AP US History Period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards
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| 10418497021 | The Great Depression | The deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. |  | 0 |
| 10418497022 | Progressive Era | A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s. |  | 1 |
| 10418497023 | Prohibition | A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. |  | 2 |
| 10418497024 | Women's suffrage | The women's right to vote, granted by the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920). |  | 3 |
| 10418497025 | preservationists | Those who attempt to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans. |  | 4 |
| 10418497026 | conservationists | Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable. | | 5 |
| 10418497027 | Welfare State | A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. |  | 6 |
| 10418497028 | Liberalism | A viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state. |  | 7 |
| 10418497029 | mass media | Diversified mediatechnologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. |  | 8 |
| 10418497030 | The Great Migration | The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970. |  | 9 |
| 10418497031 | imperialist | A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. |  | 10 |
| 10418497032 | isolationism | A category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance. |  | 11 |
| 10418497033 | Spanish-American War | A conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. |  | 12 |
| 10418497034 | Treaty of Versailles | One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. |  | 13 |
| 10418497035 | League of Nations | An intergovernmental organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It lacked an armed force to enforce policy and was not joined by the United States. |  | 14 |
| 10418497036 | fascism | An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. |  | 15 |
| 10418497037 | totalitarianism | A political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible. |  | 16 |
| 10418497038 | Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II. |  | 17 |
| 10418497039 | Allied Powers | U.S., Britain, France, which were allied before and during World War II. |  | 18 |
| 10418497040 | Nazi Concentration Camp | A guarded compound for the detention or imprisonment of aliens, members of ethnic minorities, political opponents. Primarily Jewish Europeans during WWII. |  | 19 |
| 10418497041 | Holocaust | A genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews and members from other fringe social groups during World War II. |  | 20 |
| 10418497042 | Internment of Japanese Americans | Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast. |  | 21 |
| 10418497043 | Pacific "Island Hopping" | A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan. |  | 22 |
| 10418497044 | D-Day | The landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. |  | 23 |
| 10418497045 | atomic bomb | A "fission" bomb dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of World War II. |  | 24 |
| 10418497046 | americanization | The process of assimilating American character, manner, ideals, culture, and so on. |  | 25 |
| 10418497047 | sphere of influence | The territory of weaker states where a powerful state exercises the dominant control. |  | 26 |
| 10418497048 | partition | In politics, the act of dividing a weaker territory or government among several more powerful states. |  | 27 |
| 10418497049 | bellicose | Disposed to fight or go to war. |  | 28 |
| 10418497050 | banana republic | A disparaging term for the small nations of Central America, with particular reference to their political instability and poor, single-crop economies. |  | 29 |
| 10418497051 | progressive | In politics, one who believes in continuing progress, improvement, or reform. |  | 30 |
| 10418497052 | exposé | A disclosure or revelation considered embarrassing to those involved. |  | 31 |
| 10418497053 | direct primary | In politics, the nomination of a party's candidates for office through a special election of that party's voters. |  | 32 |
| 10418497054 | initiative | In politics, the procedure whereby voters can, through petition, present proposed legislation directly to the electorate. |  | 33 |
| 10418497055 | referendum | The submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate. |  | 34 |
| 10418497056 | recall | In politics, a procedure for removing an official from office through popular election or other means. |  | 35 |
| 10418497057 | insubordination | Deliberate disobedience to proper authority. |  | 36 |
| 10418497058 | entrepreneurship | The process whereby an individual initiates a business at some risk in order to expand it and thereby earn a profit. |  | 37 |
| 10418497059 | self-determination | In politics, the right of a people (usually based on ethnicity) to shape its own national identity and form a government, without outside coercion of influence. |  | 38 |
| 10418497060 | graduated income tax | A tax on income in which the taxation rates are progressively higher for those whit higher income. |  | 39 |
| 10418497061 | levy | A forcible tax or other imposition. |  | 40 |
| 10418497062 | enclave | A small territory surrounded by foreign or hostile territory. Enclaves were common among newly-arrived immigrant groups (e.g. "Chinatown" in San Francisco). |  | 41 |
| 10418497063 | censor | An official who examines publications, mail, literature, and so forth in order to remove or prohibit the distribution of material deemed dangerous or offensive. |  | 42 |
| 10418497064 | Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904) | Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. |  | 43 |
| 10418497065 | Muller v. Oregon (1908) | First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns. |  | 44 |
| 10418497066 | Schenck v. U. S. (1919) | Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger." |  | 45 |
| 10418497067 | Korematsu v. U. S. (1941) | The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2. |  | 46 |
| 10418497068 | belligerent | (adj.) given to fighting, warlike; combative, aggressive; (n.) one at war, one engaged in war |  | 47 |
| 10418497069 | Open Door Policy | The policy that China should be open to trade with all of the major powers, and that all, including the United States, should have equal right to trade there. This was the official American position toward China as announced by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899. |  | 48 |
| 10418497070 | socialism | An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange. |  | 49 |
| 10418497071 | Eugene Debs | Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike |  | 50 |
| 10418497072 | Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. |  | 51 |
| 10418497073 | Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) | Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity. |  | 52 |
| 10418497074 | Pure Food and Drug Act | Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. |  | 53 |
| 10418497075 | Teddy Roosevelt | Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy. |  | 54 |
| 10418497076 | William Taft | 27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. |  | 55 |
| 10418497077 | Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers |  | 56 |
| 10418497078 | segregation | Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. Common in the South after the Civil War through the 1960s. |  | 57 |
| 10418497079 | Harlem Renaissance | Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement. |  | 58 |
| 10418497080 | Fourteen Points | The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations. |  | 59 |
| 10418497081 | Red Scare | A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities. Periods of Red Scare occurred after both World Wars in the United States. |  | 60 |
| 10418497082 | Sedition Act | A law passed by Congress in 1918 (during World War I) to make it illegal to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort in WWI. Seen as a military necessity by some for effectively fighting in WWI. |  | 61 |
| 10418497083 | Emergency Quota Act | A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals. |  | 62 |
| 10418497084 | Scopes Trial | Also known as the Scopes Monkey Trial; 1925 court case argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in which the issue of teaching evolution in public schools was debated. Highlighted the growing divide between rural (more conservative) and urban (more liberal) interests in the United States. |  | 63 |
| 10418497085 | Sacco and Vanzetti Trial | Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. |  | 64 |
| 10418497086 | Kellog-Briand Pact | Idealistic agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another. |  | 65 |
| 10418497087 | Herbert Hoover | Republican president at the outset of the Great Depression. As a Republican, he believed that the federal government should not interfere in economic problems; the severity of the Great Depression forced his hand to provide some federal assistance to those in need, but he mostly left these efforts to the states. |  | 66 |
| 10418497088 | Smoot-Hawley Tariff | One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high. |  | 67 |
| 10418497089 | Platt Amendment | This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay. |  | 68 |
| 10418497090 | Indian Reorganization Act | Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs. |  | 69 |
| 10418497091 | Zoot Suit Riots | A series of riots in 1944 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California, between Anglo American sailors and Marines stationed in the city, and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored. |  | 70 |
| 10418497092 | Yalta Conference | FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. |  | 71 |
| 10418497093 | William Jennings Bryan | United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925). |  | 72 |
| 10418497094 | Woodrow Wilson | (1856-1924) President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. |  | 73 |
| 10418497095 | United Nations | An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. |  | 74 |
| 10418497096 | communism | A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. |  | 75 |
| 10418497097 | Bolshevik Revolution | The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life. |  | 76 |
AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards
Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century.
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| 7502316905 | Jamestown | 1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607. |  | 0 |
| 7502316906 | John Smith | A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives. |  | 1 |
| 7502316907 | John Rolfe | He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack. |  | 2 |
| 7502316908 | Pocohontas | An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Her remains are still there as the English government refuses to send her remains back to North America. |  | 3 |
| 7502316909 | Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony |  | 4 |
| 7502316910 | John Winthrop | As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. |  | 5 |
| 7502316911 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. |  | 6 |
| 7502316912 | Pilgrims | English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620 |  | 7 |
| 7502316913 | Massachusetts Charter | Allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the New World. |  | 8 |
| 7502316914 | Loss of Massachusetts Charter | Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts leading to anti-British feeling in the New England region. | 9 | |
| 7502316915 | New Amsterdam | A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire. |  | 10 |
| 7502316916 | Great Migration of Puritans | 1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World increasing population of New England. |  | 11 |
| 7502316917 | New York | It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot. |  | 12 |
| 7502316918 | Peter Stuyvesant | The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. |  | 13 |
| 7502316919 | House of Burgesses | 1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies. |  | 14 |
| 7502316920 | Headright system | Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. |  | 15 |
| 7502316921 | Indentured servants | Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years |  | 16 |
| 7502316922 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. |  | 17 |
| 7502316923 | King Phillip's War | Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England. |  | 18 |
| 7502316924 | royal colony | A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king |  | 19 |
| 7502316925 | proprietary colony | English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment |  | 20 |
| 7502316926 | town meetings | A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws. |  | 21 |
| 7502316927 | Salem Witch Trials | 1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed. |  | 22 |
| 7502316928 | Roger Williams | A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south. |  | 23 |
| 7502316929 | Intolerant | Not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one's own. The expansion of colonies in New England was a direct result of Puritan intolerance as dissenters were exiled and created new settlements. | 24 | |
| 7502316930 | Anne Hutchinson | One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to Rhode Island and then Long Island where she died along with her children from an Indian attack. |  | 25 |
| 7502316931 | Thomas Hooker | A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. He wrote the first written constitution "The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". This would become a cherished ideal of the colonial settlers that laws were written not arbitrary. |  | 26 |
| 7502316932 | Sir William Berkeley | The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion |  | 27 |
| 7502316933 | William Penn | Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region. |  | 28 |
| 7502316934 | James Oglethorpe | Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life |  | 29 |
| 7502316935 | Lord Baltimore | 1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics. |  | 30 |
| 7502316936 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is a short document, but contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised. |  | 31 |
| 7502316937 | Halfway Covenant | A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. |  | 32 |
| 7502316938 | Dominion of New England | 1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. |  | 33 |
| 7502316939 | Acts of Trade and Navigation | Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts. |  | 34 |
| 7502316940 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. |  | 35 |
| 7502316941 | Triangular Slave Trade | A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. |  | 36 |
| 7502316942 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives. |  | 37 |
| 7502316943 | Social mobility | Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another | 38 | |
| 7502316944 | Ben Franklin | A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution |  | 39 |
| 7502316945 | Great Awakening | (1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution. |  | 40 |
| 7502316946 | Jonathan Edwards | A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day. |  | 41 |
| 7502316947 | African American Culture | Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes. |  | 42 |
| 7502316948 | George Whitfield | English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies |  | 43 |
AP US History Period 3, 1754-1800 Flashcards
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| 5276846987 | Seven Years' (French and Indian) War | fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies | 0 | |
| 5276846988 | "No Taxation Without Representation." | a phrase, generally attributed to James Otis about 1761, that reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives and became an anti-British slogan before the American Revolution; in full, "Taxation without representation is tyranny.". | 1 | |
| 5276846989 | The Patriot Movement | Movement or push toward independence in the colonies. Those that supported colonial independence were referred to as "Patriots" while those that were loyal to the British crown were called "Loyalists." | 2 | |
| 5276846990 | Colonial Militias | Groups of able-bodied colonialist men without proper military training that banded together to revolt against British tyrannny. | 3 | |
| 5276846991 | Common Sense | Pamphlet that challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. Used plain language to appeal to the average colonist. First work to ask for independence outright. | 4 | |
| 5276846992 | The Declaration of Independence | the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting atPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule. | 5 | |
| 5276846993 | The Articles of Confederation | An agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. Drafted by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress, ratified in late 1777. Later replaced by the Constitution of the United States of America. | 6 | |
| 5276846994 | The Federalist Papers | a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. | 7 | |
| 5276846995 | Bill of Rights | the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution that provide guarantees of personal freedoms and rights and clear limitations on the government's power. | 8 | |
| 5276846996 | The Northwest Ordinance | Legislation passed by Congress under the Articles of Confederation that provided a process for admission of new states to the Union and outlawed the expansion of slavery into territories governed by the Ordinance. | 9 | |
| 5276846997 | Popular Sovereignty | the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people | 10 | |
| 5276846999 | virtual representation | The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote. Parliament represented all British subjects even those who had never voted for a member of Parliament. | 11 | |
| 5276847000 | nonimportation agreement | A pledge to boycott, or decline to purchase, certain goods from abroad. | 12 | |
| 5276847001 | boycott | An organized refusal to deal with some person, organization, or product. | 13 | |
| 5276847005 | Anarchy | The theory that formal government is unnecessary and wrong in principle; the term is also used generally for lawlessness or anti-governmental disorder. | 14 | |
| 5276847006 | cabinet | The body of official advisers to the head of a government; in the United States, it consists of the heads of the major executive departments. | 15 | |
| 5276847007 | nullification | In American politics, the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its rights or sovereignty. | 16 | |
| 5276847009 | Internal taxation | taxes on personal goods and property | 17 | |
| 5276847010 | External taxation | taxes applied to imports into the colonies. The merchant importing the good paid the tax. | 18 | |
| 5276847011 | Sons of Liberty | A radical political organization formed after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used both peaceful and violent means of protest | 19 | |
| 5276847012 | Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. T | 20 | |
| 5276847013 | Sugar Act | placed a tax on sugar, molasses, and other products shipped to the colonies | 21 | |
| 5276847014 | Quartering Act | Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. | 22 | |
| 5276847015 | Stamp Act | law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc. | 23 | |
| 5276847016 | Declaratory Act | Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever." | 24 | |
| 5276847017 | Townshend Acts | A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea that was imported into the colonies | 25 | |
| 5276847018 | Admiralty Courts | British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials were heard by judges without a jury. | 26 | |
| 5276847019 | Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) | in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses - meant to punish Massachusetts for the destruction of shiploads of tea. | 27 | |
| 5276847020 | Loyalist | An American colonist who supported the British in the American Revolution. | 28 | |
| 5276847021 | Hessians | German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty. | 29 | |
| 5276847022 | Mercenaries | professional soldiers who fight for anyone who will pay them. | 30 | |
| 5276847025 | Republicanism | A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed. | 31 | |
| 5276847026 | Great Compromise | Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature (Senate) and representation based on population in the other house (House of Representatives) | 32 | |
| 5276847027 | Confederation | an alliance of independent states | 33 | |
| 5276847028 | Three Fifths Compromise | Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention as to how the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives. | 34 | |
| 5276847029 | Anti-federalist | A group who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1787. They opposed a strong central government but supported more states' rights. | 35 | |
| 5276847030 | Shay's Rebellion | Attacks on courthouses by a group of farmers to block foreclosure proceedings | 36 | |
| 5276847031 | Federalist | Supporters of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government. | 37 | |
| 5276847032 | Implied powers | Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution | 38 | |
| 5276847033 | Whiskey Rebellion | Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion; showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem | 39 | |
| 5276847034 | Jeffersonian Republicans | favored a weak central government, strong state governments. opposed a national bank and protective tariffs. | 40 | |
| 5276847035 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | established a Supreme Court and district courts | 41 | |
| 5276847036 | Alien and Sedition Acts | A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies | 42 | |
| 5276847037 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | these maintained that the Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Congress went beyond the powers that the Constitution stated belonged to the federal government. | 43 | |
| 5276882526 | Republican Motherhood | The idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold them into exemplary republican citizens. | 44 | |
| 5276904444 | Report on Manufactures | A proposal by treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal government to urge the expansion of American manufacturing while imposing tariffs on foreign imports. | 45 | |
| 5276910414 | Report on the Public Credit | Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report recommending that the federal government should assume all state debts and fund the national debt - that is , offer interest on it rather than repaying it - at full value. Hamilton's goal was to make the new country creditworthy, not debt-free. | 46 | |
| 5276922720 | Battle of Saratoga | A multistage battle in New York ending with the surrender of British general John Burgoyne. The victory ensured the diplomatic success of American representatives in Paris, who won a military alliance with France. | 47 | |
| 5276935868 | Battle of Yorktown (1781) | A battle in which French and American troops and a French fleet trapped the British army under the command of General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. This lead to the eventual surrender of the British. | 48 | |
| 5276945619 | Bank of the United States | A bank chartered in 1790 and jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. Alexander Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the American economy by making loans to merchants, handling government funds, and issuing bills of credit. | 49 | |
| 5276979972 | Companionate Marriage | A marriage based on the republican values of equality and mutual respect. Although husbands in these marriages still retained significant legal power, they increasingly came to see their wives as lvoing partners rather than as inferiors or dependents. | 50 | |
| 5276990869 | Continental Congress | September 1774 gathering of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to discuss the crisis precipitated by the Coercive Acts. The Congress produced a declaration of rights and an agreement to impose a limited boycott of trade with Britain. | 51 | |
| 5277356874 | Jay's Treaty | A 1795 treaty between the U.S. and Britain. The treaty accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships. In return, it allowed Americans to submit claims for illegal seizures and required the British to remove their troops and Indian agents from the Northwest Territory. | 52 | |
| 5277368936 | Pickney's Treaty | A 1795 treaty between the U.S. and Spain. Spain agreed to a boundary with the U.S. at the 31st parallel and opened the Mississippi to American shipping with the right to dock in the port of New Orleans. | 53 |
AP US History Unit 8 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9619853056 | In early 1945 at the Yalta Conference, | it was agreed the Soviet Union should regain land lost in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War | 0 | |
| 9619853057 | All the following statements regarding the "occupation zones" of Germany in 1945 are true EXCEPT that | all of Berlin was to be placed under Soviet control | 1 | |
| 9619853058 | In the years immediately following WW2, the US policy toward Asia led | the Truman administration to encourage the rapid economic growth of Japan | 2 | |
| 9619853059 | In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization | declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all. | 3 | |
| 9619853060 | The 1950 National Security Council report known as NSC-68 stated | the United States must resist communism anywhere it developed in the world | 4 | |
| 9619853061 | President Harry Trumans Fair Deal called for | the creation of national health insurance | 5 | |
| 9619853062 | The immediate cause of the Korean War, in 1950, was the | military invasion by North Korea into South Korea | 6 | |
| 9619853063 | As a result of the Korean War, the | American public believed there was something wrong with the United States | 7 | |
| 9619853064 | In 1947, the first target of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was | the movie industry | 8 | |
| 9619853065 | The McCarran Internal Security Act | required communist organizations to register with the government | 9 | |
| 9619853066 | In 1954, the American scientist Jonas Salk developed a vaccine for the prevention of | polio | 10 | |
| 9619853067 | The primary goal of the American Apollo program was to | land men on the moon | 11 | |
| 9619853068 | In 1946, Dr. Benjamin Spock wrote a bestselling Baby and Child Care contended that | mothers should stay at home with their children | 12 | |
| 9619853069 | All of the following statements regarding early television are true EXCEPT that | the federal government regulated the content of both commercials and programs | 13 | |
| 9619853070 | All of the following were factors in rising poverty rates in inner cities in the 1950s, EXCEPT | a growth of unskilled industrial jobs in these areas | 14 | |
| 9619853071 | The Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | declared that separate educational facilities were unlawful | 15 | |
| 9619853072 | The Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-1956 | marked the emergence of an effective form of racial protest | 16 | |
| 9619853073 | Under John Foster Dulles's policy of "massive retaliation," announced in 1954, the US would | use nuclear weapons against communist aggression | 17 | |
| 9619853074 | Between 1945-1959, US policy in the Middle East saw | the CIA engineer a coup that brought the shah of Iran to power | 18 | |
| 9619853075 | The Eisenhower administration responded to Fidel Castro's coming to power in Cuba by | ending diplomatic relations | 19 | |
| 9619853076 | The Warren Commission investigation of the assassination of President John Kennedy concluded | Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin of Kennedy | 20 | |
| 9619853077 | Great Society reforms | contributed to the greatest reduction in poverty in American history | 21 | |
| 9619853078 | The 1965 civil rights march in Selma, Alabama, involved all of the following EXCEPT the | resignation of Governor George Wallace | 22 | |
| 9619853079 | The Civil Rights Act of 1965 primarily focused on the issue of | voting rights | 23 | |
| 9619853080 | In the 1960s, the philosophy of "black power" | called for an increased awareness of racial differences | 24 | |
| 9619853081 | All of the following actions were initiated by President John Kennedy EXCEPT | the CIA plan to overthrow Fidel Castro | 25 | |
| 9619853082 | In the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, the | United States ordered a naval and air blockade of Cuba | 26 | |
| 9619853083 | The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was in response to | alleged attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on American destroyers | 27 | |
| 9619853084 | All of the following statements regarding the 1968 Tet offensive are true EXCEPT that it | led to the fall of Saigon to the communists | 28 | |
| 9619853085 | In 1968, anti-war protesters at the Democratic convention in Chicago | were attacked by police in a bloody riot | 29 | |
| 9619853086 | In the 1960s, the youth counterculture | presented a fundamental challenge to American middle class society | 30 | |
| 9619853087 | The 1961 Declaration of Indian Purpose called for | the preservation of Indian heritage | 31 | |
| 9619853088 | All of the following statements regarding Latinos in the US are true EXCEPT that | Cuban immigrants in the 1980s were more well to do than their counterparts in the 1960s | 32 | |
| 9619853089 | The 1969 "Stonewall Riot" is associated with the civil rights movement for | homosexuals | 33 | |
| 9619853090 | Betty Friedans 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique | gave a voice to a reemerging women's rights movement | 34 | |
| 9619853091 | Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring helped launch the modern environmental movement by focusing on problems concerning | pesticides | 35 | |
| 9619853092 | In April 1970, the antiwar movement was recharged by | the US invasion of Cambodia | 36 | |
| 9619853093 | President Richard Nixon believed US foreign policy should work toward | a balance of power among several major nations | 37 | |
| 9619853094 | In Engel v. Vitale (1962), the Supreme Court | ruled prayers in public schools were unconstitutional. | 38 | |
| 9619853095 | The key evidence in the determination or President Richard Nixons guilt or innocence in the Watergate scandal was | audio tape recordings made of most conversations in the Oval Office | 39 |
Flashcards
Timeline of American Revolution-AP US History Flashcards
Chapter 4-5
Terms : Hide Images
| 6373548951 | 1754-1763-French-Indian War | rivalry between France, Britain, and Indians over Ohio, continued until Britain gained control over Canada, Washington's first time as military leader | 0 | |
| 6373548952 | 1763-Proclamation Act | prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. British hoped it would prevent violence between Native Americans and colonists. The colonists were angry and disobeyed the law, moving to the west of the mountains in large numbers | 1 | |
| 6373548953 | April 1764-Sugar Act | a law passed by parliament in 1764 that placed a tax on sugar, molasses, and other products shipped to the colonies, also called harsh punishment of smugglers. | 2 | |
| 6373548954 | September 1764-Currency Act | forbid colonial banks and governments from issuing paper money, hard money—gold and silver—and paper notes—from banks, the holder can redeem for $ worth of hard money. British government was trying to discourage colonial commerce and manufacturing. | 3 | |
| 6373548955 | March 1765-Stamp Act | an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents | 4 | |
| 6373548956 | March 1765-Quartering Act | act requiring the colonists to quarter, or house, british soldiers and provide them with supplies | 5 | |
| 6373548957 | October 1765-Stamp Act Congress | Reps from every colony met together in NY, Brits didn't realize that this provided colonial unity!, Passed a resolution that the colonists would not pay Stamp Act because it was an internal tax, not an external tax. | 6 | |
| 6373548958 | March 1766-Declatory Act | passed at the same time that the stamp act was repealed, the act declared that parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures. | 7 | |
| 6373548959 | 1767-Townshend Acts | new round of taxes, taxed goods that were coming from England—tax on raw materials to try to discourage colonial manufacturing. | 8 | |
| 6373548960 | 1768-Non-Importation Agreements | the agreement of colonists to not import British supplies and to make them in the colonies. These were used first with the stamp act, and again with the Townshend acts. these agreements united the American colonies against the British and caused distress with British manufacturers. | 9 | |
| 6373548961 | March 1770-Boston Massacre | a riot in Boston arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several persons. | 10 | |
| 6373548962 | 1772-Gaspee Incident | angry residents of Rhode Island burn this British ship in protest to the Navigation Acts. | 11 | |
| 6373548963 | May 1773-Tea Act | law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party | 12 | |
| 6373548964 | December 1773-Boston Tea Party | Boston patriots organized the Boston tea party to protest the 1773 tea act. In December 1773, Samuel Adams warned Boston residents of the consequences of the tea act. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the tea act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. | 13 | |
| 6373548965 | 1774-Intolerable Acts | in response to Boston tea party, 4 acts passed in 1774, port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses | 14 | |
| 6373548966 | June 1774-Quebec Act | part of Intolerable Acts, extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality catholic church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies. | 15 | |
| 6373548967 | Sept/Oct 1774-First Continental Congress | no legislative power, List of demands, tell Brits what they want to stay in the empire, For the future, wants England to be the ruler for international things, but each thirteen colonies have their own nation, certain people in England were even sympathetic towards colonies, secondly, authorize the creation of a Continental Army—but in idea, only, Continental Congress also agrees that they will meet again in a year, and non-importation agreements are now mandatory—stop buying English goods. | 16 | |
| 6373548968 | April 1775-Battle of Lexington and Concord | Massachusetts, Gage sent to arrest Sam Adams and Hancock and hears about supply of Colonists gun power at concord he attacks, leads to second continental congress meeting, Colonists win rallying up their cause and was the spark of the war of Independence | 17 | |
| 6373548969 | May 1775-Second Continental Congress | They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence | 18 | |
| 6373548970 | June 1775-Battle of Bunker Hill | First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill (Massachusetts) was in British hands (isolated). However, the British suffered more deaths. | 19 | |
| 6373548971 | July 1775-Olive Branch Petition | Colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. | 20 | |
| 6373548972 | January 1776-Common Sense by Thomas Paine | Revolutionary propaganda, argued that problem was not parliamentary acts but English constitution, king, and ruling system. Great Britain no longer fit to rule because of brutality, corruption | 21 | |
| 6373548973 | July 1776-Declaration of Independence | Written mostly by Thomas Jefferson, restated contract theory of John Locke that govts formed to protect rights of "life, liberty, pursuit of happiness", then listed alleged crimes of king and Parliament | 22 | |
| 6373548974 | August 1776-Battle of Long Island | Washington split troops, attacked, and retreated to Manhattan (keeps retreating), impact: disaster for colonial forces, but GW gets away becomes, NY becomes British powered | 23 | |
| 6373548975 | December 1776-Battle of Trenton | Washington crossed the Delaware River and attacked; total surprise; defeated Britain; boosted morale of American troops; Impact: If not for the attack, Continental Army would have surrendered by spring; stole canons and weapons to win in Princeton. First big win-sharpens morale | 24 | |
| 6373548976 | November 1777-Articles of Confederation | This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. | 25 | |
| 6373548977 | October 1777-Battle of Saratoga | significance is British surrender a huge army, fail to sever New York from New England; led to French contribution with US, 3 armies supposed to converge | 26 |
Flashcards
Unit 9 AP US History Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6389441804 | Problems Facing Women in the 1960s | The Glass Ceiling: sexism that kept women from earning as much as men. in college the joke was women were getting MRS degree | 0 | |
| 6389445786 | Women's Movement | - Feminine Mystique: book by Betty Friedan 1963 - National Organization for Women (NOW): fair pay, equal opportunities - Civil Rights Act 1964: no discrimination based on gender - Roe v. Wade: woman could have abortion - Equal Rights Amendment: equal rights for both genders. denied bc ppl thot it was specified under Civil Rights | 1 | |
| 6406298156 | Problems Facing Latinos 1960s | - fastest growing minority, unequal pay, living in poverty, little rep in gov't, poor eduaction | 2 | |
| 6406302962 | Latino Movement | - Cesar Chavez: founder of United Farm Workers, used religion and nonviolent protests, led successful grape pickers strike in Cali - la causa - el movimiento estudiantil chicano de aztlán (MECHA) | 3 | |
| 6500113179 | La Causa | - farm worker's struggle - used terms chicano and chicana | 4 | |
| 6500116609 | el movimiento estudiantil chicano de aztlán (MECHA) | - chicago college students - wanted bilingual education, more latino teachers, Chicano studies programs | 5 | |
| 6406317396 | Problems facing Native Americans 1960s | - poorest minority group, unemployed 10x national and 40% below poverty line - low life expectancy (44 years), highest death rate - poor living conditions, deaths and homicides | 6 | |
| 6406352531 | Native American Movement | - LBJ: National Security Council on Indian Opportunity funneled money into reservations - Red Power: speaking out against harmful white action - American Indian Movement (AIM): armed occupations of Alcatraz Island for 19 months and Wounded Knee for 71 days | 7 | |
| 6406368445 | Problems Facing Environment 1960s | - Cuyahoga River caught fire bc chemicals - toxic residues in mother's breastmilk - acid rain - "killer smog" - nuclear meltdown risk - DDT built up in animals and caused fatalities among predators | 8 | |
| 6406379196 | Environmental Movement | - Silent Spring: book by Rachel Carson about chemical pesticides - Environmental Protection Agency created by exec branch - Earth Day created 1970 | 9 | |
| 6406393966 | Problems Facing Homosexuals 1960s | - private, adult homosexual events = illegal - police raided gay bars, didn't prosecute violence and killings - Mags about naked men regulated by gov't ... but Playboy was ok?? - American Psychiatric Association listed it as a mental disorder - as late as 1986 constitution did not protect | 10 | |
| 6406405285 | Homosexual Movement | - Stonewall Riots: 1969 police raided bar with intent to inspect and arrest ppl not appropriately dressed. men fought back = kickoff to Gay Liberation Movement - APA removed homosexuality from list of mental disorders - Obergefell v. Hodges 2015: same sex marriage | 11 | |
| 6406427205 | Problems Facing Asian Americans 1960s | - "Yellow Peril" made asians targets - rapidly growing minority - Chinese Exclusion Act, Pearl Harbor and Internment, Vietnam War - little education and money to start - "oriental" = nickname | 12 | |
| 6406439238 | Asian American Movement | - Asian American Political Allegiance encouraged acceptance of identity - marches and sit ins to protest injustice - 1988 Reagan apology to japanese internment | 13 | |
| 6400064587 | "Flexible Response" | - JFK's foreign policy - more chill, take things one step at a time - "MAD" and "brinkmanship" --> aggressive (eisenhower) | 14 | |
| 6400071280 | "Weak" | - JFK scared of being weak - his father helped set up Munish conference btwn Chamberlain and Hitler - weakness runs in family? - appease nazis = appease communism - he MUST solve crisis and be tough | 15 | |
| 6400079945 | Castro's Cuba | - overthrew US backed Batista in 1959 - the GW of Cuba - Brutal dictator - took land from US companies in Cuba and gave it to Cuba - aligned with USSR for oil and economic support --> we denied him it originally - self proclaimed socialist country in 1961 --> major threat to security | 16 | |
| 6400091961 | Bay of Pigs Invasion | - CIA/ Eisenhower Plan - JFK cancelled air support --> we look like bullies and USSR might respond - invasion = total failure with thousands of the cuban invaders captured or killed in a few days | 17 | |
| 6400098203 | CIA/ Eisenhower Plan Bay of Pigs | - train cuban expatriates to invade with US air support - inspire cuban people to rise up against Castro and throw him out | 18 | |
| 6400112001 | Soviet reaction to invasion | new soviet leader Khrushchev viewed JFK as WEAK after Bay of Pigs | 19 | |
| 6499807369 | Khrushcev | - New Soviet leader after Stalin - wrote those sketchy letters during the Cuban Missile Crisis | 20 | |
| 6400114460 | USSR fix embarrassment? | - berlin airlift sucked for them - theres a booming west Berlin economy - plus east germany choses to work in west berlin - east germans used west berlin to flee communism | 21 | |
| 6400124772 | Berlin Wall | - USSR's Solution: wall off all of the capitalist west berlin from communist east berlin - keep east germans OUT | 22 | |
| 6400127170 | Cuban Missle Crisis | - october '62 - aerial photos reveal IRBMs in Cuba built by USSR - IRBMs could reach: every major city except Seattle within 5 minutes | 23 | |
| 6400577448 | JFK's finest hour? | - a LOT of luck - smart brother - sold out Turkey to keep US safe | 24 | |
| 6400134664 | JFK's Assassination | - november 22, 1963 - Dallas, TX - shot twice (neck and head) - declared dead at hospital - vice president Lyndon B. Johnson sworn in immediately on Air Force One - lee harvey oswald | 25 | |
| 6400139579 | Lee Harvey Oswald | - arrested for killing JFK - military connection --> ex marine - soviet connection --> 1950s he went to soviets, then came back - shot and killed two days later by Jack Ruby | 26 | |
| 6400147586 | The Warren Commission | - ordered by LBJ - headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren - ruled: "single bullet theory" - "magic bullet theory" | 27 | |
| 6400160153 | single bullet theory | - oswald acted alone, fired 3 shots from 6th floor of TX schoolbook Depository - 2 bullets hit: 1st made 7 holes in two men, 2nd hit JFK's head - mocked as "magic bullet theory" - jack ruby acted alone in killing oswald | 28 | |
| 6400170880 | LBJ's Presidency | - finished JFK's first term - ran for re-election in 1964 against conservative Barry Goldwater - daisy girl | 29 | |
| 6400424407 | Barry Goldwater | - republican party's nom for 1964 - sen arizona - really like nucs - AuH2O | 30 | |
| 6400198831 | LBJ loves FDR | - wanted to be next great domestic policy president... "the great society" - civil rights act, voting rights act, immigration act of 1965 - war on poverty: medicare, medicaid, head start | 31 | |
| 6499883988 | LBJ | - redneck who loved hunting - finished JFK's term then ran for reelection in 1964 - the Great Society | 32 | |
| 6400215861 | lesson for integration success taken from rosa parks? | - nonviolence --> sympathetic to cause - organized - economic pressure --> get respect for money, draw attention to crisis, hurt business | 33 | |
| 6400220688 | Civil Rights Groups | - NAACP: national association for the advancement of colored people - CORE: congress of racial equality (interracial) - SCLC: southern christian leadership conference --> has MLK Jr. - SNCC: student nonviolent coordination committee --> college kids, radical | 34 | |
| 6400243440 | The Sit Ins, 1960 | - test legality of segregation in retail stores: challenging bc store = private property, gov't has trouble dealing - nonviolent civil disobedience, SCLC - major sit ins: Greensboro, NC and Nashville, TN - student protesters attacked and arrested for disorderly conduct - gained support of SCLC: spread to other southern towns and nationwide protests, thousands jailed across USA before lunch counters were integrated | 35 | |
| 6400346381 | Freedom Rides | - Boynton v Virginia 1960 - ICC should be regulating this!! - Bus: blacks in front, whites in back - rest stops: blacks --> white waiting rooms, vice versa - everything rehearsed to draw attention - CORE filled buses with riders --> KKK violent af - bus drivers give up, CORE flew to New Orleans --> segregationists learn violence wins - SNCC picks up where they left off - by the end of 1961 ICC regulated rest stops and buses | 36 | |
| 6400360143 | Boynton v. Virginia | - 1960 - prohibited segregation on buses traveling across state lines, including waiting rooms and dining facilities - little changed bc owned by states, not federal | 37 | |
| 6400364641 | End of the Rides | - SNCC took over Freedom Rides - RFK ordered drivers back on the job: demanded state protection, petitioned ICC for help - hundreds arrested all over the South - never making it to their destinations - end of 1961, ICC integrated buses, etc | 38 | |
| 6400378545 | How did the first two movements of 60's go? | - good start, got people's attention - poll taxes, lynching, states ignoring federal law | 39 | |
| 6400386844 | Birmingham, AL | - "Bombingham" --> completely backwards, huge cities - needed major reform - usual protests were unsuccessful: arrests without attention - MLK gets arrested on purpose | 40 | |
| 6400400478 | Letter from a Birmingham Jail | - response to southern white priests ripping him apart - what? gives perspective, explains need, wake up call - why? stresses morals, MLK is fed up after 100, he's in jail = everything that's wrong with race relations | 41 | |
| 6400408575 | Project C | - in Birmingham, AL - MLK got kids to march - Bull Connor arrested 2000 children --> used fire hoses and police dogs - TV cameras recorded the violence and broadcasted them internationally - dark / brilliant - george wallace was a jerk | 42 | |
| 6400422572 | George Wallace | - literally the most racist political person ever - calls asians/ africans inferior to americans - shouldn't let their opinion matter | 43 | |
| 6400432577 | rights included with Civil Rights | voting, right to peaceful protest, employment opportunities, education, free religion, end housing discrimination, fair trial, equal protection, marriage, integration, lynching | 44 | |
| 6400436838 | JFK's address on Civil Rights | - purpose: showing his support for civil rights and equality among all americans - point of view: liberal, pro civil rights - intended audience: whites who are neutral towards issue - historical context: in the middle of Civil Rights movement, Birmingham just happened | 45 | |
| 6499984500 | JFK's Civil Rights Actions | - Thurgood Marshall - Civil Rights Bill | 46 | |
| 6400448624 | Thurgood Marshall | - US court of Appeals by JFK - Supreme Court Justice by LBJ | 47 | |
| 6499992155 | JFK's civil rights bill | - drafted civil rights act - denied by congress bc democrats were mostly southern - never lived to see it pass | 48 | |
| 6400453088 | March on Washington | - leaders of the major civil rights groups speak to a crowd of 200,000+ people @ national mall - marched to lincoln memorial (symbolic) - "I have a dream" by MLK = promissory note --> wants gov't to fulfill their promise and give blacks their rights - JFK killed 3 months after speech | 49 | |
| 6500005135 | A. Philip Randolph | - OG proposer of the March on Washington during FDR's administration (double v campaign) - led this march on washington | 50 | |
| 6400462227 | What makes LBJ beneficial to Civil Rights? | - very liberal - more legislative and talks old friends of the congress into voting - has experience - most ppl can't stop it from happening | 51 | |
| 6500013599 | LBJ's Civil Rights actions | - civil rights act of 1964 - voting rights act of 1965 - Kerner commission - affirmative action | 52 | |
| 6400470076 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | - banned discrimination in all public accommodations and public facilities: every business = public and federally owned thing - attorney general has power to file the suits to desegregate schools - EEOC --> bans employment and discrimination: race, sex, color, religion, national origin. tricky to enforce bc you can lie | 53 | |
| 6400478272 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | - banned literacy tests and other abridgements in voting - areas with history of violations must report voting requirements changes - federal gov't can send in examiners to observe voting - caused by selma march | 54 | |
| 6500028625 | Kerner Commission | - AKA National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders | 55 | |
| 6500036846 | Affirmative Action | - cities set aside a percentage of building contracts for minority businesses - industries adopted hiring goals and recruiting programs - colleges reserved slots for minority applicants | 56 | |
| 6400486074 | Malcolm Little | - troubled teen - arrested and jailed for seven years - while in jail, learned about the Nation of Islam: based in Detroit, becomes Malcolm X | 57 | |
| 6400489169 | Nation of Islam | - led by Elijah Muhammad - stressed rise of an Allah created, black only, nation: self respect, rejected integration - Malcolm X becomes more popular and militant than Elijah Muhammad --> forced out of NOI | 58 | |
| 6400498462 | Malcolm X | - went to Mecca (islamic holy city in saudi arabia) - realized hatred of whites was wrong - returned to US, started own organization - assassinated in 1965 by three members of NOI | 59 | |
| 6400501935 | Alternative Ideas | Malcolm X popularized alternative approaches to gain equality | 60 | |
| 6400507722 | why did alternative groups pop up in the late 1960s? | - media: one event triggered another - gov't is on their side - not happening fast enough with peaceful protests -> try violent - people are frustrated | 61 | |
| 6500053070 | Black Power | - created by Stokely Carmichael who took over SNCC from white leaders - solidarity between people and the movement - joined black people together under a common slogan to fight for their rights | 62 | |
| 6500068115 | Black Panther Party for Self-Defense | - founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California - patrolled areas with visible firearms to discourage police brutality - free breakfast for children, issued a newspaper, trained recruits with guns and law books - good ideas, bad execution | 63 | |
| 6500090150 | Race Riots | - whites controlled businesses and made up police forces, systemic oppression was not being fixed - riots in NY, Newark, Detroit, LA | 64 | |
| 6400514598 | MLK assassination | - predicts own death during Mountaintop Speech - MLK killed next morning in Memphis, TN 1963 at age 39 - assassin: James Earl Ray, escaped convict | 65 | |
| 6400536283 | pros and cons of Great Society | good: helps make people's lives better, higher standard of living bad: too reliant --> lazy, comfortable to be poor and expensive | 66 | |
| 6486621961 | The Great Society | - civil rights act, voting rights act, immigration act of 1965, war on poverty, The Other America - modeled after FDR - wanted to be the next great domestic policy prez | 67 | |
| 6486630041 | The Other America | - book by Michael Harrington showed culture of poverty in US | 68 | |
| 6486636745 | Critics of the Great Society | - William F. Buckley - Young Americans for Freedom - Phyllis Schlafly (The Phyllis Schlafly Report attacked feminism) - all agreed that programs were too expensive and made people dependent on gov't | 69 | |
| 6400540265 | War on Poverty | - raised minimum wage - trained poor for better jobs - 1964 Manpower Development and Training Act and Economic Opportunity Act --> Jobs Corps and Model cities Act - department of housing and urban development - medicare - medicaid - head start | 70 | |
| 6400549280 | Head Start | - helped 560,000 kids - provided preschool classes, medical and dental care, and mental health services - all for ppl in low income homes - helped close the gap between rich and poor children for when they reached school age | 71 | |
| 6400568055 | Medicaid Act of 1968 | paid for med expenses for the poor | 72 | |
| 6400568747 | Medicare | - 1965 - extended medical insurance to older americans under social security system | 73 | |
| 6400570590 | Immigration Act of 1965 | - eased immigration quotas - allowed family members and political refugees into america - opened up first big wave of immigration since 1924 | 74 | |
| 6499917263 | The Warren Court | - Miranda v Arizona - Engel v Vitale - Katzenbach v Morgan - Loving v Virginia - Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Ed | 75 | |
| 6499927106 | Miranda v Arizona | - police must inform suspect of their miranda rights - comes from 5th and 6th amendments | 76 | |
| 6499933566 | Engel v Vitale | requiring children to recite prayer in public schools violates separation of church and state | 77 | |
| 6499939452 | Katzenbach v Morgan | Upheld federal legislation banning literacy tests to vote | 78 | |
| 6499945448 | Loving v Virginia | allowed interracial marriage | 79 | |
| 6499949241 | Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Ed | upheld forced busing laws | 80 | |
| 6406455831 | Ole Miss Integration | - 1962 - James Meredith was first black at college - JFK sent in 5000 feds | 81 | |
| 6406463257 | Evers Murder | - MS NAACP field secretary, 37 yr old Medgar Evers murdered outside home - killer not convicted until 30 years later | 82 | |
| 6486592322 | Laos | - war between American forces and Pathet Laos communist rebels - JFK agreed to restore neutralist gov't in 1962 --> communist forces remain dominant in countryside | 83 | |
| 6499839654 | New Frontier | - JFK's domestic policy - more defense spending, nuclear weapons - Established: Special Forces = Green Berets for guerilla warfare and Peace Corps = 1951 - race to the moon - sparked environmental concerns | 84 | |
| 6500129094 | Ho Chi Min | - paris peace conference: appealed to Woodrow Wilson to support self rule --> didn't work bc they were a french colony - originally Nguyen That Thanh --> went to france and joined communist party, changed his name - organized Viet Minh to fight for self rule to fight japanese (beat them!!!) - made vietnamese declaration for independence --> France still reclaimed them in 1946 | 85 | |
| 6500154750 | Franco-Vietnamese War | - french forces surrendered 1954 and evacuated all troops - Geneva Peace Accords - Southern lead Ngo Dinh Ciem did not allow free elections to occur..... causing problems | 86 | |
| 6500162798 | Geneva Peace Accords | - Geneva Conference - vietnam split at 17th parallel - can rejoin in 2 years by holding free elections | 87 | |
| 6500168424 | President Ngo Dinh Diem | - leader of southern vietnam - not popular. terrible, actually. and US had to support him bc we set him up there - very corrupt - didn't compare to the GW of vietnam: Ho Chi Minh - Catholic in 95.5% Buddhist country - JFK approved his overthrow (assassination) --> he and his brother killed | 88 | |
| 6500183341 | Gulf of Tonkin Incident | - 1964 - USS MAddox off the coast of North Vietnam, there for surveillance - reported that 3 North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked them --> 1 bullet hole, no body died - a few days later sonar showed many incoming ships --> fired but couldn't see the enemy!!! | 89 | |
| 6500198891 | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | - gave the president nearly complete control to protect south vietnamese freedom and protect american troops | 90 | |
| 6500203551 | threats to soldiers in vietnam | - extreme heat and humidity - monsoon seanons - thick jungles - few cities, some villages, and few major roads - poisonous snakes and insects - snipers, land mines and booby traps - tunnels - Ho Chi Minh Trail | 91 | |
| 6500212578 | Ho Chi Minh Trail | - dirt path that ran along Cambodia and Laos border - used by NVA to surprise attack US soldiers in south | 92 | |
| 6500216852 | American Tactics | - Napalm - Agent Orange - Operation Rolling Thunder | 93 | |
| 6500220235 | Napalm | - highly flammable sticky jelly, made of gasoline with special soaps - used in incendiary bombs and flamethrowers | 94 | |
| 6500224086 | Agent Orange | - defoliant used with forests - made it easier to spot NVA and Viet Cong - led to horrible birth defects and massive fatalities | 95 | |
| 6500229268 | Operation Rolling Thunder | - heavy bombing of NV from 1965-68 - 800 tons of bombs dropped per day --> 3x WWII - created 4 million refugees | 96 | |
| 6500235722 | Tet Offensive 1968 | - a ceasefire during tet, the vietnamese new year - north vietnam broke the ceasefire and attacked South Vietnam --> wanted to cause a popular uprising, invaded over 100 cities and towns, and invaded Saigon and broke down walls of US embassy - US drove out NVA in a months long battle - turning point of the vietnam war | 97 | |
| 6500391381 | Why was the Tet offensive the turning point in the war? | - US was tactical winner - however, showed how powerful NVA could be | 98 | |
| 6500394508 | My Lai Massacre | - Lt. William Calley and his platoon were ordered to conduct a search and destroy mission in the village of my Lai --> believed over 100 Viet Cong rebels were hidden there - soliders arrived and found 300-500 women, children and old men - soldiers open fired at all villagers - not a single military age male found alive in village | 99 | |
| 6500405765 | Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) | - 1960-69 - college led student org - led nationally by Tom Hayden: published Port Huron Statement to establish mission --> idealistic, wanted to change gov'ts values into their vision | 100 | |
| 6500416077 | Berkeley Free Speech Movement | - 1964-65 - UC Berkeley banned political activities on campus - grad student at CORE table arrested--> 3000 students surrounded police car and was stuck there for 32 hours - Decemver 4th --> 1500 and 4000 students went into the adminstration building and staged a sit in - police then arrested 800 students, stuff like that - Uni backed down by january: established provisional rules for political activity, designated Sproul Hall as an open discussion area | 101 | |
| 6500438083 | Anti - Vietnam Protests | - wanted withdrawal from vietnam --> publicly burned draft cards, felt draft was unfair for black and poor men bc of their disadvantages - two sides: "Hawkes" for total victory and "Doves" for negotiation - "hell no, we won't go!" - "hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?" | 102 | |
| 6500459543 | Kent State Massacre | -1970 - Kent State Uni, Ohio - student protest agaisnt vietnam --> burning of ROTC building - national guard called to defend campus --> tear gas, threw rocks, open fired. 67 shots, killed 4 and wounded 9 - 10 days later Jackson State College (MS) open fired and killed 2, wounded 12 | 103 | |
| 6500476922 | The Right vs the Left | - new right found little support and had weak leaders --> barry goldwater - new left: young liberals who praised MLK, JFK, and LBJ. looked to make change in society - solidified groupi activists and educaters against vietnam - wanted reforms. NOT COMMUNISTS --> hippie and college campus movements | 104 | |
| 6500501595 | The Pentagon Papers | - US department of Defense study of US involvement in Vietnam from '45 - '67 - leaked by NYT thru Daniel Ellsberg | 105 | |
| 6500512029 | Topics from pentagon papers | - us expanded war w bombing cambodia and laos (not released to media) - truman, ike, jfk and lbj mislef public w their intentions - motives for staying in vietnam (pride, communism, freedom, etc. mostly selfish. not to help friend) | 106 | |
| 6500524059 | Roots of counterculture | - coined by historian Theodore Roszak - baby boomers rejected conformity and employment - wanted to by 'hip' --> hippies - center of movement: Haight Ashbury District in SF - Summer of love - communes | 107 | |
| 6500533999 | Summer of Love | - 1967 - hippies became national phenomenon - youths gathered in every major city for their practices | 108 | |
| 6500538868 | Communes | - rejected capitalism - lived where they could share instead of working for money | 109 | |
| 6500545833 | Drug Culture | - marijuana spread - 'if it feels good, do it' - escaped political climate - LSD distorted time and sensations - contributed to accidental deaths - survivors experience flashbacks | 110 | |
| 6500550281 | Sexual Revolution | - Feminine Mystique, birth control , IUDs - premartial sex became more common - roe v wade - STDs tho | 111 | |
| 6500560987 | Psychedelic Rock | - from R&B and rock 'n roll - long solos, nonsensical lyrics, new sounds and instruments - woodstock | 112 | |
| 6500566499 | Bands of Psychedelic Rock | - beatles - grateful dead - rolling stones - pink floyd | 113 | |
| 6500574520 | Woodstock | - 400,000 ppl in catskill mts - pinnacle of hippie movement - wanted to cause real change w peace - grateful dead, the who, jimi hendrix, etc | 114 | |
| 6500582201 | end of hippie movement | - criticism of hippies as communists - didn't wanna join cults - end of vietnam war - graduating from college | 115 | |
| 6500588617 | LBJ's approval ratings | - fell after tet offensive - didn't wanna seek re election, bc war was politicized - lbj = vietnam | 116 | |
| 6500597187 | election 1968 | - Democrats: RFK until he was assassinated. then Vice prez hubert humphrey - Republicans: Richard Nixon - george wallace --> third party. white supremacists and segregationalists | 117 | |
| 6500609795 | Democratic National Convention (DNC) | - chicago 1968 - vietnam causing party to implode - 10000 anti war protestors from 'yippies' - mayor richard daley ordered 23000 national guard police to attack liberal group - on. live. tv | 118 | |
| 6500622111 | Nixon's secret plan | - vietnamization - increase SV, decrease US - meant to win. didn't really work | 119 | |
| 6500630000 | Nixon Doctrine | countries facing communism would get support from US but would have to fight their own battles | 120 | |
| 6500636547 | Paris Peace Accords | - 1973 - small group of US embassy all that's left - NV and SV divided at 17 - US defends SV if NV tries anything | 121 | |
| 6500642366 | President Ford | - did nothing when NV invaded SV - ppl fled to nearby US aircraft carrier. not enough room | 122 | |
| 6500647892 | death total | - SV surrendered on April 30th, 1975 - first US military loss. ever - 58,220 US soldier dies in vietnam | 123 | |
| 6500653135 | Family Assistance Plan | - FAP - guarunteed min income for all americans - died in senat | 124 | |
| 6500658187 | odganization of petroleum exporting countries | - OPEC - group of third world nations joined to set production levels and prices - launched embargo to raise price of crude oil, causing inflation | 125 | |
| 6500663395 | Huston Plan | - CIA and FBI illegally wiretap and break into anti wat organizations - gather and plant evidence - blocked by J. Edgar Hoover | 126 | |
| 6500668651 | 'the plumbers' | - nixon's own unit to discredit his opposition, ensure executive security - headed by G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt - targeted daniel ellsberg, pentagon papers leaker | 127 |
AP US History 1 Unit 1 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7058300314 | coureurs de bois | French-Canadian fur-trappers; literally, "runners of the woods". | 0 | |
| 7058300315 | voyageurs | French-Canadian explorers, adventures, and traders. | 1 | |
| 7058300316 | regulars | Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. | 2 | |
| 7058300317 | domestic | Concerning the internal affairs of a country. | 3 | |
| 7058300318 | minister | In politics, a person appointed by the head of state to take charge of some department or agency of government. | 4 | |
| 7058300319 | autocratic | Marked by strict authoritarian rule, without consent or participation by the populace. | 5 | |
| 7058300320 | peasant | a farmer or agricultural laborer, sometimes legally tied to the land. | 6 | |
| 7058300321 | flotilla | A fleet of boats, usually smaller vessels. | 7 | |
| 7058300322 | ecological | Concerning the relations between the biological organisms and their environment. | 8 | |
| 7058300323 | mutinous | Concerning revolt by subordinate soldiers or seamen against their commanding officers. | 9 | |
| 7058300324 | strategic | Concerning the placement and planned movement of large-scale military forces so as to gain advantage, or usually prior to actual engagement with the enemy. | 10 | |
| 7058300325 | guerilla warfare | Unconventional combat waged by small military units using hit-and-run tactics. | 11 | |
| 7058300326 | sallies | In warfare, very rapid military movements, usually by small units against an enemy force or position. | 12 | |
| 7058300327 | commissions | An official certification granting a commanding rank in the armed forces. | 13 | |
| 7058300328 | Huguenots | French Protestants that lived from about 1560 to 1629. | 14 | |
| 7058300329 | Proclamation of 1763 | An English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. | 15 | |
| 7058300330 | Albany Congress | A conference in the colonies from June 19 through July 11, 1754. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French. | 16 | |
| 7058300331 | new lights | Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening. | 17 | |
| 7058300332 | royal colonies | Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. | 18 | |
| 7058300333 | regulator movement | Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite. | 19 | |
| 7058300334 | old lights | Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality. | 20 | |
| 7058300335 | proprietary colonies | Colonies under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors. | 21 | |
| 7058300336 | melting pot | The mingling of diverse ethnic groups in America, including the idea that these groups are or should be "melting" into a single culture or people. | 22 | |
| 7058300337 | sect | A small religious group that has broken away from some larger mainstream church, often claiming superior or exclusive possession of religious truth. | 23 | |
| 7058300338 | agitators | Those who seek to excite or persuade the public on some issue. | 24 | |
| 7058300339 | stratification | The visible arrangement of society into a hierarchical pattern, with distinct social groups layered one on top of the other. | 25 | |
| 7058300340 | mobility | The capacity to pass readily from one social or economic condition to another. | 26 | |
| 7058300341 | elite | The smaller group at the top of a society or institution, usually possessing wealth, power, or special privileges. | 27 | |
| 7058300342 | almshouse | a home for the poor, supported by charity or public funds. | 28 | |
| 7058300343 | gentry | Landowners of substantial property, social standing, and leisure, but not titled nobility. | 29 | |
| 7058300344 | tenant farmer | One who rents rather than owns land. | 30 | |
| 7058300345 | penal code | The body of criminal laws specifying offenses and prescribing punishments. | 31 | |
| 7058300346 | veto | The executive power to prevent acts passed by the legislature from becoming law. | 32 | |
| 7058300347 | apprentice | A person who works under a master to acquire instruction in a trade or profession. | 33 | |
| 7058300348 | speculation | Buying land or anything else in the hope of profiting by an expected rise in price. | 34 | |
| 7058300349 | revival | In religion, a movement of renewed enthusiasm and commitment often accompanied by special meetings or evangelical activity. | 35 | |
| 7058300350 | secular | Belonging to the worldly sphere rather than to the specifically sacred or churchly. | 36 | |
| 7058300351 | Great Awakening | a religious revival occurring in the 1730's and 1740's to motivate the souls of colonial America. | 37 | |
| 7058300352 | Congregational Church | Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church. | 38 | |
| 7058300353 | headright system | The right to acquire a certain amount of land granted to the person who finances the passage of laborer | 39 | |
| 7058300354 | jeremiad | A sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance. | 40 | |
| 7058300355 | Middle Passage | That portion of a slave ship's journey to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas. | 41 | |
| 7058300356 | disfranchise | To take away the right to vote. | 42 | |
| 7058300357 | civil war | Any conflict between the citizens or inhabitants of the same country. | 43 | |
| 7058300358 | tidewater | The territory adjoining water affected by tides---that is, near the seacoast or coastal rivers. | 44 | |
| 7058300359 | fertility | The ability to mate and produce abundant young. | 45 | |
| 7058300360 | menial | Fit for servants, humble or low | 46 | |
| 7058300361 | militia | An armed force of citizens called out only in emergencies. | 47 | |
| 7058300362 | hierarchy | A social group arranged in ranks or classes. | 48 | |
| 7058300363 | corporation | A group or institutional granted legal rights to carry on certain specified activities. | 49 | |
| 7058300364 | lynching | The illegal execution of an accused person by mob action, without due process of law. | 50 | |
| 7058300365 | hinterland | An inland region set back from a port, river, or seacoast | 51 | |
| 7058300366 | social structure | The basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society. | 52 | |
| 7058300367 | blue blood | Of noble or upper-class descent. | 53 | |
| 7058300368 | Separatists | Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620. | 54 | |
| 7058300369 | Cavlinism | Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination—that only "the elect" were destined for salvation. | 55 | |
| 7058300370 | conversion | Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation. | 56 | |
| 7058300371 | blue laws | Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania. | 57 | |
| 7058300372 | Quakers | Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries | 58 | |
| 7058300373 | predestination | The Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. | 59 | |
| 7058300374 | elect | In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation. | 60 | |
| 7058300375 | visible saints | In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives. | 61 | |
| 7058300376 | calling | In Protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage in worldly work. | 62 | |
| 7058300377 | heresy | Departure from correct or officially defined belief. | 63 | |
| 7058300378 | seditious | Concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government. | 64 | |
| 7058300379 | commonwealth | An organized civil government or social order united for a shared purpose. | 65 | |
| 7058300380 | autocratic | Absolute or dictatorial rule. | 66 | |
| 7058300381 | passive resistance | Nonviolent action or opposition to authority, often in accord with religious or moral beliefs. | 67 | |
| 7058300382 | asylum | A place of refuge and security, especially for the persecuted or unfortunate. | 68 | |
| 7058300383 | proprietary | Concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch. | 69 | |
| 7058300384 | naturalization | The granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants. | 70 | |
| 7058300385 | ethnic | Concerning diverse peoples or cultures, specifically those of non-Angelo-Saxon background. | 71 | |
| 7058300386 | Fundamental Orders | In 1639 the Connecticut River colony settlers had an open meeting and they established a constitution. It was the first constitution in the colonies and was a beginning for the other states' charters and constitutions. | 72 | |
| 7058300387 | General Court | a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's | 73 | |
| 7058300388 | Pilgrams | Separatists; worried by "Dutchification" of their children they left Holland on the Mayflower in 1620. | 74 | |
| 7058300389 | buffer | In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory. | 75 | |
| 7058300390 | charter | Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. | 76 | |
| 7058300391 | House of Burgesses | Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies. | 77 | |
| 7058300392 | Iroquois Confederacy | Bound together five tribes—the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State. | 78 | |
| 7058300393 | joint-stock company | Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures. | 79 | |
| 7058300394 | primogeniture | Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas. | 80 | |
| 7058300395 | squatter | A Frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. | 81 | |
| 7058300396 | nationalism | Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state. | 82 | |
| 7058300397 | census | An official count of population, often also including other information about the population. | 83 | |
| 7058300398 | feudal | Concerning the decentralized medieval social system of personal obligations between rulers and ruled. | 84 | |
| 7058300399 | indentured servant | A poor person obligated to a fixed term of unpaid labor, often in exchange for a benefit such as transportation, protection, or training. | 85 | |
| 7058300400 | toleration | Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority. | 86 | |
| 7058300401 | melting pot | Popular American term for an ethnically diverse population that is presumed to be "melting" toward some eventual commonality. | 87 | |
| 7058300402 | proprietor | a person who was granted charters of ownership by the king: | 88 | |
| 7058300403 | yeoman | An owner and cultivator of a small farm | 89 | |
| 7058300404 | starving time | The name for thewinter of 1609 to 1610 in the colony of Virginia in which only sixty members of the original four hundred colonists survived. | 90 | |
| 7058300405 | conquistador | A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. | 91 | |
| 7058300406 | Columbian Exchange | The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. | 92 | |
| 7058300407 | encomienda | The Spanish labor system in which persons were held to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them. | 93 | |
| 7058300408 | mestizos | People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico. | 94 | |
| 7058300409 | middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. | 95 | |
| 7058300410 | nation-states | The form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. | 96 | |
| 7058300411 | plantation | Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. | 97 | |
| 7058300412 | matrilinear | The form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side. | 98 | |
| 7058300413 | confederacy | An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. | 99 | |
| 7058300414 | primeval | Concerning the earliest origins of things. | 100 | |
| 7058300415 | caravel | A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. | 101 | |
| 7058300416 | capitalism | An economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. | 102 | |
| 7058300417 | province | A medium-sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire. | 103 | |
| 7058300418 | black legend | The idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease and left nothing of value. | 104 | |
| 7058300419 | Canadian Shield | The geological shape of North America estimated at 10 million years ago. It held the northeast corner of North America in place and was the first part of North America theorized to come above sea level | 105 | |
| 7058300420 | Treaty of Tordesillas | In 1494, Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the New World, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east. | 106 |
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