an organization to initiate a court case | 140 | |
| 9854469853 | appellate jurisdiction | Power of court to review a decision of a lower court | 141 | |
| 9854469854 | original jurisdiction | Power of a court to hear a case first, before any other court | 142 | |
| 9854469855 | writ of certiorari | A formal writ used to bring a case before the Supreme Court | 143 | |
| 9854469856 | in forma pauperis | a method in which a poor person can have his or her case heard in federal court without charge | 144 | |
| 9854469857 | judicial activism | philosophy that the courts should take an active role in solving problems | 145 | |
| 9854469858 | judicial restraint | philopsophy that the courts should limit the exercise of their power | 146 | |
| 9854469859 | precedent | an example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time | 147 | |
| 9854469860 | stare decisis | "Let the decision stand"; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases | 148 | |
| 9854469861 | amicus curiae briefs | "Friend of the court"; Briefs submitted to the court by outside parties to influence the decision | 149 | |
| 9854469862 | oral argument | the phase in a Supreme Court case when attorneys from both sides present their views on the case | 150 | |
| 9854469863 | majority opinion | a statement that presents the views of the majority of supreme court justices regarding a case | 151 | |
| 9854469864 | dissenting opinion | a signed opinion in which one or more justices disagree with the majority view | 152 | |
| 9854469865 | minority opinion | A written explanation of why one or more of the justices voted against the majority | 153 | |
| 9854469866 | concurring opinion | An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning. | 154 | |
| 9854469867 | judiciary committee | Nominates and votes on appointees and pending legislation | 155 | |
| 9854469868 | Marshall Court | the Supreme Court during John Marshall's term as Chief Justice 1801 to 1835 | 156 | |
| 9854469869 | Warren Court | Supreme Court during Chief Justice Earl Warren whose decisions supported civil rights 1953-1969 | 157 | |
| 9854469870 | Burger Court | Supreme Court during Chief Justice Warren Burger whose decisions tended to be more conservative 1969-1986 | 158 | |
| 9854469871 | Rehnquist Court | Supreme Court during Chief Justice William Rehnquist who wanted even more rights for the states 1986-2005 | 159 | |
| 9854469872 | Roberts Court | Supreme Court during Chief Justice John Roberts 2005-present | 160 | |
| 9854712955 | bureaucracy | System of managing government through departments run by appointed officials | 161 | |
| 9854712956 | red tape | Complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done | 162 | |
| 9854712957 | civil service reform | Effort in the 1880s to end the spoils system and reduce government corruption | 163 | |
| 9854712958 | Pendleton Act | Legislation that began the federal merit system and stopped the spoils system | 164 | |
| 9854712959 | Hatch Act | A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics | 165 | |
| 9854712960 | Government Corporation | A business owned and operated by the federal government | 166 | |
| 9854712961 | Independent Executive Agency | A federal agency that is not part of a cabinet department but reports directly to the president | 167 | |
| 9854712962 | Independent Regulatory Agencies | Federal regulatory agencies that are independent, thus not fully under the power of the president | 168 | |
| 9854712964 | Iron Triangle | The mutually advantageous relationship among Congress, the beauracracy, and a special interest group |  | 169 |
| 9854712965 | monopolistic bureaucracies | A model of bureaucracy that lacks competition and exclusively controls everything No incentive to save costs or to use resources productively | 170 | |
| 9854712966 | spoils system | A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends | 171 | |
| 9854870397 | two-party system | A political system dominated by two major parties | 172 | |
| 9854870398 | party era | Historical period in which a majority of voters cling to the party in power | 173 | |
| 9854870399 | Democratic Party | A political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824 | 174 | |
| 9854870400 | Republican Party | A political party formed to oppose the expansion of slavery | 175 | |
| 9854870401 | Socialist | One who believes that land and resources should be owned by the community | 176 | |
| 9854870402 | third political parties | Any political party that is not one of the two major parties | 177 | |
| 9854870403 | party realignment | Dramatic shifts in partisan preferences that drastically alter the political landscape | 178 | |
| 9854870404 | party dealignment | Dradual disassociation of people from the two parties, as seen in shrinking party identification | 179 | |
| 9854870405 | Solid South | The tendency of the southern states to vote Democratic after the Civil War until the 1950's | 180 | |
| 9854870406 | religious right | Those who hold conservative views because of their religious beliefs | 181 | |
| 9854870407 | New Democrat | term used to describe Clinton and his supporters during his two terms in office; party leaned more right in order to please more people | 182 | |
| 9854870408 | Reagan Democrats | Traditional Democratic middle-class voters turning to Ronald Reagan during the 1980s | 183 | |
| 9854870409 | Reform Party | A moderate, centrist and populist party started by Roos Perot that sits in the center of the political spectrum | 184 | |
| 9854870410 | Tea Party | A Conservative political movement in the US that opposes government spending and taxes | 185 | |
| 9854870411 | Alt-Right | Reserving and protecting the white race in the United States in addition to other traditional conservative positions | 186 | |
| 9854870412 | Antifa | Autonomous, self-styled anti-fascist militant groups | 187 | |
| 9854870413 | party machine | A centralized party organization that dominates local politics by controlling elections | 188 | |
| 9854870414 | linkage institutions | A structure within a society that connects the people to the government or centralized authority | 189 | |
| 9855109551 | open primary | Primary election in which any voter, regardless of party, may vote | 190 | |
| 9855109552 | closed primary | Primary election in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote | 191 | |
| 9855109553 | invisible primary | The time leading up until the primary | 192 | |
| 9855109554 | preferential primary | When voters choose delegates who are bound to vote for the winning primary candidate | 193 | |
| 9855109555 | non-preferential primary | When voters choose delegates who are not bound to vote for the winning primary candidate | 194 | |
| 9855109556 | caucus | A private meeting of party leaders to choose candidates for office | 195 | |
| 9855109557 | Democratic National Committee | The formal governing body for the United States Democratic Party; job is to attract voters to their party | 196 | |
| 9855109558 | Republican National Committee | The formal governing body for the United States Republican Party; job is to attract voters to their party | 197 | |
| 9855109559 | National Conventions | The meetings at which the delegates vote to pick the presidential and VP candidates | 198 | |
| 9855109560 | delegates | Elected national party leaders who must vote for the candidate voted on at a state's primary or caucus | 199 | |
| 9855109561 | super-delegates | Elected national party leaders who are free to vote for any candidiate regardless of party afiliation | 200 | |
| 9855109562 | party platforms | List of policy positions a party endorses and pledges its elected officials to enact | 201 | |
| 9855109563 | keynote address | Speech given at the national convention to set the tone for the convention and the campaign to come | 202 | |
| 9855109564 | battleground/swing states | States in which any major candidate could win and the outcome is too close to call | 203 | |
| 9855109565 | Super Tuesday | Day when several states hold their presidential primaries (usually the second Tuesday in March) | 204 | |
| 9855109566 | McGovern-Fraser Commission | A commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation | 205 | |
| 9855109567 | congressional campaign committees | Elected officials that recruit candidates, raise money, and provide services | 206 | |
| 9855109568 | spin doctors | People who positively publicize the words and actions of politicians | 207 | |
| 9855109569 | gender gap | A distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men | 208 | |
| 9855109570 | campaign finance reform | Limits on the amount individuals may contribute to candidates and campaigns | 209 | |
| 9855109571 | dark horse candidate | A candidate who receives unexpected support for the nomination of a political convention | 210 | |
| 9855109572 | favorite son | A candidate that receives the backing of his home state rather than of the national party | 211 | |
| 9855344841 | conservative | Favoring traditional views; against change | 212 | |
| 9855344842 | liberal | Open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values | 213 | |
| 9855344843 | libertarian | Favors a free market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties | 214 | |
| 9855344844 | socialist | Supports community ownership of property and the sharing of all profits | 215 | |
| 9855344845 | moderate | Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies | 216 | |
| 9855344846 | independent | Person who does not identify with a political party | 217 | |
| 9855344847 | political socialization | Process by which outside forces influence one's political views | 218 | |
| 9855344849 | public opinion | What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time | 219 | |
| 9855904387 | faction | A group with a distinct political interest | 220 | |
| 9855904388 | interest groups | Private organizations whose members share certain views and work to shape public policy | 221 | |
| 9855904389 | lobbyists | People hired by private groups to influence government decision makers | 222 | |
| 9855904390 | PACs | Groups that can collect political donations and make campaign contributions to candidates for office; limited to $5,000 donation per person and no groups | 223 | |
| 9855904391 | SuperPACS | Groups that can raise unlimited amounts of money, but they cannot communicate with the parties or candidates | 224 | |
| 9855904392 | soft money | Money given to state and local party organizations for voting-related activities | 225 | |
| 9855904393 | hard money | Campaign funds donated directly to candidates; amounts are limited by federal election laws | 226 | |
| 9855904394 | Freedom of Information Act | Guarantees citizens access to certain government documents | 227 | |
| 9855904396 | group theory | The balance that is achieved between competing interests in public policy | 228 | |
| 9855904397 | majoritarian theory | A theory of democracy that states "what the majority wants the majority gets"; does not take minority opinion into consideration | 229 | |
| 9855904398 | elite theory | A theory of democracy that states that a group of wealthy, educated individuals wields most political power | 230 | |
| 9855904401 | Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission | Cannot limit campaign donations of corporations | 231 | |
| 9856126749 | public policy | The course of action the government takes in response to an issue or problem | 232 | |
| 9856126750 | fiscal policy | Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending | 233 | |
| 9856126752 | entitlement programs | Government benefits that certain qualified individuals are entitled to by law, regardless of need | 234 | |
| 9856126753 | The Federal Reserve | The central banking system of the United States | 235 | |
| 9856126754 | Consumer Price Index | An index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer | 236 | |
| 9856126755 | Gross Domestic Product | The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation | 237 | |
| 9856126756 | regulation | Government intervention in a market that affects the production of a good | 238 | |
| 9856227581 | deregulation | The removal of some government intervention over a market | 239 | |
| 9856126757 | deficit spending | Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes | 240 |
AP Digestive System Flashcards
These words review the important functions and structures of the digestive system.
Terms : Hide Images
| 9342004162 | stomach | An organ of the digestive system where most mechanical breaking down of food happens |  | 0 |
| 9342004163 | esophagus | A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. |  | 1 |
| 9342004164 | large intestine | Absorbs water and forms feces |  | 2 |
| 9342004165 | accessory organs | food does not physically enter these organs but they help in the digestion of food. Pancreas, gall bladder, liver |  | 3 |
| 9342004166 | Liver | makes bile, breaks down and eliminates toxins, such as nitrogen containing compounds |  | 4 |
| 9342004167 | mouth | where mechanical and chemical digestion begins |  | 5 |
| 9342004168 | small intestine | Long hollow tube where most chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs |  | 6 |
| 9342004169 | pancreas | produce hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes and release them into the duodenum |  | 7 |
| 9342004170 | gall bladder | An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine |  | 8 |
| 9342004175 | liver | produces bile | 9 | |
| 9342004176 | rectum | stores solid waste and compresses into more solid form | 10 | |
| 9342004177 | chemical digestion | breaking down food with enzymes | 11 | |
| 9342004178 | mechanical digestion | crushing, mashing or breaking down food into smaller pieces to increase surface area making it easier for chemical digestion | 12 | |
| 9342004180 | duodenum | first part of small intestine where chemical digestion of protein, lipid and carbohydrates takes place | 13 | |
| 9342004182 | amylase | enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars found in saliva and small intestine | 14 | |
| 9342004183 | hydrochloric acid | kills bacteria in stomach and gives an acidic environment for enzymes to work | 15 | |
| 9342004185 | villi | fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for increased absorption of the products of extracellular digestion | 16 | |
| 9342004187 | pharynx | throat leading to both the respiratory and digestive systems | 17 | |
| 9342004188 | peristalsis | involuntary contractions of smooth muscles in the digestive system; causes food to move through | 18 | |
| 9342004189 | epiglottis | flap of tissue that covers the trachea when swallowing food | 19 | |
| 9342004191 | salivary gland | production of saliva that contains amylase to start chemical digestion of starch in the mouth | 20 | |
| 9342004192 | pepsin | an enzyme that hydrolyzes protein into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine | 21 | |
| 9342004193 | lipase | an enzyme that converts fats (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine | 22 | |
| 9342004196 | ingestion | process of consuming food and liquid | 23 | |
| 9342004197 | egestion | process of eliminating solid waste | 24 | |
| 9346715223 | Digestion | the breakdown of food into monomers so they can be absorbed into the blood stream | 25 | |
| 9346720223 | ilium | the last section of the small intestine that finishes the absorption of nutrients | 26 | |
| 9346726278 | jejunum | the middle section of the small intestine where absorption of nutrients occurs | 27 | |
| 9346746278 | secretin | hormone released by the small intestine when the pH decreases causing the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the acid | 28 | |
| 9346774427 | CCK (cholecystokinin) | hormone release from the small intestine to trigger the gall bladder to release bile and the pancreas to release enzymes when food high in lipids inter the small intestine | 29 | |
| 9346815360 | gastrin | hormone released by the stomach to trigger the stomach to release HCL causing the decrease in pH in the stomach | 30 |
AP French Vocabulary Community Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4837243080 | le comportement | the behavior | 0 | |
| 4837243081 | le malentendu | the misunderstanding | 1 | |
| 4837243082 | la pression | the pressure | 2 | |
| 4837243083 | le cocon familial | the nest | 3 | |
| 4837243084 | l'appui/le soutien | the support | 4 | |
| 4837243085 | le mec, le type | the guy | 5 | |
| 4837243086 | l'avortement | the abortion | 6 | |
| 4837243087 | le traumatisme | the trauma | 7 | |
| 4837243088 | la rupture | the break-up of a relationship | 8 | |
| 4837243089 | l'âge ingrat/bête | the awkward age | 9 | |
| 4837243090 | les stupéfiants | the illegal substances | 10 | |
| 4837243091 | la drogue | the drug | 11 | |
| 4837243092 | le toxicomane | the addict | 12 | |
| 4837243093 | le tabagisme | the smoking | 13 | |
| 4837243094 | l'exclusion sociale | the social outcast | 14 | |
| 4837243095 | la commune | the town/village | 15 | |
| 4837243096 | la banlieue | the suburb | 16 | |
| 4837243097 | le niveau de vie | the standard of living | 17 | |
| 4837243098 | la qualité de vie | the quality of life | 18 | |
| 4837243099 | le soutien | the support | 19 | |
| 4837243100 | les privations | the hardship | 20 | |
| 4837243101 | le taux de naissance | the birthrate | 21 | |
| 4837243102 | la mortalité | the death rate | 22 | |
| 4837243103 | la pauvreté/misère | the poverty | 23 | |
| 4837243104 | le planning familial | the family planning | 24 | |
| 4837243105 | les biens | the possessions/goods | 25 | |
| 4837243106 | le manque de | the lack of | 26 | |
| 4837243107 | le quartier | the district/local area | 27 | |
| 4837243108 | le voisinage (Canadian) | the neighborhood | 28 | |
| 4837243109 | la zone sensible | the difficult area | 29 | |
| 4837243110 | l'agglomération | the built-up area | 30 | |
| 4837243111 | la ville dortoir | the dormitory/sleeper town | 31 | |
| 4837243112 | le faubourg | the outskirts | 32 | |
| 4837243113 | la HLM (habitation à loyer modéré) | the low rent housing, subsidized housing | 33 | |
| 4837243114 | le gratte-ciel | the skyscraper | 34 | |
| 4837243115 | le cadre | the surroundings | 35 | |
| 4837243116 | le locataire | the tenant | 36 | |
| 4837243117 | le loyer | the rent | 37 | |
| 4837243118 | le paysan | the small farmer/country dweller | 38 | |
| 4837243119 | le banlieusard | the commuter | 39 | |
| 4837243120 | le campagnard | the country dweller | 40 | |
| 4837243121 | l'agriculteur | the farmer | 41 | |
| 4837243122 | le piéton | the pedestrian | 42 | |
| 4837243123 | les sans-abri | the homeless people | 43 | |
| 4837243124 | l'exode rural | the rural exodus | 44 | |
| 4837243125 | le citadin | the city dweller | 45 | |
| 4837243126 | le domicile | the home | 46 | |
| 4837243127 | les sans domicile fixe (les SDF) | the homeless people (displaced) | 47 | |
| 4837243128 | l'immeuble | the building with apartments | 48 | |
| 4837243129 | le logement | the accommodation/housing | 49 | |
| 4837243130 | un immobilier | a property | 50 | |
| 4837243131 | le « métro, boulot, dodo » | the routine of metro, work and sleep | 51 | |
| 4837243132 | le « train-train quotidien » | the daily grind/routine | 52 |
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