AMSCO AP US History Chapter 11 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 11 Society, Culture, and Reform, 1820-1860
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| 5522642317 | utopian communities | Over one hundred of these experimental communities were started in the 1820s to 1860s period. (p. 210) |  | 0 |
| 5522642318 | Shakers | This early religious communal movement held property in common and separated men and women. (p. 210) |  | 1 |
| 5522642319 | Amana Colonies | A German religious communal movement in Ohio which emphasized simple living. (p. 210) |  | 2 |
| 5522642320 | Robert Owen | A Welsh industrialist and reformer who founded the New Harmony community. (p. 210) |  | 3 |
| 5522642321 | New Harmony | Nonreligious experimental socialist community founded to solve problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. (p. 210) |  | 4 |
| 5522642322 | Joseph Humphrey Noyes | He started a cooperative community in Oneida, New York. (p. 210) |  | 5 |
| 5522642323 | Oneida community | This community, started in 1848, was dedicated to social and economic equality. They shared property and spouses, and prospered by manufacturing silverware.. (p. 210) |  | 6 |
| 5522642324 | Charles Fourier phalanxes | In the 1840s, this French socialist, advocated that people share working and living arrangements in communities. He wanted to solve problems of competitive society, but Americans were too individualistic. (p. 210) |  | 7 |
| 5522642325 | Horace Mann | He was the leading advocate of the public school movement. (p. 213) |  | 8 |
| 5522642326 | temperance | Reformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills. The movement started by using moral exhortation, then shifted to political action. Business leaders and politicians supported it because it improved productivity of industrial workers. (p. 212) |  | 9 |
| 5522642327 | American Temperance Society | Founded in 1826, by Protestant ministers and others, they encouraged total alcohol abstinence. (p. 212) |  | 10 |
| 5522642328 | Washingtonians | A temperance movement which argued that alcoholism was a disease that need practical helpful treatment. (p. 212) | | 11 |
| 5522642329 | Women's Christian Temperance Union | In the late 1870s, this women's organization was part of the temperance movement. (p. 212) |  | 12 |
| 5522642330 | asylum movement | In the 1820s and 1830s, this movement sought to improve the conditions for criminals, emotionally disturbed people, and paupers. They proposed setting up state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses. (p. 212) |  | 13 |
| 5522642331 | Dorothea Dix | A reformer who was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. (p. 212) |  | 14 |
| 5522642332 | Thomas Gallaudet | He started a school for the deaf. (p. 213) |  | 15 |
| 5522642333 | Samuel Gridley Howe | He started a school for the blind. (p. 213) |  | 16 |
| 5522642334 | penitentiaries | These institutions took the place of crude jails. They believed that structure and discipline would bring about moral reform. (p. 213) |  | 17 |
| 5522642335 | Auburn system | A prison system in New York which enforced rigid rules of discipline, while also providing moral instruction and work programs. (p. 213) |  | 18 |
| 5522642336 | public school movement | In the 1840s, this movement to provide free education for all children spread rapidly throughout the nation. (p. 213) |  | 19 |
| 5522642337 | McGuffey readers | Elementary school textbooks that encouraged hard work, punctuality, and sobriety. (p. 213) |  | 20 |
| 5522642338 | American Peace Society | Founded in 1828, this society want to abolish war. (p. 216) |  | 21 |
| 5522642339 | American Colonization Society | Founded in 1817, this organization transported free black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. However, only 12,000 people were actually settled in Africa. (p. 215) |  | 22 |
| 5522642340 | American Antislavery Society | The organization was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others. They advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215) |  | 23 |
| 5522642341 | abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator | In 1831, he started the radical abolitionist movement with the "The Liberator" newspaper. He advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215) |  | 24 |
| 5522642342 | Liberty party | In 1840, this political party was formed in reaction to the radical abolitionists. They pledged to bring an end to slavery by political and legal means. (p. 215) |  | 25 |
| 5522642343 | Frederick Douglass; The North Star | In 1847, this former slave started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". (p. 215) |  | 26 |
| 5522642344 | Harriet Tubman | Famous abolitionist, born a slave, she assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215) |  | 27 |
| 5522642345 | David Ruggles | An African American leader who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215) |  | 28 |
| 5522642346 | Sojourner Truth | A United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women. (p. 215) |  | 29 |
| 5522642347 | William Still | An African American leader, who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215) |  | 30 |
| 5522642348 | David Walker | An African American who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued, that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215) |  | 31 |
| 5522642349 | Henry Highland Garnet | An African American, who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215) |  | 32 |
| 5522642350 | Nat Turner | In 1831, he led the largest slave rebellion in which 55 whites were killed. (p. 215) |  | 33 |
| 5522642351 | antebellum period | The period before the Civil War started in 1861. (p. 207) |  | 34 |
| 5522642352 | romantic movement | In early 19th century Europe, art and literature emphasized intuition and feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature. In America, similar themes were expressed by the transcendentalists. (p. 209) |  | 35 |
| 5522642353 | transcendentalists | They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. They encouraged a mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover the inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement. (p. 209) |  | 36 |
| 5522642354 | Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar" | The best known transcendentalist, his essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans. He urged self-reliance, and independent thinking. (p. 209) |  | 37 |
| 5522642355 | Henry David Thoreau, "Walden", "On Civil Disobedience" | A pioneer ecologist and conservationist. He was an advocate of nonviolent protest against unjust laws. (p. 209) |  | 38 |
| 5522642356 | Brook Farm | An attempted communal experiment in Massachusetts to achieve a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor. (p. 207) |  | 39 |
| 5522642357 | George Ripley | This Protestant minister started a communal experiment at Brook Farm in Massachusetts to live out the transcendentalist ideals. (p. 207) |  | 40 |
| 5522642358 | feminists | The term for advocates of women's rights. (p. 214) |  | 41 |
| 5522642359 | Margaret Fuller | A feminist, writer, and editor in the women's movement. (p. 210) |  | 42 |
| 5522642360 | Theodore Parker | A theologian and radical reformer. (p. 210) |  | 43 |
| 5522642361 | George Caleb Bingham | An American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier. (p. 211) |  | 44 |
| 5522642362 | William S. Mount | Contemporary of the Hudson River school. He began as a painter of history but moved to depicting scenes from everyday life. (p. 211) |  | 45 |
| 5522642363 | Thomas Cole | Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings. (p. 211) |  | 46 |
| 5522642364 | Frederick Church | Central figure in the Hudson River School and pupil of Thomas Cole. He is known for his landscapes and for painting colossal views of exotic places. (p. 211) |  | 47 |
| 5522642365 | Hudson River school | In the 1830s, this genre of painting founded in the Hudson River area, portrayed everyday life of ordinary people in the natural world. (p. 211) |  | 48 |
| 5522642366 | Washington Irving | This author wrote fiction using American settings. (p. 211) |  | 49 |
| 5522642367 | James Fenimore Cooper | This author wrote novels that glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman. (p. 211) |  | 50 |
| 5522642368 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | Author of "The Scarlet Letter", which questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life. (p. 211) |  | 51 |
| 5522642369 | Sylvester Graham | An American dietary reformer who advocated whole wheat bread and graham crackers to promote good digestion. (p. 216) |  | 52 |
| 5522642370 | Amelia Bloomer | She urged women to wear pantalettes instead of long skirts. (p. 216) |  | 53 |
| 5522642371 | Second Great Awakening | A religious movement that occurred during the antebellum period. It was a reaction against rationalism (belief in human reason). It offered the opportunity of salvation to all. (p. 207) |  | 54 |
| 5522642372 | Timothy Dwight | President of Yale College, he helped initiate the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals inspired many young men to become evangelical preachers. (p. 207) |  | 55 |
| 5522642373 | revivalism; revival camp meetings | In the early 1800s, this movement was a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Successful preachers were audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated. (p. 207) |  | 56 |
| 5522642374 | millennialism | In the early 1800s, this popular belief, that the world was about to end with the second coming of Jesus Christ. (p. 208) |  | 57 |
| 5522642375 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons | Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was based on the Book of Mormon which traced a connection between the American Indians and the lost tribes of Israel. After Joseph Smith was murdered, Brigham Young led the religious group to establish the New Zion on the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208) |  | 58 |
| 5522642376 | Joseph Smith | Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints in New York in 1830. The church moved to Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, then finally to Utah. (p. 208) |  | 59 |
| 5522642377 | Brigham Young | After Joseph Smith was killed, he led the Mormon followers to Utah. (p. 208) |  | 60 |
| 5522642378 | New Zion | This was the religious community established by the Mormons on the banks of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208) |  | 61 |
| 5522642379 | women's rights movement | Women started this movement because they resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the reform movements. (p. 214) |  | 62 |
| 5522642380 | cult of domesticity | After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. (p. 214) |  | 63 |
| 5522642381 | Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke | Two sisters, born in South Carolina, they objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities. (p. 214) |  | 64 |
| 5522642382 | Letter of the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes | Written by Angelina and Sarah Grimke, it protested males opposition to their abolitionist work. (p. 214) |  | 65 |
| 5522642383 | Lucretia Mott | A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214) |  | 66 |
| 5522642384 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214) |  | 67 |
| 5522642385 | Seneca Falls Convention | In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. (p. 214) |  | 68 |
| 5522642386 | Susan B. Anthony | Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist. She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. (p. 214) |  | 69 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AMSCO AP US History Chapter 17 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 17 The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900
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| 5754037986 | The Great American Desert | Name given to lands between the Mississippi and the Pacific Coast before 1860. There was very little rainfall in this area and the conditions were poor for settlement. |  | 0 |
| 5754037988 | buffalo herds | These animals were essential to the nomadic Native American tribes. In early 19th century there were 15 million of these animals on the Great Plains, but by 1900 they were nearly wiped out. |  | 1 |
| 5754037989 | Great Plains | The region west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. |  | 2 |
| 5754037991 | mining frontier, boomtowns | In 1848, the discovery of gold in California caused the first flood of newcomers to the territory. Gold and silver were later discovered in many other areas of the west. These discoveries caused towns to grow up very quickly, then often lose population and collapse after the mining was no longer profitable. |  | 3 |
| 5754037992 | Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | In the 1860s, about one-third of the western miners were Chinese immigrants. Native-born Americans resented the competition of these immigrants. In 1862, this act was passed to prohibit further immigration by Chinese laborers to the United States. (p. 341) |  | 4 |
| 5754037994 | longhorns, vaqueros | The name for the cattle which were brought to Texas from Mexico. The name for the Mexican cowboys who raised and rounded up the cattle in Texas. |  | 5 |
| 5754037995 | long drives | Moving the cattle from Texas to railroad towns in Kansas. |  | 6 |
| 5754037997 | Joseph Glidden | He invented barbed wire to help farmers fence in their lands on the plains. |  | 7 |
| 5754037998 | Homestead Act | In 1862, this act offered 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for 5 years. |  | 8 |
| 5754037999 | dry farming | This technique along with deep-plowing enabled settlers to survive on the Great Plains. (p. 342) |  | 9 |
| 5754038000 | Great Plains tribes | These nomadic tribes, such as the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche, had given up farming in colonial times after the introduction of the horse by the Spanish. By the 1700s, they had become skillful horse riders and their lives centered on hunting buffalo. |  | 10 |
| 5754038001 | Southwest tribes | These tribes in the Southwest, such as Navajo and Apache adopted a settled life, raising crops and livestock, and producing arts and crafts. |  | 11 |
| 5754038004 | Little Big Horn | In 1876, the Sioux Indians, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, massacred the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by General Custer. This was the last major battle between the U.S. Army and the American Indians. (p. 345) |  | 12 |
| 5754038005 | Assimilationists | The idea that Native Americans should be integrated into American society by becoming educated, adopting American culture, customs, and Christianity. |  | 13 |
| 5754038006 | Helen Hunt Jackson | The author of "A Century of Dishonor", which created sympathy for Native Americans, but also generated support for ending American Indian culture through assimilation. |  | 14 |
| 5754038007 | Dawes Act of 1887 | This act supported the idea of assimilation of the American Indians. It divided tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres. U.S. citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of American life. |  | 15 |
| 5754038008 | Ghost Dance movement | This religious movement was a last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. government domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands. In an effort to suppress the movement, at the Battle of Wounded Knee more that 200 American Indians were killed. This battle marked the end of the Indian Wars. |  | 16 |
| 5754038009 | Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 | In 1934, this act promoted the re-establishment of tribal organization and culture. Today, more than 3 million American Indians, belonging to 500 tribes, live within the United States. |  | 17 |
| 5754038014 | Yellowstone, Yosemite | In 1872, this area of Wyoming was declared the first national park. In 1864 this area in California was declared a state park, later it became a national park. |  | 18 |
| 5754038015 | Department of the Interior | Carl Schurz, as Secretary of the Interior in the 1880s, advocated the creation of a forest reserves and a federal forest service to protect federal lands from exploitation. |  | 19 |
| 5754038017 | Forest Reserve Act of 1891 | This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. |  | 20 |
| 5754038019 | John Muir, Sierra Club | In 1892, he founded this organization, with the goal of preserving some natural areas from human intervention. |  | 21 |
| 5754038020 | New South | After the Civil War, the South was in a period of recovery. There was a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism. |  | 22 |
| 5754038021 | Henry Grady | Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. |  | 23 |
| 5754038022 | Birmingham steel | This Southern city developed into one the nation's leading steel producers. |  | 24 |
| 5754038027 | sharecropping; tenant farmers | After the Civil War, most Southerners of both races remained in traditional roles and barely got by from year to year as sharecroppers and farmers. |  | 25 |
| 5754038028 | George Washington Carver | An African-American scientist, who promoted planting of diverse crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. |  | 26 |
| 5754038029 | Tuskegee Institute | An industrial and agricultural school established by Booker T. Washington to train blacks. |  | 27 |
| 5754038031 | Civil Rights Cases of 1883 | In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included public businesses. |  | 28 |
| 5754038032 | Plessy v. Ferguson | An 1896, Supreme Court landmark case, which ruled that separate but equal accommodations in public places were constitutional and did not violate the 14th amendment. |  | 29 |
| 5754038033 | Jim Crow laws | In the 1870s, the South passed segregation laws which required separate washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and most other public facilities, for blacks and whites. |  | 30 |
| 5754038034 | literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses | After Reconstruction, various political and legal devices were created to prevent southern blacks from voting. |  | 31 |
| 5754038035 | white primaries, white juries | After Reconstruction, discrimination took many forms. Political party primaries were created for whites only, and African Americans were barred from serving on juries. |  | 32 |
| 5754038036 | lynch mobs | In the 1890s, more than 1,400 African American men were hung by a mob without trial by Southerners. |  | 33 |
| 5754038038 | African American migration | In 1894, the International Migration Society was formed to help blacks emigrate to Africa. Other blacks moved to Kansas and Oklahoma. |  | 34 |
| 5754038039 | Ida B. Wells | She was the editor of a black newspaper, she campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow laws. |  | 35 |
| 5754038040 | Booker T. Washington | Famous African-American, who established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans in 1881. He taught the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help. In 1900, he organized the National Negro Business League to support businesses owned by African Americans. |  | 36 |
| 5754038043 | crop price deflation | After the Civil War, increased American and foreign food production caused a downward pressure on prices. For instance, corn per bushel prices, went from $.78 in 1867 to .$.28 in 1889. |  | 37 |
| 5754038045 | National Grange Movement | In 1868, this organization was created primarily as a social and educational help for farmers. |  | 38 |
| 5754038046 | cooperatives | Grangers established these business, owned and run by the farmers, to save the costs charged by middlemen. |  | 39 |
| 5754038047 | Granger laws | In some states, the Grangers, with help from local businesses, successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators. |  | 40 |
| 5754038048 | Munn v. Illinois | Supreme Court case in 1877, which upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads. |  | 41 |
| 5754038049 | Wabash v. Illinois | Supreme Court case in 1886, which ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. |  | 42 |
| 5754038050 | Interstate Commerce Commission | The first federal regulatory agency created to regulate interstate commerce which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices. |  | 43 |
| 5754038052 | census of 1890 | The census of 1890 declared that except for a few pockets, the entire frontier had been settled. |  | 44 |
| 5754038053 | Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" | He argued that 300 years of frontier experience had shaped American culture by promoting independence and individualism. |  | 45 |
Ap US History period 3, AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754), US AP History Period 1 (Review) Flashcards
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| 8121237048 | The French and Indian War | 1754-1763 War between French and British in American colonies part of 7 years |  | 0 |
| 8121237049 | The Proclamation of 1763 | Line drawn by British Parliament, colonists not allowed to settle past Appalachian mountains |  | 1 |
| 8121237050 | Stamp Act | 1765 direct tax on a stamp that must be put on paper, office documents, etc. |  | 2 |
| 8121237051 | The Coercive Acts | 1774 intolerable acts |  | 3 |
| 8121237052 | Common Sense | 1776 pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to get people to want independence |  | 4 |
| 8121237053 | The Declaration Of Independence | 1776 document written by colonist elites to British King and Parliament stating independence and what all was wrong with British rule and the King |  | 5 |
| 8121237054 | Battle of Saratoga | Head to head battle between the British and Americans in country side, Americans win by a lot and show they have a chance |  | 6 |
| 8121237055 | French American Alliance | Formed after battle of Saratoga when Americans proved to French they can win and French are allies because they want to damage an age old enemy |  | 7 |
| 8121237056 | Treaty of Paris | 1783 ended the American Revolutionary War Granted the land British gave Indians as American land now American colonies recognized as their own independent country |  | 8 |
| 8121237057 | Articles of confederation | First form of government A lot of weaknesses No strong central government Strong state governments Causes economical problems and failure |  | 9 |
| 8121237058 | The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Land in Northwest is divided into 5 states (Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana) they are all seen as equal to the 13 original states Reach a certain pop you can apply for statehood and be part of congress and slavery was outlawed |  | 10 |
| 8121237059 | Shay's Rebellion | 1786 farmers debt rebellion agriculture depression, economical failure and 2 out of 3 were being sued |  | 11 |
| 8121237060 | The Constitution | New format of government focuses more on a central national power and less on states 3 branch government that limit each other |  | 12 |
| 8121237061 | Federalism | One central power over all |  | 13 |
| 8121237062 | The Great Compromise | New Jersey and Virginia plans together and create the senate and House of Representatives senate equal vote house of rep by population |  | 14 |
| 8121237063 | The Three-Fifths compromise | Slaves count as population for vote in congress 3 slaves for every 5 white were counted |  | 15 |
| 8121237064 | The Federalists papers | Essays written by Federalists to get people to ratify the constitution plubis |  | 16 |
| 8121237065 | Federalists | Supported the ratification of the constitution one central strong government |  | 17 |
| 8121237066 | Anti federalists | Against ratification of the constitution |  | 18 |
| 8121237067 | The Bill of rights | First ten amendments of the constitution |  | 19 |
| 8121237068 | George Washington's presidency | 1st president formed the cabinets 2nd term strictly followed constitution left office to tell everyone they needed to be unified established framework of Supreme Court and how they will be decided judiciary |  | 20 |
| 8121237069 | Hamilton | Tackle debt- grant money back to people, national bank create national government, manufacturing establish tax revenue |  | 21 |
| 8121237070 | Jefferson | Wanted state governments against Hamilton 3rd president vice under John Adams voting process not fix yet and he got 2nd place |  | 22 |
| 8121237071 | Washington's farewell address | Unity and against foreign policies |  | 23 |
| 8121237072 | XYZ Affair | 3 agents from France try to bribe Americans who came as ambassadors to see the rulers of France common in Europe but Americans took offense and John Adams published what happened for all Americans to see decreasing support of republicans because they are Franco files | 24 | |
| 8121237073 | Alien and Sedition Acts | Sedition- speaking false against congress or president Alien- allow president to prison or deport suspicious foreign during war Cut of increase of republicans |  | 25 |
| 8121237074 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | Idea of nullification Legislatures that constitution was written by sovereign states so they could revoke the unconstitutional laws |  | 26 |
| 8121237075 | Enslaved Africans / Free Africans(Atlantic Slave Trade) | African peoples have been subjected to many different types of slavery both within Africa and externally. Slavery is an economic system, which relies on the free labor of enslaved people. This may be for a fixed period of time, or, as in the case of the transatlantic slave trade(the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas), for life. |  | 27 |
| 8121237076 | Virginia House of Burgesses | The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619 |  | 28 |
| 8121237077 | North Carolina | In the 1600s permanent settlers from Virginia began to move to North Carolina, and it eventually became part of a British colony known as "Carolina." |  | 29 |
| 8121237078 | New England Colonies | The FOUNDERS of the New England colonies had an entirely different mission from the Jamestown settlers. Although economic prosperity was still a goal of the New England settlers, their true goal was spiritual. Fed up with the ceremonial Church of England, Pilgrims and Puritans sought to recreate society in the manner they believed God truly intended it to be designed. |  | 30 |
| 8121237079 | Puritans/Pilgrims | Protestants who hoped to reform the Church of England |  | 31 |
| 8121237080 | Mayflower Compact | 1620. First Social Contract provided a basis for government at Plymouth |  | 32 |
| 8121237081 | John Winthrop | Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City Upon a Hill" |  | 33 |
| 8121237082 | Anne Hutchinson | Woman who was banished from Massachusetts colony for criticizing Puritan ministers |  | 34 |
| 8121237083 | Pequot War | Fought by the ____________people against a coalition of English settlers from the Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies (including the Narragansett and Mohegan) that eliminated the ______________ as an impediment to English colonization of southern New England. It was an especially brutal war and the first sustained conflict between Native Americans and Europeans in northeastern North America. |  | 35 |
| 8121237084 | Middle Colonies | Diversity! The MIDDLE COLONIES of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. European ethnic groups as manifold as English, Swedes, Dutch, Germans, Scots-Irish and French lived in closer proximity than in any location on continental Europe. The middle colonies contained Native American tribes of Algonkian and Iroquois language groups as well as a sizable percentage of African slaves during the early years. Unlike solidly Puritan New England, the middle colonies presented an assortment of religions. The presence of Quakers, MENNONITES, LUTHERANS, DUTCH CALVINISTS, and PRESBYTERIANS made the dominance of one faith next to impossible. |  | 36 |
| 8121237085 | New Amsterdam | Original Dutch settlement in New Netherlands; later became New York City. Known for trade. |  | 37 |
| 8121237086 | Southern Colonies | Virginia, the First Southern Colony in the South was turning to cash crops. Geography and motive rendered the development of these colonies distinct from those that lay to the North. Immediately to Virginia's north was MARYLAND. Begun as a Catholic experiment, the colony's economy would soon come to mirror that of Virginia, as tobacco became the most important crop. To the south lay the Carolinas, created after the English Civil War had been concluded. In the Deep South was GEORGIA, the last of the original thirteen colonies. Challenges from Spain and France led the king to desire a buffer zone between the cash crops of the Carolinas and foreign enemies. Georgia, a colony of debtors, would fulfill that need. |  | 38 |
| 8121237087 | Maryland Act Concerning Religion | Was a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians. Passed on April 21, 1649, by the assembly of the Maryland colony, in St. Mary's City. It was the second law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies and created one of the pioneer statutes passed by the legislative body of an organized colonial government to guarantee any degree of religious liberty. Specifically, the bill, now usually referred to as the Toleration Act, granted freedom of conscience to all Christians. |  | 39 |
| 8121237088 | British West Indies | To start with, British traders supplied slaves for the Spanish and Portuguese colonists in America. However, as British settlements in the Caribbean and North America grew, often through wars with European countries such as Holland, Spain and France, British slave traders increasingly supplied British colonies |  | 40 |
| 8121237089 | Metacom's War / King Phillip's War | 1637 Conflict between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with American Indian allies (the Narragansett, and Mohegan Indians), against the Pequot Indians. This war saw the elimination of the Pequot in New England, and is exemplary of the Puritan use of genocide towards Native Americans. |  | 41 |
| 8121237090 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676; VA frontiersmen seeking land clashed with Native Americans; Frontiersmen demanded help from the government; Jamestown refused aid, fearing Native American War; Bacon and his men lived on frontier; Bacon & men stormed Jamestown; Bacon died of fever; Rebellion collapsed; Colonial rebellion against government authority; Clash between east/west, rich/poor; Tidewater's discrimination against frontiersmen; Revision of indentured servant system, greater reliance on slave labor |  | 42 |
| 8121237091 | William Penn | The founder of Pennsylvania. The British government repaid a debt to Penn by giving him title to what is now Pennsylvania, where he established a colony with broad religious toleration. Many Quakers, who were persecuted in England, settled in Pennsylvania. _________ was known for his friendly relations with the Native American tribes in his colony. |  | 43 |
| 8121237092 | Pueblo Revolt | The most successful Indian revolt against the Europeans: Pueblo Indians in 1680, led by Pope, attacked Spanish settlers (Onante and his aggressive conlonisation) and killed some 400; maintained independence in New Mexico until ten years later. When the Spanish returned and reconquered the Indians. |  | 44 |
| 8121237093 | Southwest | Native Americans lived in villages with farming as their source of food, included Apache, Hopi, Navajo, Pueblo, and Zuni |  | 45 |
| 8121237094 | Navigation Acts | Passed under the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing. |  | 46 |
| 8121237095 | Dominion of New England | 1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. |  | 47 |
| 8121237096 | New England Confederation | New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization. |  | 48 |
| 8121237097 | Glorious Rebellion | The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. It was the keystone of the Whig (those opposed to a Catholic succession) history of Britain. |  | 49 |
| 8121237098 | Leisler's Rebellion | The uprising took place in the aftermath of Britain's Glorious Revolution and the 1689 Boston revolt in the Dominion of New England, which had included New York. The rebellion reflected colonial resentment against the policies of deposed King James II. |  | 50 |
| 8121237099 | First Great Awakening | The Great Awakening or First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies, in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. | | 51 |
| 8121237100 | Salem Witch Trials | Began during the spring of 1692, after a group of young girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused several local women of witchcraft. A wave of hysteria spread throughout colonial Massachusetts. |  | 52 |
| 8121237101 | Royal African Company Monopoly | King James I had granted a patent to a company that wanted to trade for gold and precious woods in Africa. Other groups also received rights to trade in Africa, but never dealt with slaves in any major way. English involvement in the slave trade would intensify after 1663, when a new patent was issued to the Company of Royal Adventurers. England had realized the money to be made trading slaves to the West Indies and Virginia. |  | 53 |
| 8121237102 | European Enlightenment | The AGE OF REASON, as it was called, was spreading rapidly across Europe. In the late 17th century, scientists like ISAAC NEWTON and writers like JOHN LOCKE were challenging the old order. Newton's laws of gravity and motion described the world in terms of natural laws beyond any spiritual force. In the wake of political turmoil in England, Locke asserted the right of a people to change a government that did not protect natural rights of life, liberty and property. |  | 54 |
| 8121237103 | Protestant Evangelicalism | Its origins are usually traced back to English Methodism, the Moravian Church , and German Lutheran Pietism. While all these phenomena contributed greatly, John Wesley and other early Methodists were at the root of sparking this new movement during the First Great Awakening. The movement gained great momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries with the Great Awakenings in the United Kingdom and North America. |  | 55 |
| 8121237104 | Mercantilism | Economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. |  | 56 |
| 8121237105 | Molasses Act | The Molasses Act of March 1733 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 6 Geo II. c. 13), which imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on imports of molasses from non-English colonies. Parliament created the act largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies |  | 57 |
| 8121237106 | John Peter Zenger | The trial of JOHN PETER ZENGER, a New York printer, was an important step toward this most precious freedom for American colonists. In 1733, it was libel when you published information that was opposed to the government. Truth or falsity were irrelevant. He never denied printing the pieces. The judge therefore felt that the verdict was never in question. But was found innocent, Although true freedom of the press was not known until the passage of the FIRST AMENDMENT, newspaper publishers felt freer to print their honest views |  | 58 |
| 8121237107 | Stono Rebellion | Conspiracy or Cato's Rebellion) was a slave rebellion that began on 9 September 1739, in the colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, with 42-47 whites and 44 blacks killed. |  | 59 |
| 8121237108 | Iron Act | The Iron Act of 1750 was a British Law, passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, that was designed to encourage the American manufacture of more pig iron and iron bars by the American colonists in the 13 Colonies to be sent to England, tax free. But the Act of 1750 also prohibited the colonies from producing finished iron goods. |  | 60 |
| 8121237109 | How did early Americans reach North and South America? | They crossed a land bridge from Asia | 61 | |
| 8121237110 | When was the land bridge formed? What was it made of? | During the ice age, ice/land | 62 | |
| 8121237111 | What were the Indians doing when they crossed the land bridge? | Following food or herds | 63 | |
| 8121237112 | What were the most complex Indian communities? | Mayan, Inca and Aztecs | 64 | |
| 8121237113 | What did the cultivation of maize do? | Transform nomadic hunter-gather societies into settled farming communities | 65 | |
| 8121237114 | What kinds of items did Europeans desire from Persia and China? | Silk, Spices, Oils/Perfumes | 66 | |
| 8121237115 | What were the Spanish 3 motives for exploration? | 1. God 2. Gold 3. Glory | 67 | |
| 8121237116 | Which direction did Portugal head to reach Asia and India? | South along the West coast of Africa. | 68 | |
| 8121237117 | Who married to make Spain whole? | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille | 69 | |
| 8121237118 | Where did Columbus land? | Hispainola | 70 | |
| 8121237119 | Columbus died thinking what? | That he had found a trade route to Asia and that he had landed on the outskirts of India | 71 | |
| 8121237120 | When Spain and Portugal went to the pope to see how to divide the world, the pope made what? | The Treaty of Tordesillas | 72 | |
| 8121237121 | What did the Treaty of Tordesillas say? | Divided the trade routes to Asia: Spain gets the route across the Atlantic and Portugal gets the route around Africa. Also, Spain got a lot of land in the New World and Portugal got present-day Brazil. | 73 | |
| 8121237122 | Who came to the New World once it was discovered? | Spanish conquistadors | 74 | |
| 8121237123 | Who conquered the Aztecs? Who conquered the Incas? | Cortes-Aztecs Pizzaro- Incas | 75 | |
| 8121237124 | What are the 2 things the Spanish give the Indians in exchange for their work (in the Encomienda System) | 1. Provide food, shelter, and good treatment to the Indians 2. Convert them to Christians | 76 | |
| 8121237125 | What was the Encomienda System basically? | Slavery | 77 | |
| 8121237126 | Who worked for Indian's rights? | Bartolome de las Casas | 78 | |
| 8121237127 | What happened when the Spanish ran out of Indians to do work? | They went and got Africans | 79 | |
| 8121237128 | Who was the explorer sent by England to the New World? Where did he explore? | John Cabot- coastline of North America | 80 | |
| 8121237129 | Who was an explorer sent by Spain to the New World? (not Columbus) Where did he explore? | Vasco Nunez de Balboa- Pacific Ocean | 81 | |
| 8121237130 | What is Ferdinand Magellan credited with? | The 1st circumnavigation of the earth | 82 | |
| 8121237131 | When the Spanish moved north, what did they establish? Where? | A fort (outpost) in St. Augustine, Fl | 83 | |
| 8121237132 | What is the Biological (Columbian) Exchange? | Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Old World and New World after the time of Columbus. | 84 | |
| 8121237133 | What 3 crops from the Americas ended up being staple crops in Europe? | 1. Corn 2. Beans 3. Potatoes | 85 | |
| 8121237134 | What was the "big" animal brought to the Americas that changed Indian life? | Horses | 86 | |
| 8121237135 | What diseases were from the Old World and went to the New World? | Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, influenza | 87 | |
| 8121237136 | What disease did the Indians give Europeans? | Syphillis | 88 | |
| 8121237137 | Columbian Exchange | An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa. |  | 89 |
| 8121237138 | Encomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it |  | 90 |
| 8121237139 | Atlantic slave trade | Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America. | 91 | |
| 8121237140 | Bartolome de las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor; however his suggestion to replace Natives with Africans was won he would regret. |  | 92 |
| 8121237141 | Maize | An early form of corn grown by Native Americans |  | 93 |
| 8121237142 | Anasazi | A Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings |  | 94 |
| 8121237143 | Iroquois | A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests |  | 95 |
| 8121237144 | Cherokee | Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located. |  | 96 |
| 8121237145 | Inuit | A member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia) |  | 97 |
| 8121237146 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. |  | 98 |
| 8121237147 | Aztec | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. |  | 99 |
| 8121237148 | Inca | Their empire stretched from what is today Ecuador to central Chili in the Andes Mountain region of South America. Called the Children of the Sun. |  | 100 |
| 8121237149 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | | 101 |
| 8121237150 | Aztec calendar | 365 days, divided into 18 months each with 20 days. |  | 102 |
| 8121237151 | Terrace farming | The cutting out of flat areas (terraces) into near vertical slopes to allow farming. Terrace farms appears as steps cut into a mountainside. This adaptation allowed both the early Chinese, and the Inca of Mesoamerica to grow enough food for their large populations. |  | 103 |
| 8121237152 | Nomad | Early, simplistic man that migrated across the land bridge. | 104 | |
| 8121237153 | Causes for European interest in exploration? | The Holy Crusades, Renaissance and The Protestant Reformation. | 105 | |
| 8121237154 | Martin Luther | Broke away from the Catholic Church because of his 95 problems with the Catholic Church. | 106 | |
| 8121237155 | King Henry VIII | Broke away from the Catholic Church because of his disagreement with his inability to get divorced; which eventually led to civil unrest in his country. | 107 | |
| 8121237156 | New France | Established in Canada and along the Mississippi River, focused on fur trade. | 108 |
AMSCO AP US History Chapter 1 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 1 A New World of Many Cultures, 1491-1607
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| 6635495602 | corn | The Mayas and the Incas cultivated it as an important stable food supply. (p. 2) |  | 0 |
| 6635495603 | horses | It was not until the 17th century that the American Indians acquired these animals from the Spanish. (p. 4) |  | 1 |
| 6635495604 | disease | When Europeans came to America they brought smallpox and measles to which the natives had no resistance. Millions of American Indians died from these diseases. (p. 8) |  | 2 |
| 6635495605 | encomienda system | King of Spain gave grants of land and natives (as slaves) to individual Spaniards. (p. 8) |  | 3 |
| 6635495606 | asiento system | This system required that a tax be paid to the King of Spain, for slaves that were imported to the Americas. (p. 8) | | 4 |
| 6635495607 | slavery | As far back as the 1500s the Spanish brought captured Africans to America to provide free labor. (p. 11) | | 5 |
| 6635495608 | land bridge | Some time between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago, people migrated from Asia to the Americas, across this area that connected Siberia and Alaska. (p. 2) |  | 6 |
| 6635495609 | Adena-Hopewell | This American Indian culture centered in Ohio created large earthen mounds as tall as 300 feet. (p. 4) |  | 7 |
| 6635495610 | Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos | These American Indians were located in the New Mexico and Arizona region. They developed farming using irrigation systems. (p. 4) |  | 8 |
| 6635495611 | Woodland mound builders | American Indian tribe east of the Mississippi that prospered because of a rich food supply. (p. 4) |  | 9 |
| 6635495612 | Lakota Sioux | American Indian tribe that started using horses in the 17th century. This allowed them to change from farming to nomadic buffalo hunting. (p. 4) |  | 10 |
| 6635495613 | Mayas | From A.D. 300 to 800, this highly developed civilization built large cities in what is today's southern Mexico and Guatemala. (p. 2) |  | 11 |
| 6635495614 | Incas | This highly developed civilization developed a vast South American empire based in Peru. (p. 2) |  | 12 |
| 6635495615 | Aztecs | Starting about 1300, this civilization flourished in central Mexico. (p. 2) | | 13 |
| 6635495616 | conquistadores | These Spanish explorers and conquerors of the Americas sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain making it the richest and most powerful nation in Europe. (p. 8) |  | 14 |
| 6635495617 | Hernan Cortes | He conquered the Aztecs in Mexico. (p. 8) |  | 15 |
| 6635495618 | Native Americans | The first people to settle North America arrived as many as 40,000 years ago. They came from Asia and may have crossed by a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska. (p. 1) |  | 16 |
| 6635495619 | Francisco Pizarro | He conquered the Incas in Peru. (p. 8) |  | 17 |
| 6635495620 | New Laws of 1542 | Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, and began the process of ending the encomienda systems. (p. 11) |  | 18 |
| 6635495621 | Roanoke Island | In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement here, but it failed. (p. 9) |  | 19 |
| 6635495622 | compass | One aspect of the Renaissance was a gradual increase in scientific knowledge and technological change. Europeans made improvements in the inventions of others. this invention was used in sailing. (p. 5) |  | 20 |
| 6635495623 | printing press | This invention in the 1450s spread knowledge across Europe. (p 5) |  | 21 |
| 6635495624 | Ferdinand and Isabella | They united Spain, defeated and drove out the Moors. In 1492, they funded Christopher Columbus's voyage to America. (p. 5) |  | 22 |
| 6635495625 | Protestant Reformation | In the early 1500s, certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome. (p. 6) |  | 23 |
| 6635495626 | Henry the Navigator | The monarch of Portugal. (p. 7) |  | 24 |
| 6635495627 | Christopher Columbus | He spent 8 years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to the "Indies". In 1492, he sailed from the Canary Islands to an island in the Bahamas. His success in discovering lands on the other side of the ocean brought him a burst of glory in Spain. (p. 7) |  | 25 |
| 6635495628 | Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | In 1494, this treaty between Spain and Portugal, moved the line of demarcation that the pope had established a few degrees to the west. (p. 8) |  | 26 |
| 6635495629 | slave trade | Since ancient times people in Europe, Africa, and Asia had enslaved pepoe captured in wars. In the 15 century the Portuguese began trading for slaves from West Africa. They used slaves to work in sugar plantation off the coast of Africa. Using slaves was so profitable that when the Europeans settled in the Americas, they instituted the slave system there. (p, 6) |  | 27 |
| 6635495630 | nation-state | In the 15th century, small kingdoms and multiethnic empires were being replaced by nation-states. Nation-states were countries in which the majority of people shared a common culture and common loyalty toward a central government. (p. 6) |  | 28 |
| 6635495631 | Algonquian | The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe in the Northeast was one of the largest. (p. 4) |  | 29 |
| 6635495632 | Siouan | The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe from the Great Plains was one of the largest. (p. 4) |  | 30 |
| 6635495633 | Iroquois Confederation | A political union of five independent American Indian tribes in the Mohawk Valley of New York. (p. 5) |  | 31 |
| 6635495634 | longhouses | American Indians along the Pacific Coast lived in the these plank houses. (p. 4) |  | 32 |
| 6635495635 | John Cabot | An Italian sea captain who sailed under contract to England's King Henry VII. He explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497. (p. 9) |  | 33 |
| 6635495636 | Jacques Cartier | In the period for 1534 to 1542, he explored the St. Lawrence River. (p. 10) |  | 34 |
| 6635495637 | Samuel de Champlain | He established the first permanent French settlement at Quebec, a fortified village on the St. Lawrence River. (p., 10) |  | 35 |
| 6635495638 | Henry Hudson | This English sailer was hired by the Dutch government to seek a westward passage to Asia through North America. In 1609, while searching for the passage, he sailed up a broad river that would later be named the Hudson River. (p 10) |  | 36 |
| 6635495639 | Bartolome de Las Casa | A Spanish priest who was an advocate for better treatment of Indians. (p. 11) | | 37 |
| 6635495640 | Valladolid Debate | In 1550-1551, in Valladolid, Spain, a formal debate concerning the role of American Indians in the Spanish colonies. (p. 11) |  | 38 |
| 6635495641 | Juan Gines de Sepulveda | In the Valladolid Debate, this Spaniard argued that the American Indians were less than human. (p. 11) |  | 39 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AMSCO AP US History Chapter 6 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic, 1787-1800
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| 7579319897 | James Madison | He is one of the people who wrote the Constitution, and he is known as the Father of the Constitution. He was later elected president in 1808, and served for two terms. (p. 104) |  | 0 |
| 7579319898 | Alexander Hamilton | One of the authors of the Federalist Papers. He favored a strong central government. He was George Washington's secretary of the treasury. (p. 106) | | 1 |
| 7579319899 | Framers of the Constitution | In the summer of 1787, 55 delegates met in Philadelphia to create a federal constitution. As a group they were wealthy, white, male, educated and most were heavily involved in state governments. (p. 104) |  | 2 |
| 7579319901 | John Dickinson | Leader who helped write the Constitution. (p. 105) | | 3 |
| 7579319902 | Federalists | Favored a strong central government, and a Constitution to improve on the Articles of Confederation. They were most common along the Atlantic coast and in the large cities. (p. 106) | | 4 |
| 7579319903 | Anti-Federalist | Argued that the proposed Constitution contained no protection of individual rights, and that it gave the federal government too much power. They tended to be small farmers and settlers on the western frontier. (p. 106) | | 5 |
| 7579319904 | The Federalist Papers | Series of essays, later published as a book, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. It argued effectively in favor of Constitution. (p. 106) |  | 6 |
| 7579319905 | Bill of Rights; amendments | The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect the rights of individual citizens, and adopted in 1781. (p. 108) |  | 7 |
| 7579319906 | Washington's Farewell Address | In late 1796, George Washington wrote this address for publication in newspapers. It warned Americans: not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances in foreign affairs, not to from political parties, and not to fall into sectionalism. (p. 115) | | 8 |
| 7579319907 | permanent alliances | George Washington's farewell address warned against in having permanent alliances in foreign affairs. (p. 115) |  | 9 |
| 7579319908 | Alien and Sedition Acts | Acts by the Federalists, which authorized the president to deport dangerous aliens, and detain enemy aliens in wartime. Made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president or Congress. (p. 117) |  | 10 |
| 7579319909 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | In 1799, two states passed resolutions that argued states had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level. (p. 117) |  | 11 |
| 7579319910 | slave trade | At the Constitutional Convention it was agreed that the slaves could be imported for twenty more years, until 1808. At that time, Congress could vote to abolish the practice. (p. 105) | | 12 |
| 7579319911 | infant industries | This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. The term for new and developing industries, which were supported by placing high tariffs on imported goods. (p. 110) |  | 13 |
| 7579319912 | national bank | This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. He favored a bank for depositing government funds and printing banknotes that could provide the basis for a stable U.S. currency. (p. 110) |  | 14 |
| 7579319913 | tariffs; excise taxes | This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. High tariffs were placed on imported goods to help new and developing industries. (p. 110) |  | 15 |
| 7579319914 | Battle of Fallen Timbers | In 1794, the U.S. Army led by General Anthony Wayne defeated the American Indians at this battle in northwestern Ohio. (p. 113) |  | 16 |
| 7579319915 | Treaty of Greenville | In this treaty in 1795, the American Indians surrendered claims to the Ohio Valley and promised to open it to settlement. (p. 113) |  | 17 |
| 7579319916 | Public Land Act (1796) | In 1796, this act established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices. (p. 113) |  | 18 |
| 7579319917 | Mt. Vernon Conference | In 1785, George Washington hosted a conference at his home, in Mt. Vernon, Virginia. It led to the Annapolis Convention of 1786. (p. 104) |  | 19 |
| 7579319918 | Annapolis Convention | In 1786, only five states sent delegates to this convention. However, it led to Constitutional Convention of 1787. (p. 104) |  | 20 |
| 7579319919 | Constitutional Convention | In the summer of 1787, 55 delegates from the thirteen states, excluding Rhode Island, met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The purpose was to create the Constitution, which would replace the Articles of Confederation. (p. 104) | | 21 |
| 7579319920 | checks and balances | So that one one branch of government could not dominate, the Constitution divided the government into three branches: 1) executive branch led by the president, 2) legislative branch consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives 3) judicial branch lead by the Supreme Court (p. 109) |  | 22 |
| 7579319921 | Virginia Plan | James Madison's proposal at the Constitutional Convention, which favored the large states. (p. 105) |  | 23 |
| 7579319922 | New Jersey Plan | The counter proposal to the Virginia plan at the Constitutional Convention, it favored the small states. (p 105) |  | 24 |
| 7579319923 | Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise | The compromise solution that was adopted at the Constitutional Convention. It was created by Roger Sherman of Connecticut, it provided for a two house Congress. In the Senate, states would have two senators each, but in the House of Representatives, each state would be represented according to the size of its population. (p. 105) | | 25 |
| 7579319924 | House of Representatives | Part of the legislative branch, representation would be based on population of each state. (p. 105) |  | 26 |
| 7579319925 | Senate | Part of the legislative branch, there would be two senators from each state. (p. 105) |  | 27 |
| 7579319926 | Three Fifths Compromise | At the Constitutional Convention it was agreed that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining a state's level of taxation and representation. (p. 105) |  | 28 |
| 7579319927 | Commercial Compromise | At the Constitutional Convention Congress was allowed to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing tariffs on foreign imports but prohibited for placing taxes on exports. (p. 105) |  | 29 |
| 7579319928 | electoral college system | This system would determine the president of the United States. Each state was given a number of electors equal to the total of their number of representatives and senators. These electors would then vote to determine the president. (p. 106) |  | 30 |
| 7579319929 | Legislative branch | The branch of the federal government that makes the laws, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. (p. 105) |  | 31 |
| 7579319930 | Congress | The legislative branch consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. (p. 105) |  | 32 |
| 7579319931 | executive departments; cabinet | George Washington organized new departments of the executive (law-enforcing) branch. These appointments had to be confirmed by the Senate. The term for the heads of the executive departments appointed by the president. (p. 110) |  | 33 |
| 7579319932 | Henry Knox | President George Washington's secretary of war. (p. 110) |  | 34 |
| 7579319934 | Judiciary Act (1789) | In 1789, this act established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices. The Supreme Court was able to rule on the constitutionality of state courts. It provided for a system of thirteen district courts and three courts of appeals. (p. 110) |  | 35 |
| 7579319935 | federal courts | Thirteen district courts and three courts of appeals created by the Judiciary Act. (p. 110) |  | 36 |
| 7579319936 | Supreme Court | The only court mentioned in the Constitution. Although, other federal courts were created. (p. 110) | | 37 |
| 7579319937 | national debt | This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. He insisted that the federal government assume the war debts of the states and pay off the national debt at face value. (p. 110) |  | 38 |
| 7579319938 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, a group of farmers in western Pennsylvania, refused to pay a federal excise tax (tax on a specific product) on whiskey they were producing. President Washington responded by using 15,000 militiamen to stop the rebellion with almost no bloodshed. (p. 113) |  | 39 |
| 7579319939 | Federalists era | The period of U.S. history in the 1790s when Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, dominated the government. (p. 114) |  | 40 |
| 7579319940 | Democratic-Republican Party | Political party that were against the Federalists. They opposed strong central government and favored states rights. They were led by Thomas Jefferson. (p. 114) |  | 41 |
| 7579319941 | political parties | Not anticipated by founders of the United States. However, buy 1787, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans parties were forming to push their agendas. (p. 113) |  | 42 |
| 7579319942 | two-term tradition | In 1796, George Washington decided to step down after two terms (four years per term) as president. This set the precedent, until Franklin Delano Roosevelt won four elections. In 1951, the 22nd amendment made two-term limit part of the Constitution. (p. 115) |  | 43 |
| 7579319943 | John Adams | In 1796, this Federalist, was elected as the second president of the United States. In 1800, he lost the presidential election to Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican. (p. 115, 117) |  | 44 |
| 7579319944 | Revolution of 1800 | In the 1800 election, Democratic-Republicans came into power in both the executive and legislative branches of government. They defeated the Federalists and peacefully took power, which was an uncommon event at that time in history. (p. 118) |  | 45 |
| 7579319945 | French Revolution | Americans generally supported the French people's aspiration to establish a republic, but many were horrified by the reports of mob hysteria and mass executions. Thomas Jefferson and his supporters argued that the U.S. should join France in its defensive war against Britain. However, George Washington believed that the U.S. was too young a nation and not strong enough to engage in a European war. (p. 111) |  | 46 |
| 7579319946 | Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) | In 1793, President George Washington issued a proclamation the U.S. would remain neutral in the war between Britain and France. (p. 111) |  | 47 |
| 7579319947 | "Citizen" Genet | Edmund Gent, the French minister to the United States, objected to Washington's neutrality in the war between Britain and France. He appealed directly to the American people to support the French cause. France removed him from his position at the United States's request. (p. 111) |  | 48 |
| 7579319948 | Jay Treaty (1794) | In 1794, this treaty with Britain, was negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay. The U.S. wanted Britain to stop seizing U.S. ships and impressing our sailors. However, the treaty said nothing about ship seizures, and Britain only agreed to evacuate posts on the U.S. frontier. (p. 111) |  | 49 |
| 7579319949 | Pinckney Treaty (1795) | In 1795, Thomas Pinckney, the U.S. minister to Spain, negotiated this treaty with Spain. Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi and New Orleans to trade. The right of deposit was granted to Americans so they could transfer cargos in New Orleans without paying duties. It was agreed that Spain would only control area south of the 31st parallel. (p 112) |  | 50 |
| 7579319950 | Right of deposit | United States ships gained right to transfer cargoes in New Orleans without Spanish duties. (p. 112) |  | 51 |
| 7579319951 | XYZ Affair | President John Adams sent a delegation to Paris to negotiate over U.S. merchant ships being attacked by French ships. French ministers, known as X, Y, and Z, because there names were never revealed, requested bribes. President Adams resisted a call for war, by sending a new delegation to France. (p. 116) |  | 52 |
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